{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"A","name":"Marine habitats","description":"Marine habitats are directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. Marine waters may be fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Includes marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Includes constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The marine water column includes bodies of ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A1","name":"Littoral rock and other hard substrata","description":"Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A1.1","name":"High energy littoral rock","description":"Extremely exposed to moderately exposed or tide-swept bedrock and boulder shores. Extremely exposed shores dominated by mussels and barnacles, occasionally with robust fucoids or turfs of red seaweed. Tide-swept shores support communities of fucoids, sponges and ascidians on the mid to lower shore. Three biological subtypes have been described: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis], barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.11); red and brown seaweeds able to tolerate the extreme conditions of exposed rocky shores, primarily the physical stresses caused by wave action (A1.12), and tide-swept shores in more sheltered areas (such as narrow channels in sea loch) with canopy forming fucoids and a rich filter-feeding community (A1.15)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.11","name":"Mussel and/or barnacle communities","description":"Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111), barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.112, A1.113). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.113). The barnacles may be covered by [Porphyra umbilicalis] on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [M. edulis], winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly [Ceramium shuttleworthianum], [Corallina officinalis], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] might be present (A1.1132). Large numbers of the winkle [Littorina littorea] often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (A1.1133). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can form a distinct band above [S. balanoides]. In the south-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On the east coasts [S. balanoides] is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of [Chthamalus] spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen [Lichina pygmaea] may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the [Chthamalus] spp. (A1.1122). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by [P. vulgata].\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (B3.11) and is typically characterised by patches of mussels [M. edulis] interspersed with barnacles. Below A1.11 is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds such as [C. officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [O. pinnatifida] (A1.12). With decreasing wave exposure [F. vesiculosus] is able to survive, gradually replacing the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotope (A1.213). On such moderately exposed shores A1.11 may occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132, A1.213)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.111","name":"[Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock","description":"On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] interspersed with patches of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and individuls of the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including [Ceramium] spp., [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] can be found. The foliose red seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Palmaria palmata] are commonly found as epiphytes on [M. edulis] where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (A1.12, A1.1221 or A1.123). Where [M. edulis] occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a few winkles such as [Littorina] spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate [Fucus vesiculosus] may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.12), [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111) zone. Above A1.111 there may be a [Verrucaria maura] zone (B3.1132), a [V. maura] and sparse barnacle zone (B3.1131), often with [P. umbilicalis] or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (A1.113; A1.213). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (A1.1121) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.112","name":"[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Black patches of the lichen [Verrucaria maura] may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, [Chthamalus] spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On other shores, particularly in the south, [Lichina pygmaea] can form a distinct zone (A1.1122).\r\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (B3.1131 or B3.1132) on very exposed shores and above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacle biotope (A1.111). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (A1.1132) beneath A1.112. On such moderately exposed shores A1.112 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132 or A1.1132), though these communities should not be confused with A1.1132. This unit can also occur above A1.113. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1121","name":"[Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Patches of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds [Catenella caespitosa], [Bostrychia scorpioides] and/or [Lomentaria articulata]. Where the turf of [C. caespitosa] is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west [Chthamalus] spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone.\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (B3.1131 or B3.1132) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (A1.111). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (A1.1132) beneath  A1.1121. On such moderately exposed shores A1.1121may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132 or A1.1132), though these communities should not be confused with A1.1132.  On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1122","name":"[Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen [Lichina pygmaea] and the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus], although long-established patches of [L. pygmaea] ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of [L. pygmaea] provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve [Lasaea adasoni], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found on [L. pygmaea]. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have [Chthamalus] spp., [L. pygmaea] being the most important characterising species on these sites.\r\nSituation: The band of [L. pygmaea] lies between the [Verrucaria maura] zone (B3.1131 or B3.1132) above and the barnacle-[P. vulgata] zone  below. Other upper shore biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132) may contain occasional patches of [L. pygmaea], particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. [L. pygmaea] also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of [L. pygmaea] results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On [Chthamalus] spp[]. dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of [L. pygmaea] lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on [Semibalanus balanoides] dominated shores (north and east coasts) A1.1122 lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.113","name":"[Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated community on bedrock (A1.1131); [S. balanoides] and sparse [Fucus vesioculosus] and red seaweeds (A1.1132); and barnacles and [L. littorea] eulittoral boulders and cobbles (A1.1133).\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see A1.112 and subunits for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132) may be found above A1.113. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds such as [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (A1.123; A1 122; A1.126) often occurs. A1.113 may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.213; A1.1132).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. A1.313 or A1.213). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1131","name":"[Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed [Osmundea pinnatifida] can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds.\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see A1.1121 for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above A1.113 are the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (A1.123; A1 122; A1.126) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope A1.111. This unit may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132; A1.213).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. A1.313). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1132","name":"[Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are usually present along with the [Corallina officinalis] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina].\r\nSituation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores. This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (B3.1131) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (A1.112). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or the red seaweed biotopes (A1 122).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132) and a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1133","name":"[Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and, on larger rocks, the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone [Actinia equina] occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab [Carcinus maenas] and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] as well as the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] is present on some shores.\r\nSituation: On exposed shores with large boulders this unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (B3.1131or B3.1132) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotope (A1.112). Below this biotope the [Himanthalia elongata] dominated biotopes may occur (A1 122; A1.123). On less exposed shores it can be found above the [Fucus serratus] biotope on boulders (A1.2142).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.12","name":"Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities","description":"This habitat type encompasses those seaweeds that are able to tolerate the extreme conditions of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. The physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana] allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (A1.121). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (A1.122). The wrack [Himanthalia elongata] occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (A1.123). The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, A1.125). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweed [Palmaria palmata]. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (A1.124). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] (A1.126). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], to bore into them (A1.127). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone [Halichondria panicea], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in A1.11. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata], [Ceramium] spp. and the brown seaweeds [Laminaria digitata] and [Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are occasionally present.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is present on extremely exposed to moderately exposed upper to lower shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.121","name":"[Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana], the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites [F. distichus] dominates and [F. spiralis] is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red [Porphyra umbilicalis] and the green [Enteromorpha] spp. The winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of [Hildenbrandia rubra] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens [Verrucaria maura] and [Verrucaria mucosa] can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts.\r\nSituation: This mixed band of [F. distichus] and [F. spiralis f. nana] is generally found between the [Verrucaria maura] and [Porphyra] spp. zone (B3.1131 or B3.1132) above, and the [M. edulis] and barnacle zone below (A1.111). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of [Mastocarpus stellatus] as recorded on Barra (Scotland).\r\nTemporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and unit B3.1131  from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.122","name":"[Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata], [Laminaria digitata] while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata]. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: [C. officinalis] and kelp (A1.1221) and [C. officinalis], [H. elongata] and the limpet [P. ulyssiponensis] (A1.1222).\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.113; A1.1132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1221","name":"[Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata], while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata] can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.1131; A1.1132).\r\nTemporal variation: If there are many of the characteristic [H. elongata] buttons present in early spring careful comparison with unit A1.123  should be made (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.1222","name":"[Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet [Patella ulyssiponensis]. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle [Chthamalus stellatus] or the limpet [Patella vulgata], while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as [Actinia equina] or the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium] spp. and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] which can be found along with the kelp [Laminaria digitata]. Foliose green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present along with siphonous [Codium] spp. Sponges such [as Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.113 or A1.1132).\r\nTemporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either  A1.1221 or  A1.123 ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.123","name":"[Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. [H. elongata] may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack [Fucus serratus] is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Corallina officinalis] and [Palmaria palmata] that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae [Lithothamnion] spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], or [Balanus perforatus] in the south-west, and by the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds [Dumontia contorta], [Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra] spp., the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris].\r\nSituation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a [Fucus serratus] and red algal turf (A1.2141) and the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [L. digitata] community (A3.1112). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for [F. serratus] to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the [F. serratus] / red seaweed turf zone (A1.2141). Consequently, [F. serratus] plants frequently occur amongst the [H. elongata] and red seaweed turf.\r\nTemporal variation: In early spring only characteristic [H. elongata] buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to A1.1221 in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.124","name":"[Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse [Palmaria palmata] as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. [P. palmata] favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis] or the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] may also occur in this biotope although [P. palmata] always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen] Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as A1.124 where [P. palmata] forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the [P. vulgata, S. balanoides], the wrack [Fucus distichus] or [E. intestinalis] (A1.113; A1.121; A1.451). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112; A3.2111).\r\nTemporal variation: It is likely that the [P. palmata] biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack [Fucus serratus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.125","name":"[Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red [Lomentaria articulata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The wrack [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present though usually at a low abundance[]. Although both [M. stellatus] and [C. crispus] are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from A1.2141. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (A1 122; A1.123). [M. stellatus] can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (A1 122: A1.123; A1.2141 etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111) or within a [F. serratus]-red algal mosaic (A1.2141).\r\nTemporal variation: [M. stellatus] is more resistant to wave action than [C]. [crispus] and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, [M. stellatus] may give way to [C. crispus] which has a faster growth rate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.126","name":"[Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium pusillum] (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp. and [Callithamnion hookeri] may be present, although [O. pinnatifida] always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, [Osmundea hybrida] may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of [G. pusillum] occur in the mid eulittoral above the main [O. pinnatifida] zone.\nSituation: This biotope can be found below barnacles [S. balanoides] or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species [Palmaria palmata], [C. officinalis] or [M. stellatus] (A1.112; A1 122; A1.411). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds (A1.12; A1.222; A1.2141) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2111)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.127","name":"[Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat","description":"Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis] to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. and with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes [Lanice conchilega] and [Polydora] sp. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Cancer pagurus] occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as [Obelia longissima] and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], the brown alga [Dictyota dichotoma] and the crustacean [Crangon crangon]. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other \"soft\" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.13","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock","description":"The distributions and types of species in this habitat are profoundly affected by the submersion variability determined by wave action, and by irregularities in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.131","name":"Association with [Bangia atropurpurea]","description":"This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Bangia atropurpurea]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.132","name":"Association with [Porphyra leucosticta]","description":"This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Porphyra leucosticta].  This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.133","name":"Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]","description":"This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.134","name":"Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.14","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action","description":"These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: high waves, variations in atmospheric pressure, and variations in wind and tide. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.141","name":"Association with [Lithophyllum byssoides]","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga species [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]). This is one of the most important bio-constructors of the Mediterranean \"trottoir\", particularly important because of its high aesthetic interest and its conservation value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.142","name":"Facies with [Pollicipes cornucopiae]","description":"This facies is very rare in Mediterranean. The characteristic species is the Cirriped (Barnacle) [Pollicipes pollicipes] ([Pollicipes cornucopiae]), living on rocky walls in areas with pure waters exposed to extremely rough waves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.143","name":"Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga [Titanoderma trochanter ] (ex [Lithophyllum trochanter])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.144","name":"Association with [Tenarea undulosa]","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga [Lithophyllum tortuosum] (ex [Tenarea undulosa])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.145","name":"[Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.15","name":"Fucoids in tide-swept conditions","description":"Fucoid seaweeds in tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs. The middle shore can be dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.151), while [Fucus serratus] is dominating the lower shore (A1.152, A1.153). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [Fucus vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices.\r\nSituation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the [Fucus spiralis] and [F. vesiculosus] band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.151","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles.\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (A1.212) although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (unit A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. A1.151 is found above the tide-swept [F. serratus] dominated biotope (unit A1.152).\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually very stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.152","name":"[Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the [F. serratus] canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. The green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp., [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus crenatus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina littorea], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium gelatinosum], all competing for space with the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], which can form dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds.\r\nSituation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as A1.326 rather than the present biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.153","name":"[Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the sea squirts [Ascidiella aspera], [Ascidiella scabra], [Styela clava] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including [Halurus flosculosus], [Ceramium] spp., [Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides] and foliose seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] are usually present. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] with colonies of the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], and [Ectocarpus] sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus], or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus], and the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and, in southern and eastern England the limpet [Crepidula fornicata], may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl [Lithothamnion] spp. and bivalves [Venerupis senegalensis] (see also A5.433).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112) or seagrass beds dominated by [Zostera marina] (A5.5331) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [M. edulis] beds (A2.212)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.16","name":"Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.161","name":"Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe],  [Rivularia] (cyanophites)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.162","name":"Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.163","name":"Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.164","name":"Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.165","name":"Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.166","name":"Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A1.2","name":"Moderate energy littoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed shores (bedrock, boulders and cobbles) characterised by mosaics of barnacles and fucoids on the mid and upper shore; with fucoids and red seaweed mosaics on the lower shore. Where freshwater or sand-scour affects the shore ephemeral red or green seaweeds can dominate. Other shores support communities of mussels and fucoids in the mid to lower shore. Two biological subtypes have been described: barnacles and fucoids (A1.21) and mussels and fucoids (A1.22)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.21","name":"Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores","description":"Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habtat including the winkle [Littorina littorea], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], scattered barnacles, while the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] covers the rock surface (A1.211). Below, on the mid shore the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.213). Finally, the wrack [Fucus serratus], dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the[F. serratus] canopy (A1.214). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of [F. serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.2141); where the density of [F. serratus] is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less A1.3151 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to A1.3151 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and A1.2142 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of [Rhodothamniella floridula] (A1.215).\r\nSituation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.211","name":"[Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] and sparse barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the wrack [Fucus spiralis] are usually present as well. [P. canaliculata] typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] or on occasion [Verrucaria mucosa], in contrast to the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is frequently present underneath the fronds of [P. canaliculata]. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle [C. montagui] or [Chthamalus stellatus] while [S. balanoides] dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be present.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found below the [V. maura] and barnacle zone (B3.1131; B3.1132). On exposed shores it is found above the biotope dominated by [F. spiralis] (unit A1.312) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (unit A1.111) or the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotopes (unit A1.113). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (unit A1.1122) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.212","name":"[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. The insect [Anurida maritima] can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.211), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. This unit occurs above the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.213) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (unit A1.113)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.213","name":"[Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically present, whilst the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to crevices. Underneath the [F. vesiculosus] is a community of red seaweeds, including [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], usually with the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina] spp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the [M. edulis].\r\nSituation: On exposed shores this unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (unit B3.1131) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (A1.1121). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or the red seaweed biotopes (A1 122; A1.2141). This unit  forms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle-[P]. [vulgata] biotopes (unit A1.1132) and the sheltered shore [F. vesiculosus] biotope (A1.313). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle-[P. vulgata] biotope (A1.112).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.214","name":"[Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present among/beneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: [F. serratus] with red seaweeds (A1.2141) and [F. serratus] with under-boulder communities (A1.2142) with sponges. Lastly, a [F. serratus] and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (A1.2143). Dense [F. serratus] with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (unit A1 315).\r\nSituation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.113; A1.1132; A1.213). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.313; A1.3141). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] may be present (A3.2112; A3.1112). On more sheltered shores the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is found among the [L. digitata] (A3.3131; A3.3132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.2141","name":"[Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds including [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Mastocarpus stellatus] or [Corallina officinalis]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can occur in dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds whilst the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata],[Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris], [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] or the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found on or underneath the boulders.\r\nSituation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.113; A1.1132; A1.213). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] (A3.2112; A3.1112). On uneven bedrock [F. serratus] and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (see above).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either A1.3151 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.2142","name":"[Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders","description":"Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack [Fucus serratus] community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other [F. serratus] biotopes, including species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Coralline algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca], can be found underneath the [F. serratus] canopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete [Cirratulus cirratus]. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles] and [Carcinus maenas]. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as [Littorina obtusata/mariae] and [Littorina littorea] or even the top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Encrusting colonies of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] colonies can be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores. The sublittoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.211; A3.2112), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131;A3.3121). Low abundance of these kelp may also occur in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.2143","name":"[Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock","description":"The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope Fserr.FS, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocks [Barnea] spp., [Pholas dactylus] and [Hiatella arctica] can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as [Polydora] spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the [F. serratus] and includes [Gelidium pusillum], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata] and [Rhodothamniella floridula], but also calcareous algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina mariae] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) or a [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks-dominated biotope (A1.223) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores. The littoral fringe below are on moderately exposed shores dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2113), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.215","name":"[Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus], beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs. These mats can form distinct areas without [F. serratus]. The small hummocks of [R. floridula] also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. [Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus], coralline crusts and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. The brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] or the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris] may occur. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] fronds. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the [R. floridula] mat, while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and the red seaweed [Porphyra] spp. (unit A1.452). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated by [F. serratus] and/or red seaweeds (see subunits of A1.214) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as [Alaria esculenta] and/or [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112).\r\nTemporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and [R. floridula] may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (unit A1.452)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.22","name":"Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores","description":"Mid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.221). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Palmaria palmata] occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (A1.222). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [M. edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] (A1.223). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense [M. edulis] community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (A2.721).\r\nSituation: Above this habitat type is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated zone or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a variety of red seaweeds (A1.21) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.221","name":"[Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The community often supports scattered [Fucus vesiculosus] and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] or the calcareous algae [Corallina officinalis] . The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be found. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be found within the mussel bed.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated biotope (unit A1.113) or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (unit A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below A1.221 is a biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (units A1.222; A1.2141)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.222","name":"[Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], often with a scarce covering of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp., [Audouinella] spp. and [Chondrus crispus]. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The anemone [Actinia equina] is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (unit A1.221). In the sublittoral fringe below A1.222 is a biotope dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2111)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.223","name":"[Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay","description":"Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis]. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Halurus flosculosus] and [Ceramium] spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may be present. The sand mason [Lanice conchilega] can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] is present as well. More data are required to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This unit can usually be found beneath a [M. edulis] or barnacle and [Littorina] spp.-dominated biotope (A2.721; A2.431). It is found above a [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks-dominated biotope (unit A3.2113).\r\nTemporal variation: The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter season."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.23","name":"Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action","description":"These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: moderate waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide, if present. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.231","name":"Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.232","name":"[Neogoniolithon brassica-florida] concretion","description":"The characteristic species of this biocoenosis is the red alga [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida]. When present, this biocoenosis occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral where the action of waves is very strong."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.233","name":"Association with [Gelidium] spp","description":"This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus [Gelidium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.234","name":"Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)","description":"This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.24","name":"Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.241","name":"Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.242","name":"Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.243","name":"Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A1.3","name":"Low energy littoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with very weak to weak tidal streams are typically characterised by a dense cover of fucoid seaweeds which form distinct zones (the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] on the upper shore through to the wrack [Fucus serratus] on the lower shore). Where salinity is reduced (such as at the head of a sea loch or where streams run across the shore) [Fucus ceranoides] may occur. Fucoids also occur on less stable, mixed substrata (cobbles and pebbles on sediment) although in lower abundance and with fewer associated epifaunal species; beds of mussels [Mytilus edulis] are also common. In summer months, dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds can dominate these mixed shores. Two biological subtypes have been described: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered, fully marine littoral rocky shores (A1.31) and fucoids dominating variable salinity rocky shores (A1.32)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.31","name":"Fucoids on sheltered marine shores","description":"Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.311) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313, A1.314) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.315). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (A1.3122; A1.3132; A1.3142; A1.3152).\r\nSituation: Sheltered shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the lichen dominated zone and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral or sheltered patches on more wave exposed shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.311","name":"[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata]. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. [P. canaliculata] overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura] or the non-calcified red algae [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack [Fucus spiralis] can usually be found among the [P. canaliculata] and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in moist areas.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (unit B3.1132) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (unit A1.212). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.312","name":"[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and the occasional [Pelvetia canaliculata] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra]. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by [F. spiralis], the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] (unit A1.3121). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by [F. spiralis] with occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.3122). Note that a [F. spiralis] biotope in variable salinity conditions (A1.322) has also been descibed.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (units A1.211: A1.311), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.312 occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.314) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (A1.113)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3121","name":"[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and sparse individuals of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (units A1.211; A1.311), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.3121 occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.314) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3122","name":"[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack [Fucus spiralis]. Occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can be overgrowing the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] can be found along with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occur in some abundance especially during the summer.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [P. canaliculata] (units A1.211; A1.311). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (A1.113).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.3122 occur above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3142) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.3132) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the [F. spiralis], although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Fspi.X can also be found above a barnacle [S. balanoides] and winkle [L. littorea] dominated biotope (A2.431).\r\nTemporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.313","name":"[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (unit A1.3131) and mixed substrata (unit A1.3132). Please notice that a [F. vesioculosus] biotope subject to variable salinity (unit A1.323) has been identified.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and the [Fucus serratus] (A1 315) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (A1.314). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3131","name":"[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst [Littorina obtusata/mariae] graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete [Spirorbis spirorbis] may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and even the wrack [Fucus serratus] may be present. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and the [F. serratus] (A1 315) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (A1.314). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3132","name":"[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk [Nucella lapillus] preying on the barnacles and on the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete [Arenicola marina] or the polychaete [Lanice conchilega], while a variety of gastropods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (unit A1.3122) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (unit A2.431). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] beds (A1.111) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (A1.3152).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.314","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is often found growing as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum] fronds while disturbed areas among the [A. nodosum] is colonised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].e barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina littorea] can all be found on the bedrock underneath the [A. nodosum] canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (unit A1.3141), mixed substrata (unit A1.3142) and the loose lying growth form [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] found on very sheltered shores (A1.325). Two other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (A1.151) and variable salinity (A1.324).\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (A1 315), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (A1.213; A1.313). Unit A1.314 can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3141","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. Another wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus]. Variations in the ratio of [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus] in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum] and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is usually present on [A. nodosum] as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha] spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone [Actinia equina]. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] or even the crab [Carcinus maenas]. At the top of the [A. nodosum] zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa].\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (unit A1.312) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (A1 315), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (A1.213; A1.313). This unit  can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the communities are, once established, usually very stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3142","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can often be found as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. Winkles are common and [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the [F. vesiculosus]. Infaunal species including the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sediment between the cobbles.\r\nSituation: A sparse [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] community (unit A2.431) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large [A. nodosum] plants become uncommon and [F. vesiculosus] dominates the canopy (A1.3132). [F. vesiculosus] also tends to replace [A. nodosum] in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a [Fucus serratus] dominated biotope (A1.3152) or a [M. edulis] dominated biotope (A1.111).\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual [A. nodosum], but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of [F. vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] can be expected."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.315","name":"[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with [Fucus serratus] (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see unit A1.3151). Two variants of this biotope have been described; - Fully marine conditions (A1.3151) and mixed substrata (A1.3152). Please notice that three other biotopes with a [F. serratus] dominance have been described: Variable salinity (A1.326), tide-swept (A1.152) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (A1.153).\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) on sheltered shores or an [Ascophyllum nodosum] zone (A1.3141) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3121)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3151","name":"[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea], and even mussels [Mytilus edulis] can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus], the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris], though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be present underneath the [F. serratus] canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.211; A3.2112), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3121).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either A1.2141 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.3152","name":"[Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and a large number of winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Red algae such as coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. [Spirorbis] spp. can also be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete [Arenicola marina]. The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the [F. serratus] canopy.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] (A1.3132 or A1.3142) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. A1.3132 occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria saccharina] (A3.2111; A3.3131; A3.3121) depending on the substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.316","name":"Association with [Fucus virsoides]","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga [Fucus virsoides]. When present, this assemblage occupies the entire mediolittoral zone. Its presence is related to significant tides and relatively cool, unsalted, eutrophic waters and it is peculiar to areas with these characteristics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.32","name":"Fucoids in variable salinity","description":"Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.321) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.322) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323, A1.324) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.326). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (A1.327). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis.\r\nSituation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.321","name":"[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], which often overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura]. The wrack [Fucus spiralis] can be present among the [P. canaliculata]. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores though the occasional [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] can be found. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].\r\nSituation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (unit B3.1132) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (A1.312)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.322","name":"[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis]. The ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas].\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.311) and occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. This unit occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.324) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).\r\nTemporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can be common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.323","name":"[Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea], commonly graze on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm [Arenicola marina] or the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], while the crab [Carcinus maenas], gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] (units A1.3122; A1.327) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (A2.431). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] (A1.111) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (A1.326).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.324","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually lies below the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (unit A1.322) or the [Fucus ceranoides] dominated biotopes (A1.327) and above the variable salinity [F. serratus] dominated biotope (A1.326), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy can be more dense (A1.3141).\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.325","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackaii]. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of [A. nodosum] with the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as [Fucus vesiculosus]. The loose mats of [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkles [Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina saxatilis]. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega]. NB: This biotope is a BAP-habitat.\r\nSituation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas).\r\nTemporal variation: [A. nodosum ecad mackaii] develops initially from broken fragments of [A. nodosum] and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: \"Ecad\" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of [A. nodosum] since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.326","name":"[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] and clumps of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] \nmay be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of [F. serratus] is not usually as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus] and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus]\n and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata] or the occasional presence of the winkles [Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina mariae] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as A1.326 rather than A1.152.\r\n\nSituation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or [A. nodosum] dominated biotope (A1.324; A1.323), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. It can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina](units  A3.322; A3.323).\r\n\nTemporal variation: The canopy of [F. serratus] is not as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. \nThey will therefore out-compete [F. serratus] on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea [F. vesiculosus] is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the variable or low salinity conditions the individual red seaweeds may not be as large as specimens found in fully marine conditions and they can lack sexually reproductive structures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.327","name":"[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides]. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may be present together with the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the occasional barnacle [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides].\r\nSituation: As [F. ceranoides] is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, [F. ceranoides] tends to replace the wracks [Fucus spiralis], [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although [F. ceranoides] always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.33","name":"Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action","description":"Proposed new level 4 unit. More information required."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.34","name":"Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action","description":"These communities are located in the sheltered lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: little wave action, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide. The dominant aspect is the constant humidity of the substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.341","name":"Association with [Enteromorpha compressa]","description":"'This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species [Ulva compressa] (ex [Enteromorpha compressa])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A1.4","name":"Features of littoral rock","description":"Littoral rock features include rockpools (A1.41, A1.42), ephemeral algae (A1.45) and caves (A1.44) in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides). These features are present throughout the littoral rock zone from the upper limit at the top of of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. These features can be found on most rocky shores regardless of wave exposure. Lichens can be found in the supralittoral zone on shores with suitable substratum. The lichen band is wider and more distinct on more exposed shores. Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply allowing species from the sublittoral to survive. Ephemeral seaweeds occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. The shaded nature of caves and overhangs diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves, and on overhangs on the lower shore. Non-tidal areas irregularly exposed by wind action (hydrolittoral) with hard substrata are also included here. Note that lichens and algae crusts in the supralittoral zone are coastal habitats (B3.11)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.41","name":"Communities of littoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in A1.42. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (A1.4112, A1.4113 and A1.4114). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (A1.412). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis] and [Polyides rotundus] (A1.413). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (A1.414). A very rough guideline to the terms \"shallow\" and \"deep\" rockpools: \"shallow\" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas \"deep\" rockpools do. A1.41 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata.\r\nSituation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.411","name":"Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see unit  A1.4111). In Ireland, the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see A1.4112). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] (A1.4113) or [Cystoseira] spp. (A1.4114) can be regionally dominant.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4111","name":"Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet [Patella vulgata] and top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found on the rock surface. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4112","name":"Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of [P. lividus], the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis], and winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The siphonous green seaweed [Codium] spp. can also be present along with the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] and the filamentous red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows [P. lividus] to bore into the rock.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4113","name":"[Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis]. Kelps are present and include the species [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Other red seaweeds include [Gastroclonium ovatum], [Ceramium nodulosum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Mesophyllum lichenoides]. The green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], while the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. [B. bifurcata] is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of [C. officinalis] and coralline crusts.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4114","name":"[Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga [Cystoseira] spp. (including [Cystoseira tamariscifolia]), coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis]. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: [Ceramium] spp., [Calliblepharis jubata], [Chondrus crispus], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium latifolium]. Wracks such as [Himanthalia elongata] and the epiphytic brown seaweed [Colpomenia peregrina] are present while the kelp [Laminaria digitata] can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and [Pomatoceros] spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] but also the limpet [Patella vulgata], while sponges such [Hymeniacidon perleve] and [Halichondria panicea] can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny [Lipophrus pholis] is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone [Actinia equina] is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.412","name":"Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools","description":"Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum] and [Dumontia contorta], but green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and anemones including [Actinia equina] and [Urticina felina]. Grazing molluscs including the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] are present on the rock surface while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas], brittlestars such as [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Amphipholis squamata], encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4121","name":"[Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis]. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] may occur along with [Dictyota dichotoma], but [S. muticum] always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Ceramium] spp. and [Dumontia contorta]. Encrusting coralline algae and [Hildenbrandia rubra] often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The winkle [Littorina littorea], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], cover while the prawn [Palaemon serratus] often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native [S. muticum] is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as [Laminaria] spp. and fucoids.\r\nTemporal variation: As all the available records are from the south-west of Britain some changes in the species composition can be expected from more northern sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.413","name":"Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to unit A1.412, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp ([Fucus serratus], [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Rhodochorton purpureum] (compare with unit A1.412). [Chorda filum] may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] often occur. The seagrass [Zostera] spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, [Corallina officinalis], [Chondrus crispus], [Mastocarpus stellatus] mixed with [Ceramium] spp. and the green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.414","name":"Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools","description":"Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include [Obelia geniculata], [O. dichotoma], [O. longissima], [Sertularia cupressina], [Tublaria indivisa] and [Thuiaria thuja]. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva] sp.), red algae ([Chondrus crispus] and Coralline algae) and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and sand mason worms [Lanice conchilega]. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (unit A2.7211), with [Mytilus edulis] frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles ([Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus]) and the keel worm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as [Crangon crangon] and [Pomatoschistus minutus] will also be found within the pool."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.415","name":"Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.42","name":"Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.421","name":"Green seaweeds (Enteromorpha spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca]. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod [Tigriopus fulvus] is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can often be bleached during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.422","name":"Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.43","name":"Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.431","name":"Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.432","name":"Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.433","name":"Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.44","name":"Communities of littoral caves and overhangs","description":"Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as A1.111, A1.113 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. A1.113 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] on cave roofs where birds roost (B3.112), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (A1.451). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (A1.411), fucoids and kelp (A1.412) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] and/or patches of the green seaweed [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on the upper walls (A1.444). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [A. purpurea] on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (A1.443) should not be confused with the green (A1.442) or golden brown algal stains often found above this zone on the ceilings of the caves (A1.443; A1.441). Below is a zone of [Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on the inner and outer reaches (A1.445). Fauna usually only occur on the lower and mid walls of the caves and generally comprise barnacles, anemones and tube-forming polychaetes (A1.448; A1.449) depending on the level of boulder scour or wave surge. Where the floors of caves consist of mobile cobbles and small boulders, little algae and fauna occur due to the effects of scouring (A1.44A). Vertical or steeply sloping cave walls and overhangs on the mid and lower shore, subject to wave-surge but without scour, support a rich biota of sponges, hydroids, ascidians and shade-tolerant red algae (A1.447, A1.446 or A1.4461).\r\nSituation: Caves and overhangs in the littoral zone in hard rock and limestone (including chalk)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.441","name":"Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock","description":"Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as [Apistonema] spp., [Pleurochrysis carterae] and the orange [Chrysotila lamellosa], but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as [Entodesmis maritima] and [Thallochrysis littoralis] and the filamentous green alga [Epicladia perforans] are often associated with [Apistonema] spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the [Apistonema] spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides].\r\nSituation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope.\r\nTemporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.442","name":"Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga [Pilinia maritima] and the bright green algae [Pseudendoclonium submarinum] and [Entocladia perforans] that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as [Patella vulgata] and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated above the zones of units A1.444 or A1.445, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. This unit can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of A1.443. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (A1.443) or Haptophyceae (A1.441) occur as separate zones or A1.442 may occur on its own."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.443","name":"[Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [Audouinella purpurea] forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of unit A1.444 and the A1.442 zone above.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.444","name":"[Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls","description":"Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea]. Patches of green filamentous seaweed [Cladophora] [rupestris] can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets [Patella] spp., the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with [A. purpurea], often becoming a zone in its own right (unit A1.443) above this unit. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as [Catenella caespitosa] and [Lomentaria articulata] may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. [A. purpurea] can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: [A. purpurea] has changed name to [Rhodochorton purpurea].\r\nSituation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above units A1.449 and A1.448  and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (A1.442; A1.443). In chalk caves, this unit may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below units A1.442 and/or A1.443."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.445","name":"[Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] and the non-calcified encrusting red alga [Hildenbrandia rubra]. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and winkles [Littorina saxatilis] may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] (syn  [Rhodochorton purpurea]) may occasionally occur in low abundance (where [A. purpurea] covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as unit A1.444).\r\nSituation: This unit generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where this unit occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of unit A1.113 and below A1.442 or A1.444. Further into the cave A1.113 is replaced completely by A1.445. There are no records for VmucHil in soft rock caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.446","name":"Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances","description":"Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as [Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], but [Lomentaria articulata] and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp., while sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be common. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can be found on the rock, along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus perforatus] (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness.\r\nSituation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the A1.447 biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, this unit may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the A1.447 biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be abundant (unit A1.4461)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A1.4461","name":"Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves","description":"Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. The sponges [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp. along with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include [Membranoptera alata], [Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella] spp. and coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the A1.44A biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.447","name":"Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves","description":"Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including [Umbonula littoralis], sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. On overhangs, the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles [Balanus crenatus], [Balanus perforatus] (sometimes at high densities) and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Corynactis viridis], may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as [Actinia equina] are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of unit A1.4461."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.448","name":"Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls","description":"The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], and [Verruca stroemia], with patches of encrusting sponges such as [Halichondria panicea] and [Grantia compressa] and occasional patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than unit A1.449 to develop within the cave. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] and anemones such as [Metridium senile] and [Actinia equina] may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense [Sabellaria alveolata]. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus]. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured A1.449 zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.449","name":"Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves","description":"Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges [Halichondria panicea], barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides] or often large [Balanus crenatus and] the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The isopod [Ligia oceanica] may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of [Pomatoceros] [triqueter] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as [Chthamalus montagui] with scattered [Pomatoceros] sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional [Sabellaria alveolata]. Shade-tolerant red algae such as [Lomentaria articulata] may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor  zone (unit A1.44A) and the wave-surged, more densely populated zone (A1.448). On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (unit A1.444)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.44A","name":"Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors","description":"Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet [Patella] spp. and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis].\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of unit A1.449 above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of unit A1.113 may occur above the A1.44A, becoming a zone of A1.445 further into the cave. In mid shore caves, this unit is above by a zone of unit A1.449 (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant unit A1.4461 may occur above this zone.\r\nTemporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. [Enteromorpha intestinalis]) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.44B","name":"Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the red algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]. This assemblage lives under the red alga [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.44C","name":"Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.45","name":"Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata","description":"Ephemeral seaweeds on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and the red seaweeds [Rhodothamniella floridula] and [Porphyra purpurea]. Winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle [Elminius modestus] is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (A1.451) or [P. purpurea] and/or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (A1.452). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites.\r\nSituation: This habitat type occurs the splash zone, sometimes on cliff faces, and throughout the main intertidal zone.\r\nNote: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A2.43 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.451","name":"[Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock","description":"Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of [Enteromorpha] spp., though [Ulva lactuca] can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea] or [Littorina saxatilis] and barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides].\r\nSituation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. (unit A1.452) or a [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] zone (units A1.312; A1.327), and may replace the [Pelvetia canaliculata] zone (A1.211). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass [Ruppia maritima] can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as [Fucus] spp. can dominate the zone below (A5.5343; A1.314; A1.312).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.452","name":"[Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus] or [Fucus spiralis] are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed [Porphyra purpurea] and green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis]. Few other species are present.\r\nSituation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by [Enteromorpha] spp. (unit A1.451) and above the [F. spiralis] zone (A1.312). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.211). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Rho), along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis].\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the [P. purpurea] will occur, especially as a result of storm action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.46","name":"Hydrolittoral soft rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.461","name":"Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.462","name":"Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.463","name":"Hydrolittoral soft rock: reefs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.47","name":"Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.471","name":"Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.472","name":"Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.473","name":"Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.48","name":"Hydrolittoral hard clay","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.481","name":"Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.49","name":"Hydrolittoral mussel beds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.491","name":"Hydrolittoral mussel beds: with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A1.492","name":"Hydrolittoral mussel beds: dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.4A","name":"Hydrolittoral peat","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A1.4B","name":"Pontic sulphide vents in littoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A2","name":"Littoral sediment","description":"Littoral sediment includes habitats of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles), gravel, sand and mud or any combination of these which occur in the intertidal zone. Littoral sediment is defined further using descriptions of particle sizes - mainly gravel (16-4 mm), coarse sand (4-1 mm), medium sand (1-0.25 mm), fine sand (0.25-0.063 mm) and mud (less than 0.063 mm) and various admixtures of these (and coarser) grades - muddy sand, sandy mud and mixed sediment (cobbles, gravel, sand and mud together). Littoral sediments support communities tolerant to some degree of drainage at low tide and often subject to variation in air temperature and reduced salinity in estuarine situations. Very coarse sediments tend to support few macrofaunal species because these sediments tend to be mobile and subject to a high degree of drying when exposed at low tide. Finer sediments tend to be more stable and retain some water between high tides, and therefore support a greater diversity of species. Medium and fine sand shores usually support a range of oligochaetes, polychaetes, and burrowing crustaceans, and even more stable muddy sand shores also support a range of bivalves. Very fine and cohesive sediment (mud) tends to have a lower species diversity, because oxygen cannot penetrate far below the sediment surface. A black, anoxic layer of sediment develops under these circumstances, which may extend to the sediment surface and in which few species can survive. Some intertidal sediments are dominated by angiosperms, e.g. eelgrass ([Zostera noltii]) beds on the mid and upper shore of muddy sand flats, or saltmarshes which develop on the extreme upper shore of sheltered fine sediment flats.\r\nSituation: Littoral sediments are found across the entire intertidal zone, including the strandline. Sediment biotopes can extend further landwards (dune systems, marshes) and further seawards (sublittoral sediments). Sediment shores are generally found along relatively more sheltered stretches of coast compared to rocky shores. Muddy shores or muddy sand shores occur mainly in very sheltered inlets and along estuaries, where wave exposure is low enough to allow fine sediments to settle. Sandy shores and coarser sediment (gravel, pebbles, cobbles) shores are found in areas subject to higher wave exposures.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sediment environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. These changes are most likely to affect sandy shores on relatively open shores. Sheltered muddy shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.1","name":"Littoral coarse sediment","description":"Littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as [Pectenogammarus planicrurus].\r\nSituation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.11","name":"Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores","description":"Shores of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles) or coarse gravel, typically deposited as a result of onshore wave action and long-shore drift. The particle size tends to increase along the shore in the direction of the long-shore drift. As the sediment is very coarse and often quite mobile, it typically supports little marine life, other than opportunist amphipods and oligochaete worms. Summer growths of ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp.) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.111","name":"Barren littoral shingle","description":"Shingle or gravel shores, typically with sediment particle size ranging from 4 - 256 mm, sometimes with some coarse sand mixed in. This biotope is normally only found on exposed open coasts in fully marine conditions. Such shores tend to support virtually no macrofauna in their very mobile and freely draining substratum. The few individuals that may be found are those washed into the habitat by the ebbing tide, including the occasional amphipod or small polychaete.\r\nSituation: This unit often extends over the whole shore, sometimes extending into the subtidal zone. It may occur on the upper shore above A2.221, and in moderately exposed conditions, above unit A2.223 on the lower shore. Unit A2.211 may occur on the same shore as A2.111, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be a temporary cover of the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva] spp. during periods of stability in the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.112","name":"[Pectenogammarus planicrurus] in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand","description":"Shores of well-sorted gravel with a predominant particle size of 4.0 mm but ranging between 3 and 6 mm support dense populations of the amphipod [Pectenogammarus planicrurus]. Material finer than 2 mm reduces the ability of the amphipod to survive. The amphipod is tolerant of variable salinity, although a preference for a specific salinity regime has not been determined. As this habitat is regularly under-surveyed, its distribution is unclear.\r\nSituation: The biotope is often associated with the lee side (wind or tide) of obstacles such as rock outcrops and groynes; this may be due to the deposition of algal debris, shelter from wave action or degree of sorting due to localised tidal flow around the obstacle (most likely a combination of the first and last influence)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.12","name":"Estuarine coarse sediment shores","description":"Shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and other inlets (e.g. sealochs) which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. These are typically species-poor and characterised by oligochaete worms (cf. A2.222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.13","name":"Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms","description":"These biocenoses consist mainly of detritus-feeding species which draw their nourishment from decaying vegetation and miscellaneous debris caught up in the shingle. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod [Gammarus olivii] and the isopod [Sphaeroma serratum]. These communities are exposed to alternating  water submersion and emersion because of variations in the water level, and they are frequently moistened by wavelets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.131","name":"Facies of banks of dead leaves of [Posidonia oceanica] and other phanerogams","description":"This facies is characterized by the accumulation of plant debris made up mostly of dead [Posidonia oceanica] leaves and/or other marine phanerogams species (e. g. [Cymodocea nodosa], [Zostera noltii], etc.)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.132","name":"Pontic mediolittoral gravel and shingle","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.2","name":"Littoral sand and muddy sand","description":"Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (A2.22), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (A2.23). Muddy sands (A2.24), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves.\r\nSituation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.21","name":"Strandline","description":"The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.211","name":"Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline","description":"A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper [Talitrus saltator]. In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed, [Talorchestia deshayesii] is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly [Orchestia] species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy. Two characterising species lists are presented below. They are derived from two sets of data, which were analysed separately. The first shows data from infaunal samples, the second shows data from epifaunal samples. The epifaunal lists contains no counts per square metre, as the data were collected on the SACFOR scale.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shore as a range of sediment (especially sandy) biotopes, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. These biotopes include units A2.111, A2.221, A2.222, A2.223, and A2.231. The biotope also occurs at the back of boulder, cobble and pebble shores, above mixed sediment and rocky biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope varies in its position between spring and neap tides, and as a result of changing weather. After storms, it may extend into the fore dunes, during spring tides it will occur high on the shore, and during neaps the greatest numbers of talitrids may be found at or just below MHWN level. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of this biotope, may also vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.212","name":"[Mytilus edulis] and [Fabricia sabella] in littoral mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles, gravel, sand and shell debris with mud in sheltered Firths with a strandline of fucoid algae. The fauna is characterised by juvenile mussels [Mytilus edulis], often in very high numbers. The nemertean worm [Lineus] spp. may be abundant and oligochaetes are common. Polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Scoloplos armiger] and [Fabricia sabella] may be present in high densities. [Fabricia sabella] is typically found amongst algal holdfasts and between cobbles on rocky shores. The bivalves [Macoma balthica] and [Cerastoderma edule], typical of muddy sediments, characterise the community. The validity of this biotope is uncertain, as the only available data, from the Dornoch Firth and the Moray Firth, are poor. Its position within the classification, as a strandline community, is also very uncertain, but there is not enough information available for a better description or classification at this stage.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.22","name":"Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores","description":"Shores consisting of clean mobile sands (coarse, medium and some fine-grained), with little very fine sand, and no mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The sands are non-cohesive, with low water retention, and thus subject to drying out between tides, especially on the upper shore and where the shore profile is steep. Most of these shores support a limited range of species, ranging from barren, highly mobile sands to more stable clean sands supporting communities of isopods, amphipods and a limited range of polychaetes. Species which can characterise mobile sand communities include [Scolelepis squamata], [Pontocrates arenarius], [Bathyporeia pelagica], [B. pilosa], [Haustorius arenarius] and [Eurydice pulchra].\r\nSituation: Mobile sand shores are typically situated along open stretches of coastline, with a relatively high degree of wave exposure. Bands of gravel and shingle may be present on the upper shore of exposed beaches. Where the wave exposure is less, and the shore profile more shallow, mobile sand communities may also be present on the upper part of the shore, with more stable fine sand communities present lower down. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Mobile sand shores may show significant seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.221","name":"Barren littoral coarse sand","description":"Freely-draining sandy beaches, particularly on the upper and mid shore, which lack a macrofaunal community due to their continual mobility. Trial excavations are unlikely to reveal any macrofauna in these typically steep beaches on exposed coasts. Oligochaetes, probably mainly enchytraeids, and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] may be found in extremely low abundances, but if present in any quantity should be classed as units A2.3223 or A2.2232. Burrowing amphipods ([Bathyporeia] spp.) may be present on very rare occasions. Occasionally, other species may be left behind in low abundance by the ebbing tide.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid and/or lower shore below A2.111 in exposed conditions. In moderately exposed conditions, and where A2.221 occurs on the upper shore, a range of relatively more species-rich clean sand communities may occur on the mid and lower shore. These include A2.223, A2.222, and A2.231, depending on the degree of wave exposure and sediment mobility. Tal may occur on the same shore as A2.221, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.222","name":"Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. The biotope also occurs in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. This biotope has been split into two sub-biotopes, based on the physical environment (a full-salinity and a variable salinity type).\r\nSituation: This unit often occurs in variable salinity conditions, in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the A2.31 and A2.32 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. A2.222 also occurs on open, fully marine shores. Where it is situated on the mid shore, units A2.111 and/or A2.221 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, A2.2231 and A2.2233 may be found. A2.222 may also occur on the upper shore, with A2.2232 present on the mid shore, and A2.2311 or A2.2312 on the lower shore. A2.211may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of wracks and debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to unit A2.221. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to A2.223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2221","name":"Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. On rare occasions individuals of polychaete or crustacean species may be encountered (e.g. [Nephtys] spp., [Eurydice pulchra], [Bathyporeia] spp.), though these are not characterising for the biotope and if present in any significant abundance, the area should be classed as unit A2.223.\r\nSituation: Where A2.2221 is situated on the mid shore, A2.111 and/or A2.221 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, A2.2231 and A2.2233 may be found. A2.3223 may also occur on the upper shore, with A2.2232 present on the mid shore, and A2.2311 or A2.2312 on the lower shore. A2.211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to A2.221. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to A2.223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2222","name":"Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. There is usually very little mud in the sediment. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. Nemerteans may be present, and nematodes may be frequent.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the A2.31 and A2.32 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Unit A2.211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.223","name":"Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand","description":"Mobile clean sandy beaches on exposed and moderately exposed shores, with sediment grain sizes ranging from medium to fine, often with a fraction of coarser sediment. The sediment contains little or no organic matter, and usually no anoxic layer is present at all. It tends to be well-drained, retaining little water at low tide, though the sediment of the A2.2233 sub-unit may remain damp throughout the tidal cycle. These beaches usually occur under fully marine conditions, though the A2.2232 sub-unit may occur under moderately exposed lower estuarine conditions. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by polychaetes, isopods and burrowing amphipods. [Scolelepis] spp. can tolerate well-drained conditions, and are often present in well-draining, coarser sand. Burrowing amphipods that often occur in this biotope include [Bathyporeia] spp., [Pontocrates arenarius], and [Haustorius arenarius]. The isopod [Eurydice pulchra] is also often present. On semi-exposed beaches with a moderate tide range where there is a marked high-shore berm, there can be a marked seepage at the foot of the berm that probably carries the products of the organic matter derived from strand line breakdown. Here in a narrow zone, exceptionally high populations of [Bathyporeia pilosa], sometimes above 10000 per square metre, may occur. The zone may be narrower than the strandline and could easily be missed on surveys were only a few levels are sampled. Three sub-biotopes are described for this biotope, based principally on differences in infaunal species composition.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below A2.221, or A2.111. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the communities of unit A2.231. Unit A2.211 may be present on the same shores as A2.223, where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2231","name":"[Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed shores of fully marine mobile clean sand, with particle sizes ranging from coarse to very fine. The sediment is not always well sorted, and may contain a subsurface layer of gravel or shell debris. Usually no anoxic layer is present. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by the polychaetes [Scolelepis squamata] and [S. foliosa]. The amphipod [Bathyporeia pilosa] may be present. Further species that may be present in this sub-biotope include the amphipods [B. pelagica] and [Haustorius arenarius], and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may also occur.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below A2.2232, A2.221, or A2.111, and on the same shores as A2.2233. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the A2.231 communities. Unit A2.211may be present on the same shores, where driftlines of wrack and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2232","name":"[Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand","description":"Well-draining beaches of medium- to fine-grained mobile sand, often (but not always) well sorted. Occasionally, a small fraction of coarse sand may be present. The biotope generally occurs on exposed open coasts, but sometimes in estuarine conditions, supporting populations of the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] and burrowing amphipods which frequently include [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The degree of drainage appears to be a critical factor in determining the presence of polychaetes, with only [Scolelepis squamata] capable of tolerating the well-drained sediments of this biotope. This biotope has two facies: drying upper and mid shore sands, and highly mobile lower shore and shallow sublittoral sand bars. Where this biotope occurs in estuarine conditions, [H. arenarius] is often highly abundant.\r\nSituation:This unit may occur on the mid and upper shore together with unit A2.2231, below A2.3223, or above A2.2233 and the A2.231 communities. Under more exposed, open conditions, this unit may be restricted to the lower part of the shore, with A2.3223, barren sand (A2.221) or barren shingle (A2.111) on the upper shore. Unit A2.211 may occur where driftlines of wracks or other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2233","name":"[Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand","description":"Mainly on the mid and lower shore on wave-exposed or moderately wave-exposed coasts of medium and fine sand, sometimes with a fraction of coarse sand, which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The infauna is dominated by burrowing amphipods, most notably [Pontocrates arenarius], as well as [Bathyporeia pelagica, Haustorius arenarius] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The polychaete fauna is poor, dominated by [Scolelepis squamata], which tolerates the exposed and mobile sediment conditions. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be present on the lower shore, where units A2.221, A2.2232, or A2.2231 are present higher up. Where this unit occurs on the mid shore in relatively sheltered conditions, unit A2.231 may be present on the lower shore. Unit A2.211 may be present where driftlines of fucoids and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may change to unit A2.2232, which is very similar in character, if [P. arenarius] decreases in abundance. Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.23","name":"Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores","description":"Shores of clean, medium to fine and very fine sand, with no coarse sand, gravel or mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The degree of drying between tides is limited, and the sediment usually remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. Typically, no anoxic layer is present. Fine sand shores support a range of species including amphipods and polychaetes. On the lower shore, and where sediments are stable, bivalves such as [Angulus tenuis] may be present in large numbers. An exceptionally rich fine sand community has been recorded from very sheltered reduced salinity shores in Poole Harbour. Species recorded include [Anaitides maculata], [Hediste diversicolor], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Tharyx killariensis], oligochaetes, [Gammarus locusta], [Hydrobia ulvae], [Cerastoderma edule] and [Mya truncata].\r\nSituation: Fine sand communities may be present throughout the intertidal zone on moderately exposed beaches, or they may be present on the lower parts of the shore with mobile sand communities present along the upper shore. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Fine sand shores may show seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.231","name":"Polychaetes in littoral fine sand","description":"Moderately exposed or sheltered beaches of medium and fine, usually clean, sand, though the sediment may on rare occasions contain a small silt and clay fraction. The sediment is relatively stable, remains damp throughout the tidal cycle, and contains little organic matter. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Where an anoxic layer is present, it occurs at a depth below 10 cm and tends to be patchy. The biotope occurs mainly on the lower part of the shore, and relatively frequently on the mid shore. It is only rarely present above mid shore level, except where coastal defences cause backwash onto the upper shore. Conditions are usually fully marine, though the biotope can also occur in open lower estuarine conditions. The infaunal community is dominated by a range of polychaete species such as [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens], [Spio] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Scoloplos armiger]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment, and [Arenicola marina] casts may be present on the sediment surface. The amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Pontocrates arenarius] frequently occur, and nemerteans are often present. On some North Wales shores, the presence of [Arenicola] species characterises the lowest part of the shore, with a range of species characteristic of the shallow sublittoral. These include sparsely distributed [Echinocardium], [Amphiura brachiata], [Ensis siliqua] and [Fabulina fabula]. This biotope is split into three sub-biotopes, between which there can be a large degree of overlap. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] dominates the A2.2312 sub-biotope, which is characterised by slightly more stable and fine sediments than the other two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present below the communities of units A2.223  or A2.2221 on moderately exposed shores. A2.221 may occur on the upper part of the shore if it is subject to drying in between tides. The strandline biotope A2.211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be affected significantly by seasonal changes in degree of wave exposure. During stormy winters, the sediment may become de-stabilised, leading to the disappearance of some macroinfaunal species. The lugworm [A. marina] may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2311","name":"Polychaetes, including Paraonis fulgens, in littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately wave-exposed coasts, with medium and fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Polychaetes make up the greater part of the community, and are dominated by [Paraonis fulgens], [Capitella capitata], [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Eteone longa]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemerteans may also be present. The amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [B. sarsi] are often present.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit A2.2312, or lower down than the A2.223 communities or A2.2221. The strandline community A2.211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2312","name":"Polychaetes and [Angulus tenuis] in littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with predominantly fine sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. The sediment is often rippled, and an anoxic layer may occasionally occur below a depth of 10 cm, though it is often patchy. The infaunal community is dominated by the abundant bivalve [Angulus tenuis] together with a range of polychaetes. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Polychaetes that are characterising for this biotope include [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens] and [Spio filicornis]. Burrowing amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. may occur in some samples of this biotope.\r\nSituation: Where it occurs under moderately exposed conditions, units A2.2232, A2.2311 or A2.2221 may be present higher up on the shore than this unit. Where it occurs under more sheltered conditions, it may occur below or alongside muddy sand biotopes such as units A2.242 and A2.244.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.2313","name":"[Nephtys cirrosa]-dominated littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with medium to fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is not usually well sorted and may contain a fraction of coarse sand. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The polychaete infauna is dominated by [Nephtys cirrosa], [Magelona mirabilis], [Spio martinensis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Paraonis fulgens]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemertean worms may be present. The amphipods [Pontocrates] spp. and [Bathyporeia] spp., as well as [Cumopsis goodsiri] and the shrimp [Crangon crangon] are typically present. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] is scarce or absent.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit A2.2312, or lower down than A2.2232or A2.2221.\r\nTemporal variation: The infaunal community of this biotope may change seasonally, as increased storminess during winter months may reduce sediment stability and the ability of some species to survive. Some species, such as the shrimp [C. crangon] avoid these conditions by seasonal migration to deeper water (Moore, 1991)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.24","name":"Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment generally remains water-saturated during low water. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. An anoxic layer may be present below 5 cm of the sediment surface, sometimes seen in the worm casts on the surface. The infauna consists of a diverse range of amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods.\r\nSituation: Muddy sand communities are found predominantly on the mid and lower shore, though they may span the entire intertidal. Fine sand or mobile sand communities may be present on the upper shore with muddy sand communities present lower down. In sheltered mid estuarine conditions, muddy sand communities may be present on the upper part of the shore with mid estuarine muddy shore communities (A2.31) lower down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.241","name":"[Macoma balthica] and [Arenicola marina] in muddy sand shores","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and generally remains water-saturated during low water. Scattered stones, cobbles and boulders with attached fucoids may be present. An anoxic layer is usually present within 5cm of the sediment surface and is often visible in worm casts. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. The species assemblage is characterised by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger] and [Pygospio elegans] are typically superabundant and common, respectively. Oligochaetes, probably mainly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster], may be common, and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit has broad transition areas with units A2.242 and A2.243, which tends to occur lower down on the shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.242","name":"[Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand","description":"Extensive clean fine sand or muddy sand shores with abundant cockles [Cerastoderma edule]. The community consists of the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Spio filicornis] and [Capitella capitata], the crustaceans [Bathyporeia sarsi], [Bodotria arenosa arenosa] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], as well as the cockle [C. edule] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. This biotope carries commercially viable stocks of [C. edule], and it is therefore possible to find areas of this habitat where the infauna may have been changed through recent cockle dredging. Cockle dredging can result in a reduced bivalve abundance and reduced densities of some polychaete species, including [P. elegans] (Moore, 1991). At the outer edges of large flats, there may be a zone between the cockle beds and more exposed sands, where there are fewer cockles and [B. sarsi] is the commoner species.\r\nSituation: The community is found mainly on the mid and lower shore where the sediment is water-saturated most of the time. Where it occurs in muddy sand, this unit has broad transition areas with units A2.241 and the A2.31, and where it occurs on clean sand shores, it may have broad transition areas with A2.7212. Higher on the shore, adjacent to this biotope, BatCare is found, with fewer polychaete and bivalve species due to the drier sediment found on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: A layer of mud with dense spionid polychaetes may build up on cockle beds in sheltered areas, creating a cohesive muddy layer 10-15 cm thick overlying the whole area. This may break up leaving a series of pits and patches with miniature cliffs, giving it an appearance similar to a stony shore when seen from a distance. It should be noted that where it occurs, [Hydrobia ulvae] tends to move a lot and may be highly variable in abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.243","name":"[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand","description":"Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is characterised by the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Hediste diversicolor] (ragworm) and [Pygospio elegans], oligochaetes (mostly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]), the crustaceans [Corophium volutator] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant, and the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] may be superabundant, though these species are not always present, or may be missed in core samples due to their large size. The polychaetes [Arenicola marina], [Polydora cornuta] and [Capitella capitata], the shrimp [Crangon crangon], and the Mussel [Mytilus edulis] are sometimes present.\r\nSituation: This unit can occur on the mid shore of sheltered, lower estuaries, with the A2.31 communities in muddier sediments on the lower shore. Under moderately exposed conditions in lower estuaries and towards open coasts, it may occur alongside other muddy sand units such as A2.242 or A2.244.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.244","name":"[Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand","description":"Wave-sheltered, mainly upper and mid shore flats of medium to fine sand, often muddy sand. The salinity, although predominantly recorded as variable, probably varies little from fully marine in these broad estuaries. The infauna is characterised by the amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa], [Corophium arenarium] and [C. volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae]. Polychaetes and bivalves are limited in their abundance and variety, though the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may occur. Tidal streams may be strong during spring tides, accounting for the presence of amphipods [B. pilosa] that are more commonly associated with open coast sandflats.\nSituation: This biotope is typically found higher up the shore than sandflats with the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] (unit A2.242) in the large sandy estuaries of the west coast of England and Wales. In moderately exposed conditions,  can occur on the mid shore below units A2.211and/or A2.221. In more sheltered conditions,  may occur above unit A2.311."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.245","name":"[Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand","description":"This biotope usually occurs on flats of medium fine sand and muddy sand, most often on the lower shore but sometimes also on waterlogged mid shores. The sand may contain a proportion of shell fragments or gravel. Lan can also occur on the lower part of predominantly rocky or boulder shores, where patches of sand or muddy sand occur between scattered boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Conditions may be tide-swept, and the sediment may be mobile, but the biotope usually occurs in areas sheltered from strong wave action. The sediment supports dense populations of the sand mason [Lanice conchilega]. Other polychaetes present are tolerant of sand scour or mobility of the sediment surface layers and include the polychaetes [Anaitides mucosa], [Eumida sanguinea], [Nephtys hombergii], [Scoloplos armiger], [Aricidea minuta], [Tharyx] spp. and [Pygospio elegans]. The mud shrimp [Corophium arenarium] and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant. The baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may be present. On boulder shores, and where pebbles and cobbles are mixed in with lower shore tide-swept sand with dense [L. conchilega] between the cobbles, the infaunal component is rarely sampled. The infaunal community under these circumstances, provided that the cobbles are not packed very close together, is likely to be similar to that in areas without the coarse material.\r\nSituation:This unit occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately exposed sand and muddy sand flats. Higher on the shore, other sand and muddy sand biotopes may be present, such as units A2.221 and A2.223 on the upper shore and the A2.231 communities on the mid shore. Unit A2.211 may occur where driftlines of wracks and other debris accumulate. Where Lan occurs on areas of scattered boulders and cobbles on the lower shore, there may be broad transition areas with A2.711 and other boulder shore biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: Where [Lanice conchilega] becomes very abundant, especially on the low shore, this can lead to the build up of sediment mounds around their tubes, thus leading to a significant alteration in the surface appearance of the biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.25","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands","description":"Mediolittoral sands are characterised by the annelids [Ophelia radiata] and [Nerine cirratulus], the isopod crustacean [Eurydice affinis] and the pelecypod mollusc [Mesodesma corneum]. Coarse sands encourage the settlement of [Ophelia radiata], and fine sands that of [Nerine cirratulus], while [Mesodesma corneum] often avoids calcareous sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.251","name":"Facies with [Ophelia bicornis]","description":"This facies of the mediolittoral sands is characterised by the abundance of the annelid polychaete [Ophelia bicornis]. In the Black Sea this facies is characterised by the predominant presence of [Ophelia bicornis] and a minor amount of [Donacilla cornea] and other amphipods present in mediolittoral coarse sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.26","name":"Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.261","name":"[Donacilla cornea] in medium-coarse mediolittoral sands","description":"This facies is characterised by the predominance of Donacilla with respect to Ophelia bicornis and more medium grained sand with respect to the Ophelia bicornis facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.262","name":"[Pontogammarus maeoticus] in fine mediolittoral sands","description":"A mediolittoral sand facies found in proximity of the Danube delta and extending until Tendrovska Bay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.3","name":"Littoral mud","description":"Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna.\r\nSituation: Muddy shores are principally found along the shores of estuaries where there is enough shelter from wave action to allow fine sediment to settle. Muddy shores may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.31","name":"Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores","description":"Mid estuarine shores of fine sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Most mid estuarine muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, though at some locations more or less fully marine conditions may prevail. Mid estuarine muds support rich communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: Principally along mid estuarine shores. The mid estuarine communities may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems, though usually there is some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.311","name":"[Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud","description":"Soft mud with a fine sand fraction, in variable salinity conditions, typically close to the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the polychaete worm [Streblospio shrubsolii], the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii], oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides], and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] are often common or abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in mid estuary conditions, usually on the low shore. Units A2.323 and A2.3223 may occur higher up the shore, as well as further towards the upper estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.312","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. The oligochaete [Heterochaeta costata] and the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator] may be abundant. The spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii], and bivalves such as the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] and [Abra tenuis]. The sand gaper [Mya arenaria] is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. [M. arenaria] is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with units A2.243 or A2.241 on the upper shore. A2.313, A2.3221, NhomAph, and A2.3222 may be present on the same shore.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.313","name":"[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. Oligochaetes, most notably [Tubificoides benedii], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] and the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii].\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units A2.311, A2.312, NhomAph, A2.3221 and A2.3222. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.32","name":"Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores","description":"Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, A2.321 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 and A2.321 further down the shore.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.321","name":"[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud","description":"Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. The oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii] is also characterising for this biotope, and [Hediste diversicolor] may be common.\r\nSituation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as the A2.31 biotopes, A2.3222 or A2.3221. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.322","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., polychaetes such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina], the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae].\r\nSituation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as units A2.312, A2.313r, or NhomAph. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, A2.323 may occur.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.3221","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense [Hediste diversicolor], as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides benedii] are often abundant, and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] is often common.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as A2.313, A2.312, NhomAph or A2.3222. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.3222","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud","description":"Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be present. [Corophium multisetosum] may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units A2.313, A2.312, NhomAph, and A2.3221. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.3223","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud","description":"A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and [Heterochaeta costata], can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana] may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 further down. Unit A2.321 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with A2.3223 and A2.323 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.323","name":"[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud","description":"Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including [Tubificoides benedii] and, more rarely, [Heterochaeta costata]. The only polychaete species that may occur is [Capitella capitata], which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. [Vaucheria] species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs [Carcinus maenas] may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus] spp. and [Tubifex tubifex] may be found.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. This unit is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 further down. Unit A2.321 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with A2.3223 and A2.323 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: Green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.324","name":"Saltmarsh pools","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.325","name":"Saltmarsh creeks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.3251","name":"Erosion faces with [Carcinus maenas]","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.326","name":"Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.327","name":"Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.328","name":"Pontic \"camca\" habitat of River Danube mouths","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.33","name":"Marine mud shores","description":"Proposed new level 4 habitat to account for fully marine habitats in the Waddensea and elsewhere."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.4","name":"Littoral mixed sediments","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.41","name":"Ragworm dominated gravelly sandy mud shores","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described in A2.411 have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of A2.411, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the A2.411 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.411","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described as subunits of this unit have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of A2.411, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the A2.411 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.4111","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly mud shores, subject to reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], as well as the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The presence of the gravel in the sediment is unlikely to have a large influence on the infaunal composition, which is driven mainly by the estuarine sandy mud conditions. Coarse material on the sediment surface may however enrich the biota with additional epifaunal species such as barnacles and algae. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit A2.312. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with A2.4111 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is A2.312. This biotope has been found alongside its mud equivalent in the Stour estuary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.4112","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly mud on the mid and lower shore, containing little sand with occasional cobbles. The infaunal community includes the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], as well as a range of polychaetes, oligochaetes, and molluscs. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this unit and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope A2.313. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with unit A2.4112 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is A2.313."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.4113","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity, on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Ampharete grubei], as well as oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator]. There are often low densities of [Scrobicularia plana]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit A2.3221. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with A2.4112 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is A2.3221. This biotope has been found along edges of tidal channels in the upper Stour estuary, below its equivalent mud biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.4114","name":"[Hediste diversicolor], cirratulids and [Tubificoides] spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and cirratulid polychaetes such as [Tharyx killariensis]. Nematodes and oligochaetes occur, as well as the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope unit A2.312. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is A2.312."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.4115","name":"[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable or reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator] are abundant. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope A2.3222. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is A2.3222."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.42","name":"Species-rich mixed sediment shores","description":"Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaete worms [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface.\r\nSituation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.421","name":"Cirratulids and [Cerastoderma edule] in littoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. Banks of shell may be present. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] can be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Epifaunal algae may occur attached to stable cobbles on the sediment surface.\r\nSituation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.43","name":"Species-poor mixed sediment shores","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata where the substratum is too mobile or disturbed to support a seaweed community (A2.431). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites.\r\nNote: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.82 as LR.FLR.Eph"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.431","name":"Barnacles and [Littorina] spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"The eulittoral zone, particularly the mid shore zone, of sheltered to extremely sheltered mixed substrata shores is often characterised by flat banks or scards of cobbles and pebbles (on sediment) which are either too small or unstable to support a seaweed community. The boulders and larger cobbles are usually colonised by the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus] and often dense aggregations of the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are present as well. Between the cobbles and pebbles the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance. Juvenile crabs [Carcinus maenas] and gammarids may occur between and underneath the pebbles and cobbles. Brown seaweeds are rare, although the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may occasionally occur on larger cobbles and small boulders in the mid and upper shore zones. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may also be present. Shallow pools and patches of standing water may occur in low-lying areas and may contain amphipods and filamentous green seaweeds. Due to the unstable nature of the substratum the diversity and density of flora and fauna is characteristically low.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores in wave-sheltered conditions (compare with unit A1.1133) and may be subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone below or at the same level as the biotope dominated by ephemeral green seaweeds (A2.821). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by salt marsh species such as [Salacornia] and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [F. vesiculosus] (units A1.3152; A1.3132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.432","name":"Pontic mixed sediment shores with ?????","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.5","name":"Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds","description":"Angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.51","name":"Saltmarsh driftlines","description":"The top level of saltmarsh, not covered by all tides. Vigorous [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris], [Elymus] spp., [Matricaria maritima] may be fertilized by drift decomposition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.511","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities","description":"Nitrophilous tall grass communities of Atlantic saltmarshes, green beaches and beach drift accumulations, dominated by [Elymus pycnanthus] ([Agropyron pungens]), [Elymus repens], [Festuca arundinacea] or sometimes tall perennial forbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.512","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities","description":"Annual formations of pioneers colonizing driftlines forming within Atlantic saltmarshes, with [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex hastata], [Beta maritima], [Matricaria maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.513","name":"Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Communities of annuals forming on accumulations of organic debris in saltmarshes and saline depressions of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts and of endoreic (closed drainage) basins of the Mediterranean interior, in particular, of mediterranean Iberia, with [Atriplex hastata], [Suaeda splendens], [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Salsola soda], [Rumex pulcher]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.514","name":"[Elymus pycnanthus] with [Suaeda vera] or [Inula crithmoides] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.515","name":"[Elymus repens] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.516","name":"[Suaeda vera] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.517","name":"[Suaeda vera] - [Limonium binervosum] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.518","name":"[Spergularia marina] - [Puccinellia distans] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.519","name":"[Frankenia laevis] - [Halimione portulacoides] saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.51A","name":"[Inula crithmoides] on saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.51B","name":"[Sagina maritima] ephemeral salt marsh in sand","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.52","name":"Upper saltmarshes","description":"Salt scrubs with [Arthrocnemum], [Halocnemum], [Suaeda]. Stands, sometimes rather open of [Juncus acutus], [Juncus maritimus]. Numerous other salt-tolerant species, some communities being quite species-rich."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.521","name":"Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities","description":"Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, such as estuaries, in coastal basins with fresh water input and along brackish seashores, such as those of the inner Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5211","name":"Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of Europe, from the Iberian peninsula to Scandinavia, developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, in particular, in estuarine saltmarshes, in saltmarsh inner basins, in dike-enclsoed saltmarshes, with [Spergularia marina], [Puccinellia distans], [Puccinellia fasciculata], [Puccinellia retroflexa], [Puccinellia maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Potentilla anserina] and [Halimione portulacoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5212","name":"Baltic [Carex paleacea] swards","description":"Formations of the brackish shores of the inner Baltic, dominated by [Carex paleacea], with [Eleocharis uniglumis] and [Agrostis stolonifera], accompanied by [Triglochin maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5213","name":"Baltic [Carex mackenziei] swards","description":"Communities of brackish lower shores of the northern and eastern Baltic dominated by [Carex mackenziei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5214","name":"Baltic salt basin [Agrostis]-[Triglochin] swards","description":"Baltic [Agrostis stolonifera]-[Triglochin palustris] formations of depressions submitted to marine salt precipitation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5215","name":"Baltic [Deschampsia bottnica] swards","description":"Communities of the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Gulf of Bothnia, characteristic of exposed coasts, dominated by the endemic [Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. bottnica] ([Deschampsia bottnica])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.522","name":"Mediterranean [Juncus maritimus] and [Juncus acutus] saltmarshes","description":"Beds of tall [Juncus maritimus], [Juncus rigidus] ([Juncus maritimus var. arabicus], [Juncus arabicus]) or [Juncus acutus] of saline grounds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastlands and of endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of mediterranean Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, forming, in particular, in periodically inundated depressions , where they may associate with [Carex extensa], [Iris spuria], [Gladiolus communis], [Aster tripolium], [Sonchus maritimus], [Sonchus crassifolius] or other elements of units A2.523 and D6.23, and in sandy dunal depressions, where they may alternate with stands of [Schoenus nigricans] or other formations of unit A2.532."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.523","name":"Mediterranean short [Juncus], [Carex], [Hordeum] and [Trifolium] saltmeadows","description":"Humid meadows of low vegetation dominated by [Juncus gerardi], [Carex divisa], [Carex extensa], [Schoenus nigricans], [Triglochin maritima], [Hordeum marinum] or [Trifolium] spp. and [Lotus] spp. of the edges of brackish lagoons of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.524","name":"Mediterranean [Elymus] or [Artemisia] stands","description":"Formations of [Elymus] or [Artemisia] fringing Mediterranean and interior Iberian saline wetlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.525","name":"Mediterranean [Juncus subulatus] beds","description":"Medium-tall [Juncus subulatus] beds, often forming facies within [Arthrocnemum] scrubs of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.526","name":"Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs","description":"Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Halocnemum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Mediterranean coasts, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts and interior Iberian basins. They can be further subdivided according to dominant species, generally associated with patterns of inundation. [Cistanche lutea] characterises many southern formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5261","name":"Creeping glasswort mats","description":"Low shrubby carpets of prostrate [Arthrocnemum perenne] of wettest areas of coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5262","name":"Shrubby glasswort thickets","description":"Stands of robust [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], capable of forming extensive low, dense thickets in coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5263","name":"Glaucous glasswort thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of [Arthrocnemum glaucum]. Along northern Mediterranean shores, they often occupy somewhat drier sites such as shell banks in saline lagoons; in the North African coastal marshes of Cyrenaica, Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they constitute the only [Arthrocnemum] formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5264","name":"Shrubby seablite thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] occupying drier elevations of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5265","name":"Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs","description":"[Halimione portulacoides]-rich facies within [Arthrocnemum] communities of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5266","name":"Mediterranean [Halocnemum] scrub","description":"Salt scrubs of Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by [Halocnemum strobilaceum], characteristic of arid African coasts, with a few outposts on dry coasts of European peninsulas and islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.527","name":"Atlantic salt scrubs","description":"Sea purslane, glasswort and seablite scrubs of northern Atlantic and North Sea coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5271","name":"Silver scrubs","description":"Shrubby [Halimione portulacoides] communities of middle levels of Atlantic schorres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5272","name":"Atlantic creeping glasswort mats","description":"[Arthrocnemum perenne]-dominated formations of the British Isles, the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5273","name":"Atlantic shrubby seablite scrubs","description":"[Suaeda vera]-dominated formations of the British Isles, where they are limited to the coast of Norfolk, and of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5274","name":"Atlantic shrubby glasswort scrubs","description":"[Arthrocnemum fruticosum]-dominated formations of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.528","name":"Mediterranean [Limoniastrum] scrubs","description":"Formations of often large, silver-glaucous shrubs of [Limoniastrum monopetalum] with showy pink flowers in late spring, of drier parts of Mediterranean and Iberian saltmarshes, distributed locally in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, the southern Italian peninsula, western Sicily, Lampedusa, Sardinia and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.529","name":"Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs","description":"Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Zygophyllum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Canary Island coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.52A","name":"Western Pontic salt humid meadows","description":"Mediterranean humid grasslands dominated by [Juncus littoralis] and [J. maritimus] along the coast of the Black Sea, in particular in the Danube Delta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.53","name":"Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds","description":"Closed saltmarsh meadows, more species-rich than in low-mid saltmarsh, dominated by graminoids [Blysmus rufus], [Carex extensa], [Festuca rubra], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia] spp.; also [Armeria maritima], [Artemisia maritima], [Frankenia laevis]. Marine saline or brackish beds of [Hippuris tetraphylla], [Juncus maritimus], [Phragmites australis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.531","name":"Atlantic upper shore communities","description":"Often relatively species-rich, grassy, flowery formations characteristic of the upper levels of the salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, with [Armeria maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Plantago maritima], [Frankenia laevis], [Artemisia maritima], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Carex extensa], [Blysmus rufus], [Eleocharis] spp. Similar communities occupying the lower levels of brackish meadows, in particular of the Baltic, are included, while formations restricted to brackish conditions are listed under unit A2.521. The dominance of various species induces distinctive facies, the most important of which are individualised in subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5311","name":"Atlantic [Juncus gerardii] saltmeadows","description":"Often species-rich, closed, flowery, upper level salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus gerardi]. [Glaux maritima] can dominate facies, forming thick carpets, in particular, in pioneer situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5312","name":"Atlantic [Plantago maritima] saltmeadows","description":"Communities of upper saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, dominated by [Plantago maritima] or [Plantago maritima] and [Bupleurum tenuissimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5313","name":"Atlantic [Festuca rubra]-[Agrostis stolonifera] swards","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Festuca rubra] and [Agrostis stolonifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5314","name":"Atlantic thrift swards","description":"Communities of salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Armeria maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5315","name":"Atlantic [Carex distans] beds","description":"Communities of Atlantic salt meadows dominated by [Carex distans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5316","name":"Atlantic [Carex extensa] saltmeadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Carex extensa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5317","name":"Atlantic sea lavender meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Limonium vulgare]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5318","name":"Atlantic [Blysmus] salt meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Blysmus rufus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5319","name":"Atlantic [Eleocharis] salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh or brackish marsh communities dominated by [Eleocharis uniglumis] or [Eleocharis palustris], associated with [Agrostis stolonifera] or [Carex paleacea]. They constitute a common upper shore community in Scotland; they are also very prevalent on the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Baltic, east and north of southeastern Sweden and Estonia; in western Scandinavia they are restricted to estuaries and fjord heads. They occur on saline littorals in Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531A","name":"Atlantic [Juncus maritimus] beds","description":"Saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus maritimus], with [Oenanthe lachenalii] and, locally, in Poland in particular, [Samolus valerandi], mostly characteristic of the upper shore, in moderately salty or brackish conditions, of the sandy-clayey transition to green beaches, also occurring, in the southern Baltic, on brackish lower shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531B","name":"Atlantic sea wormwood salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh communities dominated by, or rich in, [Artemisia maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531C","name":"Atlantic [Potentilla anserina] carpets","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Potentilla anserina], including both [Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina], and, in Fennoscandia, Iceland and Greenland, [Potentilla anserina ssp. egedii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531D","name":"Atlantic sea-heath communities","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities of the English Channel and the Franco-Iberian coasts of the Atlantic, with an isolated station on Anglesey, dominated by, or rich in, [Frankenia laevis], associated with [Limonium] spp., in particular with [Limonium lychnidifolium] in France, or [Limonium vulgare] in southern England, characteristic of the sandy transition zone between saltmarshes and dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531E","name":"Atlantic upper schorre sea aster beds","description":"Atlantic upper schorre communities dominated by [Aster tripolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531F","name":"Atlantic strawberry clover swards","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Trifolium fragiferum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531G","name":"Atlantic black sedge salt meadows","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Carex nigra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531H","name":"Scandinavian bogrush shore communities","description":"Upper and middle saltmarsh communities of the Baltic and the northwest Atlantic, dominated by [Schoenus nigricans] or [Schoenus ferrugineus], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Campylium polygamum], developed on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531I","name":"Northern [Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon] communities","description":"Upper shore swards of northern Norway, Iceland and the Faeroes dominated by [Agrostis stolonifera], [Festuca rubra], [Plantago maritima] and [Leontodon autumnalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531J","name":"Fenno-Scandian [Calamagrostis stricta]-sedge swards","description":"Upper saltmarsh tall graminoid communities of the Gulf of Bothnia and the northern Atlantic coasts of Scandinavia, south of Finnmark, dominated by [Calamagrostis stricta], [Carex aquatilis], [Carex juncella], [Eriophorum angustifolium], rich in arctic halophytes, transitional towards fens which form flood belts near fresh water. This unit is replaced northwards by the truly arctic formations of unit A2.533."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.531K","name":"Baltic [Carex scandinavica] swards","description":"Communities of the middle levels of exposed shores of the southern Baltic dominated by [Carex scandinavica] ([Carex serotina ssp. pulchella], \"[Carex pulchellum]\", [Carex oederi ssp. pulchella], [Carex viridula var. pulchella]), characteristic, in particular, of southeastern Sweden."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.532","name":"Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows","description":"Drier, dense formations of sandy soils at the foot of dunes, or between dunes and lagoons of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa, and of the endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of Mediterranean Iberia, with [Plantago crassifolia], [Schoenus nigricans], [Juncus littoralis], [Spartina versicolor] ([Spartina patens], [Spartina juncea]), [Elymus elongatus], [Inula crithmoides], all of which may dominate and form physiognomically distinct, sometimes almost monospecific, facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.533","name":"Upper shore arctic salt meadows","description":"Coastal saltmarshes of the upper shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.534","name":"Sulphurous arctic salt meadows","description":"Communities of the arctic coasts of Eurasia developed in brackish water on sulphurous gleys, in particular, [Hippuris tetraphylla] beds of brackish shores of Finnmark and northern Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.535","name":"[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.536","name":"[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes with [Triglochin maritima]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.537","name":"[Eleocharis uniglumis] mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.538","name":"[Blysmus rufus] mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.539","name":"Mid-upper saltmarshes: [Artemisia maritima] with [Festuca rubra], or open canopy of [Artemisia maritima] and [Halimione]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.53A","name":"[Festuca rubra] mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.53B","name":"Mid-upper saltmarshes: sub-communities of [Festuca rubra] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Armeria maritima] and [Plantago maritima]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.53C","name":"Marine saline beds of [Phragmites australis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.53D","name":"Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: reed, rush and sedge stands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.53D1","name":"Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: reed, rush and sedge stands: natural stands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.53D2","name":"Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: reed, rush and sedge stands: harvested stands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.54","name":"Low-mid saltmarshes","description":"Saltmarshes with more or less closed angiosperm vegetation. Included are grassy salt meadows dominated by [Puccinellia festuciformis] or [Aeluropus littoralis] in the Mediterranean and by [Puccinellia maritima] in northern Europe. Also characteristic are [Glaux maritima], [Halimone portulacoides], [Limonium vulgare], [Plantago maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.541","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh grass lawns","description":"Communities of the lower and middle schorre of the shores of the Atlantic ocean and connected seas with an overwhelming dominance of [Puccinellia maritima], often in almost monospecific stands forming bright green lawns characteristic, in particular, of pioneer stages of the lowest levels and of intensely grazed areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.542","name":"Atlantic lower shore communities","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and other physiognomically important species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5421","name":"Sea purslane-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Halimione portulacoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5422","name":"Sea aster-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5423","name":"Glasswort-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima], annual [Salicornia] spp. and [Suaeda maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5424","name":"Atlantic stalked orache beds","description":"Formations dominated by the rare, threatened [Halimione pedunculata], developing very locally in the [Puccinellion maritimae] of Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, extinct in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5425","name":"[Pelvetia]-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Species-poor salt meadows restricted to the shores of northern Norway and southwestern Iceland in the vicinity of the Reykjanes peninsula, codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and the brown alga [Pelvetia canaliculata], accompanied by [Agrostis stolonifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5426","name":"[Catabrosa]-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Salt meadows of Iceland and northern Norway, mostly of the lower shore, dominated by [Puccinellia maritima], with [Catabrosa aquatica], [Carex mackenziei], [Carex subspathacea], [Stellaria crassifolia], [Glaux maritima], [Gentianella detonsa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5427","name":"[Glaux]-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Glaux maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5428","name":"[Plantago]-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Plantago maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5429","name":"[Limonium]-saltmarsh grass meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Limonium vulgare], characteristic of undrained depressions on lightly grazed salt meadows of the Netherlands and the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.543","name":"Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Dense formations of perennial halophile grasses, in particular, [Puccinellia festuciformis] ([Puccinellia palustris]) or [Aeluropus littoralis], of Mediterranean coasts and their coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.544","name":"Lower shore arctic salt meadows","description":"Species-poor communities of the lower shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland, submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.545","name":"[Halimione portulacoides] low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.546","name":"[Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.547","name":"Sub-communities of [Puccinellia maritima] saltmarsh with [Limonium vulgare] and [Armeria maritima]; [P. maritima] with [Glaux maritima] co-dominant in species-poor vegetation; [Puccinellia maritima] with [Plantago maritima] and/or [Armeria maritima]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.548","name":"Annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.55","name":"Pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Saltmarshes at the lowest level of non-aquatic angiosperms; vegetation open and very species-poor, typically with [Salicornia] spp. or [Spartina] spp., less often with [Arthrocnemum] spp., [Aster tripolium], [Sagina maritima], [Salsola kali] or [Suaeda] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.551","name":"[Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltwort ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5511","name":"Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts","description":"This biocoenosis is characterised by annual glassworts ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablites ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltworts ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5512","name":"[Suaeda maritima] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5513","name":"[Salicornia] spp. pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Mud, often consolidated with coarse sand or gravel, on the extreme upper shore with [Salicornia] spp. plants forming a pioneer saltmarsh community. This habitat typically occurs in very sheltered estuarine conditions. Usually a reduced marine fauna is present which may include the amphipod [Corophium volutator], the ragworm [Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor] and often the mud snail [Hydrobia ulvae]. The fucoid alga [Pelvetia canaliculata] may be found on hard substrata, consolidated mud or lying unattached. This community is equivalent to saltmarsh community SM8 in the British National Vegetation Classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5514","name":"[Salicornia veneta] swards","description":"Endemic, threatened [Salicornia veneta] swards of long-inundated muds of basins of the Venice lagoon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5515","name":"Black Sea annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] saltmarshes","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5516","name":"Low-shore Mediterranean glasswort swards","description":"Glasswort swards occupying long-inundated basins of coastal saltmarshes of the western Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain, southern continental France, the Gulf of Tarento, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, with Atlantic representatives in southwestern Europe, between southern Brittany and central Portugal, dominated by the reddening tetraploid glasswort [Salicornia emerici]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.552","name":"Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African closed drainage basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying; they are more species-rich or richer in non-Chenopodiaceae than the communities of unit A2.551; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.553","name":"Atlantic [Sagina maritima] communities","description":"Formations of annual pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal systems and in the saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic. They are usually limited to small surfaces and best developed in the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Characteristic species include [Sagina maritima], [Sagina nodosa], [Cochlearia danica], [Gentiana uliginosa], [Centaurium littorale], [Bupleurum tenuissimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.554","name":"Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards","description":"Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds dominated by flat-leaved [Spartina maritima] ([Spartina stricta]), [Spartina townsendii], [Spartina anglica], [Spartina alterniflora], distributed along Atlantic and North Sea coasts of middle Europe north to Denmark and south to northwestern Iberia, with outposts on the Atlantic coast of Africa around Tangier, Rabat and Cap Blanc, extending east to the Danish archipelago and with isolated areas of occurrence in the Mediterranean basin, located in the northern Adriatic, in the Venice Lagoon and nearby coasts, from the mouth of the Po to Trieste and Slovenia, and in estuaries of the coasts of northwestern Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5541","name":"[Spartina anglica] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5542","name":"[Spartina alterniflora] with [Spartina anglica], [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.5543","name":"[Spartina maritima] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.555","name":"[Spartina densiflora] swards","description":"Perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved [Spartina densiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.556","name":"Rayed [Aster tripolium] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.557","name":"[Aster tripolium] var. [discoides] pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.558","name":"[Arthrocnemum perenne] pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with [Halimione], [Puccinellia] and [Suaeda]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.6","name":"Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms","description":"Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula], [Zostera] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.61","name":"Seagrass beds on littoral sediments","description":"Dominants are [Zostera] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.611","name":"Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows","description":"Formations of [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic shores of continental Europe and of its continental shelf islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.6111","name":"[Zostera noltii] beds in littoral muddy sand","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass [Zostera noltii] at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of [Z. noltii] as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of [Z. noltii] is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans] and [Arenicola marina], oligochaetes, the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], and the bivalves [Cerastoderma edule] and [Macoma balthica]. The green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the British National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000).\nSituation: [Z. noltii]  is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as unit A2.242.\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.612","name":"Macaronesian [Zostera noltii] meadows","description":"Very local [Zostera noltii] formations of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.613","name":"Pontic [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] meadows","description":"[Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] formations of Black Sea shores, particularly luxuriant in the limans of the northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea.  In the Black Sea, the dominant species of the [Zostera] biocenosis are [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] (a total of 5 species of the genus [Zostera]) which form dense growths in bays and limans.  There are 17-40 species of algae in the [Zostera] biocenosis which account for 1-30% of the phytocoenosis biomass. The most dominant of these species are: [Ulva rigida], [Chatemorpha chlorotica], [Ectocarpus confervoides], [Laurencia obtusa] and [Gracilaria verrucosa].  The total number of macrozoobenthos species varies from 24 in the Kut part of Karkinitsky Bay to 70 in Kazachey Bay (Sevastopol).  In the areas with higher freshwater input, the biocoenosis contains the crabs [Macropipus holsatus] and [Rhithropanopeus  harrisi tridentata], and the prawns [Palaemon adspersus] and [Palaemon elegans].  In Tendrovsky bay, other mass species are also: [Abra ovata] and Hydrobiidae.  On the Crimean shelf the mass species are the gastropod molluscs [Mohrensternia parva], [Bittium reticulatum] and the bivalve mollusc [Mytilaster lineatus] (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.614","name":"[Ruppia maritima] on lower shore sediment","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.62","name":"Marine sedge beds","description":"Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.621","name":"[Eleocharis] beds","description":"Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons, occurring in the open sea only in the Baltic, limited to coastal waterbodies elsewhere, and very rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.6211","name":"[Eleocharis parvula] beds","description":"Emergent [Eleocharis parvula]-dominated formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons. They occur in the open sea only in the inner Baltic, in particular in middle Sweden, southern Finland and Estonia; they are very rare elsewhere, noted in particular on a few points of the coasts of Norway and in closed limans of the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coasts, probably extinct in France and Germany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.6212","name":"Bothnian [Eleocharis acicularis] beds","description":"Emergent [Eleocharis acicularis]-dominated formations of the open Baltic in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bothnia Sea, Bothnia Bay) and the Gulf of Finland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.7","name":"Littoral biogenic reefs","description":"The Littoral Biogenic Reefs habitat contains two biological subtypes, littoral [Sabellaria] reefs (A2.71) and mixed sediment shores with mussels (A2.72), encompassing the littoral biotope dominated by the honeycomb worm [Sabellaria alveolata], and littoral [Mytilus edulis]- dominated communities. [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on mid to lower shore on exposed coasts, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment. The underlying substratum may consist primarily of rock or stable cobbles and boulders, or of cobbles and boulders on sand. Mixed sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species.\r\nTemporal variation: [S. alveolata] reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. [S. alveolata] is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die. One of the mussel-dominated subtypes, A2.7212, could change to A2.7213 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.71","name":"Littoral honeycomb worm reefs","description":"The sedentary polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata] (honeycomb worm) builds tubes from sand and shell. On exposed shores, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment, [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on boulders and low-lying bedrock on the mid to lower shore. These [S. alveolata] reefs are quite distinct from the mosaic of seaweeds and barnacles or red seaweeds (A1.2) generally associated with moderately exposed rocky shores though many of the same species are present. These include the anemone [Actinia equina], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. The whelk [Nucella lappilus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is also present on the boulders whereas the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] is restricted to the associated sediment areas. Scour resistent red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata, Corallina ifficinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Polysiphonia] spp. and coralline crusts can also be present where suitable substrata exsist. Brown and green seaweeds also present include [Fucus serratus, Fucus vesioculosus, Cladostephus spongiosus, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca].\r\nSituation: Above A2.71 are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (A1.213; A1.3132; A2.821; A1.452). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (A1.412) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as [Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] (A3.2111; A3.125; A3.127)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.711","name":"Honeycomb worm reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the eastern basin of the Irish Sea (and as far south as Cornwall) characterised by reefs of the polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The sand based tubes formed by [S. alveolata] form large reef-like hummocks, which serve to stabilise the boulders and cobbles. Other species in this biotope include the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkle [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present in cracks and crevices on the reef. Low abundance of seaweeds tend to occur in areas of eroded reef. The seaweed diversity can be high and may include the foliose red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus] and some filamentous species e.g. [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Ceramium] spp. Coralline crusts can occur in patches. Wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus], [Fucus serratus] and the brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] may occur along with the ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca]. On exposed surf beaches in the south-west [S. alveolata] forms a crust on the rocks, rather than the classic honeycomb reef form, and may be accompanied by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] (typically common to abundant). On wave-exposed shores in Ireland, the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] can also occur.\r\nSituation: Above this unit are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (units A1.213; A1.3132; A2.821; A1.452). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (unit A1.411), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (A1.412) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as [Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] (units A3.2111; A3.125; A1.45; A3.127). In adjacent sediment areas [Lanice conchilega] may dominante (A2.245).\r\nTemporal variation: These reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. [S. alveolata] is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.72","name":"Littoral mussel beds on sediment","description":"Sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: High densities of juvenile mussels attached to seaweed have been recorded from sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth. Adult mussel beds can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (A2.821) on more exposed, predominantly rocky shores. On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [Fucus vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3132; A1.3142) can be found above, or the barnacle dominated biotope (A1.1133).\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.721","name":"Mussel beds on littoral sediments","description":"Dense aggregations of [Mytilus edulis] on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or cobbles and it can be abundant. The mussels are often encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Balanus crenatus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], and other infaunal species. The characterising species list shown below is based on data from epifaunal sampling only. Three sub-biotopes are recognised for this biotope, distinguished principally on the basis of the sediment type associated with the mussel beds. The three types of intertidal mussel beds may be part of a continuum on an axis that is most strongly influenced by the amount of pseudofaeces that accumulate amongst the mussels. The differences may not always be directly connected to the underlying substratum on which the mussel bed may have started a long time ago. It should be noted that there are few data available for the muddy (A2.7213) and sandy (A2.7212) subunits, therefore there are no characterising species lists or comparative tables for these two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit A2.821). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3132; A1.3142) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (A1.1133). On mudflats and sandflats, this biotope may be found alongside [Cerastoderma edule] beds (A2.242) and other A2.2 and A2.3 biotopes. The intertidal A2.721 biotope can extend seamlessly into the subtidal.\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.7211","name":"Mussel beds on littoral mixed substrata","description":"Mid and lower shore mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions and with aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] colonising mainly the sediment between cobbles, though they can extend onto the cobbles themselves. The mussel aggregations can be very dense and support various age classes. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or the cobbles and it can occur at high abundance. The mussels are also usually encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Chtamalus] spp., especially in areas of reduced salinity. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega] and other infaunal species. Pools are often found within the mussel beds that support algae such as [Chondrus crispus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata], the dogwhelk [Nucella lapillus] and the anemone [Actinia equina]. [Ostrea edulis] may occur on the lowest part of the shore. There are few infaunal samples for this biotope, hence the characterising species list below shows only epifauna. Where infaunal samples have been collected for this biotope, they contain a highly diverse range of species including nematodes, [Anaitides mucosa], [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Eteone longa], oligochaetes such as [Tubificoides] spp., [Semibalanus balanoides], a range of gammarid amphipods, [Corophium volutator], [Jaera forsmani], [Crangon crangon], [Carcinus maenas], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Macoma balthica].\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit A2.821). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (units A1.3132; A1.3142) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (A1.1133). This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs.\r\nTemporal variation: Under sheltered conditions, pseudofaeces may build up over time, creating a layer of mud and changing the biotope to unit A2.7213. Where the stability of the mussed bed depends on the mussels being attached to stable cobbles, a build-up of mud from pseudofaeces may prevent this attachment, making the mussel bed unstable and liable to be washed away during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.7212","name":"Mussel beds on littoral sand","description":"This sub-biotope occurs on mid to lower shore sand and muddy sand. Mussels [Mytilus edulis] grow attached to shell debris and live cockles [Cerastoderma edule], forming patches of mussels on consolidated shell material, and often growing into extensive beds. The mussel valves are usually encrusted with barnacles such as [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the mussel bed provides a habitat for a range of species including [Littorina littorea]. The sediment infaunal community is usually rich and very similar to that of cockle beds (A2.242), including cockles [Cerastoderma edule], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and a range of burrowing crustaceans and polychaetes typical for A2.242. Further species may be present are the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria], the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], [Nephtys] spp., and the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor]. Scattered fronds of eelgrass [Zostera noltii] may occur.\r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs in large sandy estuaries, or on enclosed shores, alongside other sand and muddy sand biotopes, most notably unit A2.242. It is possible that Lanice beds (unit A2.245) occur lower down on the shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Where this sub-biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions on muddy sand, it could change to A2.7213 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral, as is the case in the Burry Inlet (south Wales, UK)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A2.7213","name":"Mussel beds on littoral mud","description":"Dense mussel beds found in sheltered conditions on mud. There is a build up of pseudofaeces that results in a bed that is very soft to walk on, and sediment which is anoxic to the surface. Pools are often present in the mussel bed but they tend to contain few species. The sediment infauna is very poor as a result of anoxic conditions. The mussel valves are usually clean, without epifaunal growth. Where this biotope occurs naturally, all age classes are found within the mussel bed. This biotope also includes commercially laid mussel beds on soft sediments, which tend to be of uniform age structure. The species diversity of this sub-biotope is a lot lower than that of the other A2.721 sub-units.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered mudflats, or areas that were previously rocky or cobble fields, but where pseudofaeces have accumulated, leading to the presence of a thick layer of mud.\r\nTemporal variation: Mussels may settle on areas of cobble or mixed sediment (unit A2.7211), and lead to the build-up of a thick layer of pseudofaeces, changing the biotope to unit A2.7213 over time. The layer of mud can prevent the attachment of mussels to the underlying stable substratum, thus making the mussel bed liable to be washed away during storms. This is known to occur in areas of Morecambe Bay, northern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.73","name":"Pontic [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] reefs","description":"Rocky substratum macrozoobenthic community that is present in confined waters of variable salinity (like harbours and lagoons) principally composed  by the polychaete neozoon [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] Fauvel 1923 syn. [Mercierella enigmaticus]; in protected waters it may cover the entire hard substratum with a mass of erect, contiguous and intertwined calcareous tubes (up to 20 cm long). The reefs it builds constitute a highly tridimensional complex biotope (up to 50 cm thick), unique in the Black Sea and harbouring a diverse fauna from the other principal macroinvertebrate hard bottom  Mytilus dominated community. Mussel juveniles sometimes attach themselves on the surface of the reef but never survive to adulthood. The dominant species of this community are [Ficopomatus] and [Balanus] while the numeric subdominance is attained by  [Palaemon], [Xantho], [Orchestia] and [Spaheroma] (Micu & Micu 2004)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A2.8","name":"Features of littoral sediment","description":"Features of littoral sediment include littoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A2.81); areas which are characterised by pioneer or ephemeral red and green algae because of variations in salinity and/or siltation (A2.82); and sedimentary shores of non-tidal, reduced salinity waters which are below the mean water level and normally water-covered, but which are regularly or occasionally exposed by the action of wind (hydrolittoral zone in the Baltic) (A2.83-A2.87)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.81","name":"Methane seeps in littoral sediments","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.82","name":"Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds (A2.821). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites.\r\nNote: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.43 as LR.ELR.Eph."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.821","name":"Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying sand or mud) that are subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation, characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds. The main species present are [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Porphyra] spp., along with colonial diatoms covering the surface of the substratum. Small numbers of other species such as barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] are confined to any larger cobbles and pebbles or on the shells of larger individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be present among the boulders, cobbles and seaweeds, while gammarids can be found in patches underneath the cobbles. In common with the other biotopes found on mixed substrata, patches of sediment are typically characterised by infaunal species including bivalves, for example, [Cerastoderma edule] and the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the polychaete [Lanice conchilega].\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores sheltered from wave action (compare with unit A1.1133), with weak to moderate tidal streams and often subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone above or at the same level as the biotope dominated by the barnacles [S. balanoides] and/or [E. modestus] and [Littorina] spp. (unit A2.431). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by saltmarsh species such as [Salicornia] sp. and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus] (units A1.3152; A1.3132) or by [M. edulis] (A1.111) or by the polychaete [Hediste diversicolor] and the tellin [Macoma balthica] (A2.312) depending on the substratum. This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the 'high' number of species in the characterising species list is due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness at individual sites.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be a summer variation of A2.431, in which ephemeral algal growth has exceeded the capacity of the grazing molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.83","name":"Hydrolittoral stony substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.831","name":"Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.832","name":"Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.833","name":"Hydrolittoral stony substrata: reefs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.84","name":"Hydrolittoral gravel substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.841","name":"Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.842","name":"Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.843","name":"Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: banks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.85","name":"Hydrolittoral sandy substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.851","name":"Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.852","name":"Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.853","name":"Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: bars","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.854","name":"Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: banks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.86","name":"Hydrolittoral muddy substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.861","name":"Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.862","name":"Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A2.87","name":"Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.871","name":"Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A2.872","name":"Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A3","name":"Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata","description":"Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is [Laminaria hyperborea] whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually [Laminaria saccharina]; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (exposed coasts) or the kelps [Laminaria digitata] (moderately exposed) or [L. saccharina] (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.1","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement. The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. The sublittoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.11","name":"Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement (A3.113, A3.115 and A3.1152). The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. In some areas, there may be a band of dense foliose seaweeds (reds or browns) below the main kelp zone (A3.116). The sublitttoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111). In very strong wave action the sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] zone extends to 5 to 10 m depth, whilst at Rockall [A. esculenta] replaces [L. hyperborea] as the dominant kelp in the infralittoral zone (A3.112).\r\nSituation: Very exposed rocky coasts, from low water to depths up to 45m.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may remove patches of kelp, and fast-growing annuals may form a temporary forest (A3.122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.111","name":"[Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock with an [Alaria esculenta] forest and an encrusting fauna of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides]. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] can be part of the canopy. Underneath the canopy are red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus] stellatus and [Palmaria palmata], while encrusting coralline red algae such as [Lithothamnion graciale] covers the rock surface. The limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found grazing the rock surface, while the whelk Nucella lapillus is preying on the limpets, barnacles and mussels. Two variants of this biotope are described. In more wave exposed conditions [Laminaria digitata] is absent and the rock surface is often characterised by dense patches of mussels (unit A3.1111). In slightly less exposed sites the [A. esculenta] is mixed with [L. digitata] (unit A3.1112).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sublittoral fringe on exposed shores, typically occupying the extreme lower shore down to 1 or 2 m depth, although it can also extend down to 15 m depth on very exposed coasts. It is generally found below the mussel-barnacle zone of the lower shore (unit A1.111) or a narrow band of the seaweed-dominated biotopes featuring dense [Himanthalia elongata] or red seaweeds (units A1.123, A1.125). Below the [A. esculenta] zone, the upper infralittoral rock generally supports a [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp community (A3.113, A3.1151 or A3.2141)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1111","name":"[Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and dense patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], both of which grow over a dense cover of encrusting coralline algae. Foliose red seaweeds may also be present, but the species composition and their abundance vary between sites. Species such as [Corallina officinalis] occur widely. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is usually absent, although stunted plants may be present at a few sites. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] are often common. Patches of anthozoans and the hydroid [Tubularia] spp. occur in more wave-surged areas. In extremely exposed areas the [A. esculenta] zone can extend as deep as 15 m, where it has less [S. balanoides], [M. edulis] and greater densities of [Tubularia] spp. (e.g. Barra and shallow areas of Rockall, Scotland).\r\nSituation: This biotope is most commonly found beneath the mussel-barnacle zone (unit A1.111) of very exposed shores and above the upper infralittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (  A3.113 or A3.115). It is at the extremely wave-surged sites, such as St Kilda, that A3.113 occurs below A3.1111. Occasionally, the [A. esculenta] zone occurs below a narrow but dense band of red seaweeds: typically [Mastocarpus stellatus] and/or [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] (unit A1.125) or very occasionally [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123). A dense turf of [C. officinalis] (A1 122) occurs above the [A. esculenta] zone at a few extremely exposed sites, particularly on steep or vertical rock. On less exposed shores, however, an [A. esculenta] dominated zone may lie immediately above a narrow [L. digitata] zone (A3.1112). Unit A3.1111 can also occur on less exposed steep or vertical shores, where wave-surge restricts the growth of [L. digitata] which generally dominates the sublittoral fringe rock on moderately exposed shores. On seasonally unstable boulders or sites subject to disturbance by strong wave-action, a mixed kelp canopy that characterises A3.122 may occur beneath the A3.1111 zone instead of the ubiquitous [L. hyperborea] forest; this is most common on the Shetland isles.\r\nTemporal variation: At very exposed sites, [A. esculenta] may have been so wave-battered during the season as to be reduced to a tattered midrib with no blades, altering the general appearance of the biotope. Where A3.1111 occurs on boulders and/or sites subject to disturbance during severe weather conditions, rock that is scoured clean may then be rapidly colonised by fast-growing green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp. An assemblage of rapidly colonising species that characterise the disturbed A3.121 biotope may also develop in the sublittoral fringe. A species that can fluctuate in huge numbers at these sites is the starfish [Asterias rubens], sometimes forming dense aggregations across the narrow [A. esculenta] band whilst feeding on the mussels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1112","name":"[Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by a mixture of the kelps [Laminaria digitata] and [Alaria esculenta] with an understorey of red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] with encrusting coralline algal on the rock surface. Anthozoans such as [Halichondria panicea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. The limpets [Patella vulgata] or on southern shores [Patella ulyssiponensis] can be found in their characteristic \"scars\" grazing the biofilm/algal crusts on the rock surface, while the limpet [Helcion pellucidum] is restricted to grazing the kelp fronds. Colonies of the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can cover the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] or the rock surface.\r\nSituation: This unit represents an intermediate on the wave exposure gradient, with pure stands of [A. esculenta] (unit A3.1111) being found on more exposed shores and pure [L. digitata] (unit A3.1112) on more sheltered shores. This biotope usually occurs immediately above a sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (units A3.115 or A3.214), although a narrow band of [L. digitata] (A3.1112) may occur between these two zones, particularly on less exposed shores. In southwest England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur below the [A. esculenta] (A3.1153). A number of different biotopes can occur above A3.1112; most commonly these are the mussel-barnacle zone (A1.111), [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123), a red algal turf or a [Fucus serratus]-red algal mosaic (A1.2141) on the less exposed shores. This biotope also occurs on steep and vertical shores of moderately exposed coasts where a localised increase in wave action restricts the growth of [L. digitata]. As a result of this increased wave action the [L. digitata] plants are usually small and often show signs of damage.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal changes in the amount of ephemeral seaweeds due to disturbance caused by winter storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.112","name":"[Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where [Alaria esculenta] appears to replace [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical rock, a zone that extends from 14 m down to 35 m. Beneath the [A. esculenta] canopy, the rock surface is covered by a dense turf of anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans], [Phellia gausapata] and [Corynactis viridis], encrusting sponges and coralline algae. The gastropod [Margarites helicinus] can be found grazing on the kelp fronds, whereas the crab [Cancer pagurus] can be found among the kelp stipes. The bryozoan [Tubularia indivisa] also occur, but it does not form such a dense turf as in more shallow waters, while the ascidian [Botryllus leachi] is found encrusting the large brown seaweeds. [Cryptopleura ramosa] is the dominant red seaweed on horizontal surfaces. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is reported to occur mixed with [A. esculenta] on the nearby Helen's reef.\r\nSituation: Above the  zone with A3.112 (about 5 m to 13 m) [A. esculenta] still dominates, but it resembles more closely the typical sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] biotope (unit A3.1111), though it has a very dense turf of small hydroids and few foliose algae. Towards the lower part of this [A. esculenta] forest (30 m to 35 m), the density of [A. esculenta] is reduced and the rock surface is characterised by a dense turf of red algae (unit A3.116)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.113","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with a high diversity of seaweeds and invertebrates. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller with heavily epiphytised stipes with foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] or [Plocamium cartilagineum] or even the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Also found on the stipes or on the rock below the canopy are red seaweeds including [Phycodrys rubens], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Callophyllis laciniata, Caryophyllia smithii], and [Corallina officinalis], while encrusting coralline algae can cover any bare patches of rock. At some sites the red seaweeds can be virtually mono-specific, while at other sites show considerable variation containing a dense mixed turf of a large variety of species. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] can be present in the north. The faunal and floral under-storey is generally rich in species due, in part, to the relatively low urchin-grazing pressure in such shallow exposed conditions. The faunal composition of this biotope varies markedly between sites, but commonly occurring are the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis]. Sponges form a prominent part of the community with variable amounts of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and several other species. The crab [Cancer pagurus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present in small numbers foraging beneath the canopy, while the sea urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Urticina felina] graze on the seaweeds. The hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea compete for space on the kelp, whereas the bryozoan Electra pilosa also can be found on foliose red seaweeds.\r\nSituation: This kelp forest most commonly occurs beneath a zone of [Alaria] [esculenta] and [Mytilus] [edulis] (unit A3.1111) and may contain small patches of [A. esculenta]. As the force of the wave-surge diminishes with increased depth, density of the faunal turf reduces and the kelp forest or park changes to one characterised by kelp and dense red seaweeds (units A3.1151 or A3.1152). In some areas of Shetland and St Kilda the lower infralittoral zone is characterised by a park of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] (A3.122). Where the [L. hyperborea] forest continues to depths of 15 m or greater it may give way to a zone of dense foliose red algae (A3.116 or A3.1161)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.114","name":"Sparse [Laminaria hyperborea] and dense [Paracentrotus lividus] on exposed infralittoral limestone","description":"This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway (Ireland). Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin [Paracentrotus lividus], which heavily graze and burrow into the soft limestone. So intense is the grazing pressure that the rock appears completely bare, except for a coralline algal crust and occasional [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis] are also present, though at low abundance. The grazed kelp also extends deeper to 20 to 25 m further offshore. (Only one CB record within this biotope).\r\nSituation: This rare biotope has only been recorded from one location and the neighbouring biotopes were not fully surveyed. In deeper water (30-40m) there is unit A4.121."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.115","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], beneath which is a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds. Three variations of this biotope are described: the upper infralittoral kelp forest (unit A3.1151), the kelp park below (unit A3.1152) and a third type of kelp forest, confined to southern England, that is characterised by a mixture of [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] (unit A3.1153). The fauna of these biotopes is markedly less abundant than kelp forests in areas of greater wave surge (unit A3.113); sponges, anthozoans and polyclinid ascidians may be present, though never at high abundance. Beneath the under-storey of red seaweeds, the rock surface is generally covered with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1151","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea]. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of red foliose seaweeds including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as encrusting coralline algae and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The red algal turf can be virtually mono-specific, dominated by stands of [P. cartilagineum], [C. ramosa] or [Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Kallymenia reniformis] or in the north, [Odonthalia dentata]. Other sites may contain a dense mixed turf of these and other species. The dense turf is due, in part, to the relatively low grazing pressure from the urchin [Echinus esculentus] in such shallow exposed conditions. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller and the stipes are heavily epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Membranoptera alata]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the foliose red seaweeds, while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] more often can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] and the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] are found grazing among the kelp holdfasts, while a few individuals of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can present along with the white calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], where substratum is available. The starfish [Asterias rubens] can be found predating on polychaetes, mussels and small crustaceans. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] can be present covering the rock surface as well as the anthozoan [Urticina felina].\r\nSituation: This kelp forest biotope most commonly occurs beneath a zone of [Alaria esculenta/Mytilus edulis] (unit A3.1111) and above a [L. hyperborea] park (unit A3.1152). At very exposed sites, such as some areas of Shetland and St Kilda, the lower infralittoral zone is often characterised by a park of [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] (A3.122). This zone presumably develops due to the mobility of nearby cobbles, boulders and sediment during winter storms, removing the slower growing [L. hyperborea]. Occasionally, a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (units A3.116 or A3.1161)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1152","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a kelp park of [Laminaria hyperborea] with a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds and encrusting coralline algae. These red seaweeds dominate kelp stipes and bedrock in a similar abundance and composition to the upper infralittoral kelp forest, the most commonly occurring species being [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. In addition, moderate to high abundance of foliose brown seaweeds, such as [Dictyota dichotoma] are more common than in the kelp forest above. More upper circalittoral fauna occur in the park than in the kelp forest, such as the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Some species more often present in the kelp park than the forest include the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitatum] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus], the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present underneath the canopy along with the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Cliona celata] is also present often found boring into shells or soft rock where available. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. is present on the rock surface.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs below the exposed kelp forests (units A3.113 and A3.1151). At some sites, a dense band of [D. dichotoma] may form a separate zone below (A3.116). Where seasonally unstable cobbles and/or boulders are present adjacent to and/or below the bedrock supporting the [L. hyperborea] unit A3.122 may occur.\r\nTemporal variation: In the late summer both the kelp and the foliose seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan crusts [Electra pilosa] and [Membranipora membranacea]. Temporal variation within the community structure is unknown."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1153","name":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forests on upper infralittoral exposed rock with a dense community of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as small filamentous red seaweeds including [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Pterosiphonia parasitica] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. [L. hyperborea] has a rough stipe which allow dense assemblages of epiphytic red seaweeds to form including the foliose [Callophyllis laciniata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides]. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and so it lacks dense assemblages of epiphytic seaweeds [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe. Encrusting coralline algae often cover much of the rock surface along with a few brown seaweeds including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Dictyopteris polypodioides] and [Desmarestia aculeata] present as well. In mixed kelp forest [L. ochroleuca] may predominate with [L. hyperborea] more common at shallower depths. Whilst foliose red seaweeds dominate the upward-facing rock beneath the kelp canopy, much of the fauna is restricted to crevices or vertical faces, possibly due to grazing pressure. Echinoderms are often common in this biotope, in particular the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Verticals are colonised by anthozoans including the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Caryophyllia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Alcyonium digitatum], while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the [Laminaria] sp. fronds. This biotope is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. [L. ochroleuca] occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) from Dorset to Lundy Island. In such cases, records should be treated as regional variations of these biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this unit when the canopy is dominated by [L. ochroleuca] alone, or (more usually) by a mixture of both [L. hyperborea] and [L. ochroleuca] (at similar abundance). Both this biotope and unit A3.311 are common on the Brittany and Normandy coasts of France.\r\nSituation: Since [L. ochroleuca] is less tolerant of wave action than [L. hyperborea] this biotope commonly occurs below exposed kelp forests (unit A3.1151). On occasion it is found below [Alaria] [esculenta] in the sublittoral fringe (units A3.1111 or A3.1112). At some sites a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (A3.116 or A3.1161) whilst at other sites [L. hyperborea] kelp park occurs below (A3.1152)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.116","name":"Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds on exposed or moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally, at or below the lower limit of the kelp. Most of the red seaweeds are common to the kelp zone above, while the faunal component of the biotope is made up of species that are found either in the kelp zone or the animal-dominated upper circalittoral below. Foliose species commonly present include [Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Schottera nicaeensis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed species composition varies considerably; at some sites a single species may dominate (particularly [Plocamium cartilagineum]). Small filamentous red seaweeds can be found here as well. These include species such as [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Brongniartella byssoides]. As well as a varied red seaweed component, this biotope may also contain occasional kelp plants and patches of the brown foliose seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Coralline crusts covers the bedrock beneath the seaweeds. The fauna generally comprises low-encrusting forms such as the tubeworms [Pomatoceros] spp., anthozoans including [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]) and occasional sponge crusts such as [Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum], [Scypha ciliata] and [Dysidea fragilis]. More mobile fauna include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] as well as the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis] and lastly, the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Bryozoan crusts such as [Electra pilosa] can be found fronds on the foliose red seaweeds while scattered hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] form colonies on shells, cobbles and available rock. At some sites erect bryozoans [Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp. are present. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] may also be common. In the north the foliose red seaweed [Callophyllis laciniata] may occur.\r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found at or below the lower limit of the kelp, below either kelp forest or park (units A3.1151 and A3.1152).\r\nTemporal variation: Many of the red seaweeds, which occur in this biotope, have annual fronds, which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April to September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.1161","name":"Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds mixed with a dense turf of the foliose brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed and moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally at or below the lower limit of the kelp zone. In some areas the lower infralittoral is subject to a moderate amount of scour from nearby sand. [D. dichotoma] is relatively tolerant of such scour and in such areas a zone forms with other sand-tolerant seaweeds. [D. membranacea] is confined to south-western coasts. Typically brown seaweeds dominate the seabed or are at least in equal abundance to the red seaweeds, some of which may also form dense stands such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing the rock surface which can be covered in coralline algae. The anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually present in this biotope along with the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros] sp. which is more common in sand-scoured areas. The starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] sp. and sponge crusts including [Cliona celata] can also be found here. [D. dichotoma] also occurs in the kelp park, and records should only be assigned to this biotope where kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] is sparse or absent and a relatively high density of [D. dichotoma] and/or [D. membranacea] is present.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs at or below the lower limit of kelp [L. hyperborea] (units A3.1152 or A3.214). In south-west England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur above the dense foliose algae (unit A3.1153). Unit A3.1161 marks the lower limit of the lower infralittoral zone.\r\nTemporal variation: Like many of the red seaweeds found in this biotope the dominant brown seaweeds [D. membranacea] and [D. dichotoma] have annual fronds which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April and September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.117","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock","description":"On exposed coasts with moderately strong to weak tidal currents generally at depths of 0-10m, vertical rock communities dominated by frequent [Laminaria hyperborea] and its commonly associated red seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be found. Within this biotope the jewel anemone [Corynactis viridis] is frequently found in dense aggregations attached to the vertical rock surface. This biotope contains 5 sub-biotopes, distinguished by their biogeography. On the west coast of Scotland, the Northern Isles and the Isle of Man on extremely exposed coasts a variant of this biotope characterised by frequent [Metridium senile] and occasional [Sagartia elegans] can be found. Further south on the west coast of Ireland, southern Scotland, Wales, and south west England a second variant characterised by frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Cliona celata] can be distinguished. A third variant has been recorded from Northern Ireland characterised by the red seaweeds [Lithophyllum] and [Ptilota gunneri], the sea squirt [Dendrodoa grossularia] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. South from the Isle of Man, on the Welsh Coast, and on the south west and southern English coasts a fourth variant of this biotope is found, which is characterised by the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], which may be more frequent in this sub-biotope, and the rarity of [Alcyonium digitatum], a species which is more frequent in other variants. This variant has mainly been recorded in shallow water (0-5m). The final biogeographic variant of this biotope is, as with the previous variant, found on the coasts of Wales and south west England. It can be distinguished from the previous variant by the frequent [Diplosoma listerianum] and occasional [Lissoclinum perforatum], although these species are not always present.\r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts of the south-west, west and north-west."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.118","name":"Turf of articulated [Corallinaceae] on exposed to sheltered infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.12","name":"Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities","description":"Infralittoral rock habitats, subject to disturbance through mobility of the substratum (boulders or cobbles) or abrasion/covering by nearby coarse sediments or suspended particulate matter (sand). The associated communities can be quite variable in character, depending on the particular conditions, which prevail. The typical [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweed communities of stable open coast rocky habitats (A3.21) are replaced by those, which include more ephemeral species or those tolerant of sand and gravel abrasion. As such [Laminaria saccharina], [Saccorhiza polyschides] or [Halidrys siliquosa] may be prominant components of the community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.121","name":"[Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed low-lying reefs in the sublittoral fringe or upper infralittoral (generally above 5m depth), mainly in the southwest and west, dominated by the kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides]. This opportunistic coloniser replaces [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp, following 'disturbance' of the canopy. This may be the result of storms, when loose sediment and even cobbles or boulders are mobilised, scouring most seaweeds and animals from the surrounding rock. As [S. polyschides] is essentially a summer annual (occasionally it lasts into a second year), it is also particularly common close to rock/sand interfaces which become too scoured during winter months to prevent the longer-living kelps from surviving. As a result of the transient nature of this biotope, its composition is varied; it may contain several other kelp species, including [L. digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Alaria esculenta], at varying abundances. [Laminaria] spp. sporelings can also be a prominent feature of the site. Beneath the kelp, (scour-tolerant) red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Chondrus crispus], [Dilsea carnosa] and encrusting coralline algae are often present. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Palmaria palmata] also occur in this biotope. [P. palmata] and [Delesseria sanguinea] often occur as epiphytes on the stipes of [L. hyperborea], when it is present. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva] spp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and is often present along with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope, fauna are generally sparse, being confined to encrusting bryozoans and/or sponges, such as [Halichondria panicea] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria].\r\nSituation: On some shores (for example in Cornwall and south-west Ireland), [S. polyschides] competes so effectively with the other laminarians that it forms a well-defined zone in shallow water, between the [L. digitata] (unit A3.3131) and [L. hyperborea] zones (units A3.115 and A3.214). Elsewhere, it is found at sites that have been physically disturbed, removing areas of established kelp ([L. hyperborea]) thus allowing this opportunistic biotope to develop over a short space of time.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be significant variations in this biotope over time, as by its very nature, it is dominated by many fast-growing annual seaweeds. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva] sp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and can be present as a dense growth on the rock around the [Saccorhiza polyschides]. Similarly, large patches of [Laminaria] spp. sporelings may be present at times."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.122","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock","description":"A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The substratum varies from large boulders in exposed areas to smaller boulders and cobbles in areas of moderate wave exposure or nearby bedrock. In these cases, movement of the substratum during winter storms prevents a longer-lived forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] from becoming established. This biotope also develops on bedrock where it is affected by its close proximity to unstable substrata. Other fast-growing brown seaweeds such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Desmarestia aculeata, Cutleria multifida] and [Dictyota dichotoma] are often present. Some [L. hyperborea] plants may occur in this biotope, but they are typically small since the plants do not survive many years. The kelp stipes are usually epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present beneath the kelp canopy include [Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. Encrusting algae often form a prominent cover on the rock surfaces, including red, brown and coralline crusts. Faunal richness and diversity is generally low compared to the more stable [L. hyperborea] kelp forest and park communities (A3.115). Where some protection is afforded the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitata] can occur in addition to the more robust species such as the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Mobile species include the to shell [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can often be found colonising the kelp fronds.\r\nSituation: This biotope can be found below the [L. hyperborea] zone (units A3.113 or A3.115), especially where close to a rock/ sand interface (where it is subject to sand/pebble scour in winter). Where this biotope occurs on bedrock, not scoured by mobile sediment, it is thought to occur as a result of intense wave action in winter storms which is too severe to allow [L. hyperborea] to develop and remain in shallow water.\r\nTemporal variation: Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope there can be significant changes in the structure of the community. Coralline and brown algal crusts with sparse kelp plants generally dominate areas that have been recently disturbed. Diversity is low and a few species of fast-growing seaweeds can dominate the seabed. A longer established community will have larger, mixed kelp plants and a greater diversity of red seaweeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.123","name":"[Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Seasonally disturbed unstable boulders and cobbles in very shallow water dominated by the fast-growing brown seaweed [Chorda filum] together with the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. The brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] is also typical of this disturbed environment as well encrusting coralline algae and brown crusts. Beneath the prolific growth of [C. filum], red and brown seaweeds densely cover many of the boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Other sediment-tolerant seaweeds such as species from the Ectocarpales (brown filamentous seaweeds) and the red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Dilsea carnosa] and [Corallina officinalis] is normally present. Other red seaweeds which can be found here include [Chondria dasyphylla], [Brongniartella byssoides], [Polysiphonia elongata], [Ceramium nodolosum], [Cystoclonium purpureum, Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Rhodomela confervoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The brown seaweeds [Punctaria] sp. and [Cladostephus spongiosus] are generally present. The faunal component of this biotope is typically sparse - the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crabs [Pagurus] [bernhardus] and [Necora puber] are amongst the most conspicuous animals. The bryozoan crust [Electra pilosa] colonise many of the algae along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Occasional the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sand between pebbles, and the anthozoan [Urticina felina] may be found amongst pockets of gravel along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. At some sites the rock beneath the algae can be occupied by the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. This biotope is also present at other open coast sites around the UK where suitable shallow, seasonally stable boulders, cobbles and pebbles occur. Typical examples of this biotope occur on the shallowest areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, Wales, where reef crests are formed by embedded and mobile boulders, together with cobbles and pebbles in between (typically at 2-3m depth).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in shallow water, often on the crest of an infralittoral boulder/cobble bank and as such will not have any biotope 'above' it. More mobile areas of smaller boulders, cobbles and pebbles nearby may support dense ephemeral red seaweeds (unit A2.82) or robust scour-tolerant red seaweeds on sand-covered rock (unit A3.127). The [Halidrys siliquosa] biotope (unit A3.126) also thrives under similar conditions, extending deeper than the shallow A3.123 biotope. Deeper still in the circalittoral zone encrusting fauna is found on highly mobile mixed substrata (A5.141). At a few sites, this biotope can occur within more extensive maerl beds (A5.51) but more commonly is surrounded by sandy sediments (A5.2).\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will change markedly with the seasons. During the winter months boulders and cobbles will be storm battered and overturned and much of the biota dislodged from the rocks. During more stable conditions in the late spring and summer months the fast-growing seaweeds that characterise this biotope ([C. filum] and [L. saccharina] in particular) will be quick to re-establish, growing at a phenomenal rate. The seasonal disturbance of the substratum prevents a stable [Laminaria hyperborea] forest from developing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.124","name":"Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock","description":"Wave-exposed seasonally mobile substrata (pebbles, cobbles) dominated by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and/or [Desmarestia ligulata]. Infralittoral pebbles and cobbles that are scoured through mobility during storms, but become stable in the summer allowing the growth of such algae as [Desmarestia] spp. Filamentous red seaweeds such [as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are usually present. Stunted individuals of the kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] may be present where bedrock is available. A variety of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa, Chondrus crispus], [Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctatum] may on occasion be present underneath the kelp canopy. Other red algae including [Corallina officinalis], [Rhodomela confervoides] and coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. may be present as well as well as the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Due to the nature of this biotope the faunal component is very impoverished though the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can be found among the cobbles.\r\nSituation: Often a narrow zone on mixed substrata below a stable zone of kelp on bedrock. Where seasonally mobile substrata affect nearby bedrock this biotope may occur in place of kelp forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.125","name":"Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders, often in tide-swept areas, that are subject to scouring or periodic burial by sand, characterised by a canopy of mixed kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina], [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides] and the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata]; there may also be an understorey of foliose seaweeds that can withstand scour such as [Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the filamentous [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The perennial red seaweed [Brongniartella byssoides] re-grows in the summer months. The [L. hyperborea] stipes often support a growth of epiphytes, such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The scour can reduce the rock surface to bare coralline crusts at times; sponge crusts and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can also grow on the stipes and holdfasts. The faunal diversity on the rock is usually low and restricted to robust, low-profile animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], encrusting bryozoans such as [Membranipora membranacea], the anthozoan [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Deeper sites support more hydroids and bryozoans, particularly [Bugula] spp. Where this biotope occurs in very shallow water [Laminaria digitata] may be found in combination with the other kelp species. Other species present only in shallow water include the red algae [Corallina officinalis] and the sand-binding alga [Rhodothamniella floridula].\r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs below a [L. hyperborea] forest (unit A3.1151, A3.2141 or A3.2121), close to a rock-sediment boundary. It is also found on low-lying rock outcrops surrounded by sand or mixed sediment and nearby biotopes on mixed substrata may include units A1.45, A3.127 or in very shallow water A3.123. A [Flustra foliacea] community (A4.134) often dominates deeper sand-scoured circalittoral rock.\r\nTemporal variation: During late autumn and winter seaweeds are sparse, leaving predominantly kelp and encrusting coralline algae. This is due in part to periods of intense scouring during stormy months, which may strip off all but the most tenacious seaweeds. In addition there will be the natural die back of many of the seaweeds such as [B. byssoides] and [C. ciliata] during the winter months which become conspicuous again during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.126","name":"[Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept boulders and cobbles, often with a mobile component to the substrata (pebbles, gravel and sand), characterised by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa]. It is can be mixed with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. Below the canopy is an undergrowth of red seaweeds that are tolerant of sand-scour such as [Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Rhodomela confervoides, Corallina officinalis] and [Chondrus crispus]. Other red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may be locally abundant, particularly in the summer months. There may be a rich epibiota on [H. siliquosa], including the hydroid [Aglaophenia pluma], ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. There is generally a sparse faunal component colonising the boulders and cobbles, comprising the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the sea anthozoan [Urticina felina]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the kelp.\r\nSituation: This unit can occur below the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] zone of the sublittoral fringe bedrock or boulders (unit A3.221). Less stable substrata of boulders, cobbles or pebbles may support kelp and [Chorda filum] in the shallows (A3.123) or dense ephemeral seaweeds (unit A1.45). Sand-influenced rocky outcrops in deeper water may support a [Flustra foliacea] community (A4.134). This biotope is widespread and is found on the open coast in Wales, the south-west and the English Channel as well as more sheltered tidal rapids in the Scottish sealochs. It can form extensive forests or parks in certain areas (Dorset, Sarns). In Wales, the south-west and west of England the red seaweeds [Spyridia filamentosa] and [Halarachnion ligulatum] and brown seaweeds [Dictyopteris membranacea] and [Taonia atomaria] are frequent. In Scotland, kelp occur at a greater proportion of sites, solitary ascidians such as [Ascidiella] spp. are more common and the featherstar [Antedon bifida] and brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] are found.\r\nTemporal variation: Higher diversity of red seaweeds during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.127","name":"[Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock","description":"Low-lying rock surrounded by mobile sand and often subject to burying by the sand, with a turf of resilient red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] typically protruding through the sand on the upper surfaces of the rock. Other scour-tolerant seaweeds include [Rhodomela confervoides], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora crispa, Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Ceramium rubrum, Plocamium cartilagineum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Dilsea carnosa]. Coralline crusts typically cover the rock, while scattered individuals of the brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa, Cladostephus spongiosus], [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Laminaria saccharina] can be present. The large anthozoan [Urticina felina] can occur in this biotope but there are few other conspicuous animals.\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on shallow sand-covered rock, often below bedrock and boulders supporting kelp forest, which is above the effect of, sand scour (unit A3.214) or abutting sand-scoured kelp on bedrock (unit A3.125). It may also be found adjacent to the shallow kelp and [Chorda filum] biotope (unit A3.123) and similarly can be surrounded by a variety of sediment biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.128","name":"Pontic [Cystoseira barbata] on exposed cobbles, boulders and bedrock mixed with and scoured by sand","description":"The dominant species in the [Cystoseira] biocenosis is the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata], which develops on rocky substrates from the spray zone to a depth of 15 m.  The mass species are: the molluscs [Mytilaster lineatus] and [Rissoa splendida]; the amphipods [Amphythoe vaillanti] and [Caprella acantifera]; and the polychaetes [Grubea clavata].  Other common species include: the polychaetes [Nereis succinea], [Nephthys hombergii] and [Terebellides stroemi]; the molluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Irus irus], [Polititapes aurea], [Donacilla cornea] and [Pitar rudis] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov, 1998).  Along the Romanian shores [Mytilaster lineatus], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Balanus improvisus] are the species occurring with highest frequency within this habitat (which extends until 6 meters depth).  Of these species [Mytilaster] is the most important species in terms of density and biomass amounting to almost 80% of the sessile fauna observed.  The most important macrobenthic taxa amount to 40 species of which 77% amphipods, 9% polichaetes and 8% isopods.  Most frequent amphipods, occurring annually, are [Erichtonius difformis], [Amphitoe vaillanti], [Corophium acherusicum], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Jassa ocia], [Hyale pontica]. The most frequently occurring isopods are: [Idothea baltica], [Nassa (Dynamena) bidentata], [Synisoma capito].  The most frequently observed polychaetes are [Fabricia clavella] and [Brania clavata] (Tiganus, 1991-1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.13","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action","description":"This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in wave exposed areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.131","name":"Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins","description":"This facies is characterised by a low coverage of algae due to grazing by sea urchins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.132","name":"Association with [Cystoseira amentacea] (var. [amentacea], var. [stricta], var. [spicata])","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira amentacea], [Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta] and [Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.133","name":"Facies with [Vermetus] spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by an high presence of vermetids building a continous belt called a \"trottoir\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.134","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic facies with [Mytilus galloprovincialis]","description":"This facies characterised by the dominance of the mollusc bivalve [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is typical of areas with high levels of organic input.  In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea  (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998).  The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic  are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the  mass species  are:  [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera].  On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are:  [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001).   Ephemeral algae may cover Mytilus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.135","name":"Association with [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda]","description":"This association with the red algae [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda] is typical of the upper infralittoral with strong wave action and strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.136","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic association with [Corallina officinalis]","description":"This association with the red alga [Corallina officinalis] is typical in the upper horizon of the infralittoral in areas with strong luminosity and sheltered waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.137","name":"Association with [Schottera nicaeensis]","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga [Schottera nicaeensis] living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.138","name":"Pontic facies with [Petricola lithophaga] in very exposed vertical rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.139","name":"Pontic [Vermiliopsis infundibulum] bioegnic rocks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.14","name":"Encrusting algal communities","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.15","name":"Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.151","name":"[Cystoseira] spp. on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.152","name":"Pontic [Ulva rigida] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.153","name":"Pontic [Gelidium latifolium] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.2","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock","description":"Predominantly moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. On the bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (cf. A3.11)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.21","name":"Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)","description":"Infralittoral rock subject to moderate wave exposure, or moderately strong tidal streams on more sheltered coasts. On bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (A3.11). The faunal component of the understorey is also less prominant than in A3.11."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.211","name":"[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock characterised by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] with coralline crusts covering the rock beneath the kelp canopy. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Chondrus crispus] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are often present along with the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca] can be present as well. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be found among the kelp holdfasts or underneath overhangs. Also present on the rock are the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the gastropods [Patella vulgata] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on especially [C. crispus, M. stellatus] and [F. serratus] while the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] are more common on the kelp. Three variants of this biotope are described: [L. digitata] forest on rocky shores (unit A3.2111). [L. digitata] on boulder shores (unit A3.2112) and soft rock supporting [L. digitata], such as the chalk found in south-east England (unit A3.2113). For [L. digitata] in sheltered, tide-swept conditions see unit A3.221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2111","name":"[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of [Laminaria digitata], often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurring red seaweeds are [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata] and [Membranoptera alata]. Generally the rocky substratum is covered by encrusting coralline algae, on which occasional limpets [Patella vulgata] and topshells [Gibbula cineraria] graze. A wide variety of fauna occurs, some of the most commonly occurring species being the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Kelp holdfasts provide a refuge for a varied assemblage of species such as sponges and the limpet [Helcion pellucidum], while encrusting bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa] more often are found on the fronds of foliose red seaweeds. Solitary ascidians may be locally abundant where overhanging or vertical rock occurs, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can be abundant on [Fucus serratus] and [Laminaria] sp. fronds. On exposed, wave-surged shores, the robust red seaweeds [M. stellatus], [C. crispus] and [C. officinalis] can form a dense turf beneath the kelp along with the occasional green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Similarly on such shores the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can occur in extremely dense aggregations on the rock, beneath the kelp canopy.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found on the extreme low shore below the [Fucus serratus] zone (unit A1.214) and above the truly sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (unit A3.214)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2112","name":"[Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders","description":"This [Laminaria digitata] biotope is found predominantly on moderately exposed boulder shores and occasionally also on exposed or sheltered shores. Upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by dense [L. digitata] though other kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] or the wrack [Fucus serratus] can be present at lower abundance. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy are a variety of red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Membranoptera alata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. Green seaweeds include [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca]. Where space is available beneath the boulders (i.e. they are not buried in sediment) there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles], [Pisidia longicornis] and juvenile [Cancer pagurus]. Also present beneath the boulders are often high densities of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid worms, the polychaete [Harmotho‰] sp., gammarid amphipods and a few gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria]. The encrusting bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Umbonula littoralis] and encrusting colonies of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Halisarca dujardini] are also typical of this habitat. The richest examples also contain a variety of echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri] and small hydroids.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in a similar situation to unit A3.2111, usually beneath the [Fucus serratus] zone (units A1.2141 or A1.2142) and above the [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (unit A3.214). Many of the animals found under boulders in the lower shore in A1.2142 are also found under boulders in the sublittoral fringe (A3.2112), particularly the sponges and crabs. Similarly, many of the seaweeds present on the lower shore are also present in the shallow sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2113","name":"[Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock","description":"Soft rock, such as chalk, in the sublittoral fringe characterised by [Laminaria digitata] and rock-boring animals such as piddocks [Barnea candida] and [Pholas dactylus], the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] and worms [Polydora] spp. Beneath the kelp forest, a wide variety of foliose red seaweeds occur such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Membranoptera alata] and [Halurus flosculosus]. Filamentous red seaweeds often present are [Polysiphonia fucoides] and [Ceramium nodulosum], while coralline crusts cover available rock surface. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] and the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] can form colonies on the kelp fronds, while the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] more often occur on the foliose red seaweeds. Empty piddock burrows are often colonised by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] or in more shaded areas the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. The undersides of small chalk boulders are colonised by encrusting bryozoans, colonial ascidians and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. The boulders and any crevices within the chalk provide a refuge for small crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The echinoderm [Asterias rubens] is present as well.\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on moderately exposed soft rock where unit A3.2111 would normally occur. Above it may lie a zone of [Fucus serratus] on similarly bored soft rock (unit A1.2143) or a variant of one of the [F. serratus] biotopes (e.g. A1.2141). Lower shore sites influenced by sand may have more [Mytilus edulis] beneath the seaweed canopy (A1.222) or the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] (A1.215). Below this biotope a variety of biotopes can occur such as A3.123 on unstable infralittoral cobbles and boulders or even A4.231 in the turbid waters of south-east England where the kelp generally extends to less than 4m BCD.\r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Since the soft rock does not provide a strong hold for the seaweeds they are easily dislodged during storm periods. After such an event the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva] spp. and/or the red seaweed [P. palmata] may temporarily cover much of the rock. Eventually a more diverse range of seaweeds and associated animals will re-establish on the rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.212","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock","description":"Wave exposed to moderately wave exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders with [Laminaria hyperborea], characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds including the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Epilithic seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Brongniartella byssoides] and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising the bryozoan [Electra pilosa], the sponge [Pachymatisma johnstonia], anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] occur. More mobile species include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants have been described: Tide-swept kelp forest (unit A3.2121) and tide-swept kelp park (unit A3.2122).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (Ldig.Ldig) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (A3.2122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2121","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Callophyllis laciniata, Corallina officinalis, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum], [Brongniartella byssoides], and [Dictyota dichotoma] ) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising of the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophilia smithii], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], occur. Also found on the rock is the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (unit A3.111) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (unit A3.2111) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (unit A3.2122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2122","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed [Heterosiphonia plumosa] can be present. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and coralline crust are often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a rich fauna comprising sponges ([Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera rigida], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Aglaophenia pluma] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus]) and bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa]. Both the flora and fauna of this biotope are similar to the wave exposed kelp park (unit A3.1152), but A3.1152 has a greater faunal component including the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Necora puber].\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a tide-swept [L. hyperborea] kelp forest (unit A3.2121). As this biotope occurs over such a range of wave exposures a variety of circalittoral biotopes can occur beneath it: for example, Exposed, tide-swept rock (unit A4.11) or moderately exposed tide-swept rock (unit A4.21)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.213","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Wave-exposed through to wave-sheltered, tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] forest/park and other kelp species such as [Laminaria saccharina]. The rich under-storey and stipe flora is characterised by foliose seaweeds including the brown algae [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Epilithic seaweeds such as [Desmerestia aculeata], [Odonthalia dentate], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Callophyllis laciniata], and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growths of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] occurs. More mobile species include the gastropods [Gibulla cineria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants are described; tide-swept kelp forest on upper infralittoral mixed substrata (unit A3.2131) and tide-swept kelp park on lower infralittoral mixed substrata (unit A3.2132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2131","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately wave-exposed to wave sheltered, tide-swept mixed substrata, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and sparser [Laminaria saccharina], characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Palmaria palmata] [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], and the bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] occur. Also found on the rock are the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis], and the crabs [Cancer pagurus, Pagurus bernhardus] and [Necora puber]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2132","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, tide-swept, Infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Lomentaria orcadensis] and [Brongniartella byssoides]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a fairly diverse fauna comprising sponges ([Scypha ciliate]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Botryllus schlosseri]) and bryozoans such as [Alcyonium diaphanum]. On the rock surface, the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may be found. A diverse range of echinoderms are also found in this biotope: [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Ophiothrix fragilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.214","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a canopy of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] beneath which is an under-storey of foliose red seaweeds and coralline crusts. Some red seaweeds can be found as epiphytes on the kelp stipes and include [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present include the [Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida]. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] can be found on the rock beneath the canopy. Mobile species often present include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens]. Five variants has been described: Kelp forest (unit A3.2141), kelp park (unit A3.2142), grazed kelp forest (unit A3.2143), grazed kelp park (unit A3.2144) and kelp with [Sabellaria spinulosa] reefs (unit A3.2145). This suite of biotopes differs from the wave exposed [L. hyperborea] biotopes (KFaR) by having a lower diversity of cushion-forming faunal species. The foliose red seaweed component of the two suites of biotopes may also differ in composition with a tendency for A3.214 to include some more delicate filamentous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2141","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Kelp stipes are usually covered in a rich mixture of red seaweeds of which [Palmaria palmata], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Membranoptera alata] are often present. Small kelp plants can also be found on the larger kelp stipes. Kelp fronds may be covered with a hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea] and [Electra pilosa]. The kelp holdfasts can be colonised by bryozoans [Scrupocellaria] spp. and/or crisiids and colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. The rock surface between the kelp plants is generally covered by encrusting coralline algae, often with sponge crusts [Halichondria panicea]. Small vertical surfaces within the kelp forest generally lack kelp plants, instead being characterised by foliose red seaweeds such as [Dictyota dichotoma], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and gastropods including [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Many grazers are found in the kelp forest, the most commonly occurring being the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs over a wide geographic area and is generally found below the sublittoral fringe [Laminaria digitata] zone (unit A3.3131) and above the [L. hyperborea] park (unit A3.2142). In the north, Shetland in particular, unit A3.122 can occur in the lower infralittoral; where grazing influence is present the abundance of red seaweeds may be much reduced (unit A3.2144). In turbid water kelp park is often absent and dense foliose seaweed cover may occur instead (unit A3.215). In areas affected by scour, such as the rock-sediment interface at the base of bedrock slopes, a mixed kelp canopy can develop below the kelp forest (unit A3.125).\r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise this biotope is not known to vary markedly over time. Certain areas are prone to urchin grazing and this can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, such that any site subject to intensive urchin grazing should be recorded as unit A3.2143."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2142","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"Below the dense kelp forest (unit A3.2141) on moderately exposed lower infralittoral bedrock and boulders, the kelp thins out to form a park. Beneath the kelp, the rock and kelp stipes are covered by an often dense turf of foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Delesseria sanguinea, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Coralline crusts are often present on the rock surface. Many species of red seaweed found in this biotope occur at greater abundance in the shallower kelp forest. Other seaweeds, such as the red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] as well as the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are more abundant in this zone than the upper infralittoral. The faunal component of this biotope is similar to that found below the kelp in the upper infralittoral zone and include the hydroid [Obelia geniculata], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the anthozoans [Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing on the rock. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below [L. hyperborea] forest (unit A3.2141) and marks the lower limit of the infralittoral rock. Occasionally a narrow band of foliose seaweeds (unit A3.116) may occur below the kelp park but generally circalittoral biotopes are found.\r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. When grazing urchins (predominantly [E. esculentus]) reach a large number in the kelp park their voracious grazing can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, removing most of the seaweeds and leaving only coralline crusts on the rock. This is common around the coast of Scotland, particularly in Shetland and such sites should be recorded as unit A3.2143."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2143","name":"Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though encrusting algae cover the rock. In addition to these encrusting coralline algae, non-calcareous crusts such as [Cruoria pellita] and brown algal crusts also occur. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the kelp fronds. On the rock itself certain brown seaweeds such as [Cutleria multifida] may persist in this grazed environment. Fast-growing species such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may be present at sites recovering from grazing, opportunistically colonising the rock surfaces that have been cleared by grazing. The fauna within a grazed kelp forest is also relatively sparse and is mostly confined to cracks, crevices and under-boulders. Species such as the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] can often be found on vertical rock. Also found on the rock surface are the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum]. Encrusting species such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are resistant to grazing and may occur in abundance. The grazers present include the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be abundant in the north-west. Moderate grazing occurs within many kelp forests; records should only be assigned to this biotope where the community has been intensively grazed leaving algal-encrusted rock with very few epilithic algae.\r\nSituation: With increasing depth, the kelp forest grades into a grazed kelp park (unit A3.2144), the lower limit of which is often abrupt, representing the balance point between urchin-grazing pressure and kelp growth capabilities. In wave-exposed steep rocky areas, the shallowest water may be characterised by a forest of kelp with red seaweeds (unit A3.1151), with a grazed kelp forest beneath. This effect may be a result of the increased wave action in shallower water, which regularly dislodges the urchins thereby reducing their grazing impact. This unit is prevalent in the north of the UK where [E. esculentus] populations reach high densities. Although [E. esculentus] is widely distributed around the UK it occurs in greatest abundance in Scotland and north-east England where urchin grazing can substantially affect infralittoral communities.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in [E. esculentus] numbers may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed forests and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2144","name":"Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp park in some areas is intensively grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though coralline algal crusts and some grazing-resistant animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] cover it. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Brown seaweeds present include [Cutleria multifida, Laminaria saccharina] and [Dictyota dichotoma]. The fauna within a grazed kelp park is also relatively sparse, though some species will survive in cracks and crevices or under boulders including the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The encrusting bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii] often characterise vertical or overhanging rock. Mobile species include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] The echinoderms [Ophiocomina nigra], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Crossaster papposus], generally absent from the kelp forest, can be found in these kelp parks along with [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida].\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a grazed kelp forest (unit A3.2143) but can also occur below ungrazed kelp forests on exposed sites where wave action can dislodge urchins from shallow rock. The grazed circalittoral  unit A4.214 often occurs on the bedrock or boulders below.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in the numbers of [E. esculentus] may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed kelp parks and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.2145","name":"[Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock","description":"[Laminaria hyperborea] kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of [Sabellaria spinulosa] tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant red seaweeds such as [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and [Polysiphonia fucoides]. Red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea] may also be found beneath the kelp canopy, although typically low in abundance. They can be colonised by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The cowrie [Trivia arctica] can also be found here. Much of the available rock is covered with encrusting coralline algae together with patches of the encrusting sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the anthozoan [Urticina felina]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Echinus esculentus], and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus]. The scouring effect of mobile sand adjacent to the rock maintains a reduced underflora and fauna compared to the association of species found in non-scoured kelp forests (unit A3.2141). Scour-resistant fauna such as the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can be locally abundant on the rock, while the bivalve [Pododesmus patelliformis] can be found seeking shelter underneath the cobbles. Above the effect of scour, kelp stipes may be densely colonised by red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Palmaria palmata] and [Membranoptera alata], together with some sponges and ascidians.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sand-laden waters of north-east England in conditions in which [S. spinulosa] is able to thrive. Nearby circalittoral rock is often also dominated by [S. spinulosa] (unit A4.221) but lacks the kelp and red seaweeds. As this biotope is not commonly recorded in the UK there is a scarcity of information relating to the surrounding biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.215","name":"Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Upward-facing surfaces of shallow, infralittoral bedrock and boulders in areas of turbid water dominated by dense red seaweeds, with the notable absence of kelp. The stable rock, which can be cobbles or boulders but is more typically bedrock, is usually silted. Individual species of foliose red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] or [Calliblepharis ciliata] often dominate. Other red seaweeds likely to be present include [Phyllophora crispa], [Rhodymenia holmesii], [Halurus flosculosus], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is sometimes present, although never abundant. This biotope does not generally occur below kelp park but rather occurs on shallow, silted rock on which kelp would normally grow in less turbid conditions. The fauna can be variable but is generally typified by the presence of silt-tolerant animals such as encrusting sponges, particularly [Dysidea fragilis] and [Halichondria panicea], the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], bryozoan crusts and scattered [Sabellaria spinulosa] and [Balanus crenatus]. In the summer months the seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] and the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] which can also form dense mats on the rock. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] can be present, where sandy and muddy patches occur. Where this biotope occurs on chalk bedrock, such as off the Sussex coast, the piddock [Pholas dactylus] is often found bored into the rock. This biotope is recorded from the English Channel, off Kent, Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Please notice that individual sites of this biotope can vary significantly in the species composition.\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on discrete bedrock outcrops surrounded by areas of mixed sediment or mobile sand. Off Sussex, it occurs on the horizontal chalk bedrock forming the tops of cliffs (2-3m in height).\r\nTemporal variation: The seaweeds die back in late autumn and summer leaving, silted, coralline-encrusted rock with a sparse fauna of sponges, [S. spinulosa] and occasional hydroids and bryozoans. The bryozoan [Amathia lendigera] can also become abundant amongst the seaweeds during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.216","name":"[Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock","description":"This unit is found on moderately exposed coasts in moderately strong to weak tidal streams generally in 0-20m water depth. It is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and crinoid [Antedon bifida]. This biotope is relatively species poor when compared to similar biotopes in more exposed environments e.g. unit A3.117. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] may be frequently observed grazing the vertical rock face. This biotope may have 2 sub-biotopes. One is characterised by the frequent occurrence of the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the red seaweeds [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] may also be frequent in this sub-biotope. The second sub-biotope is more species poor than the previous one and is characterised by the common occurrence of [Alcyonium digitatum], which is only occasional in the other variant.\r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts in northern Britain, particularly North Sea coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.217","name":"[Hiatella arctica] and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk","description":"This biotope is found in the infralittoral zone on moderately exposed vertical limestone/chalk surfaces in weak tidal streams, and has been recorded most frequently between 0-10m. This biotope is characterised by abundant [Hiatella arctica] and a rich sponge community including [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species that may be frequent in this biotope are the crab [Necora puber], the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], although these species are found in other vertical rock biotopes, however in lesser abundance.\r\nSituation: Shallow rocky coasts with vertical limestone faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.22","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions","description":"Sheltered infralittoral rock exposed to strong tidal streams. In the sublittoral fringe dense [Laminaria digitata] is found together with erect seaweeds, sponges, ascidians and bryozoans (A3.221). Below this, on bedrock and stable boulders a canopy of mixed kelp (primarily [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]) occurs with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.222). This biotope is typically found in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs. Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, that also occurs in the tidal rapids of Scottish sealochs, supports a reduced kelp canopy ([L. hyperborea] and [L. saccharina]; typically Frequent), with a rich red seaweed component and maerl at some sites (A3.223). In south-west Britain, sheltered, tide-swept rock is restricted to estuarine conditions where variable salinity and increased turbidity of the water have a significant effect on the biota, limiting the infralittoral zone to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by a relatively low abundance of [L. saccharina] (< Common) with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.224). [L. hyperborea] is rarely present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.221","name":"[Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense [Laminaria digitata], coralline crusts and sponges such as [Halichondria panicea]. Other seaweeds present include the foliose red [seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] as well as the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. Green seaweeds present include [Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora rupestris]. The increased water movement encourages several filter-feeding faunal groups to occur. The sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] frequently occur on steep and overhanging rock faces. The bryozoans [Electra pilosa], [Membranoptera membranipora] and [Alcyonidium hirsutum] encrust the kelp and other foliose seaweeds. In addition, ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and colonial ascidians [Botryllus byssoides] and [Botryllus leachi] often thrive in this environment encrusting both the rock and the seaweeds. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be found on the rock and on the kelp holdfasts along with the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. More mobile species such as the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are also common. Areas where increased tidal movement influences this community can be found in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of sealochs.\r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs immediately below the tide-swept [Fucus serratus] biotope (unit A1.152) consequently, some [F. serratus] may occur in this biotope (typically only Occasional). The sublittoral fringe of similarly sheltered shores that are not tide-swept are generally characterised by mixed [Laminaria saccharina] and [L. digitata] (unit A3.3131) or [L. saccharina] (A3.313). Below A3.221, at these sheltered, tide-swept sites, a canopy of mixed kelp species often occurs (see units A3.222 and XKTX)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.222","name":"Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock","description":"Stable, tide-swept rock characterised by dense kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] forest on scoured, coralline-encrusted rock. This biotope occurs in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs, where there is an increase in tidal flow. Although [L. hyperborea] (typically Common) generally occurs in greater abundance than [L. saccharina] (Frequent), either kelp may dominate, sometimes to the exclusion of the other. (This biotope should not be confused with sheltered, but silted A3.312). Large stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur amongst the kelp along with [Dictyota dichotoma] on bedrock and boulders. In contrast to the scoured rock surface the kelp stipes themselves often support prolific growths of foliose red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens, Membranoptera alata, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Other foliose seaweeds may be present among the kelp holdfasts include [Chondrus crispus] [and Dilsea carnosa]. The scoured rock surface is characterised by encrusting coralline algae, barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The sponge [Halichondria panicea], anthozoans [Urticina felina, Anemonia viridis] and [Sagartia elegans] can also occur on the scoured rock. Sponges, particularly [Halichondria panicea] and colonial and solitary ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Ascidiella aspersa] encrust the stipes, whilst hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] and seamats [Membranoptera membranacea] can cover the fronds, optimising the increased tidal flow. Mobile species such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can often be found on and around the kelp. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Echinus esculentus] can be found underneath the kelp canopy on the rock along with the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Where some protection is afforded from the scour anthozoans may occur on the rock such as [Alcyonium digitatum] or [Metridium senile].\r\nSituation: This biotope may be fringed by tide-swept kelp [Laminaria digitata] in shallower water (unit A3.221). Where mixed substrata occurs adjacent to the stable bedrock and boulders the kelp will usually diminish in density (typically Frequent), but a greater diversity of species will be found compared to the scoured bedrock, in particular there is an increase in red seaweeds and a greater infaunal component (unit A3.223). Maerl rhodoliths may be present amongst the bedrock and boulders of unit A3.222 in small amounts, and at some sites may form extensive beds surrounding the bedrock outcrops (units A5.5111 and A5.512)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.223","name":"Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids","description":"Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, typically found in tidal rapids with kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds. [L. saccharina] usually dominates this habitat although [L. hyperborea] may occur in equal abundance at some sites. The kelp in these tidal rapids does not form the same dense canopies associated with stable tide-swept bedrock, but generally occurs at lower abundance (Frequent). Other brown seaweeds occur in significant amounts in these tidal rapids including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halidrys siliquosa] and [Chorda filum]. These mixed substrata support a greater diversity of species than scoured bedrock narrows (A3.222). In particular, there is an increase in red algal species such as [Corallina officinalis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Ceramium nodulosum], although none occur in any great abundance. Red seaweeds common to both A3.222 and this biotope include [Chondrus crispus], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Good examples of this biotope often have maerl gravel ([Lithothamnion] sp.) or rhodoliths between cobbles and boulders. Where maerl dominates, the biotope should be recorded as a maerl bed (unit A5.51). The sponges associated with more stable, tide-swept conditions are generally absent, but the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] might be present. Cobbles and pebbles are encrusted by the ubiquitous polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and provide shelter for scavenging crabs such as [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria] and echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] which favour these sites of increased water movement. Additional infaunal species, inhabiting the sediment pockets, include [Lanice conchilega] and [Sabella pavonina], which can be locally abundant.\r\nSituation: Where stable rock fringes the shallows the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] biotope often occurs (A3.221). Adjacent areas of stable bedrock or boulders in these sheltered, tide-swept narrows can support a similar kelp community, often with a greater percentage of [L. hyperborea] (A3.222). Maerl fragments are often found amongst the mixed substrata of A3.223 and this biotope may abut more extensive areas of maerl bed (A5.512)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.224","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, tide-swept rock in south-western Britain tends to be restricted to estuarine conditions, where variable salinity and increased turbidity have a significant effect on the biota. Due to the turbidity of the water, the infralittoral zone is restricted to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, which support a mixed kelp canopy, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by [Laminaria saccharina] alone, occurring in relatively low abundance (Frequent). The brown alga [Desmarestia ligulata] can occur in this biotope, though never dense, along with the non-native brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. Beneath the sparse kelp, cobbles and boulders, often surrounded by sediment, are encrusted by fauna and often a dense turf of red seaweed. The foliose red seaweeds associated with this biotope include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Nitophyllum punctatum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Gymnogongrus crenulatus], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] as well as the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum] and [Pterothamnion plumula]. Green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca], [Bryopsis plumosa] and [Cladophora] spp. may be locally abundant. The dominating faunal species vary from site to site but include sponges such as [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] as well as ascidians, particularly [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Morchellium argus], which can cover the rocks. Also present is the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The hydroid [Plumularia setacea] can cover rocks and seaweed fronds Of the range of solitary ascidians found in the north-west, only [Ascidiella aspersa] tends also to be present in these south-western inlets. There is also a general absence of echinoderms. Where there is vertical rock present, it tends to support more fauna, including barnacles [Balanus crenatus], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Botryllus schlosseri] and sometines the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. Where soft rock allows, such as the limestone in Plymouth Sound, rock-boring organisms such as [Polydora] sp. may be locally abundant. Sheltered, tide-swept rock is generally restricted to the narrows or tidal rapids of marine inlets. The clear tide-swept waters of Scottish sealochs are significantly different to the marine inlets of south-west Britain. This biotope deals with the latter.\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rocky outcrops interspersed by sediment areas. Where the rock extends into deeper water, beyond the limit of kelp, sponges and ascidians tend to dominate these sheltered, tide-swept circalittoral sites (A4.251); also [Alcyonium digitatum] with sponges and [Nemertesia antennina] (A4.131)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.225","name":"Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Tide-swept infralittoral rock subject to variable salinity and turbid waters occurs in the mid to upper reaches of the rias of south-west Britain, where riverine freshwater input reduces the salinity. Very shallow rock under these conditions is characterised by a covering of filamentous red seaweed such as [Callithamnion] spp., [Antithamnion] spp., [Ceramium] spp., [Griffithsia devoniensis], [Pterothamnion plumula] and [Polysiphonia fucoides], as well as the filamentous green seaweed [Cladophora] spp. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] commonly occur, as does the foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Although [Laminaria saccharina] is often present it is usually in very low abundance (Occasional). The fluctuating salinity limits the number of species able to exist in this habitat. The animal community is dominated by the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be locally abundant at some sites. The crab [Carcinus maenas] is usually present, as is the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The bryozoan [Bugula plumosa] is sometimes present. Where vertical rock is present, the seaweeds [Ceramium nodulosum], [P. plumula], [C. ramosa], [H. hypoglossoides] and [E. laciniatum] are typically found.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found amidst sediment or rock and as such there is no defined zonation of the surrounding biotopes. Shallow sediments nearby may support seagrass beds ([Zostera] spp.) or infaunal-dominated sediments (unit A5.13). Nearby, deeper tide-swept rock may support circalittoral communities dominated by sponges, hydroids and ascidians on stable rock (unit A4.2511) or dense bryozoans on mixed substrata (units A4.135 & A4.137)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.226","name":"[Halopteris filicina] with coralline crusts on moderately exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.23","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action","description":"This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in moderately exposed areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.231","name":"Association with [Codium vermilara] and [Rhodymenia ardissonei]","description":"This association of the green alga [Codium vermilara] and the red alga [Rhodymenia ardissonei] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone, with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.232","name":"Association with [Dasycladus vermicularis]","description":"This association with the green alga [Dasycladus vermicularis] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.233","name":"Association with [Alsidium helminthochorton]","description":"This association is the red alga [Alsidium helminthochorton], which is typical of the upper horizon of the infralittoral zone with weak light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.234","name":"Association with [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]","description":"This facies is characterised by presence of the brown algae [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. It is possible to find this association on seabottoms exposed to high currents (e.g. Strait of Messina, Strait of Alboran, etc.)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.235","name":"Association with [Gelidium spinosum v. hystrix]","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Gelidium spinosum var. hystrix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.236","name":"Association with [Lobophora variegata]","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Lobophora variegata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.237","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Ceramium rubrum]","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Ceramium virgatum] (ex [Ceramium rubrum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.238","name":"Facies with [Cladocora caespitosa]","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the Mediterranean coral [Cladocora caespitosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.239","name":"Association with [Cystoseira brachycarpa]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira brachycarpa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23A","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Cystoseira crinita]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinita], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23B","name":"Association with [Cystoseira crinitophylla]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinitophylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23C","name":"Association with [Cystoseira sauvageauana]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira sauvageauana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23D","name":"Association with [Cystoseira spinosa]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira spinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23E","name":"Association with [Sargassum vulgaris]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Sargassum vulgare], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23F","name":"Association with [Dictyopteris polypodioides]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Dictyopteris polypodioides], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23G","name":"Association with [Calpomenia sinuosa]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Colpomenia sinuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23H","name":"Association with [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23I","name":"Facies with [Astroides calycularis]","description":"This facies is characterised by the madreporian [Astroides calycularis] and is typical of the western Mediterranean pre-coralligenous zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23J","name":"Association with [Flabellia petiolata] and [Peyssonnelia squamaria]","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the green alga [Flabellia petiolata] and the red alga [Peyssonnelia squamaria] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23K","name":"Association with [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligatatum]","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligulatum] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23L","name":"Association with [Peyssonnelia rubra] and [Peyssonnelia] spp.","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the red algae [Peyssonnelia rubra] and other members of the genus [Peyssonnelia] spp. and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23M","name":"Pontic association with [Cystoseira barbata] and [Ulva rigida]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23N","name":"Pontic ephemeral mosaic of green and red seaweeds on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock (Enteromorpha , Ulva, Ceramium, Cladophora, Gelidium, Callithamnion, Corallina)","description":"The species concerned form belts of algae, the presence of which are seasonal according to species, with Corallina present during all seasons, and Ceramium and Cladophora present only during the summer and autumn."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.23O","name":"Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] on vertical rock faces in the lower infralittoral","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.24","name":"Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock","description":"Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.241","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral rock","description":"In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea  (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998).  The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic  are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the  mass species  are:  [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera].  On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are:  [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001).   Ephemeral algae may  cover Mytilus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.242","name":"Pontic sponge crusts on lower infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.243","name":"Pontic colonial ascidian and bryozoan crusts on bare infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.244","name":"Pontic soft rock beds with [Pholas dactylus] burrows","description":"In Turkey the habitat is also found associated to the presence of Mytilus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.245","name":"Pontic [Teredo navalis] burrows in large wooden debris","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.246","name":"Pontic [Polydora] tubes on infralittoral soft rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.247","name":"Shallow smaller [Ostrea edulis] reefs adhering to rocky reefs and vertical drop-offs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.3","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] (A3.31). Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. In turbid-water estuarine areas, the kelp and seaweeds (A3.32) may be replaced by animal-dominated communities (A3.36) whilst stable hard substrata in lagoons support distinctive communities (A3.34)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.31","name":"Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity","description":"Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina]. Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. Some areas, particularly in the lower infralittoral zone, are subject to intense grazing by urchins and chitons and may have poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.311","name":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on upper infralittoral moderately exposed or sheltered rock is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and it lacks the epiphytic growth of seaweeds. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] may encrust the very lower part of the stipe but the rest of the stipe is characteristically bare. The fronds too are generally free of encrusting hydroids, bryozoans and grazing gastropods as compared to [L. hyperborea]. [L. ochroleuca] holdfasts, however, are often encrusted with sponges and colonial ascidians. A large variety of foliose and filamentous red seaweeds are often present underneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Dilsea carnosa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Erythroglossum laciniatum, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Polyneura bonnemaisonii] and [Corallina officinalis]. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is frequently found in this biotope along with the occasional kelp such as [Saccorhiza polyschides] and [Laminaria saccharina]. The faunal composition of the biotope as a whole is often sparse. The anthozoans [Corynactis viridis] and [Caryophyllia smithii] are common on vertical surfaces with scattered bryozoan turf species such as Crisiidae. Grazers such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are often present. [L. ochroleuca] occurs across a wide range of wave exposures (in common with [L. hyperborea]) and consequently it occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) that occur in the South-West between Dorset to Lundy. In such cases, records should be considered as regional variations of the usual kelp biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this biotope when the canopy is dominated by [L. ochroleuca] alone, or by a mixture of both [L. hyperborea] and [L. ochroleuca] (though the latter is usually at greater abundance). [L. ochroleuca] commonly occurs on the Brittany and Normandy coasts.\r\nSituation: On moderately exposed to sheltered rock [Laminaria ochroleuca] can form a dense forest below the [L. hyperborea] forest (unit A3.2141). At other sites [L. hyperborea] park (unit A3.2142) occurs below A3.311. A band of dense foliose seaweeds can also dominate the lower infralittoral zone below the kelp zone (A3.116 or A3.1161). More data is required to establish further trends in neighbouring biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise, this biotope is not known to change significantly over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.312","name":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on bedrock and boulders in sheltered infralittoral habitats. Typically subject to weak tidal streams and rather silty conditions. Beneath the kelp is an associated under-storey flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cutleria multifida] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea] as well as the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The fronds are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests, dominated by the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens], but the tops shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] can be common as well. The crab [Necora puber] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] can be found in cracks and crevices, while the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline crusts are present on the rock surface. Although there is a reduced number of species by comparison to the more exposed [L. hyperborea] forests (A3.2141), there are considerably more algae species than occur in the more sheltered [L. saccharina] forests (A3.3132). This biotope is predominately found in the shelter of fjordic sealochs in Scotland. Where it does occur in south-west Britain the mixed kelp forest may also include the southern kelp [Laminaria ochroleuca]. Three variants has been described: The kelp forest in the upper infralittoral (A3.3121), grading to a kelp park with increasing depth (A3.3122) as well as a grazed variant (A3.3123)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3121","name":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Cryptopleura ramosa] occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Porphyropsis coccinea]. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides] may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to [L. hyperborea] or [L. saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (unit A3.214). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and occasional starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum].Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Cryptopleura ramosa] occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Porphyropsis coccinea]. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides] may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to [L. hyperborea] or [L. saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (A3.214). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and occasional starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum].\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below [Laminaria digitata] on the sheltered sublittoral fringe (A3.2111) or a mix of [L. saccharina] and [L. digitata] in very sheltered conditions (A3.3131). It can also be found on isolated rock exposures amid a sediment seabed (A5.3541 or A5.343). Where suitable substrata allow, the kelp thins out with increased depth to form a park below the forest (A3.3122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3122","name":"Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered silted, bedrock and boulders with a park of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]. Both kelp species are sparse in the park (Frequent). Beneath the often 'cape-form' kelp canopy, foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are often present at high densities on the silted rock. Other red seaweeds such as encrusting coralline algae, [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be present. Other brown seaweeds include [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The animal component of this biotope is generally richer than the upper infralittoral mixed kelp forest (A3.3121). A variety of hydroids such as [Obelia geniculata] grow epiphytically on the kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida] and ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] attach to the kelp stipes, above the silted rock. The rock itself supports anthozoans such as [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Urticina felina] as well as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crap [Necora puber]. Grazers include the prominent echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Where pockets of sediment occur, there may be an increase in infaunal species such as the burrowing anthozoan [Cerianthus lloydii], the brittlestar [Ophiura albida], and starfish [Asterias rubens]. Although there is a decrease in the number of algal species in the kelp park, the abundance remains relatively high.\r\nSituation: These mixed kelp parks are generally found below the mixed kelp forest (unit A3.3121) where there is a continuation of suitable hard substrata present. These sheltered kelps are also frequently found on bedrock or boulder exposures (XFa) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species. Where silted, circalittoral rock occurs below the kelp park a variety of biotopes may be found characterised by varying amounts of featherstars, anthozoans, solitary ascidians and sponge communities (e.g. units A4.313, A4.312, A4 311, A4.314 and A5.623)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3123","name":"Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Silted infralittoral rock with mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] kelp forest, intensively grazed by the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Although both kelp species can occur in equal abundance (Common), [L. hyperborea] usually dominates. The grazing-resistant brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present. A similar variety of red seaweeds to those found in the ungrazed kelp forest (A3.3121) may occur beneath the kelp canopy, but in much lower abundance. As grazing intensity increases the seaweed cover decreases - and some sites are reduced to the bare appearance of encrusting brown and coralline algae beneath the kelp canopy. The [L. hyperborea] stipes generally support more seaweeds than the rock beneath, including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Bonnemaisonia hamifera]. The stipes may also support sometimes dense ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis] and the echinoderm [Antedon bifida]. The kelp fronds are often densely covered by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. At the most intensively grazed sites even the kelp stipes are bare. Although the rock appears bare, between boulders and in crevices there are often the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the crabs [Necora puber] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. The tube-building [Pomatoceros triqueter] and bryozoan crusts are commonly found on any vertical surfaces.\r\nSituation: This biotope can be found in similar conditions as units A3.3121 and A3.3122 but where the numbers of grazers present are in high enough numbers to cause substantially community impoverishment through grazing. Generally occurs on isolated rock, surrounded by sediment biotopes. Although it has been recorded from sites astride the ungrazed kelp biotopes (A3.3121 and A3.3122) it is more usually found on bedrock or boulder exposures (A4.13) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species.\r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) the community will eventually re-establish itself as a mixed kelp forest or park (unit A3.312)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.313","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered infralittoral rock dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. Typically very silty and often with few associated seaweeds due to siltation, grazing or shading from the dense kelp canopy. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. In addition to the kelp the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and Ectocarpaceae are often present. As well as lacking [Laminaria hyperborea], the A3.313 biotopes have fewer foliose and filamentous red seaweed species by comparison to A3.312 biotopes. A depauperate assemblage of animals is present (by comparison to A3.2141 and A3.2142) predominantly consisting of the encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus] and the ubiquitous gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], starfish [Asterias rubens], brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and urchin [Echinus esculentus] occur in low abundance. Ascidians are commonly found in all the A3.313 biotopes, but the large solitary ascidian [Ascidia mentula] are most prolific in very sheltered conditions of [L. saccharina] forests (A3.3132). This biotope is most commonly associated with the sheltered fjordic sealochs of Scotland where sublittoral hard substrata can be found at the sheltered head of the lochs. Similarly the sheltered loughs of Ireland (Lough Hyne, Strangford Lough and Carlingford Lough). It is also found where suitable hard substrata exist in the sheltered inlets of south-west Britain, such as Milford Haven or Plymouth Sound. 4 variants has been described: A mixture of [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] (A3.3131), dense [L. saccharina] forest in the upper infralittoral (A3.3132), sparse [L. saccharina] in the lower infralittoral (A3.3133) and urchin-grazed (A3.3134)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3131","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock and boulders in the sublittoral fringe characterised by a mixed canopy of the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (usually in its broad-fronded cape-form) and [Laminaria saccharina] - both species are generally Frequent or greater. Beneath the kelp canopy, the understorey of red seaweeds often includes [Chondrus crispus, Dumontia contorta, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The surface of the rock is usually covered with encrusting coralline algae as well as non-calcified red crusts and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], Ectocarpaceae and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Patches of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can frequently be found in cracks and crevices. Beneath and between boulders a variety of mobile crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are common.\r\nSituation: Where hard substrata occur on the shore, this biotope will be found below the [F. serratus] zone (units A1.3151, A1.214 or A1.3152 on mixed substrata). With such sheltered shores, the transition between sublittoral fringe and the true sublittoral zone may not be distinct; this biotope therefore extends into the shallow sublittoral kelp forest below (A3.3121, A3.3121 or A3.314)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3132","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered sublittoral fringe and infralittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles characterised by a dense canopy of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. In such sheltered conditions, a distinct sublittoral fringe is not always apparent and this biotope can therefore extend from below the [Fucus serratus] zone (A1 315) into the upper infralittoral zone, though there may be a mixed [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] zone (A3.3131) in between. There is a relatively low species diversity and species density due to a combination of heavy siltation of the habitat and the lack of light penetrating through the dense kelp canopy. Only a few species of red seaweeds are present compared with A3.3131 or A3.312. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. Brown seaweeds are also sparse and generally comprise [Chorda filum] and ectocarpoids. At extremely sheltered sites, where there is a heavy silt cover on the rock and the kelp fronds, the sub-flora is reduced to a few specialised species able to tolerate these conditions, such as the cartilaginous seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and [Chondrus crispus]. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidia mentula] can remain prominent in such conditions, often occurring on steep or vertical rock which is subject to less siltation. The variety of red seaweeds is further reduced where grazers such as the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are present. The keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] can be present. Geographical variations: Northern sites: in sheltered sealochs the most conspicuous fauna in these forests are the large solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidiella] spp. and [A. mentula] which tend to occur in greater abundance than in the mixed kelp forests (A3.312). In common with mixed forests, echinoderms are consistently present in low abundance: the featherstar [Antedon bifida], common starfish [Asterias rubens], the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are typically present. Saddle oysters [Pododesmus patelliformis] and chitons [Tonicella marmorea] can occur in high abundance at some sites. The anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] is often more prevalent at the extremely sheltered sites. The communities of the sheltered voes and sounds of Shetland and Orkney are similar to those present in the mainland sealochs. Southern sites: Sheltered infralittoral rock is not commonly found outside of the fjordic sealochs. In south-west Britain, where sublittoral rock does occur in shallow marine inlets, the waters are more turbid than in the sealochs, generally limiting kelp to the sublittoral fringe zone. Echinoderms are rare or absent from the south-western [L. saccharina] forests. A far greater diversity of red seaweeds is associated with the south-western sites: [Palmaria palmata], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Cystoclonium purpureum], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Ceramium nodulosum] and [Polyneura bonnemaisonii] typically occur.\r\nSituation: Although this biotope may occur below a mixed kelp canopy that occupies the sublittoral fringe (units A3.3131 or A3.2111) at some sites it extends directly into the sublittoral fringe and abuts the [F. serratus] zone (A1 315 or A1.3152 on mixed substrata). Where suitable hard substrata are available, the [L. saccharina] diminishes in abundance (typically Frequent) with increasing depth to form kelp park (A3.3122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3133","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock","description":"Silty bedrock or boulders with a [Laminaria saccharina] park (often the cape-form). Beneath the canopy, the rock is covered by encrusting coralline algae, and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] is often present. Due to the amount of silt cover on the rock and the reduced light intensity beneath the broad-fronded kelp, only a few red seaweeds typically survive, the most common species being [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Bonnemaisonia] spp. and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present in low abundance. Compared to the kelp forest zone above (A3.3121) both the kelp and other seaweeds are sparse (Occasional). The most conspicuous animals are large solitary ascidians, particularly [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], together with the smaller [Clavelina lepadiformis]. In general, the faunal component of this biotope is similar to other sheltered kelp biotopes and includes a variety of mobile crustaceans such [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], the keelworm [Pomatoceros] spp., terebellid worms, echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The hydroid [Kirchenpauria pinnata], although only rare is often found in the kelp park along with the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus].\r\nSituation: [L. saccharina] park can be found below a similar forest (unit A3.3121) where suitable hard substrata exist or on isolated rock exposures surrounded by sediment communities. It may also occur below a zone of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [L. saccharina] forest (A3.312). [L. saccharina] can also form a band below [L. hyperborea] forest (A3.2141) where some shelter from wave-action is afforded with depth ([L. saccharina] is not tolerant of surge), or more likely where [L. hyperborea] has been grazed out (below A3.2143) since [L. saccharina] grows far quicker than [L. hyperborea]. Where such a narrow band occurs it is generally less silted than that found below A3.3121 in much more sheltered conditions. A range of sheltered circalittoral biotopes may occur on any deeper rock below (e.g. units A4.313, A4 311 and A5.623)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3134","name":"Grazed [Laminaria saccharina] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Coralline encrusted rock with scattered tufts of red seaweed and a relatively high abundance of grazing echinoderms which typically include the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and/or the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra]. The rock often looks bare, with few conspicuous species present although [Laminaria saccharina] may occur it is generally in low abundance (Rare or Occasional). The red seaweeds, reduced to small tufts through grazing, include [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides] and although these seaweeds also occur in unit A3.3122 they are far less frequent in this biotope. Brown seaweeds, such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Chorda filum] and [Cutleria multifida], may be present. Grazing molluscs, such as [Gibbula cineraria] and can be common. Under-boulder habitats can harbour the crabs Necora puber and [Pagurus bernhardus], terebellid polychaetes and the polychaete [Pomatoceros] spp. with ascidians [Ascidia mentula]. and [Clavelina lepadiformis] on the open rock along with the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the hydroids [Kirchenpauria pinnata] and [Obelia dichotoma].\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rock below a dense kelp forest of [L. saccharina] (unit A3.3121) or mixed kelp (unit A3.3121).\r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) a richer kelp community may develop (units A3.3122 or A3.3122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.314","name":"Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Cape-form of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] on very silted rock, particularly in extremely sheltered sealochs of western Scotland. Below the huge kelp fronds (which often trail onto the seabed) foliose seaweeds form a silted understorey on the rock including [Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as coralline crusts. At some sites the filamentous red seaweed [Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may carpet the seabed. Ascidians, particularly [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula, Ciona intestinalis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] thrive well in these conditions. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens] are often present along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. An abundant growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] can cover the silted kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The anthozoan [Caryophyllia smithii] can be present among the kelp holdfasts. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present on the rock surface along with the crab [Necora puber]. This biotope generally occurs on shallow bedrock or boulder slopes or isolated rocks protruding through muddy sediment.\r\nSituation: This biotope is often present on rocky outcrops surrounded by muddy sediments (such as unit A5.3541). Deeper, nearby rock, beyond the limit of foliose seaweeds, is often dominated by solitary ascidians (unit A4 311)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.315","name":"[Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Mixed substrata from the sublittoral fringe to 5m below chart datum dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. This invasive non-native brown seaweed can form a dense canopy on areas of mixed substrata (typically 0-10% bedrock on 90-100% sandy sediment). The substrate on which this [S. muticum]-dominated community is able to develop is highly variable, but particularly prevalent on broken rock and pebbles anchored in sandy sediment. The pebbles, cobbles and broken bedrock provide a substrate for alga such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. During the spring, [S. muticum] has large quantities of epiphytic ectocarpales and may also support some epifauna e.g. the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] commonly found on kelp. The brown seaweed [Chorda filum], which thrives well on these mixed substrata, is also commonly found with [S. muticum] during the summer months. In Strangford Lough, where this biotope occurs, the amphipod [Dexamine spinosa] has been recorded to dominate the epiphytic fauna (this is known to be commonly found in [Zostera] spp. beds). [S. muticum] is also found on hard, bedrock substrates within [L. saccharina] canopies. [S. muticum] plants on hard substrate area, under a dense [L. saccharina] canopy, are typically smaller and at a much lower density, especially where a lush, under-storey exists with red seaweeds such as [Ceramium nodolosum, Gracilaria gracilis, Chylocladia verticillata, Pterosiphonia plumula] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora sp., Ulva lactuca] and [Bryopsis plumosa]. The anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] and the crab [Necora puber] can be present. More information is necessary to validate this description.\r\nSituation: Where there is a greater proportion of bedrock or boulders (15-100%) [L. saccharina] will typically dominate the canopy. Areas with pebble cover on a hard substrate are colonised by [S. muticum], but individuals quickly become peripatetic and are lost."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.32","name":"Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock","description":"Very wave-sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to only weak tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe and infralittoral zone, in areas of variable/reduced salinity. This habitat type is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and coralline crusts such as [Lithothamnion glaciale]. Grazers such as the urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus], and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Buccinum undatum] may be present. The tube-dwelling polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be present. Red algal communities are composed primarily of [Phycodrys rubens]. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.321","name":"[Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Laminaria saccharina] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of [Codium] spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed [Ulva] spp. and often only a sparse covering of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. This biotope appears to have a restricted distribution, being known at present only from the sheltered voes of Shetland, some Scottish lagoons and from the harbours of south-west England. These locations suggest the habitat is likely to be subject to reduced salinity conditions (although the habitat data indicate mostly fully marine records). Dense [Codium] spp. can occur at very sheltered sites, on cobbles or boulders, often in dense patches interspersed with filamentous red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia hamifera], [Antithamnionella spirographidis] and [Ceramium] spp. Where sediment is present the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus] is commonly found along the rock-sediment interface, and the sponge [Dysidea fragilis] often occurs on the rock. Other red seaweeds that may be present include [Chondrus crispus], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Gelidium latifolium], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa], [Desmarestia viridis] or [Chorda filum] may be present in high abundance and although kelp [L. saccharina] may occur, it is usually sparse. There are no conspicuous fauna that typify this biotope, though polychaetes such as terebellids and spirorbids may occur. The opisthobranch [Elysia viridis] may be locally abundant on the seaweeds and is known to favour [Codium fragilis] in particular. Large stands of [Codium] sp. (generally Common abundance) are accompanied by red seaweeds such as [G. latifolium], [C. laciniata] and [A. spirographidis] on the rock beneath. Cod has been reported to occur in the shallows of The Fleet, Bembridge Ledges, Pagham Harbour and Jersey (Tittley et al. 1985). In Ireland, species-poor shallow, silted bedrock in the North Water of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, is characterised by [Griffithsia corallinoides] (Common) and [Codium tomentosum] (Frequent) forming a narrow band below the kelp zone (unit A3.3132). Cod has not been described from any other sites in Ireland. If [Codium] spp. is less than Common amongst dense [L. saccharina] and [Chorda filum], it should not be recorded as Cod.\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on bedrock below a sublittoral fringe of mixed kelp [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] (unit A3.3131) or below a [L. saccharina] forest (A3.3132) or else on isolated boulders on sediment. It appears to be most frequently found in lagoons. Further information on which species of [Codium] is present and on the associated fauna is required."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.322","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles, in areas of reduced salinity, with kelp [Laminaria saccharina], and depauperate coralline-encrusted rock supporting few foliose seaweeds but many grazing urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus]. The coralline crusts are typically [Lithothamnion glaciale], while the brown crusts can be [Pseudolithoderma extensum]. Encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], resistant to the grazing, are also present on most of the rock. The grazing fauna are a significant component of this biotope; large numbers of [P. miliaris] are typically present, although where absent the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may occur. Other grazers prevalent on the rock include the chiton [Tonicella marmorea], the limpet [Tectura testudinalis] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. A combination of grazing pressure and lowered salinity maintains a low diversity of species in this biotope, with foliose and filamentous seaweeds generally absent or reduced to small tufts by grazing. In stark contrast to the range of seaweeds present in the [L. saccharina] forests (A3.3132) the only red seaweed consistently found in this biotope is [Phycodrys rubens]. The range of fauna is similarly low, with a conspicuous absence of hydroids and bryozoans. Bedrock and boulders provide a firm substrate on which ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula] and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] can attach. The crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas] can usually be found here, though [Necora puber] typically is absent due to the brackish conditions. The starfish [Asterias rubens] along with the whelk [Buccinum undatum] can be present. The substratum on which this biotope occurs varies from bedrock to boulders or cobbles on sediment. The kelp band is relatively narrow and shallow (upper 5 m) compared to unit A3.3121, although the grazed coralline encrusted rock extends deeper. This depth limit becomes shallower towards the heads of the sealochs. Geographical distribution This biotope is restricted to the west coast of Scotland, usually near the head of fjordic sealochs, which are influenced by freshwater run-off.\r\nSituation: Where circalittoral rock occurs below this biotope, it often supports a brachiopod/anthozoan community (unit A4.314); where mixed substrata occurs below or adjacent, beds of [Modiolus modiolus] are common (units A5.623 or A5.442).\r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) there may be an increase in filamentous and foliose seaweeds although the diversity will remain low compared to full saline sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.323","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow infralittoral bedrock or boulder slopes, in reduced or low salinity conditions, characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] with dense stands of silted filamentous green seaweeds and red seaweeds [Phyllophora crispa], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides] and [Phycodrys rubens]. The filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Chaetomorpha melagonium] and [Cladophora] spp. can form a blanket cover amongst the [L. saccharina] in the upper zone, which is under greater influence of freshwater input. In deeper water the green seaweeds are replaced by red seaweed [Phyllophora] spp. or [Polysiphonia fucoides] which may form a distinct sub-zone in the biotope. Coralline crust can be present. The solitary ascidians [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra] are often epiphytic on the seaweed (particularly [Phyllophora] spp.) and dominate the animal community along with the starfish [Asterias rubens]. The small ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] occur on the rock surface. More mobile species include the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the whelk [Buccinum undatum]. Bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Spirorbis] sp. may cover kelp fronds. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] may be present in the north.\r\nSituation: The ascidians found in this unit may continue onto the circalittoral rock below where dense colonies of anthozoans and brachiopods can also be found (A4.3142). Where tidal streams are increased, sponge and hydroid communities may occur below (A4.252)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.33","name":"Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock","description":"This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in exposed areas with normal or high salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.331","name":"Association with [Stypocaulon scoparium] (=[Halopteris scoparia])","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Stypocaulon scoparium], living in pure, sheltered waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.332","name":"Association with [Trichosolen myura] and [Liagora farinosa]","description":"This association is characterised by the green alga [Trichosolen myura] and the red alga [Liagora farinosa], also called \"soft spaghettiweed\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.333","name":"Association with [Cystoseira compressa]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira compressa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.334","name":"Association with [Pterocladiella capillacea] and [Ulva laetevirens]","description":"This association is characterised by a vegetation with the red alga [Pteroclediella capillacea] and the green alga [Ulva laetevirens]. It is found in areas with mixed salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.335","name":"Facies with large Hydrozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the high presence of large Hydrozoa (e.g. [Aglaophenia] spp. and [Eudendrium] spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.3351","name":"Pontic facies with large Hydrozoa in the infralittoral (winter aspect)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.336","name":"Association with [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed vegetation of the red algae [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.34","name":"Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)","description":"Very shallow submerged rocky habitats in lagoons, subject to reduced or permanently low salinity conditions. These particular conditions lead to a variety of seaweed-dominated communities, which include fucoids and green filamentous species. The fucoids, more typical of intertidal habitats, penetrate into the subtidal under the reduced salinity conditions which are not tolerated by kelps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.341","name":"Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks [Fucus serratus] and [Fucus vesiculosus], but the brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], [Ascophyllum nodosum] and Ectocarpaceae can be present as well. Red seaweeds are normally present and include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Polyides rotundus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium] spp. and coralline crusts. A variety of green seaweeds is also present and include [Enteromorpha] spp., while dense patches of [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on vertical rock faces. The faunal component is restricted to the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Opossum shrimps Mysidae can be present as well. The kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is absent, possibly due to the low salinity conditions.\r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids (units A3.342 and A3.344) or where salinity is further reduced unit A3.343 can occur. Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (unit A3.3132), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sediments of the lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia] spp. and [Zostera marina] and some locations in the Outer Hebrides support dense beds of the nationally rare stonewort [Lamprothamnion papulosum] (units A5.5343 and A5.5331). The sublittoral mud, which abuts most of the submerged rock, can become anoxic and covered by a bacterial mat of [Beggiatoa] spp. (unit A5.7211)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.342","name":"[Ascophyllum nodosum] and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Dense subtidal stands of [Ascophyllum nodosum], heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present between the [A. nodosum] holdfasts along with the shrimps Mysidae.\r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids and green seaweeds (unit A3.341). Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (unit A3.3132), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sand of these lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia maritima] and [Zostera marina] (units A5.5343 and A5.5331)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.343","name":"[Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense turf of the red seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis], often with a dense mat of filamentous brown and green seaweeds including Ectocarpaceae and [Cladophora] spp. Other red seaweeds presents include [Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis] and coralline crusts as well as the odd brown seaweed [Chorda filum] or [Laminaria] spp. Associated with these seaweeds are a variety of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra] and [Ciona intestinalis] as well as the anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. More mobile fauna include the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the gastropod [Littorina littorea]. Attached to the rock or cobbles are spirorbid polychaetes and the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Please notice that part of this diversity is due to large differences between sites.\r\nSituation: Nearby rock (units A3.342 and A3.341) and seagrass [Ruppia maritima] dominating much of the surrounding muddy sediment (unit A5.5343). Mixed sediment supports filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Cladophora] spp. and [Derbesia marina] on A5.528."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.344","name":"[Fucus ceranoides] and [Enteromorpha] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged lagoon fringes with dense communities of the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. There is typically a very limited associated biota due to low salinity conditions, and may include the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the freshwater/brackish gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.345","name":"[Codium elisabethae], [Halopteris filicina] and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral bedrock","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.346","name":"Pontic association of green and red seaweeds [Enteromorpha], [Ulva] spp., [Porphyra] spp. on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.35","name":"Faunal communities on low energy infralittoral rock","description":"Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.36","name":"Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow subtidal rocky habitats which support faunal-dominated communities, with seaweed communities only poorly developed or absent. In some sealochs dense mussel [Mytilus edulis] beds (A3.361) develop in tide-swept channels, whilst upper estuarine rocky habitats in the south-west coast rias may support particular brackish-water tolerant faunas (A3.362; A3.363)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.361","name":"Mussel beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"This biotope occur in shallow, often tide-swept, reduced salinity conditions. Dense beds of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] with the occasional barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. A wide variety of epifaunal colonisers on the mussel valves, including seaweeds, hydroids and bryozoans can be present. Predatory starfish [Asterias rubens] can be very common in this biotope. This biotope generally appears to lack large kelp plants, although transitional examples containing mussels and kelps plants may also occur. More information needed to validate this description.\r\nSituation: Occurs in tide-swept entrance channels in very enclosed basins of sealochs where the basins are typically of lowered salinity. Also occurs in very sheltered subtidal rock (often vertical) in lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.362","name":"[Cordylophora caspia] and [Electra crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow sublittoral rock in the upper estuary of one of the south-west inlets (Tamar) with very high turbidity and therefore no seaweeds. The brackish-water hydroid [Cordylophora caspia] and small colonies of the encrusting bryozoan [Electra crustulenta] and a few [Balanus crenatus] characterise this biotope. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.363","name":"[Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In the Tamar estuary the hydroid [Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum] are found on stones. In the River Dart the bryozoan [Bowerbankia imbricata] is most abundant. The mussel [Mytilus edulis], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hydroid [Obelia dichotoma] can be present. A similar brackish-water rocky biotope is recorded from the Bann Estuary, Northern Ireland. There are considerable differences in species composition between sites, but all occur in brackish turbid-water conditions. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.4","name":"Baltic exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.5","name":"Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.6","name":"Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A3.7","name":"Features of infralittoral rock","description":"Includes surge gulleys (A3.71), which are found throughout the infralittoral rock zone, and usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities, which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. Also includes habitats in hard substrata in the infralittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water (A3.73) and recently colonised artificial hard substrata in the infralittoral zone (A3.72)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.71","name":"Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves","description":"Infralittoral rocky habitats subject to strong wave surge conditions, as found in surge gullies and shallow caves, and typically colonised by faunal communities of encrusting or cushion sponges, colonial ascidians, short turf-forming bryozoans, anthozoans, barnacles and, where there is sufficient light, red seaweeds. These features usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to, and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. This is reflected in communities of anthozoans, ascidians, bryozoans and red seaweeds near the entrance, leading to sponge crust-dominated communities and finally barnacle and spirorbid worm communities in the most severe surge conditions. Gully/cave floors usually have mobile boulders, cobbles, pebbles or coarse sediment. The mobile nature of the gully/cave floors leads to communities of encrusting species, tolerant of scour and abrasion or fast summer-growing ephemeral species. The lower zone of the gully side walls are also often scoured, and typically colonised by coralline crusts and barnacles.\r\nSituation: On open rocky coasts with moderate or greater wave action.\r\nTemporal variation: Unknown, although winter storms likly to yield scouring on gully/cave walls; some ephemeral growth likely in calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.711","name":"Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances","description":"This biotope is found on steep wave-surged entrances to gullies and caves and on unstable boulders in the entrance to caves and gullies. The rock may be abraded by the movement of the boulders and cobbles in heavy surge and tends to be dominated by dense foliose seaweeds that grow rapidly in the calmer summer months. Beneath the foliose seaweeds the rock surface is typically covered with coralline crusts, which are longer-lived, and tolerant of abrasion. The flora of this biotope is relatively varied, depending upon the amount of light and degree of abrasion or rock mobility with red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Odonthalia dentata], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Phyllophora crispa] and [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] also occurs in these conditions, since it is tolerant of some sand scour. During the summer months small fast-growing kelp plants can arise in this biotope, although the mobility of the substratum prevents the kelp from forming a kelp forest. Dense swathes of very young kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are, however, not uncommon. The faunal community consist of the anemone [Urticina felina], the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: Further into the cave or gully, beyond the dense red seaweeds of A3.711, the vertical rock grades to either an ascidian and sponge dominated community or sponge crusts and anthozoans (A3.712 / A3.713). Further into the cave or gully the floor and any boulders or cobbles are generally scoured clean or may support coralline encrusting algae (unit A3.7162). Above the red seaweeds, steep rock surfaces often support a kelp community (units A3.115 or A3.214) or in shallower water [Alaria esculenta] is usually present (Ala.Myt)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.712","name":"Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical very exposed and exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave-surge dominated by sponge crusts such as [Clathrina coriacea, Myxilla incrustans, Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Halichondria panicea] and anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum, Corynactis viridis] and dwarf [Metridium senile] generally dominate the area; the anthozoans often appearing to protrude through the sponge layer. There may be dense aggregations of the hydroid [Tubularia] [indivisa], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the colonial ascidians [Botrylloides leachi] and [Polyclinum aurantium]. There may be a short crisiid turf, interspersed with [Scrupocellaria reptans]. Encrusting coralline algae may occur on well-illuminated rock faces. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida] and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the topshell [Calliostona zizphinum] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face. The crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] may also be recorded. Due to the wave-surged nature and vertical orientation of these biotopes, kelps are rare and certainly never dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.713","name":"Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical and overhanging, exposed to moderately exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave surge, and dominated by the crustose sponges [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Clathrina coriacea], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Grantia compressa]. There may also be dense aggregations of the anthozoan [Sagartia elegans], dwarf [Metridium senile], [Alcyonium digitatum], and [Urticina felina], and a dense covering of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] on the bare rock face. Dense aggregations of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may be recorded, growing through the sponge crust. Colonial ascidians such as [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Botrylloides leachi], [Aplidium nordmanni] and the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] may all be recorded. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia] sp., the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face, along with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.714","name":"[Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical or overhanging infralittoral rock subject to considerable wave-surge, especially in the middle or back of caves but also in gullies and tunnels, and dominated by dense sheets of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], together with variable quantities of the sponge [Clathrina coriacea]. At some sites [D. grossularia] forms continuous sheets, with few other species present. Other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Scypha ciliata] and [Halichondria panicea] regularly occur in this biotope, though generally at low abundance. Other ascidians, especially [Polyclinum aurantium], [Diplosoma] spp. and other didemnids may also occur, though only [P. aurantium] is ever as abundant as [D. grossularia]. Being characteristically found in the middle or towards the backs of the caves mean that there is generally insufficient light to support any foliose seaweeds, although encrusting coralline algae are not uncommon. More scoured areas may also contain the anemone [Urticina felina], whilst [Sagartia elegans] is often present in low numbers. Mobile fauna are often limited to the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can occur, usually in low densities.\r\nSituation: Where this biotope develops in a cave or tunnel it can occur anywhere from the entrance to the rear of the system. Typically, it will give way to sponge crust or barnacle and encrusting tubeworm communities at the rear of the cave, where surge forces are amplified (units A3.715 or A3.7161). The vertical rock below this unit, abutting the cave/gully floor, is likely to be severely scoured, colonised by the robust A3.7161 biotope. The cave or gully floor is generally scoured clean by boulders and/or cobbles (A3.7162). The cave or gully entrance has more available light for algal growth so dense foliose seaweeds usually dominate the rock walls at the entrance, abutting the [D. grossularia] - [C. coriacea] zone further into the cave (A3.711). This dense seaweed growth may also extend to the upward-facing surfaces of boulders around the entrance. Where this unit occurs in a gully situation, the rock tends to be colonised by dense [Alaria esculenta] in the sublittoral fringe (A3.111) or by [Laminaria hyperborea] forest in the shallow infralittoral (A3.1151)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.715","name":"Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls","description":"Walls, or massive boulders, in caves or gullies that are subject to severe wave-surge and characterised by extensive thin crusts of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] with smaller patches of other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum] or [Clathrina coriacea]. Small turfs of robust hydroids, such as [Diphasia rosacea] and [Ventromma halecioides], and patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], coralline crusts and tube-building spirorbid polychaetes may be present. The starfish [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] can be present. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Actinia equina] can be found in cracks and crevices or under boulders. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] may be present in low densities.\r\nSituation: This surge-tolerant biotope of low-growing fauna is typically confined to the mid or rear section of caves (or the narrowest part of gullies) where the wave-surge is intensified. It generally abuts the less surged ascidian-sponge communities (units A3.712, A3.714 and A3.713). A highly scoured zone of barnacles and calcareous tubeworms often form a zone below, abutting the cave/gully floor (A3.7161)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.716","name":"Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock","description":"Scoured rock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available and scour is severe, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and/or [B. crenatus] immediately above. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts such as [Halichondria panicea] and occasional anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus] as well as the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Two variants have been identified: Wave-surged bedrock with coralline crust, [B. crenatus] and [P. triqueter] (A3.7161) and coralline crusts on mobile boulders in severely scoured caves (A3.7162).\r\nSituation: Generally occurring at the base of walls in caves and gullies and on the floors of caves and gullies. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units A3.712, A3.713); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (A3.714); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (A3.715). At some sites with extreme wave surge, A3.7161 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.7161","name":"[Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock","description":"Severely scoured bedrock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and or [B. crenatus] immediately above. In some caves extreme wave surge at the back of the cave leads to a zone of this biotope which may also be dominated solely by sprorbids or by the barnacle [Verruca stroemia]. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts, small [Mytilus edulis] and occasional [Actinia equina], [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. During periods of relative stability in the summer, small quantities of foliose red seaweeds and opportunistic kelps may occur where sufficient light is available; the seaweeds however do not dominate (compare with A3.711).\r\nSituation: Generally occurs at the base of walls in caves and gullies, but in extreme surge may occur as a zone at the back of caves. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units A3.712, A3.713); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (A3.714); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (A3.715). At some sites, A3.7161 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A3.7162","name":"Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies","description":"Highly mobile and scoured boulders and cobbles found on cave and gully floors and which often appear bare. Where there is sufficient light and stability, however, the boulders are encrusted by coralline algal crusts. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and keelworms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may survive in areas protected from severe abrasion. Crabs such as [Cancer pagurus] and [Carcinus maenas] may occur, often beneath and between the rocks, along with the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The anemone [Actinia equina] may be present in low numbers.\r\nSituation: The slightly less-scoured walls often found above this biotope in caves and gullies are generally characterised by a similar, but richer community of scour-tolerant [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], coralline crusts and spirorbid worms (A3.7161). This impoverished biotope may form an intermediate between barren gravel and slightly more stable larger pebbles and cobbles which are covered by algae that are often found in the mouths of caves (unit A3.711).\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms periodically mobilise the boulders and cobbles, causing abrasion to any seasonal biota that may have developed over the calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.72","name":"Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities","description":"Moderately exposed to wave-sheltered artificial substrata (such as steel wrecks/concrete pilings/cable debris etc) subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams in the infralittoral zone. This habitat type is characterised by a dense covering of filamentous and foliose algae on vertical as well as the upper faces of the substrata. Although there are no biotopes currently defined under this biotope, due to the low number of records, it is suspected that this has been highly 'under-recorded', and that additional records will be added in the near future, leading to the definition of biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.73","name":"Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.731","name":"Freshwater seeps in infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.732","name":"Oil seeps in infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.733","name":"Vents in infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A3.74","name":"Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.741","name":"Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] under overhangs and in cave entrances","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.742","name":"Pontic caves dominated by sponges [Dysidea] sp. and [Haliclona] sp. with crustose corallines, [Actinia equina], and [Hemimysis] sp.","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A3.743","name":"Pontic cave entrances with [Palaemon elegans], [Actinia equina], [Pachygrapsus marmoratus] and [Eriphia verrucosa] and little sponges","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A4","name":"Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present but not dominant) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.1","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock","description":"Occurs on extremely wave-exposed to exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to very strong. Typically found in tidal straits and narrows. The high energy levels found within this habitat complex are reflected in the fauna recorded. Sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Myxilla incrustans] may all be recorded. Characteristic of this habitat complex is the dense 'carpet' of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is recorded in high abundance on the rocky substrata. On rocky outcrops, [Alcyonium digitatum] is often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.11","name":"Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs in wave-exposed, tide-swept narrows and straits on circalittoral bedrock and boulders. The biotopes within this complex are characterised by a high abundance of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is characteristic of A4.111, the cushion sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Myxilla incrustans] are characteristic of A4.1121 and [Alcyonium digitatum] is characteristic of A4.1122. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Urticina felina], [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] are all found within this complex. Other species present in this high-energy complex are the sponges [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia], the bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], [Cancer pagurus], [Sertularia argentea] and [Asterias rubens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.111","name":"[Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave-exposures. It is characterised by a few species that are capable of maintaining a foothold in strong tides. These species either form a flat, adherent crust in the case of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], or have strong attachment points and are flexible, bending with the tide, such as the turf of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. Other species able to tolerate these very strong tides, or just situated slightly out of the main force of the current, include the sponge [Halichondria panicea], the robust hydroid [Sertularia argentea] and current-tolerant anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Metridium senile]. Mobile species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may also be present.\r\nSituation: This biotope is typically occurs in deep, very tide-swept straights, sounds and narrows with a bedrock/boulder/cobble slope. Kelp forest (unit A3.212) occurs in shallower water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.112","name":"[Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is characterised by a dense carpet of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], where present, is recorded as common. The accompanying species in the community are determined by tidal stream strength. On the more sheltered sides of headlands, where tidal streams are accelerated, sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] proliferate forming the A4.1121 sub-unit. There may also be a scattered bryozoan turf, formed by criisid bryozoans. However, where tidal streams are slightly reduced, but on more wave-exposed coasts, anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] become more prominent forming the  biotope A4.1122. Other species recorded in this biotope include the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis virdis] and [Urticina felina]. There may be scattered clumps of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]. Where `relative shelter' is afforded by the topography of the seabed, the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be found. More ubiqutous species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1121","name":"[Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high for much of the year, for example, around Anglesey and the Lleyn Penisula. From afar, this variant appears as a dense carpet of [Tubularia indivisa] covering tide-swept gully walls, floors and boulders. [T. indivisa] is frequently observed growing through sheets of sponges such as [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] as well as through dense patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and tubes of the amphipod [Jassa] spp. Several other species of sponge appear to be tolerant of the high turbidity in areas where this variant occurs, many of which are common in other biotopes. These include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Hemimycale columella], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Clathrina coriacea]. Robust hydroids (other than [T. indivisa]) such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Sertularia argentea] occur in patches. The anemones [Urticina felina], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically common. A short bryozoan turf consisting of crisiid bryozoans, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bugula flabellata] may be present. [Alcyonium digitatum] may occasionally be seen although it doesn't tend to be as dominant as in A4.1122. Individual [Corynactis viridis] may be seen scattered across the gully walls and boulders. The starfish [Henricia oculata] may be seen on boulders and gully floors whilst typical under-boulder fauna includes the crab [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: Above this biotope, [Laminaria] forest (unit A3.115) may be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1122","name":"[Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders in sounds, narrows and around tide-swept promontories in accelerated tidal streams. It is dominated by aggregations of dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum], and dense clumps or continuous cover of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], particularly on prominent ledges and ridges. Anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Corynactis virdis] form a prominent component of the community. Occasionally, massive sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Esperiopsis fucorum] may be present. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be dotted around the rocks, and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be observed. Clumps of the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] are occasionally seen. The starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen amongst a patchy turf of [Crisia denticulata] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. This variant may also be found on tideswept wrecks and other artificial sustratum.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope, it is usual to find well-developed kelp forest in the upper infralittoral, dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea] (unit A3.115). In the lower infralittoral, it is usual to find a tide-swept turf of hydroids and red algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.12","name":"Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type typically occurs on deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge habitat type (A4.131) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water habitat type. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The sea fan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in A4.1311. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is often recorded as present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.121","name":"[Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. Although it occurs in exposed and very exposed conditions, at such depth, the turbulent wave action appears to have a much-attenuated effect on the fauna compared with shallower depths. As the majority of records are from depths between 30-50+ m, slightly deeper than the depths of most surveys, it is possible that this biotope is more widespread than the available dataset indicates. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge biotope complex (unit A4.131) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water biotope. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The seafan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in unit A4.1311. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is often recorded as present.\r\nSituation: Unit A4.2122  probably occurs above unit A4.121 in shallower water where the exposure of the coast ensures that there is more water mixing due to wave action. Deeper down, this effect is attenuated, allowing A4.121 biotope to develop.\r\nTemporal variation: [Axinella dissimilis] tends to grow extremely slowly."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.13","name":"Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to moderately strong. This complex is characterised by its diverse range of hydroids ([Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa]), bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]) and sponges ([Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celeta], [Raspailia ramosa], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]) forming an often dense, mixed faunal turf. Other species found within this complex are [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Cancer pagurus], [Necora puber], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.131","name":"Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from moderately strong to strong. It often has a thin layer of silt covering the seabed, and is characterised by a bryozoan/hydroid turf with erect sponges. Typical bryozoans to be found include crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata], while typical hydroids include [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is frequently recorded on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Characteristic erect sponges include [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Stelligera rigida]; other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Tethya aurantium]. Other species present include [Caryophylia smithii], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Echinus esculentus], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Necora puber]. Three variants of this biotope have been described, but all are characterised by a bryozoan turf with erect sponges. A4.1311 is found primarily on circalittoral bedrock and is dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa]. Unit A4.1312 is found under slightly stronger tide-swept conditions, and is characterised particularly by the sponge [D. fragilis] and the anemone [A. sphyrodeta]. Finally unit A4.1313 is characterised by the anemone [Sagartia elegans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1311","name":"[Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on wave-exposed, steep, circalittoral bedrock, boulder slopes and outcrops, subject to varying tidal streams. This silty variant contains a diverse faunal community, dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa], the bryozoan [Pentapora foliacea] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. There are frequently numerous [Alcyonium digitatum], and these may become locally abundant under more tide-swept conditions. [Alcyonium glomeratum] may also be present. A diverse sponge community is usually present, including numerous erect sponges; species present include [Cliona celata], [Raspailia ramosa], [Raspailia hispida], [Axinella dissimilis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. [Homaxinella subdola] may be present in the south west. A hydroid/bryozoan turf may develop in the understorey of this rich sponge assemblage, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa]. The sea cucumber [Holothuria forskali] may be locally abundant, feeding on the silty deposits on the rock surface. Other echinoderms encountered include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other fauna includes aggregations of colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Stolonica socialis]. Anemones such as [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Parazoanthus axinellae] may be seen dotted across the rock surface. This biotope is present in south west England and Wales.\r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found on rocky outcrops, surrounded by coarse sediment. This may be in the form of shelly gravel or muddy gravel, supporting [Urticina felina], [Cerianthus lloydi] and [Neopentadactyla mixta]. Above A4.1311, dense kelp forest containing [Saccorhiza polyschides] is usually found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1312","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed and moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders subject to a variety of tidal regimes (from strong through to weak). It is found mainly in the 10-20m depth range and does not usually occur deeper than 30 m. It therefore often straddles the upper circalittoral and lower infralittoral. It often has a light covering of silt and sand may be in the vicinity. Sponges form a dominant part of this variant, although cover usually appears patchy, with no single species dominating. Species present include [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella], [Cliona celata], [Stelligera rigida], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Raspailia ramosa], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Axinella dissimilis]. Tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], frequently recorded on the tops of outcrops and boulders, stand out more clearly than the understorey of finer hydroid and bryozoan turf such as [Aglaophenia pluma], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], crisiids, [Cellaria sinuosa] and [Bugula turbinata]. Other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] are also frequently recorded. Other more widespread species present include [Asterias rubens], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Balanus crenatus], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Corynactis viridis], [Necora puber] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. This variant has been recorded off the south east coast of Ireland, the welsh coast and Lundy Island.\r\nSituation: This biotope is typically found on exposed coasts, with exposed kelp forest in the infralittoral zone, characterised by species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The A4.1312 variant is usually found below A4.1311, with similar geographic range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1313","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Sagartia elegans] on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, on steep slopes and upper faces in moderate tidal streams. This species-rich biotope is characterised by a dense sponge, hydroid and bryozoan turf and frequent [Alcyonium digitatum]. There are frequently large growths of [Cliona celata] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species present in this diverse sponge community include [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Polymastia mamilliaris], [Scypha ciliata], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Axinellid sponges such as [Stelligera stuposa] and [Raspailia ramosa] may be present in low abundance, and are usually more abundant in deeper water. A dense hydroid turf forms a significant part of this biotope, with tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] frequently recorded. Other hydroid turf component species include [Halecium halecinum], [Aglaophenia tubulifera] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Anemones are also well represented, with species such as [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile] recorded. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] are also frequently seen. The bryozoan turf is composed predominantly of [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], whilst crustose species such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] contribute to a lesser extent. The delicate [Bugula plumosa] may also be present. There is a significant echinoderm component in this biotope. Species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida] are all regularly recorded. Other species which may be observed include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinium], the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] is typically found under boulders. This variant has been recorded from from various sites including Pembrokeshire, the Calf of Man and the west coast of Ireland.\r\nSituation: Dense kelp forests containing [L. hyperborea] and [S. polyschides] are typically found above A4.1313."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.132","name":"[Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on wave-exposed, vertical or steep, circalittoral bedrock or large boulders, usually subject to moderate or strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the anemone [Corynactis viridis] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] intermixed with a short bryozoan turf of one or more [Crisia] spp., [Scrupocellaria] spp., [Bugula] spp. and [Cellaria] spp. Occasionally, this turf obscures the underlying [C. virdis] and [C. smithii]. Cushion and encrusting sponges, particularly [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], are present in moderate amounts at many sites. The axinellid sponges [Stelligera] spp. and [Raspailia] spp. are less frequently recorded. Clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] as well as the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may be found covering the hard substratum. The anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically present in low numbers, while the hard `coral' [Pentapora foliacea] is also occasionally observed. The most frequently recorded echinoderms are [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Asterias rubens], although other species such as [Echinus esculentus] may also be seen. The rocky substratum may have a patchy covering of encrusting red seaweeds/algae. The crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus] may be seen in crevices or under overhangs. This biotope is regularly recorded around south west England and Wales, often on vertical rock faces.\r\nSituation: Due to its wave-exposed nature, kelp park and forest biotopes (units A3.115 and A3.111) are commonly found in the infralittoral zone shallower than this biotope, and feature species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Sacchoriza polyschides] and [Alaria esculenta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.133","name":"Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs from exposed through to sheltered circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is found in water depths ranging from 4m to 37m. This biotope is distinguished by frequently occurring [Swiftia pallida], abundant [Caryophilia smithii] and a diverse range of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidia mentula], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Diazona violacea] and [Corella parallelogramma]. A sparse, yet diverse hydroid turf is often apparent, with species such as [Aglaophenia tubulifera], [Nemertesia antennina], [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halopteris catharina] often recorded. Spaces amongst the turf are usually colonised by the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and encrusting red algae. Crinoids such as [Antedon petasus], [Antedon bifida] and [Leptometra celtica] may be seen filter feeding on the tops of outcrops and boulders, along with the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] may also be recorded. There may also be a bryozoan component to the sparse faunal turf. Species such as [Securiflustra securifrons] and [Eucratea loricata] as well as the crustose [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all usually present. There may be a few isolated growths of sponge, such as [Iophonopsis nigricans], [Axinella infundibuliformis] and [Haliclona urceolus]. Other species that may be present include the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The crustacean [Munida rugosa] may be visible in crevices. All records are from the west coast of Scotland (east coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).\r\nSituation: Above this biotope, kelp forests and parks are typically found in the infralittoral, with [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. This biotope is found in Scottish Sealochs and, in the most sheltered situations, may graduate into unit A4.314 at greater depths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.134","name":"[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders (although a variant is found on mixed substrata). It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is exposed to varying amounts of scour (due to nearby patches of sediment) and, as a consequence, is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra folicaea], a range of colonial ascidians and a variety of other scour/silt-tolerant species. In addition to [F. foliacea], other bryozoans present in this biotope include [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]. Varying amounts of the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded, depending on the amount of scouring which may vary locally. Where scour is a major factor, species such as the scour-tolerant [Urticina felina] are frequently observed. Hydroids present in this biotope include [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecium], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include silt-tolerant sponges such as [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides], and the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. [Balanus crenatus] may be recorded occasionally on the boulder/rock surface, and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed finding refuge in crevices and under boulders. More ubiquitous species present include [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. Three variants of this biotope have been defined. Unit A4.1342 tends to have a high abundance of barnacles, which populate the rocky seabed. The second variant (A4.1341) is characterised by abundant [Polyclinum aurantium] in addition to [F. foliacea], which often incorporates sand grains into itself, giving the crustose appearance of sandy rock nodules. Finally, A4.1343 is found on mixed substrata and is characterised by a dense hydroid turf growing alongside [F. foliacea] and other scour-tolerant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1341","name":"[Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper face of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. Sand and silt are periodically re-suspended in the water column, resulting in scour-tolerant species being characteristic of these areas. There is a dense covering of the scour-resistant bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] attached to the bedrock plains and boulders. The colonial ascidian [Polyclinum aurantium] commonly covers the rock surface at most locations within this biotope - itself incorporating sand grains into its surface to give it the appearance of sandy rock nodules. Other ascidians that may occur in this crust are the flat, encrusting colonial [Botrylloides leachi], [Botryllus schlosseri] and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], although in varying quantities at each location. A short turf of other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata] occur amongst the ascidians. Other species found in this biotope are the sponges [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Scypha ciliata], the hydroids [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecinum] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina]. Echinoderms which may be present include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Crustaceans such as the crab [Cancer pagurus], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus] may be observed in crevices and under boulders. The palps of the polychaete [Polydora] spp. may be observed whilst the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the hydroid/bryozoan turf. This variant is commonly found on the Northumberland coast, Flamborough Head and the Lleyn Peninsula.\r\nSituation: As A4.1341 tends to occur in waters with a sediment load, the resulting light penetration is reduced, meaning that kelp forests such as unit A3.214, normally found shallower than A4.1341 in the infralittoral zone, are present over a narrower depth range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1342","name":"[Flustra foliacea], small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders","description":"This sub-biotope is typically found on the upper faces of exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept, scoured, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra foliacea] with a variety of slightly scour/silt-tolerant species forming a dense turf. This turf is primarily composed of bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], [Bicellariella ciliata]) and hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Sertularia argentea], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Abietinaria abietina]). Where space permits, barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found encrusting on the rock surface. There may also be occasional crusts formed by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa], especially where the rock is most influenced by sand. Anthozoans which may be observed include [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], whilst the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded on the tops of boulders and bedrock ridges. A range of small solitary and colonial ascidians may be seen, including [Polycarpa scuba], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Molgula manhattensis], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and polyclinids. Sponges found include [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata] and [Crossaster papposus] may be seen on the rock surface. Other species found include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber].\r\nSituation: Above this variant, exposed kelp forest supporting [Laminaria hyperborea] is commonly found (unit A3.115). At locations where wave-exposure and/or tidal streams are less, this biotope may be replaced by [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Securiflustra securifrons] (unit A4.2143). Where the substrata changes to a less stable mixed substrata, then this biotope will be replaced by the sub-biotope A4.1343, with more `sediment' species such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Chaetopterus variopedatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.1343","name":"[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This variant is typically found on very exposed to moderately exposed, circalittoral mixed substrata subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It most frequently occurs between 10m and 20m water depth. This variant is characterised by a dense hydroid and [Flustra foliacea] turf, along with other scour-tolerant species, growing on the more stable boulders and cobbles which overlie coarse muddy sand and gravel. Although [Nemertesia antennina] is the dominant species within the hydroid turf, other species such as [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Hydrallmania falcata] may also be present. Other bryozoans found amongst the hydroid and [Flustra] turf include [Cellepora pumicosa], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], and a crisiid turf. Encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found on the smaller cobbles and pebbles, which may become mobile during extreme storms. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] may be present on the boulders, or the coarse sediment in between. On the larger, more stable boulders, isolated sponge communities may develop, with species such as [Scypha ciliata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Stelligera rigida]. In addition, small [Alcyonium digitatum], various ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri]), [Pododesmus patelliformis] and top shells ([Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria]) may colonise the upper faces and vertical sides of larger boulders. At some shallower sites, the foliose red algae [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] may be found on the tops of larger boulders. Within the coarse sediment underlying these boulders and cobbles, anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina] may be recorded. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of terebellid worms, and crabs such as [Pisidia longicornis] and [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: This variant is found in wave-exposed locations, resulting in kelp forest in the infralittoral zone being dominated by [Alaria esculentus] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. When the substratum becomes rockier, this biotope will graduate into the variant A4.1342."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.135","name":"Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp., and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed sand-scoured, circalittoral boulders, cobbles and pebbles that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams (referred to as lag-cobbles locally). It is characterised by sparse sponges and a diverse bryozoan and hydroid turf. The sparse sponge community is primarily composed of [Dysidea fragilis] and [Scypha ciliata]. The mixed faunal turf is composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea], [Alcyonium digitatum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], [Bugula plumosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cellaria fistulosa] and crisiid bryozoans. The anemones [Epizoanthus couchii], [Sagartia elegans] and [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be recorded. Echinoderms such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida]. Other species present include the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidian [Morchellium argus], [Prosthecareus vittatus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. It is distributed off Pen Llyn and over considerable areas of the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.136","name":"[Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found on heavily silted, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders (often limestone) that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams. A very high silt loading in the water column means that this 'circalittoral' biotope occurs at unusually shallow depths (1 - 10 m BCD). It is characterised by a mixed faunal turf and `massive' examples of the sponges [Suberites ficus], [Suberites carnosus] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. Other sponges recorded in this biotope are [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Raspailia ramosa], [Polymastia mamillaris], [Dysidea fragilis], [Scypha ciliata], [Stelligera rigida] and [Haliclona oculata]. Also characteristic of this biotope is a dense bryozoan turf with one or more crisiid species, [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. The polychaete [Polydora] spp. and the rock-boring bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are able to bore into the relatively soft limestone. There is an ascidian component to the biotope, with [Morchellium argus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] among the most abundant. There may be scattered clumps of the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include the anemones [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Necora puber], the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. This biotope has currently only been recorded off the east coast of Anglesey, Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.137","name":"[Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on exposed slopes of silty cobble and pebble subject to strong to moderate tidal streams. From afar, large 'finger' growths of the sponge [Haliclona oculata] occur amongst a rich faunal turf of hydroids and bryozoans with [Flustra foliacea] prominent. The dense faunal turf growing on the cobbles is composed of the bryozoans [F. foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Crisia eburnea] and sporadic occurrences of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Tubularia larynx], [Rhizocaulus verticillatus] and [Halecium halecinum]. Caprellid shrimps may be observed within this faunal turf. The hard substratum frequently has a dense covering of the sponge [H. oculata] and occasionally [Esperiopsis fucorum], while the softer gravely/sand between the cobbles provides a habitat for anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Cerianthus lloydii]. The nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the faunal turf and the fan worm [Sabella pavonia] is occasionally seen amongst the cobbles. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is often attached to the upper faces of more stable cobbles and rocks, while in the crevices between cobbles, the anemone [Sagartia elegans], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the prawn [Pandalus montagui] and the amphipod [Dyopedos porrectus] may be observed. Under-cobble fauna includes terebellid worms and [Harmothoe] spp. This biotope has been recorded from the Menai Strait, Milford Haven and Morecambe Bay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.138","name":"[Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on slightly sand-scoured, tide-swept, moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock and cobbles. It is commonly recorded from the shallower reaches of the circalittoral around depths from 5m to 15m BCD, as it occurs mostly in very turbid waters. From afar, the physical characteristics are usually silted bedrock reefs and cobble, interspersed with patches of clean sand, causing a scour effect on the rock. Dense aggregations of the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] form a silty mat on the rock and there is a sparse hydroid and bryozoan turf. A hydroid turf, composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium beanii], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Sertularella gaudichaudi], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Alcyonium digitatum], in varying amounts, occurs at most sites on the tops of boulders and ridges. A bryozoan turf is also present, but not usually dense and includes [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Electra pilosa] and the crust-forming bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum]. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] thrives in the sandy patches which often occur between the rock ridges. The scour effect tends to reduce the diversity of sponges present with only [Halichondria panicea] occasionally present. Isolated clumps of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] may be present but they do not occur in dense aggregations as in the A4.2211 biotope. The anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia troglodytes] may occur in cracks between cobbles or on stones buried in the sandy substratum. The anemone [Sagartia elegans] is more commonly found attached to crevices in the bedrock. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonia] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may all be present whilst the crab [Pisidia longicornis] may be found under cobbles and stones. Records of this biotope are distributed along the south coast of England and the north Wales coast as well as Pembrokeshire near the entrance to Milford Haven.\r\nSituation: As this biotope is often recorded on soft rock (chalk), soft rock communities (A4.23 biotope complex) would be observed in close proximity with species of the genus [Polydora] and piddocks ([Pholas] spp. and [Barnea] spp). Moderately exposed kelp forests may be found within the shallow infralittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.139","name":"Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope is found on exposed to moderately wave exposed , vertical and overhanging, circalittoral bedrock, subject to strong through to weak tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by a mixed faunal turf of hydroids ([Nemertesis antennina], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Halecium halecium]) and bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum] and crisiid turf). There is frequently a diverse range of sponges recorded, including [Cliona celata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hemimycale columella]. There may be dense aggregation of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] along with clumps of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali] and [Antedon bifida], clumps of the lightbulb tunicate [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. The first variant is characterised by a [Bugula] turf along with the pink sea fan [Eunicella verrucosa], and has been recorded from around southwest England and Wales. The second variant, characterised by a dense 'carpet' of [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] has been recorded predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. The final variant is characterised by a very diverse, dense faunal turf of hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians and has been recorded from the coasts around Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.2","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock","description":"Mainly occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong and weak tidal streams. This habitat type contains a broad range of biological subtypes, from echinoderms and crustose communties (A4.21) to Sabellaria reefs (A4.22) and circalittoral mussel beds (A4.24)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.21","name":"Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock and boulders. Echinoderms, faunal ([Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal crusts (red encrusting algae) dominate this biotope, giving a sparse appearance. Typical echinoderms present are the starfish [Asterias rubens], the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina] and [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Urticina felina] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present may include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizphinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.211","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of very exposed through to wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders, which are typically subject to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the sea fan [Swiftia pallida] on the silty substratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae may be seen. This biotope may have a grazed appearance, perhaps attributable to the frequently occurring [Echinus esculentus]. There may be a sparse hydroid turf present, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum] present. The soft corals [Alcyonium glomeratum] and [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present on the tops of boulders along with the crinoids [Antedon petasus] and [Antedon bifida]. Other echinoderms occasionally observed include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens] and [Luidia ciliaris]. Sponges feature only occasionally in this biotope, including species such as [Cliona celata]. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded. Ascidians occasionally present include [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of the crustacean [Munida rugosa]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen encrusting the rocky surface. Two variants of this biotope have been identified; Units A4.2111 and A4.2112. A4.2111 is a heavily silted biotope characterised by the sea fan [S. pallida], the cup coral [C. smithii] and the soft coral [A. glomeratum] and is only present in Irish waters. A4.2112 has been recorded off the west coast of Scotland, and is characterised by large solitary ascidians and the cup coral [C. smithii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2111","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on sheltered, ridged, circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to only weak tidal streams, but may be found in somewhat more exposed conditions. It is found in water depths ranging from 15m to 32m. Commonly occurring [Swiftia pallida] characterises this heavily silted biotope along with [Caryophyllia smithii] and frequent [Alcyonium glomeratum]. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may be found. There is a strong echinoderm component to the community, with the tentacles of [Aslia lefevrei] frequently seen protruding from crevices in the ridged bedrock. [Holothuria forskali] is often seen on the upper faces of boulders and bedrock. [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata] and [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. A sparse hydroid turf may also be present, with species such as [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum] and [Nemertesia antennina]. In addition, there may be anthozoans such as [Isozoanthus sulcatus] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Suberites carnosus] is typically associated with a heavily silted habitat. Other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. The only records are from the west coast of Ireland.\r\nSituation: Usually found on bedrock ridges and outcrops surrounded by sand and muddy gravel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2112","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock and boulders rock subject to mainly weak tidal streams and has a thin layer of silt present. It is found predominantly from 10-30m water depth. From afar, this biotope is mostly distinguished by the frequently occurring seafan [Swiftia pallida], encrusting red algae and the abundant cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. This biotope has quite an impoverished appearance, compared with unit A4.133 which has a strong sponge component. Other species present are typically in low abundance. Echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida], [Antedon petasus], [Leptometra celtica], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Luidia ciliaris] and [Asterias rubens] may be recorded. Large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] may occasionally be seen in isolated clumps on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. The anthozoan [Parazoanthus anguicomus] may be recorded. Bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Porella compressa] are occasionally observed. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed encrusting the sides of rocks and boulders while occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen. A small suite of large ascidians may be present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis], [Diazona violacea] and [Ascidia virginea]. Sponges are typically absent from this biotope, although [Cliona celata] may be recorded occasionally. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is usually present. Under boulders and overhangs, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] can usually be seen hiding. All these records are from the west coast of Scotland (East coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).\r\nSituation: Above this biotope in the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp forests are usually found, with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Sacchoriza polyschides]. This biotope is found on bedrock and boulders, which may either be protruding from the surrounding sediment, or the sediment may be in a separate zone below the bedrock. These sediments may either be deep mud (with species such as [Pachycerianthus] and [Nephrops] ) on the sheltered sites or slightly coarser sediments (with [Pennatula] and [Virgularia]) on slightly more exposed sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.212","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper and vertical faces of wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders, with a water depth range of 20-30m. This often silty biotope has a typically sparse fauna, appearing grazed, and is characterised by common cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii], frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional urchins [Echinus esculentus]. There may be occasional large growths of the sponge [Cliona celata], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and the axinellid sponge [Stelligera stuposa]. Echinoderms form a prominent feature of the fauna within this biotope, with species such as [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Luidia ciliaris], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali], [Antedon bifida] and [Aslia lefevrei] present. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae cover the rock/boulder surface. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded occasionally. Isolated clumps of hydroids feature species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Abietinaria abietina], [Halecium halecinum] and [Sertularella gayi]. Other species observed include the anemone [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Balanus crenatus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Two variants within this biotope have been distinguished: units A4.2122 and A4.2121. While  A4.2122 tends to have the bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [P. compressa], while A4.2121 features a dynamic community of brittlestars covering the seabed in a dense mat. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the dominant species in shallow water but tends to be replaced by [Ophiocomina nigra] in deeper water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2121","name":"Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, on open coasts. However, the depth at which the variant occurs means that wave action is not so severe on the seabed as to displace the dense mat of brittlestars that covers the seabed. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the most dominant species in shallow water, with [Ophiocomina nigra] usually found amongst them, but sometimes becoming the dominant species in deeper water. Although brittlestar biotopes are typically species-poor, the underlying fauna in this variant is relatively diverse and resembles that of A4.2122. Species such as the anemone [Urticina felina], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] may occasionally be present. There may also be sparse clumps of various hydroids including [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Sertularella gayi] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is occasionally present and there may be sparse specimens of the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. In addition, various echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris] may be observed. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen attached to any available space on the bedrock and boulders not smothered by brittlestars. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may also be present.\r\nSituation: Wave-exposed seabed composed of bedrock ridges and/or boulder or cobble slope. Shallower than this biotope, the lower infralittoral kelp park is dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea]. A dense understorey may be present, containing [Antedon] spp., [Phycodrys rubens] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2122","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces and vertical sides of wave-exposed bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The fauna is often sparse with the frequently observed [Echinus esculentus] giving it a grazed appearance, but the community may also be affected by violent storm action working into deep water during winter storms. Despite this spartan appearance, the community is relatively diverse and contains a wide range of sponges, hydroids, bryozoans and echinoderms. This variant is found on open coasts or offshore, and is characterised by the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii], [Alcyonium digitatum], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], large specimens of the sponge [Cliona celata], encrusting bryozoans and encrusting red algae. Although this variant tends to occur in deep water (depth range of 20-30m), a high degree of water clarity allows some red algae to grow at these depths. Other species recorded include large specimens of [Haliclona viscosa], the bryozoans [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Porella compressa] and [Pentapora foliacea], the sea cucumbers [Holothuria forskali] and [Aslia lefevrei] and sparse hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. Anemones such as [Corynactis viridis], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina] are also frequently seen. Various other species characteristic of wave-exposed rock include the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera stuposa], the starfish [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The majority of the records within this variant originate from the west coast of Ireland.\r\nSituation: Exposed kelp forest and park biotopes such as unit A3.115 with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are typically found shallower than this biotope. Deeper, this biotope is believed to graduate into A4.121 (deep erect sponges), as both these biotopes are common around the west coast of Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.213","name":"[Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, rock adjacent to mobile sand/gravel in gullies, and cobbles on gravel and sand, characterised by scour-tolerant robust species. Although many of these species are found on subtidal rock, they tend to occur in larger numbers in these highly sand-influenced conditions. The dominant species by far is the anemone [Urticina felina] which commonly occurs on rocks at the sand-rock interface, where the scour levels are at a maximum and few species can tolerate this abrasion. The sponge [Ciocalypta penicillus] is also very characteristic of shifting sand-covered rock. This biotope is only occasionally recorded as a separate entity, because its extent is typically restricted to a very narrow band of rock at the sediment interface. Only occasionally does it cover a large extent of rock (e.g. where the wave action is strong enough to cause sand abrasion well up the rock face or where the rock is low-lying). More often, this scoured zone is recorded as part of whatever biotope occurs on the nearby hard substrata. Other species (which are able to survive, and benefit from the reduced competition) include [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cliona celata], encrusting red algae and [Asterias rubens].\r\nSituation: This biotope tends to be found in close proximity to mobile sand or gravel, producing scour that tends to limit the number of species found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.214","name":"Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical and upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to mostly moderate to weak tidal streams (a variant of this biotope containing brittlestar is found on bedrock, boulders and cobbles). The biotope is dominated by faunal (e.g. [Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal (Corallinaceae) crusts, and tends to have a grazed appearance; this may be partially attributable to the abundance of [Echinus esculentus] found in this biotope. Occasionally, the rock may appear pink from a distance, due to the expanses of encrusting red algae on the rock surface. [Alcyonium digitatum] is one of the few species to stand erect from the encrusted rock surface and are frequently encountered, on the tops of rocky outcrops and boulders. Hydroids do not form a prominent feature of this biotope, with only robust species such as [Abietinaria abietina] frequently recorded. Sponges and [Caryophyllia smithii] are rarely present while erect bryozoans and ascidians are scarce (although there are exceptions, see variants). The [E. esculentus] grazed substratum may be interspersed with other encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis]. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Urticina felina], [Ophiocomina nigra], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Flustra foliacea], [Gibbula cineraria], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Ophiura albida], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Antedon bifida]. Six variants of this biotope have been recorded. A4.2141 is dominated by the silt and scour tolerant bryozoan [F. foliacea]. A4.2142 is dominated by [A. digitatum]. Unit A4.2143 is dominated by [Securiflustra securifrons]. A4.2145 looks extremely impoverished (even for a grazed community). A4.2144 has a dense covering of brittlestars while A4.2146r is only found under weak/very weak tides and is dominated by [C. smithii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2141","name":"[Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong tidal streams. These rocky patches may be interspersed with gravelly sand patches, causing a scouring effect. From afar, the variant appears dominated by the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea]. [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen attached to the rocky substratum. Under closer inspection, the white tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed on the rock and boulders, especially on vertical faces. There may be sandy/gravelly patches in between the boulders colonised by the anemone [Urticina felina]. The regular occurrence of large numbers of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] in this biotope may be responsible for grazing the faunal and algal turf, thus keeping species richness relatively low. Other echinoderms that may be seen include the ubiquitous starfish [Asterias rubens] and the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Sparse clumps of the hydroids [Thuiaria thuja], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Tubularia indivisa] are occasionally seen attached to the rocky substratum. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] and sparse bryozoan crusts may also be present. This biotope is characteristic of the bedrock terraces along the Northumberland coast that are generally species impoverished compared to similar [F. foliacea] biotopes on the west coasts of the UK, which have a more diverse range of sponges, hydroids and bryozoans. As the turbidity levels increase in this fairly silty biotope, so the species diversity is reduced.\r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs around coasts subject to sand scour and siltation. Associated biotopes common around the north-east coast of England include circalittoral gravel and coarse sands. Typical species present include [Echinocardium], [Lanice conchilega], [Ensis] spp., [Mya truncata] and [Myxicola]. Where suitable substratum is available, exposed kelp forests occur in the infralittoral (the latter normally occupies a narrow band due to the high silt loading in the water column). Where this biotope occurs along with chalk or limestone bedrock and boulders, piddock dominated biotopes (Pid) may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2142","name":"[Alcyonium digitatum], [Pomatoceros triqueter], algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical, steep and upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to varying amounts of current. The variant has a very grazed, sparse appearance, dominated only by the presence of [Alcyonium digitatum] and large expanses of encrusting red alage and bryozoan crusts particularly ([Parasmittina trispinosa]). The sparse appearance can be attributed to the frequently observed sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be locally abundant, and may in some cases cover far more rock surface than [A. digitatum], especially on vertical faces. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] occur occasionally. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Henricia sanguinolenta], [Ophiothrix fragilis], the anemone [Urticina felina], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: Shallower than this biotope, dense kelp forest is typically found, containing species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Alaria esculentus]. Occasionally, this biotope may be found on rocky outcrops surrounding by coarse sand. With this increased scour, A4.213 may develop at the rock/sand interface. Below this biotope, coarse sediments, muddy gravel and sand are typically recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2143","name":"[Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The rock surface is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Securiflustra securifrons]. The rock between these species appears fairly sparse and grazed, with expanses of encrusting red algae. The sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is frequently seen, and in collaboration with the light attenuating effects of depth, is probably the principal reason for the lack of algal turf. Other species found include the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Thuiaria thuja], the bryozoans [Cellepora pumicosa], [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and other bryozoan crusts. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus balanus] are frequently observed. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Ophiura albida], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Urticina felina], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizphinium] and [Pandalus montagui].\r\nSituation: Above this biotope, you tend to find exposed kelp forest and park (unit A3.115). There is a tendency for slight scouring to occur in this biotope. However, if this scour increases further, for example if water movement increases, mobilising more sand, this biotope may graduate into UrtScr. In more silty sites, there is a tendency for [S. securifrons] to be replaced by [F. foliacea] as the dominant bryozoan, turning the biotope into A4.2141.\r\nTemporal variation: Whilst the great majority of species in this variant are most likely present throughout the year, [C. lepadiformis] grows in spring and may show great variation in abundance from year to year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2144","name":"Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by high densities of brittlestars (predominantly [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida]). In fact, they may form such dense beds that the seabed underneath may not be visible. The rocky substratum is usually colonised by species such as encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Only robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are able to tolerate the significant smothering effect from the dense mat of brittlestars. Other species typically seen include [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Anapagurus hyndmanni], [Gibbula cineraria], [Urticina felina], [Pododesmus patelliformis] and [Ciona intestinalis].\r\nSituation: Shallower than the A4.2144 variant, kelp park and forest may be found with species such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2145","name":"Faunal and algal crusts with [Pomatoceros triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. From afar, the seabed has a rather sparse, grazed appearance, reminiscent of a brittlestar bed after the brittlestars have moved elsewhere. The rocky substratum is generally covered with encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], dotted with the abundant urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Under closer inspection, [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually seen attached to the rocky surface underneath rock overhangs and large boulders. Although they may be recorded as abundant or common in some areas, their relatively small size means that their biomass is generally lower than in other biotopes. Sparse clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] are frequently observed, and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are occasionally seen. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen within crevices in the boulders/rock whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen on the rock surface. Muddy-gravel patches between boulders (especially within Scottish sealochs) provide a suitable habitat for the anemone [Urticina felina]. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is occasionally seen grazing on the rock surface. Within this biotope, there is some regional variation. The robust hydroid [A. abietina] is typically found in higher abundances in northern (Scottish) regions, especially around the Isle of May.\r\nSituation: Above the A4.2145 variant in the infralittoral zone, species such as [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria hyperborea] are found in more wave exposed sites (A3.111 / A3.113) while species such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be found above A4.2145 in the more sheltered examples. Due to moderately tide-swept conditions this variant is found in, clean, coarse sediment biotopes are generally found below A4.2145. Typical species found in these coarse sand/gravelly biotopes include [Neopentadactyla mixta] and [Lanice conchilega] (A5.44). Where wave exposure increases, this variant tends to change to A4.2122,, dominated by [Caryophyllia smithii], [Corynactis viridis], encrusting red algae and bryozoan crusts. Where tidal stream and wave-exposure decreases, this variant develops into a similar biotope dominated by encrusting red algae, [Echinus esculentus] and [C.smithii] (A4.2146)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2146","name":"[Caryophyllia smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock, subject to very little water movement. Where this variant is found on slightly more wave-exposed sites, it tends to be found towards the bottom of its depth range. The rocky substratum has a grazed appearance, with encrusting red algae. Diversity of species is very low, possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. From afar, there is little evident epifauna attached to the rocks apart from the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. In addition, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are frequently seen. Under closer inspection, a few more species become apparent but few are typically characterising of this particular variant. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Crossaster papposus] are occasionally present. Sparse clumps of hydroids such as [Halecium halecinum], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia antennina] may be found attached to rocky outcrops or boulders. Small specimens of [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present. The ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ascidia mentula] also occur in this variant but are found in greater numbers in other biotopes. The top shells [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria], and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may be seen on the rock surface whilst the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen under boulders and in crevices. The anemone [Metridium senile] may be found under rocky overhangs and on the sides of boulders.\r\nSituation: As A4.2146 occurs on moderately wave-exposed coasts, kelp forests in the infralittoral zone shallower than this variant tend to be dominated by robust kelp species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] (unit A3.214) and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. Immediately below A4.2146 (typically bedrock/boulder substratum), sublittoral sediment biotopes such as muddy sands, containing [Nephrops norvegicus], [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Funiculina quadrangularis] are found. Occasionally, biotopes composed of coarser sand/gravelly material may be present, with species such as [Peachea cylindrica] and [Neopentadactyla mixta]. When wave exposure and tidal stream increase, A4.2146 tends to grade into A4.2145."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.215","name":"[Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical faces and overhangs of exposed to moderately exposed lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. Due to the large numbers of the urchin [Echinus esculentus] often recorded, this biotope tends to have a grazed appearance, and the bedrock is often encrusted with pink coralline algae, encrusting bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Dense aggregations of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present along with the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], the anthozoans [Urticina feline], [Cortynactis viridis], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans], the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the crustacean [Cancer pagurus]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. One variant found typically off the north-east coast of Scotland and around the Northern Isles, has a very impoverished appearance dominated by anthozoans. A second variant occurs along the west coast of Scotland, extending to Rockall in the west, and the Northern Isles in the north-east, and has a more fauna, characterised by hydroids, sponges, anthozoans and echinoderms. A third variant occurs along the north-east coast of England (Northumberland) up to the Northern Isles and is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum], brittlestars and [Echinus esculentus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.22","name":"Ross worm reefs on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense crusts of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] covering the substratum. Other fauna present in many cases reflects the biotopes found on nearby rock, so to a certain extent, is quite variable. Species typically present include the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Pentapora foliacea], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the sponges [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], the anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], and the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Salmacina dysteri], the starfish [Crossaster papposus], and [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.221","name":"[Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found encrusting the upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to strong/moderately strong tidal streams in areas with high turbidity. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may even completely cover the rock, binding the substratum together to form a crust. A diverse fauna may be found attached to, and sometimes obscuring the crust, often reflecting the character of surrounding biotopes. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum], anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Alcyonium digitatum], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus] may all be recorded within this biotope. There are two variants. The first (unit A4.2211) contains significant cover of barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]) and bryozoans. The second (unit A4.2212) has a dense turf of didemnid ascidians as well as scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [F. foliacea], sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], colonies of the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and patchy occurrences of the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. This biotope has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, Lundy Island (including the wreck of the MV Robert) and the north-east and south coast of England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2211","name":"[Sabellaria spinulosa] with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found encrusting the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral rock and mixed substrata, subject to strong and moderately strong currents and high turbidity levels. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may completely cover the rock, binding gravel and pebbles together. A diverse fauna may be found attached to this crust, and in many cases reflects the character of nearby biotopes. There is normally considerable variation in the associated fauna encountered. There may be a sparse bryozoan turf ([Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula plumosa] and [Vesicularia spinosa]) attached to the [Sabellaria] crust and available rocky substrata. Other scour-tolerant species such as [Urticina felina] are occasionally observed. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum] may also be observed. Other species which may be present include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Occasionally, sponges such as [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea], and ascidians such as [Dendrodoa grossularia] may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2212","name":"[Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to slight sand-scour. It occurs predominantly in the lower circalittoral. This variant normally appears as a bedrock/boulder outcrop or reef with a dense crust of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] and a dense turf of didemnid ascidians and scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Cellaria] species. There may be discreet clumps of [Alcyonium digitatum] and sparse sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius]. Patchy occurrences of the small ascidians [Polycarpa scuba], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Distomus variolosus] may be present on the tops of rocks and boulders whilst in crevices between, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be found. Species such as [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and the anemone [Sagartia elegans] are occasionally seen on the rock surface. This variant has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, the Skerries and around Pembrokeshire in Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.23","name":"Communities on soft circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral soft bedrock subject to moderately strong tidal streams. As this complex is found in highly turbid water conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin at the low water mark, due to poor light penetration. This complex is dominated by the piddock [Pholas dactylus]. Other species typical of this complex include the polychaete [Polydora] and [Bispira volutacornis], the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Suberites ficus], the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonium digitatum], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the crab [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus]. Foliose red algae may also be present. Please note: in areas subject to very high turbidity, biotopes within this habitat type may occur in the infralittoral and even the littoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.231","name":"Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay","description":"This biotope occurs on circalittoral soft rock, such as soft chalk or clay, most often in moderately exposed tide-swept conditions. As soft chalk and firm clay are often too soft for sessile filter-feeding animals to attach and thrive in large numbers, an extremely impoverished epifauna results on upward-facing surfaces, although vertical faces may be somewhat richer. The rock is sufficiently soft to be bored by bivalves. Species vary with location, but [Pholas dactylus] is the most widespread borer and may be abundant. Other species present may include the sponges [Dysidea fragilis] and [Suberites carnosus] and the polychaete [Bispira volutacornis]. Foliose red algae may be present on the harder, more stable areas of rock. Mobile fauna often include the crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus].\r\nSituation: Subtidal chalk reefs or clay outcrops, mostly known from south-east England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.232","name":"[Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock","description":"Large patches of chalk and soft limestone are occasionally covered entirely by [Polydora] sp. tubes to the exclusion of almost all other species. This tends to occur in highly turbid conditions and spans the infralittoral and circalittoral in limestone areas such as the Great and Little Ormes (North Wales) and Gower (South Wales). It is even present on the lower shore in the Severn estuary. The boring form of the sponge [Cliona celata] often riddles the surface layer of the stone. Other sponges present include [Halichondria panicea], [Haliclona oculata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. [Polydora] sp. also frequently occurs in small patches as part of other biotopes (e.g. unit A4.134). Other species present include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sarcodictyon roseum], the hydroids [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina] and [Tubularia indivisa], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Morchellium argus], the anemones [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans] and the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and a crisiid turf. The starfish [Asterias rubens], the crabs [Inachus phalangium] and [Carcinus maenas], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be seen. Please note: this biotope may extend into the infralittoral and littoral zone in areas where water turbidity is sufficiently high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.233","name":"[Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock","description":"Moderately exposed vertical and overhanging soft rock (typically chalk), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, bored by the rock-boring mollusc [Hiatella arctica]. As with other biotopes in the soft rock complex, it is found in areas of high turbidity, where there is poor light penetration. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and a sparse bryozoan turf formed by various crisiids, [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellate] (often being grazed on by the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus]), [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea] and [Cellapora pumicosa]. A patchy 'carpet' of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] is often recorded along with other echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia sanguinolenta]. Other species present include the colonial ascidians [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botrylloides leachi], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Aplidium punctatum] and [Botryllus schlosseri], dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Sponges present include the boring sponge [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Leucosolenia botryoides]and [Dysidea fragilis]. Occasionally, the foliose red seaweed [Delessaria sanguinea] may be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.24","name":"Mussel beds on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed upper circalittoral bedrock subject to strong or moderately strong tidal streams. This complex is characterised by dense aggregations of the mussels [Mytilus edulis] or [Musculus discors] carpeting the underlying substrata. Sponges that may be recorded in this complex are [Scypha ciliata], [Tethya aurantium], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Cliona celata]. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] is often recorded. Anemones present are [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. Other species recorded are the crabs [Cancer pagurus], [Carcinus maenas] and [Necora puber], the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens], and [Alcyonium digitatum] and in this upper circalittoral complex, algae species such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.241","name":"[Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, boulders and mixed substrata exposed to varying amounts of wave action. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] forms dense beds, to the exclusion of other species. The starfish [Asterias rubens] is frequently recorded, and it predates heavily on the mussels. Occasionally, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen within crevices in the rock or on gravel patches. Crabs such as [Necora puber] and [Carcinus maenas] may be seen on the rock or mussels whilst fauna observed in crevices typically consists of the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. The anemone [Sargatia elegans] can be seen attached to bedrock and cobbles, whereas the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be seen attached to the mussels themselves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.242","name":"[Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles in slightly silty conditions. The mussel [Musculus discors] occurs in dense mats and occasionally completely coats all available surfaces. There is also often a layer of pseudofaeces, forming a thick, silty matrix. A relatively diverse fauna of cushion and branching sponges is often present on rocky outcrops and other hard substratum that is free of mussels. These include [Tethya aurantium], [Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Cliona celata] and [Stelligera stuposa]. There may be isolated clumps of silt-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Various species may be observed on top of the mussels, including [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiura albida]. Occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are found attached to rocky outcrops and boulders whilst the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen in crevices in the rock or on gravely patches between boulders. Colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and didemnids may occasionally be present. A wide range of seaweeds may be present, including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartliagineum], [Dictyopteris membranacea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Heterosiphonia plumosa]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed in crevices. The majority of the records for this biotope are from the Lleyn Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.243","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.25","name":"Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-sheltered, variable salinity bedrock and cobbles, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This complex contains a suite of sponges able to tolerate the variable salinity conditions like [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Suberites ficus], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki], [Cliona celata] and [Leucosolenia botryoides]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is frequently recorded in this complex. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemerteis ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa] is often recorded. Other species recorded are the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus] and [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.251","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found in variable salinity environments and tends to occur on the upper faces of circalittoral bedrock and boulders, in sheltered sites subject to moderately strong tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by aggregations of cushion sponges such as [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki] and [Cliona celata], other sponges ([Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Suberites ficus]) along with occasional hydroid tufts of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Plumularia setacea]. Other species that may be present include the colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Carcinus maenas] and [Bugula plumosa]. Two variants of this biotope have been recorded: units A4.2511 and A4.2512."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2511","name":"Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in a mixture of turbid, full and variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered and moderately exposed bedrock or boulders. Tidal streams are typically moderately strong but may vary considerably. This sub-biotope occurs in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 11m water depth) and is dominated by cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians. On the silty, rocky substrata, large growths of sponge are usually associated with this biotope ([Suberites ficus], [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Raspailia ramosa]). The tasselled form of [Esperiopsis fucorum] is also notably present. Other epifauna present includes silty hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum]. Individual colonies of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and plumose anemones [Metridium senile] may be seen attached to the tops of boulders and ridges. At some sites, whole sides of rocks may be colonised by the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Sagartia troglodytes] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. Within crevices in the rocky substratum and at the base of boulders [Urticina felina] and [Cereus pedunculatus] may be found. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Diplosoma listerianum] and [Distomus variolosus] may all be observed. Other ubiquitous species which may be recorded include [Polydora], terebellid worms, [Balanus crenatus], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Asterias rubens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.2512","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in turbid, variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered bedrock in estuaries subject to strong tidal regimes where circalittoral communities occur in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 8m water depth). Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians dominate the biotope. Large growths (often up to 50cm across) of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] mixed with [Halichondria bowerbanki] almost entirely cover the bedrock, appearing in places like a continuous cushion. [Haliclona oculata], [Suberites ficus], [Leucosolenia botryoides], various hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and various bryozoans such as [Bugula plumosa], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bowerbankia pustulosa] protude through the [Halichondria] spp. sponge growth. Colonial ascidians such as the lightbulb ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus] may also be observed. Other more ubiquitous species include [Balanus crenatus], [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Ophiothrix fragilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.252","name":"[Halichondria bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbusculum] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope typically occurs on circalittoral mixed substrata (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel) in the moderately strong, tide-swept narrows near the entrance of Loch Etive, although not in the extremely tide-swept Falls of Lora. This sea loch is unique in having a substantial freshwater input from the surrounding moorland, yielding the most brackish, large sea loch in Scotland. Large growths of the brackish-tolerant sponge [Halichondria bowerbanki] cover the cobble and boulder seabed, interspersed with [Mycale lobata], the hydroid [Eudendrium arbusculum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] which are particularly characteristic of these conditions. Tufts of the bryozoan [Eucratea loricata] are occasional in most areas. Other species recorded include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Buccinum undatum], [Pagurus berhardus], [Henricia] spp., [Onchidoris bilamellata] and [Palio dubia], tolerant of the low salinity, are found in the circalittoral throughout this area. Ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra] and [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present. A very impoverished low salinity version is present in the upper basin of Loch Etive. Unit A4.251 is similar in several respects to this biotope and will develop in less brackish situations where species-richness is generally greater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.26","name":"Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action","description":"This habitat is present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic horizontal substrata formed by coralligenous formations developed within sedimentary beds that are well supplied by currents, up to 100 metres in depth, in clear waters with moderate hydrodynamic action. Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.261","name":"Association with [Cystoseira zosteroides]","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Cystoseira zosteroides]. The association can include in its higher levels both sciaphilous and photophilous species such as the brown algae [Phyllariopsis brevipes], [Arthrocladia villosa], and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.262","name":"Association with [Cystoseira usneoides]","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira usneoides] is present in relatively deep rocky areas crossed by currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.263","name":"Association with [Cystoseira dubia]","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira dubia] occurs on hard substrata subject to weak hydrodynamics and relatively strong sedimentation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.264","name":"Association with [Cystoseira corniculata]","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira corniculata] occurs on hard substrata in the circalittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.265","name":"Association with [Sargassum] spp.","description":"This association characterised by the abundance of the brown algae [Sargassum] spp. occurs on hard substrata, simultaneously relatively deep and well-lit, in oligotrophic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.266","name":"Association with [Mesophyllum lichenoides]","description":"This association characterised by the red alga [Mesophyllum lichenoides] occurs on hard substrata with strong deep currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.267","name":"Algal bioconcretion with [Lithophyllum frondosum] and [Halimeda tuna]","description":"This association characterised by the red encrusting alga [Lithophyllum strictaeforme] ([Lithophyllum frondosum]) and the green alga [Halimeda tuna] is present on coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds affected by sea bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.268","name":"Association with [Laminaria ochroleuca]","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga [Laminaria ochroleuca] occurs on hard or detritic substrata composed by sparse rocks located at 30 - 100 metres depth in areas affected by strong currents and the Atlantic influx (e.g. Strait of Messina, Sea of Alboran, Algerian coasts)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.269","name":"Facies with [Eunicella cavolinii]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella cavolinii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.26A","name":"Facies with [Eunicella singularis]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella singularis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.26B","name":"Facies with [Paramuricea clavata]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (red sea-fan) [Paramuricea clavata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.26C","name":"Facies with [Parazoanthus axinellae]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of the cnidarian (sea anemone) [Parazoanthus axinellae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.26D","name":"Coralligenous platforms","description":"These are coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds subject to currents, at up to at least 100 metres depth in clear waters.These formations are not usually built on rock substrata but result from the active development of constructor organisms (e.g. calcified algae, hard-skeleton invertebrates) from scattered elements on loose beds, shells, stones, and graves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.27","name":"Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock","description":"These communities populate hard substrata with low hydrodynamics and strong sedimentation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.271","name":"Pontic faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.3","name":"Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock","description":"Occurs on wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to mainly weak/very weak tidal streams. The biotopes identified within this habitat type are often dominated by encrusting red algae, brachiopods ([Neocrania anomala]) and ascidians ([Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.31","name":"Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on the wave-sheltered, circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to weak tidal streams. The biotopes within this complex are typically found in the Scottish sealochs (with the exception of A4.312, recorded off Ireland) and are characterised by brachipod and ascidian communities. Ascidians often recorded in this complex are [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is also characteristic of the biotopes within this complex recorded in Scottish sealochs. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and encrusting red algae are frequently recorded on the rocky substrata. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fraglis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida], the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are all found in this complex. Other species present include the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Protanthea simplex] and the hydroid [Kirchenpaueria pinnata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.311","name":"Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope predominantly occurs on the upper faces of wave-sheltered (often sealochs) circalittoral bedrock, boulder and cobble slopes with little tidal flow. Apart from the solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], this biotope has a rather barren, pink appearance (due to the encrusting red algae), possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other organisms found encrusting the rocky surface include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species occasionally encountered include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus berhardus], [Crossaster papposus], [Antedon bifida] and [Metridium senile]. Crustaceans such as [Munida rugosa] and [Cancer pagurus] may be recorded in crevices. Two variants of this biotope exist: Units A4.3111 and A4.3112. A4.3112 occurs where is a dense carpet of brittlestars which sometimes completely cover the rocky substratum. Species present include [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida].\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as [A. mentula] and [Ascidiella aspersa] tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years, respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.3111","name":"Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This variant occurs on circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes in generally wave-sheltered conditions (often in sea lochs) with little tidal flow. It is frequently found on vertical or steeply-sloping rock. Apart from the large ascidians, [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], the rock surface usually has a rather sparse appearance. Scyphistomae larvae are often present on any vertical surfaces. Grazing by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] leaves only encrusting red algae (giving the bedrock/boulder substratum a pink appearance), cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii] and the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. There may be a few hydroid species present, such as [Nemertesia] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Metridium senile]. Barnacles [Balanus] spp. and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] also occasionally occur. At some sites, echinoderms such as the crinoid [Antedon] spp., the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] (in low densities) may be found. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] is likely to be found in crevices, under boulders, and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may be observed moving around the rock surface. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is frequently observed (especially where this biotope occurs shallower than unit A4.314 for example). The saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may occasionally be seen attached to the rock/boulder face.\r\nSituation: This biotope is typical of one found in sheltered sealochs. On slightly more wave and tide exposed sites, a transition to the more diverse A4.313 biotope will occur. Below A4.3111, you may find the A4.314 biotope (especially situated on the sills of sealochs).\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as [A. mentula] and [Ascidiella aspersa] tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.3112","name":"Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinali]s on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-sheltered sites (although it may be found in wave-exposed through to extremely wave-sheltered conditions), on circalittoral mixed substrata (Bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This biotope often has a silty appearance in parallel with A4.3111 but is characterised by a dense carpet of brittlestars ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and to a lesser extent [Ophiura albida]) which virtually cover the seabed. Where the underlying substratum is visible, pink coralline crusts and the white calcareous tubes of the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] are often observed. Hydroids and bryozoans are scarce, perhaps partly due to the smothering effect of the brittlestars and possibly due to the grazing pressure of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] which is occasionally recorded. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus]. The solitary ascidian [Ciona intestinalis] may be seen attached to isolated rocks and boulders, whilst on the tops and sides of larger boulders, dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is often recorded, whilst under boulders and in crevices the claws belonging to the long-clawed squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen.\r\nSituation: A4.3112 is found in predominantly sheltered areas, so in the infralittoral zone above, kelp forest formed by dense [Laminaria saccharina] and cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] are frequently recorded. A dense understorey of red algae is also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.312","name":"Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"A4.312 is characteristic of the wave-sheltered conditions found in the Kenmare River on the west coast of Ireland. This biotope is typically found on silty circalittoral bedrock and boulders in wave-sheltered channels subject to varying amounts of tidal flow. These fully marine inlets and channels have steep, often vertical sides with small terraces or ledges. This biotope, characterised by erect sponges and large solitary ascidians, appears to be biologically diverse. A diverse ascidian fauna is generally present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Aplidium punctum], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. An equally diverse sponge fauna, with massive erect sponges particularly noticeable, compliments these species. Dominant species include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa], [Polymastia mamilliaris] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other sponges present are [Suberites carnosus], [Haliclona fistulosa], [Stelligera rigida], [Mycale rotalis], [Haliclona simulans], [Iophon hyndmani] and [Hemimycale columella]. Various sponge crusts may also be present but in most cases in lower abundances. Other significant components of the community include the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and various echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Henricia oculata] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Small isolated clumps of [Nemertesia antennina] and individual [Alcyonium digitatum] may be seen, whilst the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present. At present, there are relatively few records in this biotope, as it is only reported from around the south-western coast of Ireland, where sponge diversity is very high.\r\nSituation: Due to the sheltered nature of the biotope, this unit  is usually situated on bedrock/boulder outcrops associated with mud slopes and plains. Typical species found within these circalittoral muds include the seapen [Virgularia mirablis] and the anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus]. In the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp biotopes such as A5.521 with [Laminaria saccharina] occur frequently. In areas where there is a slightly stronger tidal-stream, the circalittoral muddy plains become more muddy gravel plains and slopes. Typical species found within these habitats include the anemones [Mesacmaea mitchellii] and [Aureliana heterocera]. When tidal-streams becomes negligible, but with similar wave-sheltered conditions, you tend to find A4.2111 biotopes occurring, especially in the same geographical location (around south-west/west Ireland) as A4.312."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.313","name":"[Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on silty boulder or rock slopes, in the sheltered parts of sealochs, subject to weak or very weak tidal currents. The seabed consists of smooth, silty bedrock or boulders, often as outcrops on mixed muddy sediment. There are often small vertical faces on the sides of rock ridges, and at few sites, there may be more extensive steep or vertical bedrock. In sharp contrast to the barren, grazed appearance of A4.3111, the species composition of unit A4.313 is quite diverse, although no one phyla dominates. A wide range of encrusting species may be found, including the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], encrusting red algae and polychaetes ([Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]). Other conspicuous species include crinoids on the tops of boulders ([Antedon bifida], commoner in shallower water and [Antedon petasus], commoner in deeper water), scattered solitary and colonial ascidians ([Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea], [Corella parallelogramma], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]) and tufts of fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina], [Obelia dichotoma] and [Halceum halecinum]). The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the crustose bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all typically present, as are a wide range of echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus], and the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiura albida]. Other species recorded are the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the chiton [Tonicella marmorea].\r\nSituation: The range of biotopes shallower and deeper than A4.313 is typical of a sheltered sealoch. Silted kelp biotopes (e.g. units A3.312, A3.313) are typically found shallower than A4.313 in the infralittoral zone. Deeper than A4.313, the boulder slope typically grades into a muddy slope or plain (units A5.3 or A5.4), along with fauna commonly associated with soft-sediments (e.g. seapens and the mud snail [Turritella])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.314","name":"[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs in full to variable salinity conditions on very wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulder slopes subject to negligible tidal streams (this tends to be in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs). This biotope is characterised by often dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex], growing on the silty bedrock. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered by encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopods [Neocrania anomala] and [Terebratulina retusa], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa] may occasionally be recorded. A diverse range of ascidians including [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] are also occasionally recorded. Echinoderms such as the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently reported with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder/rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen hiding in crevices. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may also be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.3141","name":"[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on deep, lower circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes (often-vertical walls) in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs. In these very sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex] growing on the silty boulder or rock slope, and on the tubes of the parchment worm [Chaetopterus variopedatus]. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered with encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the conspicuous fan worm [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] are occasionally present along with the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa]. The barnacle [Balanus balanus] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is occasionally seen on boulder or rock surface, whilst underneath in crevices, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be present. A diverse range of solitary ascidians, typically found in sheltered conditions, are often present including [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Ascidia mentula] and [Ascidia virginea]. Echinoderms such as brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently seen with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder or rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers.\r\nSituation: Where this biotope occurs on vertical rock cliffs, you tend to find silted sugar kelp [Laminaria saccharina] communities above A4.314, in the infralittoral zone (A3.313). Where A4.314 occurs on a rock or boulder slope and due to the very sheltered nature of the habitat, it is common to find a mud plain community where slope ends (A5.3). Species such as the seapen [Funiculina quadrangularis], the anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the Norway lobster [Nephrops norvegicus] are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A4.3142","name":"[Neocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on lower circalittoral silty, bedrock or boulder cliffs and ridges in very wave-sheltered fjordic sealochs subjected to variable salinity regimes (such as Loch Etive, Scotland). In these sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] and to a lesser extent, the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa], which are able to tolerate the variable salinity. Other solitary ascidians that may be present include [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidiella scabra], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Polycarpa pomaria]. The anemone [Protanthea simplex] is occasionally seen, although to a lesser extent than in unit A4.314, possibly due to the variable salinity. The hydroids [Bougainvillia ramosa] and [Lafoea dumosa], the cup-coral [Caryophilia smithii] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] are occasionally present. The tubes formed by the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] may be observed standing erect from the rock surface. The rest of the rock surface is usually covered by encrusting red algae and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]. The sea cucumber [Psolus phantapus] may be found on the underside of boulders. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the spider crab [Hyas araneus] may be found amongst the rock/boulders. The starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], and [Henricia] spp. and the sea urchin [Psammechinus miliaris] are also recorded within this variant. The relatively bare, silty rock supports low numbers of a relatively few species. Although barren rock grazed by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is found in other sea loch biotopes (see units A4.2145 and A4.2146), [E.esculentus] is virtually absent within A4.3142.\r\nSituation: Due to the variable or reduced salinity conditions present where this biotope is found, you tend to find reduced salinity kelp biotopes above A4.3142, such as A3.322 and A3.323. The very sheltered conditions give rise to muddy sediment slopes or plains beneath A4.314 (A5.3) where species such as the seapen [Funiculina quadrangularis], the anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the Norway lobster [Nephrops norvegicus] are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.32","name":"Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action","description":"Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions. These communities are present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic substrata at 10 - 100 metres depth with low hydrodynamic action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.321","name":"Association with [Rodriguezella strafforelli]","description":"This association populates hard poorly-lit substrata, in a sheltered environment, at about 25-45 metres depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.322","name":"Facies with [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.33","name":"Faunal communities on deep low energy circalittoral rock","description":"Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.4","name":"Baltic exposed circalittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.5","name":"Baltic moderately exposed circalittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.6","name":"Baltic sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A4.7","name":"Features of circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock features include circalittoral fouling communities (A4.72) and circalittoral caves and overhangs (A4.71). These features are present throughout the circalittoral zone in a variety of wave exposures and tidal streams. Two fouling subtypes have also been identified: A4.722 has been recorded from disused fishing nets and other artificial substrata, and is characterised by aggregations of [Ascidiella aspersa] whilst A4.721 has been recorded from steel wrecks, and is characterised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile]. Habitats in hard substrata in the circalittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water are also included (A4.73)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.71","name":"Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Caves and overhanging rock in the circalittoral zone, away from significant influence of strong wave action (compare A3.71). This habitat may be colonised by a wide variety of species, with sponges such as [Dercitus bucklandi], anemones [Parazoanthus] spp. and the cup corals [Caryophyllia inornatus], [Hoplangia durotrix] and others particularly characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.711","name":"Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral habitats) and almost all are different in species composition. There are also a few examples of similar communities on very deep (70-100 m+) upward-facing rock (in Loch Hourn) and more may be found through the use of ROVs. These often species-rich habitats are almost invariably adjacent to well-mixed turbulent water. Characteristic species include the sponges [Stryphnus ponderosus], [Dercitus bucklandi], [Chelonaplysilla noevus], [Pseudosuberites] sp. and [Spongosorites] sp., the anemones [Parazoanthus] spp., the cup corals [Leptopsammia pruvoti], [Hoplangia durotrix], [Caryophyllia inornatus] and the soft coral [Parerythropodium coralloides]. [Thymosia guernei] is sometimes present. This biotope is likely to need further splitting with further data and analysis.\r\nSituation: Subtidal rocky coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.712","name":"Caves and overhangs with [Parazoanthus axinellae]","description":"This facies, characterised by the colonial sea anemone [Parazoanthus axinellae], occurs on hard bottoms affected by very rough water and relatively dim light. Found attached to rocks and sponges in open coast rocky habitats, it is often observed on vertical faces or beneath overhangs, at 6-100m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.713","name":"Caves and overhangs with [Corallium rubrum]","description":"This facies, characterised by the high presence of the cnidarian (red coral) [Corallium rubrum], occurs on walls of caves and/or cavities with coralligenous concretions and semi-dark overhangs. The vertical distribution of this facies occurs from 10 to 200 metres depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.714","name":"Caves and overhangs with [Leptopsammia pruvoti]","description":"This facies with the madreporian (yellow coral) [Leptopsammia pruvoti] occurs on hard substrata at the entrance to caves and under overhangs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.715","name":"Caves and ducts in total darkness (including caves without light or water movement at upper levels)","description":"This habitat occurs in very large submerged cavities especially present in drowned karstic networks, isolated little cavities and microcavities in heaps of stones and within certain concretions. The caves in total darkness are enclaves of the aphotic area in the littoral area. These habitats present extremely original environmental conditions, close to those found on the continental slope. The two most important ecological factors are the absence of light, which rules out photosynthetic organisms, and the confined space."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.716","name":"Pontic semi-dark caves and overhangs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.72","name":"Circalittoral fouling faunal communities","description":"This habitat type contains two biotopes which, although have different physical habitat characteristics, share the fact that they colonise new areas of artificial substrata relatively quickly. The [Ascidiella aspersa] fouling biotope (A4.722) is found on wave-sheltered artificial substrata such as discarded fishing nets/mooring lines. A separate fouling biotope (A4.721) is described for open coast wrecks. This biotope has a characteristic faunal community of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anemone [Metridium senile]. Other species recorded in this complex (primarily under subunit A4.721) include the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa], the crabs [Necora puber], [Cancer pagurus] and [Maja squinado] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.721","name":"[Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile] on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks that are subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The vertical and upward facing sides of the wreck stand proud of the seabed, and may be colonised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum], [Metridium senile] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Corynactis viridis] are also recorded with varying abundance. A mixed faunal turf may also be present on the vertical sides, with [Nemertesia antennina], [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Where tidal stream strength is elevated, for example if the wreck is situated in a straight or sound, the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may prevail. Crustaceans such as the crabs [Necora puber], [Maja squinado] and [Cancer pagurus], the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and barnacles are all recorded. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is also recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.722","name":"[Ascidiella aspersa] on circalittoral artificial substrata","description":"Sheltered artificial substrata (such as discarded fishing nets or scrap metal on muddy sediment plains), sometimes subject to variable salinity, with high numbers of the ascidian [Ascidiella aspersa] which is capable of rapidly colonising hard substrata. Other species that are quickly able to take advantage of such substrata include the dahlia anemone [Urticina felina] and the plumose anemone [Metridium senile]. The edible crab [Cancer pagurus], the velvet swimming crab [Necora puber] and the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] may occasionally be found hiding under the discarded nets, lobster pots or anchor chains.\r\nSituation: As a fouling community, this biotope may be found throughout the circalittoral zone in coastal waters. It may be more prevalent around harbours, moorings, and fishing grounds where suitable substratum is available. In situations where wave exposure or tidal stream increase, biotopes dominated by bryozoans and/or robust hydroids (unit A4.21) may arise.\r\nTemporal variation: A gradual development of more long-lived species is expected, where the artificial substrata are of a more permanent nature (e.g. wooden or concrete pier pilings)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.723","name":"Pontic large Hydrozoa and [Molgula manhattensis] on circalittoral steel wrecks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A4.73","name":"Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.731","name":"Freshwater seeps in circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.732","name":"Oil seeps in circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.733","name":"Vents in circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.734","name":"Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral and circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A4.735","name":"Pontic methane seeps in infralittoral an circalittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A5","name":"Sublittoral sediment","description":"Sediment habitats in the sublittoral near shore zone (i.e. covering the infralittoral and circalittoral zones), typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the edge of the bathyal zone (200 m). Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.1","name":"Sublittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.11","name":"Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity","description":"Includes bare Baltic gravel and shell bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone and the aphotic zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.111","name":"Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.112","name":"Baltic gravel banks of the infralittoral photic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.113","name":"Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.114","name":"Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.115","name":"Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.12","name":"Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)","description":"Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by a sparse but very robust brackish-water tolerant fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.13","name":"Infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa] and [Lanice conchilega], cumacean crustacea such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi], and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum] may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.131","name":"Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)","description":"Sublittoral clean shingle and pebble habitats with a lack of conspicuous fauna. Unstable, rounded pebbles and stones (as opposed to sub-angular cobbles, which are often found lying on or embedded in other sediment) that are strongly affected by tidal steams and/or wave action can support few animals and are consequently faunally impoverished. The species composition of this biotope may be highly variable seasonally and is likely to comprise of low numbers of robust polychaetes or bivalves with occasional epibiota including echinoderms and crustacea such as [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Pagurus] spp. In more settled periods there may be colonisation by anemones such as [Urticina felina] and small populations of hydroids and Bryozoa.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in marine inlets with very strong tidal currents as well as in very wave exposed open coast environments.\r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition of this biotope is likely to be highly variable as a result of seasonal changes in wave and tidal energy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.132","name":"[Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel","description":"Periodically (seasonally?) disturbed sublittoral stone gravel with small pebbles characterised by the presence of the anemones [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida]. Associated species are often typical of a hydroid/bryozoan turf with polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros] spp. encrusting larger pebbles and low numbers of syllid and phyllodocid polychaetes living interstitially. In some areas this biotope may also contain opportunistic red seaweeds and infauna such as [Sabella pavonina]. It should be noted that this habitat may show considerable variation in community composition and it is possible that it is a sub-biotope of other gravel biotopes.\r\nSituation: This biotope tends to occur at the entrance to marine inlets where tidal currents are moderately strong.\r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition and species richness of this biotope may vary seasonally as a result of disturbance from increased wave or tidal action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.133","name":"[Moerella] spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"Infralittoral medium to coarse sand and gravelly sand which is subject to moderately strong water movement from tidal streams may be characterised by [Moerella] spp. with the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) and venerid bivalves. Typical species include [Moerella pygmaea] or [M. donacina] with other robust bivalves such as [Dosinia lupinus], [Timoclea ovata], [Goodallia triangularis] and [Chamelea gallina]. Other infauna include nephtyd and spionid polychaetes and amphipod crustacea. Another important component of this biotope in some areas is the bivalve [Spisula solida] (see Khne & Rachnor 1996) which may be common or abundant. In conjunction with unit A5.242 this biotope may form part of the 'Shallow [Venus] Community', the 'Boreal Off-shore Sand Association' and the '[Goniadella-Spisula] association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Salzwedel, Rachor & Gerdes 1985). Epifaunal communities may be reduced in this biotope when compared to A5.242; both types may have surface sand waves which may be indicative of the presence of venerid bivalves (Warwick & Davies 1977). This hypothesis, however, requires testing. Remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate venerid bivalves and other deep-burrowing and more dispersed species such as [Paphia], [Ensis] and [Spatangus]. In southern areas of the UK and the North Sea, in slightly siltier sand and shelly sand, A5.133 may give way to the other [Spisula] biotope A5.244.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found on the exposed open coast and in estuaries with moderately strong tidal currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.134","name":"[Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis] with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand","description":"On infralittoral sandbanks and sandwaves and other areas of mobile medium-coarse sand, populations of interstitial polychaetes may be found. These habitats consist of loosely packed grains of sand forming waves up to several metres high often with gravel, or occasionally silt, in the troughs of the waves. This biotope is commonly found both inshore along the east coast of the UK e.g. around the Race Bank, Docking Shoal and Inner Dowsing banks (IECS, 1995; IECS, 1999), and in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and off the Belgian coast (Degraer [et al]. 1999; Vanosmael [et al]. 1982). These habitats support interstitial communities living in the spaces between the grains of sand, in particular hesionurid polychaetes such as [Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis], along with protodrilid polychaetes such as [Protodrilus] spp. and [Protodriloides] spp. Other important species may include Turbellaria spp. and larger deposit feeding polychaetes such as [Travisia forbesii]. An important feature of this biotope which is not reflected in much of the available data is the importance of the meiofaunal population which may exceed the macrofaunal population both in terms of abundance and biomass (Willems [et al]. 1982).\r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found both in shore adjacent to the coast, and further away from the coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.135","name":"[Glycera lapidum] in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand","description":"In infralittoral mixed slightly gravelly sands on exposed open coasts impoverished communities characterised by the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) may be found. [Glycera lapidum] is a species complex and as such some variability in identification may be found in the literature. It is also quite widespread and may occur in a variety of coarser sediments and is often present in other A5.1 subunits. However, it is rarely considered a characteristic species and where this is the case it is normally due to the exclusion of other species. Consequently it is considered that habitats containing this biotope may be subject to continual or periodic sediment disturbance from wave action, which prevents the establishment of a more stable community. Other taxa include spionid polychaetes such as [Spio martinensis] and [Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys] spp. and in some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica]. It is possible that A5.135 is not a true biotope, rather an impoverished, transitional community, which in more settled conditions develops into other more stable communities.\r\nSituation: In many cases e.g. along the East Yorkshire coast this biotope is found in shallow inshore areas facing directly into the prevailing wind and subject to considerable wave action.\r\nTemporal variation: Due to the variability in sediment regime at these habitats there may be high seasonal or spatial variability within this community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.136","name":"Cumaceans and [Chaetozone setosa] in infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"In shallow medium-fine sands with gravel, on moderately exposed open coasts, communities dominated by cumacean crustaceans such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi] along with the cirratulid polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] (agg.) may occur. [Chaetozone setosa] is a species complex so it is likely that some variability in nomenclature will be found in the literature. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Anaitides] spp., [Lanice conchilega], [Eteone longa] and [Scoloplos armiger]. This community may be subject to periodical sedimentary disturbance, such that a sub-climactic community may develop with opportunistic taxa such as [C. setosa] and [S. armiger] often dominating the community (Allen 2000).\r\nSituation: This biotope may be found in areas with moderate currents and wave action often facing into the prevailing wind and along the Holderness coast of the North Sea. It is possible that this biotope has developed due to chronic sedimentary disturbance in areas where the units A5.261 or A5.242 would normally develop as these biotopes are often found in more sheltered areas adjacent to A5.136.\r\nTemporal variation: The importance of the cumacean crustaceans in this biotope is unusual, and their numbers are likely to fluctuate over time; at times of increased disturbance it is likely that C. setosa will become more dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.137","name":"Dense [Lanice conchilega] and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand","description":"Dense beds of [Lanice conchilega] occur in coarse to medium fine gravelly sand in the shallow sublittoral, where there are strong tidal streams or wave action. Several other species of polychaete also occur as infauna e.g. [Spiophanes bombyx], [Scoloplos armiger], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Magelona mirabilis]. Lanice beds are found in a wide range of habitats including muddier mixed sediment. The dense [Lanice] biotope (A5.137) on certain lower shores may be a littoral extension of the current biotope. The presence of [L. conchilega] in high numbersmay, over time, stabilise the sediment to the extent where a more diverse community may develop (Wood, 1987). Possibly as a result of this, there is a high level of variation with regard the infauna found in A5.137. It is likely that a number of sub-biotopes may subsequently be identified for this biotope. Offshore from the Wash and the North Norfolk coast [Lanice] beds are often found intermixed with [Sabellaria spinulosa] beds in muddier mixed sediment, particularly in the channels between the shallow sandbanks, which are so prevalent in this area (IECS, 1995; NRA, 1995). It is possible that the presence of [Lanice] has stabilised the habitat sufficiently to allow the deposition of finer material, which has subsequently assisted the development of [S. spinulosa]. It may be more accurate to define A5.137 as an epibiotic biotope which overlays a variety of infaunal biotopes (e.g. A5.233 in finer sands and A5.261 or A5.242 in slightly muddier areas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.138","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves","description":"This association occurs on coarse sands and fine gravels subjected to strong hydrodynamic action. Calcareous algae are attached to a small mineral or organic surface and then grow in successive layers to form rhodolithes of more or less nodulous shape and varying size."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.139","name":"Facies with [Gouania wildenowi]","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the little clingfish [Gouania willdenovii] that live in shallow waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13A","name":"Greenland cockle [Serripes] in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13B","name":"Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.13B1","name":"Medium-coarse clean sands with [Donax trunculus] and sometimes [Donacilla cornea]","description":"Other species present in the biocenosis: [Ciclopa perinitea], [Nassarius nitidus], [Diogenus pugillatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.13B2","name":"Medium-coarse clean sands with [Chamelea gallina]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.13B3","name":"Medium-coarse clean sands with [Anadara inaequivalvis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.13B4","name":"Coarse sands with [Gouldia minima] and amphipods","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13C","name":"Pontic offshore infralittoral coarse sand banks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13D","name":"Pontic [Aonides ornatus], [Modiolus adriaticus] and [Gouldia minima] in coarse sand with shell gravel","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13E","name":"Pontic [Branchiostoma lanceolatum], [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and [Ophelia limacina] in coarse sand with shell gravel","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13F","name":"Pontic infralittoral wave-lashed fine gravels and coarse sands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13G","name":"Pontic infralittoral sheltered cobbles, pebbles and shelly gravels with encrusting spirorbid worms","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13H","name":"Pontic scoured sublittoral cobbles and pebbles with sparse crustaceans","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.13I","name":"Pontic silted cobbles with [Balanus eburneus], ascidians, [Actinia aequina], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Pisidia longicornis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.14","name":"Circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves. Certain species of sea cucumber (e.g. [Neopentadactyla]) may also be prevalent in these areas along with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.141","name":"[Pomatoceros triqueter] with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles","description":"This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and tidal action. The main cover organisms tend to be restricted to calcareous tube worms such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] (or [P. lamarcki)], small barnacles including [Balanus crenatus] and [Balanus balanus], and a few bryozoan and coralline algal crusts. Scour action from the mobile substratum prevents colonisation by more delicate species. Occasionally in tide-swept conditions tufts of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] are present. This biotope often grades into A5.444 which is characterised by large amounts of the above hydroids on stones also covered in [Pomatoceros] and barnacles. The main difference here is that A5.444, seems to develop on more stable, consolidated cobbles and pebbles or larger stones set in sediment in moderate tides. These stones may be disturbed in the winter and therefore long-lived and fragile species are not found.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found on exposed open coasts as well as at the entrance to marine inlets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.142","name":"[Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel","description":"Circalittoral gravels, coarse to medium sands, and shell gravels, sometimes with a small amount of silt and generally in relatively deep water (generally over 15-20m), may be characterised by polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Glycera lapidum] with the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]. Other taxa may include Nemertea spp., [Protodorvillea kefersteini, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx] and [Amphipholis squamata] along with amphipods such as [Ampelisca spinipes]. This biotope may also be characterised by the presence of conspicuous venerid bivalves, particularly [Timoclea ovata]. Other robust bivalve species such as [Moerella] spp., [Glycymeris glycymeris] and [Astarte sulcata] may also be found in this biotope. [Spatangus purpureus] may be present especially where the interstices of the gravel are filled by finer particles, in which case, [Gari tellinella] may also be prevalent (Glemarec 1973). Venerid bivalves are often under-sampled in benthic grab surveys and as such may not be conspicuous in many infaunal datasets. Such communities in gravelly sediments may be relatively species-rich and they may also contain epifauna such as [Hydroides norvegicus] and [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. In sand wave areas this biotope may also contain elements of the A5.242 biotope, particularly [Magelona] species. This biotope has previously been described as the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950) and may also be part of the Venus community described by Thorson (1957) and in the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973). A5.142 may be quite variable over time and in fact may be closer to a biotope complex in which a number of biotopes or sub-biotopes may yet be defined. For example, Ford (1923) describes a 'Series A' and a 'Series B' characterised by [Echinocardium cordatum-Chamelea gallina] and [Spatangus purpurea-Clausinella fasciata]. Furthermore, mosaics of cobble and lag gravel often contain ridges of coarse gravelly sand and these localised patches are also characterised by robust veneriid and similar bivalves including [Arcopagia crassa, Laevicardium crassum] and others including [Glycymeris glycymeris] (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). This high porosity fine gravel or coarse sand may be a separate biotope.\r\nSituation: This biotope and variants of it make up a significant proportion of the offshore Irish Sea benthos (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995).\r\nTemporal variation: A5.142 may be quite variable over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.143","name":"[Protodorvillea kefersteini] and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand","description":"In coarse gravelly or shelly sand sometimes with a slight mud content, along open coasts in depths of 10 to 30m, and in shallower offshore areas, an impoverished community characterised by [Protodorvillea kefersteini] may be found. This biotope has a number of other species associated with it including Nemertea spp., [Caulleriella] [zetlandica], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Glycera lapidum], [Ampelisca spinipes] and numerous other polychaete species all occurring at low abundances. The polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] is also found in low numbers in this biotope\r\nSituation: This biotope has been reported in the North Sea along the Norfolk/Lincolnshire coast located in and around marine aggregate dredging areas (IECS, 1999).\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be quite variable both spatially and temporally in terms community structure and also sediment type which is often borderline between  A5.1 & subunits and A5.4 and subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.144","name":"[Neopentadactyla mixta] in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand","description":"Sublittoral plains of clean, shell, maerl and / or stone gravels or sometimes coarse sands, with frequent [Neopentadactyla mixta]. [Pecten maximus] may occur occasionally along with [Lanice conchilega]. Other epifaunal species may include [Ophiura albida, Pagurus] spp. and [Callionymus] spp. These sediments may be thrown into dunes by wave action or tidal streams. Widespread species such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Chaetopterus variopedatus] are present in many examples of this biotope. Scarcely recorded species such as [Molgula oculata], [Ophiopsila annulosa] and [Amphiura securigera] may also be found. [O. annulosa] only occurs in records from the south-west of the British Isles. It should be noted that [Neopentadactyla] may exhibit periodicity in its projection out of, and retraction into, the sediment (Picton 1993).This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of  unit A5.142.\r\nSituation: This biotope may occur adjacent to maerl beds and to some extent in the lower infralittoral where some seaweeds may occur in low abundances."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.145","name":"Branchiostoma lanceolatum in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel","description":"Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (A5.142). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant population of [Branchiostoma lanceolatum]. Other conspicuous infauna may include [Echinocyamus pusillus], [Glycera lapidum], [Polygordius, Pisione remota] and [Arcopagia crassa] (in the south of UK). Sessile epifauna are typically a minor component of this community. This biotope has been described from a limited number of records and as such may need revising when further data become available. This biotope is related to the 'Boreal Offshore Gravel Association' and 'Deep [Venus] Community' described by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951), and may also be closely allied (the same?) as the '[Venus fasciata]' community of Cabioch (Glemarec 1973). This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope A5.133 or A5.142."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.146","name":"Scallops on shell gravel and sand with some sand scour","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.15","name":"Deep circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of [Modiolus modiolus] larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile [M. modiolus]. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope A5.622."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.151","name":"[Glycera lapidum], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amythasides macroglossus] in offshore gravelly sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel, stone or shell and occasionally a little silt (<5%) may be characterised by the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum] and [Amythasides macroglossus] with the bivalve [Thyasira] spp. (particularly [Thyasira succisa]). Other taxa include polychaetes such as [Exogone verugera], [Notomastus latericeus], [Spiophanes kroyeri],[Aphelochaeta marioni] ([Tharyx marioni]) and [Lumbrineris gracilis] and occasional numbers of the bivalve [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope bears some resemblance to the shallow A5.135 and also to the circalittoral and offshore venerid biotopes (units A5.142 and A5.451) but differs by the range of polychaete and bivalve fauna present. This biotope is notable for the presence of the rarely recorded ampharetid polychaete [Amythasides macroglossus] and also for the small ear file clam [Limatula subauriculata] which is common in some examples of this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.152","name":"[Hesionura elongata] and [Protodorvillea kefersteini] in offshore coarse sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sand may support populations of the interstitial polychaete [Hesionura elongata] with [Protodorvillea kefersteini]. Other notable species include the phyllodocid polychaete [Protomystides limbata] and the bivalve [Moerella pygmaea]. This biotope was reported in the offshore northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989). Relatively little data exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.153","name":"Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.1531","name":"Pontic offshore shell gravel with crustose corallines, sparse [Phyllophora crispa] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.1532","name":"Pontic offshore barren shell gravel with [Polydora ciliata]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.154","name":"Pontic very deep Wurmian shell gravel of the shelf margin","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.2","name":"Sublittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.21","name":"Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity","description":"Shallow sand and muddy sand in areas of low or reduced, although relatively stable salinity (may vary annually), with largely ephemeral faunal communities. The species are often similar to that found in A5.31 and are characterised by [Arenicola marina] with other species, including mysids, tubificoid and enchytraeid oligochaetes, [Corophium volutator], [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Cerastoderma glaucum], which commonly occur in lagoons. Filamentous green algae such as [Chaetomorpha linum] may also be present. In some examples of this biotope the polychaete [Fabricia sabella] may be super-abundant and the isopod [Sphaeroma hookeri] common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.211","name":"Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.212","name":"Baltic sand bars of the infralittoral photic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.213","name":"Baltic sand banks of the infralittoral photic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.214","name":"[Macoma balthica] in brackish environment (seasonally ice-covered)","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.22","name":"Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)","description":"Clean sands that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is moderately strong, allowing the sedimentation of sand but not the finer silt fraction. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by brackish-water tolerant fauna, particularly amphipods, polychaetes and mysid shrimps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.221","name":"Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)","description":"Very mobile sand in areas of strong tidal currents and variable salinity. No stable community is able to develop within this extremely mobile and abrasive habitat. The fauna encountered in this habitat consists of epifaunal crustaceans or relatively low numbers of robust species, such as the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] or [Mesopodopsis slabberi]. The polychaete [Capitella capitata] may occur frequently in some areas. Other taxa such as the polychaetes [Eteone] spp. and [Arenicola marina], the mysid [Neomysis integer] and the amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Haustorius arenarius] may also be washed in from adjacent communities. This biotope is found in tidal channels of estuaries and areas where water movement keeps silt and mud in suspension, and excludes even the more robust infauna. If oligochaetes, polychaetes and bivalves are present in any numbers within this habitat type then care must be taken to avoid the inclusion of juvenile or spat recruitment counts which may mask the presence of this biotope. This is particularly relevant as sampling usually occurs at slack water periods when settlement takes place"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.222","name":"[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Macoma balthica] in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Mobile sand in variable salinity conditions where tidal currents create an unstable shifting habitat. Characteristic species include the polychaetes [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] along with amphipods of the genus [Bathyporeia] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The bivalve [Macoma balthica] may occur in more stable examples of this biotope, although not in the abundances found in unit A5.331. The biotope contains relatively few species, each typically in low to moderate abundance. It is found in tidal channels with moderate tidal streams. Care should be taken in identification of this biotope due to the presence juveniles and species washed in during slack water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.223","name":"[Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Upper estuary mobile fine muddy sands with very low fluctuating salinity characterised by the mysid shrimp [Neomysis integer] (see Arndt 1991) and amphipods of the genus [Gammarus] spp. This habitat has a rather sparse infauna and species such as [N. integer] will most likely be found on the sediment surface or just above it whilst [Gammarus] may be under loose weed, stones or other detritus on the sediment surface. The harsh physicochemical regime imposed by such environmental conditions in the upper estuary leads to a relatively impoverished community but high densities of the mobile, salinity-tolerant, crustaceans can occur. The biotope is found in the transitional zone between freshwater and brackish environments, relying on the decreased freshwater input during the summer for penetration of the brackish species up-stream. As such this biotope may also contain elements of freshwater communities.\r\nSituation: It may be found in conjunction with A5.327, although it lacks appreciable numbers of oligochaetes.\r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of [Neomysis] may to fluctuate on a seasonal basis due high over wintering mortality (Gameson 1982) and the location of this biotope within the estuary may also shift upstream or downstream on a seasonal or yearly basis related in part to the freshwater flow into the estuary as has been noted in the Humber (Allen [et al]. 2003)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.224","name":"Pontic mobile sands of the Danube mouths","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.23","name":"Infralittoral fine sand","description":"Clean sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods ([Bathyporeia]) and robust polychaetes including [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Lanice conchilega]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.231","name":"Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna","description":"Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic populations of infaunal amphipods may occur, particularly in less mobile examples in conjunction with low numbers of mysids such as [Gastrosaccus spinifer], the polychaete [Nephtys cirrosa] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others). This biotope is more mobile than A5.233 and may be closely related to A2.221 on the shore. Common epifaunal species such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Liocarcinus depurator], [Carcinus maenas] and [Asterias rubens] may be encountered and are the most conspicuous species present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.232","name":"[Sertularia cupressina] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles","description":"Shallow sands with cobbles and pebbles, exposed to strong tidal streams, with conspicuous colonies of hydroids, particularly [Hydrallmania falcata] and to a lesser extent [Sertularia cupressina] and [S. argentea]. These hydroids are tolerant to periodic submergence and scour by sand. Both diving and dredge surveys will easily record this biotope. [Flustra foliacea, Balanus crenatus] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may also occur on the more stable cobbles and pebbles, with [Urticina felina] and occasional [Lanice conchilega] present in the sand. Infaunal components of the other biotopes in the A5.1 or A5.2 complex may occur in this biotope as may elements of the 'Venus' associations; indeed, this biotope may be at one extreme of the spectrum of such associations (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997) and this biotope may be best considered an epibiotic overlay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.233","name":"[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. in infralittoral sand","description":"Well-sorted medium and fine sands characterised by [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. (and sometimes [Pontocrates] spp.) which occur in the shallow sublittoral to at least 30 m depth. This biotope occurs in sediments subject to physical disturbance, as a result of wave action (and occasionally strong tidal streams). The magelonid polychaete [Magelona mirabilis] may be frequent in this biotope in more sheltered, less tideswept areas whilst in coarser sediments the opportunistic polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] may be commonly found. The faunal diversity of this biotope is considerably reduced compared to less disturbed biotopes (such as unit A5.242) and for the most part consists of the more actively-swimming amphipods. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others) and spionid polychaetes such as [Spio filicornis] and [S. martinensis] may also be present. Occasional [Lanice conchilega] may be visible at the sediment surface.\r\nTemporal variation: Stochastic recruitment events in the [Nephtys cirrosa] populations may be very important to the population size of other polychaetes present and may therefore create a degree of variation in community composition (Bamber 1994)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.234","name":"Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand","description":"Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated by [Corophium crassicorne] with other tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. also common. Other taxa include typical shallow sand fauna such as [Spiophanes bombyx], [Urothoe elegans], [Bathyporeia] spp. along with various polychaetes including [Exogone hebes] and [Lanice conchilega]. [Polydora ciliata] may also be abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface, Arenicola marina worm casts may be visible and occasional seaweeds such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be present. As many of the sites featuring this biotope are situated near to fish farms it is possible that it may have developed as the result of moderate nutrient enrichment. The distribution of this biotope is poorly known and like the muddier A5.335, to which it is related, appears to have a patchy distribution.\r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.235","name":"Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters","description":"These assemblages occur in very shallow water with seabottoms characterised by fine sands, usually with homogenous granulometry and of terrigenous origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2351","name":"Facies with [Lentidium mediterraneum]","description":"This facies is present in shallow water and is characterised by the mollusc bivalve [Lentidium mediterraneum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.236","name":"Mediterranean communities of well sorted fine sands","description":"This biocenosis often occupies vast areas along low coasts and in the bottoms of wide bays at depths 2 - 25 metres.The characteristic species are pelecypod molluscs (e.g. [Donax venustus], [Tellina pulchella], [Tellina planata], [Cardium tuberculatum]), gastropods (e.g. [Nassa mutabilis] and [Neverita josephina]), crustaceans (e.g. [Crangon crangon] and [Iphinoe josephina]) and small fish (e.g. [Gobius microps], [Callionymus belenus], [Solea solea] and [Trachinus draco])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.237","name":"Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2371","name":"Pontic shallow fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Cyclope neritea] and amphipod tubes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2372","name":"Pontic well sorted fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Mya arenaria], [Anadara inaequivalvis] and [Crangon crangon]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2373","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Donax venustus], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Lucinella divaricata]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2374","name":"Pontic shallow clean fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Divaricella divaricata]","description":"This is a facies of the Pontic well sorted infralittoral fine sands.  The [Chamelea gallina] community characterised by the dominant species - [Neanthes succinea], [Spio filicornis], [Mohrensternia lineolata], occurred in Karkinitska Bay (Sinegub 2006). Since 2005 this mollusc (with [Neanthes succinea], [Polydora ciliata], [Heteromastus filiformis], [Melinna palmata], [Balanus improvisus])  has formed a community in the Odessa region (Sinegub unpubl). This habitat has been commercially exploited in Turkey between 1985-2000."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2375","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Loripes lacteus], [Pestarella candida] and [Tellina tenuis ]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2376","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Lucinella divaricata], [Abra alba] and [Upogebia pusilla]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2377","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Arenicola marina]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2378","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Cyclope neritea] and [Nassarius nitidus]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.2379","name":"Pontic fine sands with [Solen marginatus]","description":"This habitat is found in or around [Zostera] meadows when the latter is sparse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.237A","name":"Pontic fine sand with [Anadara inequivalvis]","description":"This facies was found out in Zhebriyanska Bay (1992-2002) and is considered a habitat that is vulnerable to pollution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.237B","name":"Pontic fine and muddy sands with [Mya arenaria]","description":"The [Mya arenaria] biocoenosis can be found on sandy and silty-sandy sediments, in habitats which mainly disperse into fresh waters (Gomoiou 1981, Petran and Gomoiou 1972, Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998).  This allochtonous species, recorded for the first time in the Black Sea in 1966, is tolerant to pollution and as such has substituted [Lentidium mediterraneum], where this biocenosis has disappeared as a result of habitat degradation. This biocenosis is now present in the estuarine regions of the northwestern Black Sea.  The dominant species (Mya) accounts for an average of 80% of the total density and biomass of the biocenosis itself.  In areas with conspicuous river run-off such as the Danube-Dnester this value can rise to as much as 96%.  The accompanying species are the polichaetes [Nereis succinea] and [Polydora ciliata limicola].  (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.24","name":"Infralittoral muddy sand","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) in the infralittoral zone, extending from the extreme lower shore down to more stable circalittoral zone at about 15-20 m. The habitat supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes ([Magelona mirabilis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Chaetozone setosa]), bivalves ([Fabulina fibula] and [Chamelea gallina]) and the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.241","name":"[Echinocardium cordatum] and [Ensis] spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand","description":"Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum] and the razor shell [Ensis siliqua] or [Ensis ensis]. Other notable taxa within this biotope include occasional [Lanice conchilega], [Pagurus] and [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Asterias rubens]. This biotope has primarily been recorded by epifaunal dive, video or trawl surveys where the presence of relatively conspicuous taxa such as E. cordatum and Ensis spp. have been recorded as characteristic of the community. However, these species, particularly [E. cordatum] have a wide distribution and are not necessarily the best choice for a characteristic taxa (Thorson, 1957). Furthermore, detailed quantitative infaunal data for this biotope is often rather scarce, possibly as a result of survey method as remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate deep-burrowing species such as [Ensis] sp. (Warwick & Davis 1977). Consequently, it may be better to treat this biotope as an epibiotic overlay which is likely to overlap a number of other biotopes such as units A5.242, A5.233 and A5.261 with infaunal components of these biotopes occurring within A5.241. The precise nature of this infaunal community will be related to the nature of the substratum, in particular the quantity of silt/clay present. Infaunal species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Magelona mirabilis], [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Chaetozone setosa] and the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. This biotope is currently broadly defined and needs further consideration as to whether it should be placed at biotope or biotope complex level. A5.243 is another biotope based primarily on epibiotic data. It is likely that this biotope and A5.241 form a wider epibiotic sand /muddy sand community with A5.241 biased towards sandier areas and A5.243 towards slightly muddier areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.242","name":"[Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand","description":"In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as [Chamelea gallina]. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] or other species of [Magelona (e.g. [M. filiformis)]. Other taxa, including the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. and polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Nephtys] spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica] may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of [Magelona] and [F. Fabulina] tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of [F. fabulina] in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. A5.242 and A5.133 are collectively considered to be the 'shallow [Venus] community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic [Venus] Community' and 'Mediterranean [Venus] Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the [Ophelia borealis] community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes A5.241 and A5.243 may also overlay this biotope in some areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.243","name":"[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand","description":"In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete [Arenicola marina] may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator], terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. Occasional [Sabella pavonina] and frequent [Ensis] spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like unit A5.241 (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other biotopes from the A5.2 complex.\r\nTemporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.244","name":"[Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand","description":"In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve [Spisula subtruncata] and the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between A5.242 and A5.261 with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than A5.242 and less muddy than A5.261) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include [Abra alba], [Fabulina fabula] spp. and [Mysella bidentata] spp. In addition, [Diastylis rathkei/typical], [Philine aperta] (in muddier sediments), [Ampelisca] spp., [Ophiura albida], [Phaxas pellucidus] and occasionally [Bathyporeia] spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment [S. solida] or [S. elliptica] may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of [Spisula subtruncata] in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope.\r\nTemporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of A5.242 and A5.261 rather than an established biotope in itself. For example A5.244 has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. A5.261) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter [Melanitta nigra] (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.245","name":"[Turritella] in muddy sands","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.246","name":"[Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.247","name":"Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.248","name":"Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.25","name":"Circalittoral fine sand","description":"Clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m. The habitat may also extend offshore and is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.251","name":"[Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand","description":"Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus], the polychaete [Ophelia borealis] and the bivalve [Abra prismatica]. Other species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Pholoe] sp., [Exogone] spp., [Sphaerosyllis bulbosa], [Goniada maculata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Owenia fusiformis], [Glycera lapidum], [Lumbrineris latreilli] and [Aricidea cerrutii] and the bivalves [Thracia phaseolina] and [Moerella pygmaea] and to a lesser extent [Spisula elliptica] and [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.252","name":"[Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand","description":"In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve [Abra prismatica], the amphipod [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes such as [Scoloplos armiger], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Ophelia borealis] and [Nephtys longosetosa] may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] and the opheliid polychaetes such as [Ophelia borealis], [Travisia forbesii] or [Ophelina neglecta] are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.253","name":"Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.26","name":"Circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20%. This habitat is generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m and supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa], and echinoderms such as [Amphiura] spp and [Ophiura] spp., and [Astropecten irregularis]. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.261","name":"[Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa]. Other important taxa include [Nephtys] spp., [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes bombyx] with [Fabulina fabula] also common in many areas. The echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Asterias rubens] may also be present. The epibiotic biotope A5.241 may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the [Abra] community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.262","name":"[Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand","description":"In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar [Amphiura brachiata] may occur with other echinoderms such as [Astropecten irregularis], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiura ophiura] and [Echinocardium cordatum]. Other infaunal species typically include [Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega] and [Magelona filiformis]. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.263","name":"Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.264","name":"Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.265","name":"Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]","description":"This type of habitat occurs in the Black Sea around mussel bed patches.  The distinguishing species are [Aricidea claudiae] and [Spisula subtruncata].  In general the community is characterised by the extremely high abundance of polychaetes such as [Aricidea claudiae], [Melinna palmata] and [Heteromastus filiformis]. Todorova & Konsulova (2003) state that this community has equivalents to Marinov's (1990) traditional classification of the [Melinna palmata] coastal mud community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.27","name":"Deep circalittoral sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.271","name":"Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as [Maldane sarsi] and the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including [Amphiura filiformis], polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., [Chaetozone setosa], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Scoloplos armiger], the amphipod [Harpinia antennaria] and the bivalves [Nuculoma tenuis] and [Parvicardium minimum]. This biotope is similar to the [Maldane sarsi]-[Ophiura sarsi] community defined by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.272","name":"[Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete [Owenia fusiformis] often with the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Whilst [O. fusiformis] is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in A5.272. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Pholoe inornata], [Diplocirrus glaucus], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes kroyeri] with occasional bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata] and [Thyasira equalis]. The sea cucumber [Labidoplax buski] and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] are also commonly often found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.273","name":"Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.28","name":"Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.281","name":"Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]","description":"This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp [Callianassa tyrrhena] and the bivalve mollusc [Kellia corbuloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.282","name":"Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]","description":"This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve mulluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.283","name":"Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by the bivalve molluscs [Loripes lacteus] and [Tapes] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.284","name":"Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This facies is characterised by the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] and is present in the warmest areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.285","name":"Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes","description":"These facies are characterised by the gastropod [Cyclope neritea] and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 metres depth with high hydrothermal activity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.3","name":"Sublittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to offshore, circalittoral habitats. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. Seapens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and burrowing megafauna including [Nephrops norvegicus] are common in deeper muds. Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.31","name":"Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity","description":"Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by [Arenicola marina] and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, [Carcinus maenas] and [Corophium volutator] which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include [Hediste diversicolor], [Heterochaeta costata] and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.311","name":"Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3111","name":"Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3112","name":"Boreal Baltic narrow inlets with soft mud substrate","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.32","name":"Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore into the subtidal in variable salinity (estuarine) conditions. Such habitats typically support communities characterised by oligochaetes, and polychaetes such as [Aphelochaeta marioni]. In lowered salinity conditions the sediments may include a proportion of coarser material, where the silt content is sufficient to yield a similar community to that found in purer muds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.321","name":"[Polydora ciliata] and [Corophium volutator] in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay","description":"Variable salinity clay and firm mud characterised by a turf of the polychaete [Polydora ciliata] along with the amphipod [Corophium volutator]. Other important taxa include the polychaetes [Pygospio elegans], [Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii] and the oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii]. [P. ciliata] also occurs in high densities elsewhere (see unit A4.232) and may be a specific feature of the Humber Estuary in these conditions. This biotope occurs only in very firm mud and clay and possibly submerged relict saltmarsh with a high detrital content. It is characterised, and can be separated from other biotopes, by a combination of the sediment characteristics and the very high density of [Polydora ciliata]. In some areas, such as the Humber estuary, cyclical behaviour with regard its characteristic taxa has been reported with either [P. ciliata] or [C. volutator] increasing in dominance at the expense of the other (Gameson 1982). It is possible that changes in water quality or the sediment regime may be responsible for this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.322","name":"[Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud","description":"Variable salinity cohesive muddy sediment (sometimes with some coarser material) dominated by the polychaete [Aphelochaeta marioni] (or other [Aphelochaeta] species e.g. [A. amplivasatus]) and the oligochaete [Tubificoides] spp. These taxa are generally accompanied by [Nephtys hombergii] whilst the polychaetes [Capitella capitata] and [Melinna palmata] may also occur in high numbers in some areas. Other members of the cirratulid polychaete group e.g. [Caulleriella zetlandica]. and [Tharyx] spp[]. may also occur in high numbers, sometimes replacing [A. marioni] as the dominant polychaete. However, there is still inconsistency in the identification of the cirratulid group which is further compounded by fragmentation during sample processing. This biotope is very common in stable muddy environments and may extend from reduced salinity to fully marine conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope may also be found in conjunction with A5.331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.323","name":"[Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud","description":"Variable salinity soft infralittoral mud and sandy mud characterised by the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. Other characterising species that may be present are the polychaetes [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Aphelochaeta marioni], and the cumacean [Diastylis rathkei typica].\r\nSituation: The biotope is found in areas of silt deposition in soft and sandy muds but may not form a stable habitat. It may be found adjacent to A5.322, separated by the abundance of [Aphelochaeta marioni] and its more cohesive sediments"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.324","name":"Infralittoral fluid mobile mud","description":"Fluid mobile mud suspended and deposited on each tide. In areas with very high quantities of suspended particulate material in the water column it may become deposited around slack water when tidal currents fall. This can form fluid mud layers up to several metres thick (Warwick & Uncles 1980) becoming a transient habitat in its own right. Species present within this biotope will be those washed in from other communities such as [Nephtys hombergii] or [Capitella capitata]. This biotope may be under-recorded due to sampling problems, and also where sediment descriptions are absent from field data.\r\nSituation: It may be found adjacent to; A5.326, A5.323 and to some extent A5.322."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.325","name":"[Capitella capitata] and [Tubificoides] spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the [Capitella capitata] species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes [Tubificoides] spp. may be found in conjunction with [C. capitata], along with other species such as [Marenzellaria] sp, [Macoma balthica], [Arenicola marina] and [Eteone longa]. In some estuaries this biotope may also include high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha]. This biotope usually has a moderate organic content, and is found away from tidal channels in estuaries. The presence of dense [Capitella] has classically been associated with organically enriched and physically disturbed habitats in the marine environment (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) and areas of higher organic loads in estuaries will typically fall into  unit A5.336. Where Capitella is less abundant and accompanied by other typical estuarine species the dominance of Capitella may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for [C. capitata] in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff 1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.326","name":"Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus [Tubificoides] or from the group Enchytraeidae. The abundance of the oligochaetes may vary by several orders of magnitude but very few other species will be present. Organic loading and poor water-exchange within the sediment lead to anoxic conditions which may explain the low species richness within this biotope.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found towards the edges of tidal channels in estuaries where current velocities allow deposition of silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. The biotope may occur downstream of A5.327, differentiated by the absence of the freshwater species, and adjacent to more mobile and sandier biotopes in the tidal channels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.327","name":"[Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Upper estuary muddy sediments with very low fluctuating salinity, characterised by the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri] and [Tubifex tubifex]. Other taxa may include [Marenzelleria wireni], [Gammarus zaddachi], [Paranais litoralis] and [Heterochaeta costata]. The biotope contains elements of both freshwater and brackish communities.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the transitional zone between the freshwater and brackish environments where tidal currents are sufficiently reduced to allow the deposition of fine silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. It may be found adjacent to A5.223 away from the stronger tidal streams.\r\nTemporal variation: The position of this biotope in the estuary may vary seasonally depending on freshwater input (Gameson, 1982)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.328","name":"Pontic mud with [Spisula subtruncata], [Syndesmia fragilis], and [Cardium paucicostatum] in low and variable salinity","description":"The  biocenosis has been observed in areas of low salinity in proximity of estuaries (Tiganus, 1976 describes an area in proximity of the Danube estuary).  The dominant species is [Syndesmia fragilis] in terms of numerical presence.  The biocenosis is characterised by a lower quantitative presence of [Spisula subtruncata] and [Cardium paucicostatum], a high presence of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] and a rich meiobenthic fauna characterised by Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Copepods (Tiganus 1976).  The biocenosis is recently characterised by the dominant presence of the allochtonous mollusc, [Mya arenaria], which has caused a variation in the composition of this biocenosis (Gomoiu 1976)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.33","name":"Infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Infralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, in depths of less than 15-20 m. This habitat is generally found in sheltered bays or marine inlets and along sheltered areas of open coast. Typical species include a rich variety of polychaetes including [Melinna palmate], tube building amphipods ([Ampelisca] spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Macoma balthica] and [Mysella bidentata]. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.331","name":"[Nephtys hombergii] and [Macoma balthica] in infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Near-shore shallow sandy muds and muds, and sometimes mixed sediments, may be characterised by the presence of the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. [Abra alba], and [Nucula nitidosa] may also be important although they may not necessarily occur simultaneously or in high numbers. Other taxa include [Spiophanes bombyx], Lagis koreni], and [Echinocardium cordatum]. In some areas [Scoloplos armiger] and [Crangon crangon] may also be present. The community appears to be quite stable (Dewarumez [et al]. 1992) and the substratum is typically rich in organic content. This community has been included in the 'Boreal Offshore Muddy Sand Association' of Jones (1950) and is also described by several other authors (Petersen 1918; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975). A similar community may occur in deep water in the Baltic (Thorson 1957). This biotope may occur in slightly reduced salinity estuarine conditions where [Mya] sp. may become a significant member of the community (Thorson 1957).\r\nSituation: The community may occur in small patches or swathes in shallow waters parallel to the shore (Jones 1950; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975) or in shallow nearshore depressions or trenches where finer material collects e.g. off the Suffolk coast (IECS 1991). This biotope is known to occur in patches between Denmark and the western English Channel.\r\nTemporal variation: Sites with A5.331 may develop into [Amphiura] biotopes with time (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1996)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.332","name":"[Sagartiogeton undatus] and [Ascidiella aspersa] on infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sheltered sublittoral mud or sandy mud in shallow water with relatively few conspicuous species may be characterised by the anemone [Sagartiogeton undatus] in low numbers and the tunicate [Ascidiella] [aspersa]. Other taxa may include [Carcinus maenas], [Pagurus bernhardus] and terebellid polychaetes. The burrowing anemones [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be found occasionally. The status of this biotope is uncertain at present as it is not known whether it is an impoverished, disturbed or epifaunal variant of other sheltered, shallow mud biotopes such as A5.343 or if the areas in which it has been recorded have been incompletely surveyed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.333","name":"[Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud, sometimes with a small quantity of shell in shallow water may contain the bivalves [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. (typically [A. alba] and [A. nitida]). Other characteristic taxa may include [Scoloplos armiger], [Mya] sp., and [Thyasira flexuosa]. Tube building amphipods are also characteristic of this biotope in particular [Ampelisca] spp. and Aoridae such as [Microprotopus maculatus].\r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found in sheltered marine inlets or sealochs such as Strangford Lough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.334","name":"[Melinna palmata] with [Magelona] spp. and [Thyasira] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud","description":"In infralittoral cohesive sandy mud, in sheltered marine inlets, and occasionally variable salinity environments, dense populations of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] may occur, often with high numbers of [Magelona] spp. and the bivalve [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other important taxa may include [Chaetozone gibber, Nephtys hombergii, Galathowenia oculata], [Euclymene oerstedii], [Ampelisca tenuicornis], [Ampharete lindstroemi], [Abra alba], and [Phoronis] sp. In addition the polychaete [Aphelochaeta] spp. and the gastropod [Turritella communis] may be common or abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface visible taxa may include occasional [Virgularia mirabilis], and mobile epifauna such as [Pagurus bernhardus]. This biotope is characteristic in many southern UK marine inlets and in some areas e.g. Plymouth Sound during high levels of recruitment when [M. palmata] often occurs in abundances between 500 to 1000 per m2 moderate numbers of the species often 'overspill' into adjacent biotopes (Allen [et al]. 2001).\r\nSituation: In many areas this biotope is found on or near the boundary between euryhaline and polyhaline waters and in such areas moderately high numbers of [Aphelochaeta] spp. are often recorded.\r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of [M. palmata] tend to vary considerably from year to year presumably due to recruitment and/or adult mortality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.335","name":"[Ampelisca] spp., [Photis longicaudata] and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sublittoral stable cohesive sandy muds occurring over a wide depth range may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. In particular large numbers of the amphipods [Ampelisca] spp. and [Photis longicaudata] may be present along with polychaetes such as [Lagis koreni]. Other important taxa may include bivalves such as [Nucula nitidosa], [Chamelea gallina], [Abra alba] and [Mysella bidentata] and the echinoderms [Echinocardium cordatum] and [Amphiura brachiata]. In some areas polychaetes such as [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be conspicuously numerous. This community is poorly known, appearing to occur in restricted patches. In some areas it is possible that A5.335 may develop as a result of moderate organic enrichment. A similar community in mud has also been reported in the Baltic which is characterised by large populations of amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp., [Corophium] spp. and [Haploops tubicola] (see Petersen 1918; Thorson 1957) and it is not known if A5.335 is a UK variant of this biotope.\r\nTemporal variation: In some areas of the Irish Sea this biotope is reported to be a temporal variant of units A5.244, A5.261 and A5.355. Some researchers consider these biotopes to be part of a wider muddy sand community which varies temporally depending on changes in sediment deposition and recruitment as was reported in areas of Red Wharf Bay off the Welsh coast (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.336","name":"[Capitella capitata] in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments","description":"The polychaete [Capitella capitata] (agg.) a widely-occurring, opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) where it may be superabundant. In very polluted/disturbed areas only [Capitella], Nematodes and occasional [Malacoceros fuliginosus] may be found whilst in slightly less enriched areas and estuaries species such as [Tubificoides], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Pygospio elegans] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be found. In some areas e.g. the Tees estuary, high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha] may also be present. A5.336 may become established as a result of anthropogenic activities such as fish farming and sewerage effluent but may also occur with natural enrichment as a result of, for example, coastal bird roosts. This biotope may also occur to some extent in the intertidal and in estuaries.\r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in marine inlets, embayments or estuaries where organic enrichment allows [C. capitata] to out compete other taxa, although the species may also occur in enriched muddy coastal sediments and also offshore where there is a high organic input from adjacent oil drilling platforms (units A5.374 & A5.3741)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.337","name":"Pontic sandy mud with [Melinna palmata]","description":"The most abundant species is [Aricidea claudiae], considered as a species sensitive to disturbance. However the habitat is named after the terebellid worm ([Melinna palmata]) which ranks second in the abundance but has highest contribution to within-group similarity and is a key structural species.  Its dense vertical tubes consolidate the sediment and determine the specific character of the habitat.  The [Melinna palmata] biocenosis is considered a new biocenosis recorded in the mid 1970s along the Rumenian coasts (Gomoiu 1976) but was already known in 1971 in Bulgaria for quite some time (Kalugina-Gitneck, 1975).  Bacescu had described this community in 1971 but had included it as a subtype of Mytilus beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.338","name":"Pontic sandy mud with [Abra alba], Cardiidae and [Mytilus]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.34","name":"Infralittoral fine mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents. Such habitats are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours. Populations of the lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this habitat type are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suite of infaunal species found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.341","name":"[Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud","description":"Sheltered shallow sublittoral muds and gravelly muds in marine embayments, inlets or harbours may contain populations of the edible cockle [Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida]. Other taxa may include the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], cirraltulid polychaetes such as [Caulleriella] spp. and other polychaetes including [Hediste diversicolor] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Available data for this biotope are limited to parts of Southampton Water, Chichester Harbour and also in the Wash. The species list given here may therefore be far from complete. It is not known at this stage whether this biotope is a sublittoral extension of intertidal cockle beds (e.g. A2.242) or whether it exists independently of intertidal populations of [C. edule]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.342","name":"[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud","description":"In very shallow, extremely sheltered, very soft muds [Arenicola marina] may form very conspicuous mounds and casts. This biotope may also contain synaptid holothurians such as [Labidoplax media] and [Leptosynapta bergensis] or [L. inhaerens]. However these species may be under recorded (possibly due to periodicity in feeding) and are not considered characteristic of this biotope. Other conspicuous fauna may include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] whilst the scallop [Pecten maximus] and the turret shell [Turritella] [communis] may also be present in some areas.\r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in waters shallower than about 5 m in sheltered basins of sealochs and lagoons that may be partially separated from the open sea by tidal narrows or rapids.\r\nTemporal variation: Sediment surfaces may become covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.343","name":"[Philine aperta] and [Virgularia mirabilis] in soft stable infralittoral mud","description":"Physically very stable muds, occasionally with small stones, with a high proportion of fine material (typically greater than 80 %) may contain the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis]. These muds typically occur in shallow water down to about 12-15 m where significant seasonal variation in temperature is presumed to occur. This habitat is restricted to the most sheltered basins in, for example, sealochs. Although most records suggest full salinity conditions are prevalent, some sites may be subject to variable salinity. [Philine aperta] is the most characteristic species of this habitat, occurring in high densities at many sites, whilst [Virgularia mirabilis], a species found more widely in muddy sediments, appears to reach its highest densities in this shallow mud but may not be present in all examples of this biotope. Other conspicuous species found in this shallow muddy habitat include [Cerianthus lloydii], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Sagartiogeton] spp. and [Hydractinia echinata]. Burrowing crustacean megafauna, characteristic of deeper mud, are rare or absent from this shallow sediment although [Nephrops norvegicus] may sometimes be recorded. This biotope has been primarily recorded on the basis of its epifauna and a few conspicuous infauna. Little data exists on the infaunal component of this biotope but it may include [Nephtys] spp., spionid polychaetes, [Ampelisca] spp. and the bivalves [Nucula] spp., [Thyasira flexuosa], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. In the south of Great Britain, the polychaete [Sternaspis scutata] is also characteristic of this biotope. This polychaete is rare in Great Britain (Sanderson 1996). Indeed, this southern variant of the biotope is very restricted in the UK to Portland Harbour but is known to occur further south in the Gulf of Gascony and the Mediterranean (Glemarec 1973; Dauvin [et al]. 1994).\r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal variant of other subunits of A5.3. The key species, [Philine aperta], may be highly variable from year to year The sediment may also be covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.344","name":"[Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment","description":"Dense aggregations of [Ocnus planci [?brunneus]] on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sealochs. [Philine aperta] also characterises this biotope but is present in lower abundances than in A5.343. Other associated species vary but are typical of very sheltered muddy habitats and include the ophiuroids [Ophiura] spp. and [Ophiothrix fragilis]. [Melanella alba], which parasitises holothurians, has been found in large numbers at one site."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.345","name":"[Astarte crenata] beneath high salinity cold polar water","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.346","name":"Oligochaetes in mobile mud","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.347","name":"Pontic mobile muds of the River Danube mouths","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.35","name":"Circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Circalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes [Lagis koreni] and [Owenia fusiformis], and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.351","name":"[Amphiura filiformis], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida] in circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant [Amphiura filiformis] with [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida]. This community occurs in muddy sands in moderately deep water (Hiscock 1984; Picton [et al]. 1994) and may be related to the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and is part of the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec. This community is also characterised by the sipunculid [Thysanocardia procera] and the polychaetes [Nephtys incisa], [Phoronis] sp. and [Pholoe] sp., with cirratulids also common in some areas. Other taxa such as [Nephtys hombergii], [Echinocardium cordatum], [Nucula nitidosa], [Callianassa subterranea] and [Eudorella truncatula] may also occur in offshore examples of this biotope (e.g. Künitzer [et al]. 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.352","name":"[Thyasira] spp. and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Circalittoral cohesive sandy muds with small quantities of gravel, off sheltered or moderately exposed coasts may support populations characterised by [Thyasira] spp. and in particular [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other characteristic taxa may include [Nuculoma tenuis], [Goniada maculate] and in some areas [Rhodine gracilior]. [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba], [Harpinia antennaria] and [Amphiura filiformis] may be abundant in some examples of this biotope. Whilst moderately diverse, animal abundances are often low and it is possible that the biotope is the result of sedimentary disturbance e.g. from trawling and is possibly an impoverished version of A5.353. Collectively the biotopes A5.351, A5.352,  A5.353 and A5.272, may form the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.353","name":"[Amphiura filiformis] and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral and offshore muddy sand","description":"In cohesive and non-cohesive sandy mud, off moderately exposed coasts in deep water dense populations of [Amphiura filiformis] with the bivalve [Nuculoma tenuis] may occur. This biotope together with A5.351, A5.352 and A5.272 may be part of the [Amphiura filiformis] dominated infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973) and part of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). Other species characteristic of this biotope may include the echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Echinocardium flavescens] and the bivalve [Mysella bidentata]. [Phaxas pellucidus], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Virgularia mirabilis] may also be present. At the sediment surface the hydroid [Sertularia argentea] may be present although only at very low abundances. Variations of this biotope exist in the northern North Sea (see below) and it is possible that more than one entity exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.354","name":"[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud may contain [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. A variety of species may occur, and species composition at a particular site may relate, to some extent, to the proportions of the major sediment size fractions. Several species are common to most sites including [Virgularia mirabilis] which is present in moderate numbers, [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] which are often quite common, and [Pecten maximus] which is usually only present in low numbers. [Virgularia mirabilis] is usually accompanied by occasional [Cerianthus lloydii], [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. [Amphiura chiajei] and [Amphiura filiformis] may occur in some examples of this biotope. Polychaetes and bivalves are generally the main components of the infauna, although the nemerteans, [Edwardsia claparedii], [Phoronis muelleri] and [Labidoplax buski] may also be widespread. Of the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Nephtys incisa], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Chaetozone setosa], [Notomastus latericeus] and [Owenia fusiformis] are often the most widespread species whilst [Myrtea spinifera], [Lucinoma borealis], [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba] and [Corbula gibba] are typical bivalves in this biotope. This biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as A5.361, A5.351 and A5.353.\r\nSituation: Such sediments are very common in sealochs, often occurring shallower than the finest mud or in somewhat more exposed parts of the lochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3541","name":"[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus], hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like A5.354, may contain [Virgularia mirabilis, Pecten maximus] and [Ophiura] spp. but shells and small stones scattered over the sediment surface provided sufficient stable substrata for a variety of sessile epifaunal species to occur. Of these the hydroids [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] are most common with solitary ascidians such as [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidia mentula] also present. The anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is often found in the sediment together with occasional [Lanice conchilega]. The serpulids [Protula tubularia], [Serpula vermicularis] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacles [Balanus balanus] and [Balanus crenatus] are also often present on pebbles and shells. [Munida rugosa] are occasionally found under larger stones. All these species are typical of more rocky habitats in such sheltered conditions. As with A5.354 this biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as units A5.351 and A5.353."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.355","name":"[Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus] in circalittoral sandy mud","description":"In stable circalittoral sandy mud dense populations of the tube building polychaete [Lagis koreni] may occur. Other species found in this habitat typically include bivalves such as [Phaxas pellucidus], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra alba] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Scalibregma inflatum]. At the sediment surface easily visible fauna include [Lagis koreni] and [Ophiura ophiura]. [Lagis koreni] is an important source of food for commercially important demersal fish, especially dab and plaice (Macer, 1967; Lockwood, 1980 and Basimi & Grove, 1985).\r\nTemporal variation: In some areas e.g. Liverpool Bay, A5.261 and A5.355 have exhibited cyclical behaviour with the community periodically switching from one biotope to another - possibly in relation to dredge spoil disposal (Rees [et al]. 1992) along with other environmental and biological factors. Both [Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus], are capable of tolerating sudden increases in the deposition of sediment and often dominate such areas following such an event. Indeed it is likely that the two biotopes are merely different aspects of the same community as [Lagis koreni] is often recorded with high densities of [Abra alba] (Eagle 1975; Rees and Walker 1983). Densities of mature populations of [L. koreni] may exceed 1000m-2"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.356","name":"Pontic circalittoral sandy muds with [Heteromastus filiformis], [Dipolydora quadrilobata] and [Nephthys hombergii]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.36","name":"Circalittoral fine mud","description":"Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ophiuroid [Amphiura] spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as [Nephrops norvegicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.361","name":"Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud","description":"Plains of fine mud at depths greater than about 15 m may be heavily bioturbated by burrowing megafauna; burrows and mounds may form a prominent feature of the sediment surface with conspicuous populations of seapens, typically [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The burrowing crustacea present typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], which is frequently recorded from surface observations although grab sampling may fail to sample this species. Indeed, some forms of sampling may also fail to indicate seapens as characterising species. This biotope also seems to occur in deep offshore waters in the North Sea, where densities of [Nephrops norvegicus] may reach 68 per 10 m2 (see Dyer [et al]. 1982, 1983), and the Irish Sea. The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ubiquitous epibenthic scavengers [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] are present in low numbers in this biotope whilst the brittlestars [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] are sometimes present, but are much more common in slightly coarser sediments. Low numbers of the anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found, and this species, which is scarce in the UK, appears to be restricted to this habitat (Plaza & Sanderson 1997). The infauna may contain significant populations of the polychaetes [Pholoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., [Nephtys] spp., spionids, [Pectinaria belgica] and [Terebellides stroemi], the bivalves [Nucula sulcata], [Corbula gibba] and [Thyasira flexuosa], and the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera].\r\nSituation: These soft mud habitats occur extensively throughout the more sheltered basins of sealochs and voes (narrow inlets) and are present in quite shallow depths (as little as 15 m) in these areas probably because they are very sheltered from wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3611","name":"Seapens, including [Funiculina quadrangularis], and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud","description":"Deep muds, especially in sealochs, support forests of the nationally scarce [Funiculina quadrangularis], in addition to populations of the seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The sediment is usually extensively burrowed by crustaceans, the most common of which is [Nephrops norvegicus], but [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea] may also be present (the latter is likely to be under-recorded by grab sampling because it is deep burrowing). The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is present in low numbers in this biotope and the rare anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found occasionally. [Amphiura] spp. are also often present in high densities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.362","name":"Burrowing megafauna and [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] in circalittoral mud","description":"In circalittoral stable mud distinctive populations of megafauna may be found. These typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea]. Large mounds formed by the echiuran [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] are also frequent in this biotope. The seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may occur occasionally in this biotope but not in the same abundance as A5.361 to which A5.362 is closely allied. Infaunal species may include [Nephtys hystricis], [Chaetozone setosa, Amphiura chiajei] and [Abra alba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.363","name":"[Brissopsis lyrifera] and [Amphiura chiajei] in circalittoral mud","description":"Mud in deep offshore, or shallower stable nearshore, waters can be characterised by the urchin [Brissopsis lyrifera] and the brittle star [Amphiura chiajei]. Where intense benthic dredge fishing activity occurs, populations of the indicator species, [Brissopsis lyrifera] may be depressed, although broken tests may still remain (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997; M. Costello pers. comm. 1997). Low numbers of the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may be found in many examples of this biotope. In addition, in certain areas of the UK such as the northern Irish Sea, this community may also contain [Nephrops norvegicus] and can consequently be the focus for fishing activity (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). Infaunal species in this community are similar to those found in A5.361 and include the polychaetes [Nephtys hystricis], [Pectinaria belgica], [Glycera] spp. and [Lagis koreni] and the bivalves [Myrtea spinifera] and [Nucula sulcata]. This community is the 'Boreal Offshore Mud Association' and '[Brissopsis - Chiajei]' communities described by other workers (Petersen 1918; Jones 1950)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.364","name":"Silty sediments > 140 m with polychaetes [Lumbrineris fragilis], [Levinsenia gracilis] and amphipods [Eriopisa elongata]","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.365","name":"[Spiochaetopterus] beneath high salinity Atlantic water","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.366","name":"[Macoma calcarea] in deep-water soft clayey mud","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.367","name":"Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3671","name":"Very soft muds with [Nephthys hombergii]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3672","name":"Soft muds with [Abra prismatica], [Acanthocardia paucicostata] and [Spisula subtruncata]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.368","name":"Pontic thalassinid-dominated circalittoral muds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.369","name":"Pontic circalittoral muds with [Acanthocardia paucicostata], [Papillicardium papillosum] and hydroids","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.36A","name":"Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mya arenaria] and Spisula subtruncata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.36B","name":"Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mellina palmata] and [Aricidea claudiae]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.37","name":"Deep circalittoral mud","description":"In mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone, typically below 50-70 m, a variety of faunal communities may develop, depending upon the level of silt/clay and organic matter in the sediment. Communities are typically dominated by polychaetes but often with high numbers of bivalves such as [Thyasira] spp., echinoderms and foraminifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.371","name":"[Ampharete falcata] turf with [Parvicardium ovale] on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas","description":"Dense stands of [Ampharete falcata] tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient between areas of tide-swept mobile sands and quiescent stratifying muds. Dense populations of the small bivalve [Parvicardium ovale] occur in the superficial sediment. Other infauna in this diverse biotope includes [Lumbrineris scopa], [Levinsenia] sp., [Prionospio steenstrupi], [Diplocirrus glaucus] and [Praxillella affinis] although a wide variety of other infaunal species may also be found. Both the brittlestars [Amphiura filiformis] and [Amphiura chiajei] may be present together with [Nephrops norvegicus] in higher abundance than the A5.363 or A5.351 biotopes. Substantial populations of mobile epifauna such as [Pandalus montagui] and smaller fish also occur, together with those that can cling to the tubes, such as [Macropodia] spp. A similar turf of worm tubes formed by the maldanid polychaete [Melinna cristata] has been recorded from Northumberland (Buchanan 1963). Nephrops trawling may severely damage this biotope and it is possible that such activity has destroyed examples of this biotope in the Irish Sea (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.372","name":"Foraminiferans and [Thyasira] spp. in deep circalittoral soft mud","description":"In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve [Thyasira] sp. (e.g. [T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea]) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Foraminiferans such as [Saccammina], [Psammosphaera], [Haplophragmoides], [Crithionina] and [Astorhiza] are important components of this community with dead tests numbering thousands per m2 (see Stephen 1923; McIntyre 1961) and sometimes visible from benthic photography (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). It is likely that a community dominated by [Astorhiza] in fine sands in the Irish Sea may be another distinct biotope (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). Polychaetes, e.g. [Paraonis gracilis], [Myriochele heeri], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Tharyx] sp., [Lumbrineris tetraura], are also important components of this biotope. These communities appear to have no equivalent on the continental plateau further south (Glemarec 1973) but are known from the edge of the Celtic Deep in the Irish Sea (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). The benthos in these offshore areas has been shown to be principally Foraminifera and similar, rich communities may exist in Scottish sealochs (McIntyre 1961). Communities from yet deeper (northern) waters at the extremes of the North Sea may be reminiscent, although dissimilar to A5.372  (see Pearson [et al]. 1996) reflecting a higher proportion of silt/clay. A fully Arctic version of this biotope has also been described (Thorson 1934, 1957) although it should be noted that Jones (1950) considered this Boreal foraminiferan community to be part of a 'Boreal Deep Mud Association'.\r\nSituation: This community typically occurs in water deeper than 100 m in the northern North Sea (Knitzer [et al]. 1992) and have been referred to as 'Foraminifera communities' by other workers (e.g. Stephen 1923; Thorson 1957; McIntyre 1961)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.373","name":"[Styela gelatinosa], [Pseudamussium septemradiatum] and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment","description":"This biotope is known only from deep water in Loch Goil (Clyde sealochs) in fine mud at 65 m with terrigenous debris. Large numbers of solitary ascidians, including [Styela gelatinosa], [Ascidia conchilega], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella] spp., are characteristic of this biotope together with the bivalve [Pseudamussium septemradiatum]. Terebellid worms, the bivalve [Abra alba] and the polychaete [Glycera tridactyla] may also occur. It is possibly an ice age relict biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.374","name":"[Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the [Capitella capitata], an opportunist especially associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments as described for A5.336 (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978). The bivalves [Thyasira flexuosa] or [Thyasira sarsi] may also be found in moderate numbers at some sites. Other taxa may be present in low numbers in areas of less severe enrichment including [Pholoe inornata], [Lagis koreni], [Philine scabra], [Anaitides groenlandica], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Paramphinome jeffreysii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.3741","name":"[Capitella capitata], [Thyasira] spp. and [Ophryotrocha dubia] inorganically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the pollution tolerant opportunist [Capitella capitata] and the polychaete [Ophryotrocha dubia] (or other species of [Ophryotrocha]). These species are generally found in extremely high abundances and accompanied by [Thyasira] spp., [Raricirrus beryli], [Paramphinome jeffreysii] and [Chaetozone setosa]. Other taxa including [Exogone verugera], [Pholoe inornata] and [Idasola simpsoni] may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.375","name":"[Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filifirmis] in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore mud and sandy mud a community characterised by the polychaetes [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filiformis] may occur. Other important taxa may include [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Nephtys hystricis] and [N. incisa], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Orbinia norvegica], [Terebellides stroemi], [Thyasira gouldi] and [Thyasira equalis]. Burrowing megafauna such as [Calocaris macandreae] may also be found in this biotope. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea. A similar community, dominated by [L. gracilis] but accompanied by [Glycera] spp. (particularly [Glycera rouxii]) and [Monticellina dorsobranchialis], has also been reported from the Irish Sea. This Irish community also contains [Calocaris macandreae], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Tubificoides amplivasatus], [Nephtys incisa], [Ancistrosyllis groenlandica], [Nucula sulcata], [Litocorsa stremma] and [Minuspio] sp. and it is not known at present whether this represents a separate biotope or whether it is a geographic variant of a wider [Levinsenia] biotope.\r\nSituation: This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea and may also occur in the Irish Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.376","name":"[Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amphiura filiformis] in offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore cohesive sandy mud communities characterised by the polychaete [Paramphinome jeffreysii], bivalves such as [Thyasira equalis] and [Thyasira gouldi] and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Other taxa may include Laonice cirrata, the sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Spiophanes kroyeri] and [Aricidea catherinae]. [Amphiura chiajei] may be occasional in this biotope as may [Philine scabra], [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Pholoe inornata]. This biotope along with A5.351, A5.352,  A5.353 and A5.272, may comprise the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.377","name":"[Myrtea spinifera] and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore habitats with cohesive sandy mud (>20% mud) may support communities characterised by infaunal polychaetes and the bivalve [Myrtea spinifera]. Polychaetes typically include [Chaetozone setosa], [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Aricidea catherinae] and [Prionospio malmgreni]. The bivalves [Thyasira] spp. and [Abra nitida] may also be found as may seapens, such as [Pennatula phosphorea]. Some examples of the unit A5.353 contain [Myrtea spinifera] (Mackie 1990) in lower numbers but these habitats are generally sandier than those in A5.377.\r\nSituation: This biotope has been recorded in the northern North Sea but may also exist in the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.378","name":"Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.379","name":"Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Modiolula phaseolina]","description":"Discriminated by the mussel [Modiolula phaseolina].  The habitat is characterised by bulk of dead shells and shelly detritus of the same species, decreasing oxygen concentration and increasing salinity in comparison to coastal habitats. Other specific species are [Amphiura stepanovi] and [Notomastus profundus].  In Bulgarian waters the community  is not present below 100m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.37A","name":"Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Terebellides stroemi] and [Amphiura] sp.","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.37B","name":"Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Pachycerianthus solitarius]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.37C","name":"Pontic periazoic white calcareous muds with [Bougainvillia ramosa] and nematodes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.38","name":"Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms","description":"This biocenosis develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris or valocanic fragments (scoriae); sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.381","name":"Facies with [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata]","description":"This facies is exclusive to the muddy detritic biocenosis and is characterised by an unusual community of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata] ([Ophiuroidea]). This species in some places forms an extremely dense population which is almost 90% ophiuran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.39","name":"Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds","description":"The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered, with the result that no epifauna develops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.391","name":"Facies of soft muds with [Turritella tricarinata communis]","description":"This facies is characterised by presence of the gastropod [Turritella tricarinata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.392","name":"Facies of sticky muds with [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft corals [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.393","name":"Facies of sticky muds with [Alcyonium palmatum] and [Stichopus regalis]","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft coral [Alcyonium palmatum] and the echinoderm [Stichopus regalis] on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.4","name":"Sublittoral mixed sediments","description":"Sublittoral mixed (heterogeneous) sediments found from the extreme low water mark to deep offshore circalittoral habitats. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud. There is a degree of confusion with regard nomenclature within this complex as many habitats could be defined as containing mixed sediments, in part depending on the scale of the survey and the sampling method employed. The BGS trigon can be used to define truly mixed or heterogeneous sites with surficial sediments which are a mixture of mud, gravel and sand. However, another 'form' of mixed sediment includes mosaic habitats such as superficial waves or ribbons of sand on a gravel bed or areas of lag deposits with cobbles/pebbles embedded in sand or mud and these are less well defined and may overlap into other habitat or biological subtypes. These habitats may support a wide range of infauna and epibiota including polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms, anemones, hydroids and Bryozoa. Mixed sediments with biogenic reefs or macrophyte dominated communities are classified separately in A5.6 and A5.5 respectively."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.41","name":"Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity","description":"Shallow, muddy mixed sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised infaunally by oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and members of the Enchytraeidae, polychaetes such as [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata] and [Pygospio elegans],and bivalves such as [Mya arenaria] and the lagoon cockle [Cerastoderma glaucum]. These bivalve species may also form conspicuious members of the epifauna together with more ubiquitous species like the common goby [Pomatoschistus microps]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.411","name":"Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.412","name":"Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.42","name":"Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediments in estuarine conditions, often with surface shells or stones, enabling the development of diverse epifaunal communities, e.g. [Crepidula fornicata] (A5.422), as well as infaunal communities. This habitat type is therefore often quite species rich, compared with purer sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.421","name":"[Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy mixed sediments in estuaries or marine inlets with variable or reduced/low salinity communities characterised by [Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Polydora ciliata] may be present. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Caulleriella zetlandica] and [Melinna palmata], tubificid oligochaetes and bivalves such as [Abra nitida]. Conspicuous epifauna may include members of the bivalve family Cardiidae (cockles) and the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata]. This biotope is often found in polyhaline waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.422","name":"[Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Variable salinity mixed sediment characterised by the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] and the polychaetes [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Other numerically important taxa include the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii], syllids such as [Exogone] [naidina] and [Sphaerosyllis], and [Nephtys hombergii]. [Lepidonotus squamatus] and [Scoloplos armiger] may also be common. Shell debris and cobbles are colonised by the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidiella scabra], [Molgula] sp. and [Dendrodoa grossularia] (the ascidians may not be recorded adequately by remote infaunal survey techniques).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in the lower estuary where currents allow a stable environment to develop. It is associated with oyster beds and relict oyster beds, (A5.435) in southern England and Wales. It may be found adjacent to or in conjunction with A5.322 and A5.421. It may be associated with A5.433 and possibly form a component of A5.332."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.43","name":"Infralittoral mixed sediments","description":"Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (A5.433, A5.431, and A5.435), polychaetes (A5.432) and file shells (A5.434). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this habitat type all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This habitat type may also include a newly proposed [Chaetopterus] biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed [Chaetopterus] sp. and small [Lanice conchilega]. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this habitat type are limited to that described in the biotope A5.433 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.431","name":"[Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment","description":"Medium-coarse sands with gravel, shells, pebbles and cobbles on moderately exposed coasts may support populations of the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones. [C. fornicata] is common in this biotope though not as abundant as in the muddier estuarine biotope A5.422 to which this is related. Anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum] and ascidians such as [Styela clava] are typically found in this biotope. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] are also found along with polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega]. Little information is available with regard the infauna of this biotope but given the nature of the sediment the infaunal communities are liable to resemble those in biotopes from  A5.1 and subunits. As with A5.444 this biotope could be considered a superficial or epibiotic overlay but more data is required to support this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.432","name":"[Sabella pavonina] with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravelly sand with pebbles off shallow, sheltered or moderately exposed coasts or embayments may support dense populations of the peacock worm [Sabella pavonina]. This community may also support populations of sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea] and anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina]. Hydroids such as [Hydrallmania falcata] and the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are also important. This biotope may have an extremely diverse epifaunal community. Less is known about its infaunal component, although it is likely to include polychaetes such as Nephtys spp., [Harmothoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., syllid and cirratulid polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra] spp., Aoridae amphipods and brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.433","name":"[Venerupis senegalensis], [Amphipholis squamata] and [Apseudes latreilli] in infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered muddy sandy gravel and pebbles in marine inlets, estuaries or embayments with variable salinity or fully marine conditions, support large populations of the pullet carpet shell [Venerupis senegalensis] with the brittlestar [Amphipholis squamata] and the tanaid [Apseudes latreilli]. This biotope may be found at a range of depths from 5m to 30m although populations of [V. senegalensis] may also be found on the low shore. Other common species within this biotope include the gastropod [Calyptraea chinensis], a range of amphipod crustacea such as [Corophium sextonae] and [Maera grossimana] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Melinna palmata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Syllids] and tubificid oligochaetes. Many of the available records for this biotope are from southern inlets and estuaries such as Plymouth Sound and Milford Haven but [V. senegalensis] has a much wider distribution and it should be noted that northern versions of this biotope may a have a much lower species diversity than reported here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.434","name":"[Limaria hians] beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sealochs with beds or 'nests' of [Limaria hians]. The [Limaria] form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragments of seaweeds so that the animals themselves cannot be seen from above the seabed. [Modiolus modiolus] sometimes occur at the same sites lying over the top of the [Limaria] bed. Other fauna associated with this biotope include echinoderms ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Asterias rubens]), [Buccinum undatum], mobile crustaceans (e.g. [Pagurus bernhardus]), [Alcyonium digitatum] and hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia] spp. Sometimes red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] occur if the beds are in shallow enough water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.435","name":"Oyster beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Dense beds of the oyster [Ostrea edulis] can occur on muddy fine sand or sandy mud mixed sediments. There may be considerable quantities of dead oyster shell making up a substantial portion of the substratum. The clumps of dead shells and oysters can support large numbers of [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidiella scabra]. Sponges such as [Halichondria bowerbanki] may also be present. Several conspicuously large polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus] and terebellids, as well as additional suspension-feeding polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and [Sabella pavonina] may be important in distinguishing this biotope, whilst the Opisthobranch [Philine aperta] may also be frequent in some areas. A turf of seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Nitophyllum punctatum] and [Spyridia filamentosa] may also be present. This biotope description may need expansion to account for oyster beds in England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.44","name":"Circalittoral mixed sediments","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as [Nemertesia] spp and [Hydrallmania falcata]. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within the A5.1. However, infaunal data for this habitat type is limited to that described under the biotope A5.443, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.441","name":"[Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral plains of sandy muddy gravel may be characterised by burrowing anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii]. Other burrowing anemones such as [Cereus pedunculatus], [Mesacmaea mitchellii] and [Aureliania heterocera] may be locally abundant. Relatively few conspicuous species are found in any great number in this biotope but typically they include ubiquitous epifauna such as [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] with occasional terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and also the clam [Pecten maximus]. [Ophiura albida] may be frequent in some areas, and where surface shell or stones are present ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] may occur in low numbers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.4411","name":"[Cerianthus lloydii] with [Nemertesia] spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy sandy gravel with appreciable quantities of surficial cobbles, pebbles and shells a community similar to A5.441 may develop with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones. However, the pebbles and cobbles embedded in the sediment are colonised by hydroids and in particular [Nemertesia antennina] and [N. ramosa]. Other hydroids may include [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Halecium halecinum] whilst ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] or [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present locally. [Pecten maximus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be frequent in certain areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.442","name":"Sparse [Modiolus modiolus], dense [Cerianthus lloydii] and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sealochs with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and occasional [Modiolus modiolus]. Large burrowing holothurians may include [Psolus phantapus], [Paracucumaria hyndmani], [Thyonidium commune], [Thyone fusus] and [Leptopentacta elongate]. Many of these species only extend their tentacles above the sediment surface seasonally and are likely to be under recorded by epifaunal surveys. Other more conspicuous characterising taxa include [Pagurus bernhardus], [Asterias rubens], and [Buccinum undatum]. This biotope is well developed in the Clyde sealochs, although many examples are rather species-poor. Some examples in south-west Scottish sealochs have greater quantities of boulders and cobbles and therefore have a richer associated biota (compared with other sheltered [Modiolus] bed biotopes such as A5.623). Examples in Shetland are somewhat different in having the cucumber [Cucumaria frondosa] amongst sparse [Modiolus] beds and a slightly different balance in abundance of other species; for example the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] is more abundant in these far northern examples in the voes and narrows"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.443","name":"[Mysella bidentata] and [Thyasira] spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In moderately exposed or sheltered, circalittoral muddy sands and gravels a community characterised by the bivalves [Thyasira] spp. (often [Thyasira flexuosa]), [Mysella bidentata] and [Prionospio fallax] may develop. Infaunal polychaetes such as [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] are also common in this community whilst amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] may also be found in some areas. The brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be abundant at some sites. Conspicuous epifauna may include encrusting bryozoans [Escharella] spp. particularly [Escharella immersa] and, in shallower waters, maerl ([Phymatolithon calcareum]), although at very low abundances and not forming maerl beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.444","name":"[Flustra foliacea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sample is required to characterise it and is possibly best considered an epibiotic overlay. [Flustra foliacea] and the hydroid [Hydrallmania falcata] characterise this biotope; lesser amounts of other hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea], [Nemertesia antennina] and occasionally [Nemertesia ramose], occur where suitably stable hard substrata is found. The anemone [Urticina feline] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may also characterise this biotope. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and tube worms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present and the robust bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Vesicularia spinosa] appear amongst the hydroids at a few sites. [Sabella pavonina] and [Lanice conchilega] may be occasionally found in the coarse sediment around the stones. In shallower (i.e. upper circalittoral) examples of this biotope scour-tolerant robust red algae such as [Polysiphonia nigrescens], [Calliblepharis] spp. and [Gracilaria gracilis] are found.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found around most coasts, although regional differences are seen where one or two similarly scour-tolerant species such as [Styela clava] and [Crepidula fornicata] (Solent) occupy the hard substrata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.445","name":"[Ophiothrix fragilis] and/or [Ophiocomina nigra] brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral sediment dominated by brittlestars (hundreds or thousands m-2) forming dense beds, living epifaunally on boulder, gravel or sedimentary substrata. [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra] are the main bed-forming species, with rare examples formed by [Ophiopholis aculeate]. Brittlestar beds vary in size, with the largest extending over hundreds of square metres of sea floor and containing millions of individuals. They usually have a patchy internal structure, with localized concentrations of higher animal density. [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra] may dominate separately or there may be mixed populations of the two species. [Ophiothrix] beds may consist of large adults and tiny, newly-settled juveniles, with animals of intermediate size living in nearby rock habitats or among sessile epifauna. Unlike brittlestar beds on rock, the sediment based beds may contain a rich associated epifauna (Warner, 1971; Allain, 1974; Davoult & Gounin, 1995). Large suspension feeders such as the octocoral [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Metridium senile] and the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are present mainly on rock outcrops or boulders protruding above the brittlestar-covered substratum. The large anemone [Urticina feline] may be quite common. This species lives half-buried in the substratum but is not smothered by the brittlestars, usually being surrounded by a 'halo' of clear space (Brun, 1969; Warner, 1971). Large mobile animals commonly found on Ophiothrix beds include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Luidia ciliaris], the urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris], edible crabs [Cancer pagurus], swimming crabs [Necora puber], [Liocarcinus] spp., and hermit crabs [Pagurus bernhardus]. The underlying sediments also contain a diverse infauna including the bivalve [Abra alba]. Warner (1971) found that numbers and biomass of sediment dwelling animals were not significantly reduced under dense brittlestar patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.446","name":"Sandy mixed sediment with [Alcyonidium diaphanum]","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.45","name":"Deep circalittoral mixed sediments","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats (see A5.622)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.451","name":"Polychaete-rich deep [Venus] community in offshore mixed sediments","description":"In offshore circalittoral slightly muddy mixed sediments, a diverse community particularly rich in polychaetes with a significant venerid bivalve component may be found. Typical species include the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Pseudomystides limbata], [Protomystides bidentata] and syllid species and bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata], [Glycymeris glycymeris], [Spisula elliptica] and [Goodallia triangularis]. This biotope has been recorded on surveys of the Lambay and Codling Deeps and other areas of the Irish Sea and collectively with A5.142 comprise the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' as defined by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950). Some examples of this biotope may have abundant juvenile [Modiolus modiolus]"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.46","name":"Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms","description":"These communities occur on a substratum whose nature varies widely and depends largely on the typology of the nearby coast and of nearby infralittoral formations. This implies that substrata can sometimes be gravels and sands originating from predominant local rocks, sometimes shell debris from various molluscs, sometimes debris from branched bryozoans or debris of dead and more or less corroded [Melobesiae] spp. The interstices between these various components are partially filled by a greater or lesser proportion of sand and mud."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.461","name":"Facies with [Ophiura texturata]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the Echinoderm [Ophiura texturata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.462","name":"Facies with Synascidies","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of tunicate colonial ascidians or \"Synascidies\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.463","name":"Facies with large Bryozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of big colonies of arborescent bryozoans, unattached or fixed to small substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.47","name":"Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms","description":"These communities are present in detritic bottoms with abundance of dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.471","name":"Facies with [Neolampas rostellata]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the sea urchin [Neolampas rostellata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.472","name":"Facies with [Leptometra phalangium]","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the crynoid [Leptometra phalangium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.5","name":"Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment","description":"This habitat type includes maerl beds, seaweed dominated mixed sediments (including kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous/foliose red and green algae), seagrass beds, and lagoonal angiosperm communities. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to lagoons and are found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.51","name":"Maerl beds","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically [Phymatolithon calcareum] (A5.511), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] (A5.512) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.511","name":"[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sands. Associated epiphytes may include red algae such as [Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Brongniartella byssoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Algal species may be anchored to the maerl or to dead bivalve shells amongst the maerl. Polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Kefersteinia cirrata], [Mediomastus fragilis, Chone duneri, Parametaphoxus fultoni] and [Grania] may be present. Gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria], [Gibbula magus], [Calyptraea chinensis] [Dikoleps pusilla] and [Onoba aculeus] may also be present. [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Liocarcinus corrugatus] are often present, although they may be under-recorded; it would seem likely that robust infaunal bivalves such as [Circomphalus casina], [Mya truncata], [Dosinia exoleta] and other venerid bivalves are more widespread than available data currently suggests. It seems likely that stable wave-sheltered maerl beds with low currents may be separable from A5.511; having a generally thinner layer of maerl overlying a sandy /muddy substratum with a diverse cover of epiphytes (e.g. Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Davies & Hall-Spencer 1996) but insufficient data currently exists on a national scale. Wave and current-exposed maerl beds, where thicker depths of maerl accumulate, frequently occur as waves and ridge / furrows arrangements (see Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Irvine & Chamberlain 1994; Hall-Spencer 1995). At some sites where A5.511occurs, there may be significant patches of maerl gravel containing the rare burrowing anemone [Halcampoides elongatus]; this may be a separate biotope, but insufficient data exists at present. Northern maerl beds in the UK do not appear to contain [L. corallioides] but in south-west England and Ireland [L. corallioides] may occur to some extent in A5.511 as well as A5.513, where it dominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5111","name":"[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens], [Chondrus crispus], [Halarachnion ligulatum], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctum]. These species are not restricted to maerl beds but their abundance on maerl beds differentiates this biotope from A5.5112. Anthozoans and echinoderms are much less common in this biotope than in A5.5112, which typically occurs deeper than A5.5111."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5112","name":"[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with [Neopentadactyla mixta] and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Lower infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a variety of associated echinoderms. The echinoderm [Neopentadactyla mixta] is frequently observed in this biotope. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Ophiura albida] and rarely [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. Red seaweed such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present but at a much lower abundance than in A5.5111 and with fewer species present. Other, more ubiquitous echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] may also be found in low numbers throughout A5.511 subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.512","name":"[Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel","description":"Upper infralittoral tide-swept channels of coarse sediment in full or variable salinity conditions support distinctive beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl 'rhodoliths'. [Phymatolithon calcareum] may also be present as a more minor maerl component. Associated fauna and flora may include species found in other types of maerl beds (and elsewhere), e.g. [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cerianthus lloydii], [Sabella pavonina], [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Mya truncata], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Unit A5.512, however, also has a fauna that reflects the slightly reduced salinity conditions, e.g. [Psammechinus miliaris] is often present in high numbers along with other grazers such as chitons and [Tectura] spp. [Hyas araneus], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are also typically present at sites. In Scottish lagoons this biotope may show considerable variation but the community falls within the broad description defined here.\r\nSituation: This biotope can often be found at the upper end of Scottish sealochs where the variable salinity of the habitat may not be immediately obvious."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.513","name":"[Lithothamnion corallioides] maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Live maerl beds in sheltered, silty conditions which are dominated by [Lithothamnion corallioides] with a variety of foliose and filamentous seaweeds. Live maerl is at least common but there may be noticeable amounts of dead maerl gravel and pebbles. Other species of maerl, such as [Phymatolithon calcareum] and [Phymatolithon purpureum], may also occur as a less abundant component. Species of seaweed such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halarachnion ligulatum]. and [Ulva] spp. are often present, although are not restricted to this biotope, whereas [Dudresnaya verticillata] tends not to occur on other types of maerl beds. The anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Cerianthus lloydii], the polychaetes [Notomastus latericeus] and [Caulleriella alata], the isopod [Janira maculosa] and the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are typically found in A5.513 where as [Echinus esculentus] tends to occur more in other types of maerl. The seaweeds [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] may also be present in some habitats. A5.513 has a south-western distribution in Britain and Ireland. Sheltered, stable, fully saline maerl beds in the north of Great Britain (where [L. corallioides] has not been confirmed to occur) may need to be described as an analogous biotope to A5.513 (see A5.511)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.514","name":"[Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl beds on infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow, sheltered infralittoral muddy plains with [Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl. This rarely recorded maerl species forms flattened masses or balls several centimetres in diameter (Irvine & Chamberlain 1994). Unit A5.514 may be found on mud and muddy gravel mixed with shell. Species of anemone typical of sheltered conditions may be found in association, for example, [Anthopleura ballii], [Cereus pedunculatus] and [Sagartiogeton undatus]. Polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and terebellids, also characteristic of sheltered conditions, may be present as may hydroids such as [Kirchenpaueria pinnata]. Occasional [Chlamys varia] and [Thyone fuscus] are present in all records of this biotope and red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Chylocladia verticillata] are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.515","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of small calcareous algae species exposed to strong bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.516","name":"Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms","description":"This association characterised by \"balls\" of calcareous encrusting algae occurs on coastal detritic bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.52","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina], the bootlace weed [Chorda filum] and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.521","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments","description":"On infralittoral mixed muddy substrata communities characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and mixed filamentous and foliose red algae can be found. This biotope contains a number of sub-biotopes distinguished by the degree of either wave or tidal exposure. In moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas [Laminaria] is sparse and dense stands of red seaweeds are found attached to the boulders and cobbles that make up a large proportion of the sediment (A5.5211). As the degree of wave and/or tidal exposure decreases there is a change in community structure, with the density of [Laminaria] and the diversity of red algal species increasing (A5.5212). As the environment becomes more stable a number of brown algal species are able to inhabit this environment and a rich infauna develops (A5.5213). In the most sheltered examples of this biotope a diverse muddy sediment infauna can be found and the ['Trailliella'] phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may develop (A5.5214)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5211","name":"Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles","description":"Shallow mixed substrata of cobbles and pebbles swept by moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas, and characterised by dense stands of red seaweeds. Tide-swept infralittoral cobbles and pebbles which may be highly mobile, create an environment that is difficult for many algae to survive in. Foliose and filamentous seaweeds with an encrusting phase in their life history, or those that are able to withstand rolling of the substratum and scouring, can form dense turfs of seaweed in the more settled summer months. Characteristic red seaweeds include [Halarachnion ligulatum] which is able to survive attached to the pebbles and cobbles. Ephemeral algae grow rapidly in periods of relative stability. Other characteristic red seaweeds include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. Coralline encrusting algae cover many of the cobbles and pebbles; some areas of cobbles may be quite barren, dominated only by encrusting coralline algae and brittlestars. Of the brown seaweeds scattered [Laminaria] spp. and [Desmarestia] spp. may be present on more stable large boulders or bedrock outcrops. [Chorda filum] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may be present in low abundance but where these seaweeds occur in greater abundance (typically >Frequent) refer to A3.123 and A3.126 respectively. Although the faunal component of this biotope is usually relatively sparse it can include a wide variety of species. Turfs of hydroids ([Nemertesia] spp., [Aglaophenia tubulifera]) and bryozoans ([Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp.) are the major components but sponges and anemones may also occur. Brittlestars, sea-urchins, hydroids and solitary ascidians are more prominent in the Scottish examples of this biotope, which tend to occur in deeper water, due in part to clearer waters.\r\nSituation: Although not common, this biotope is widely distributed from Sussex to the shallow areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, the west coast of Scotland and the north-east coast of Ireland. Despite the wide distribution, the red seaweed composition remains remarkably constant. In areas such as the Sarns, in Wales, where mixed substrata continue into the shallows, dense swathes of A3.123 can be found. More stable but highly scoured areas adjacent to A5.5211 can support the [Halidrys] biotope A3.126. Where bedrock or large boulders occur above the mixed substrata of A5.5211 it may support a kelp forest or park (A3.115 or A3.214). At many sites the mixed substrata supporting the dense seaweed turf gives way to sediment of varying composition.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will take on a much more depauperate appearance during the winter months, once the ephemeral seaweeds have died back in late summer/autumn. Storms can mobilise the loose pebbles and cobbles, removing all but the most resilient of seaweeds and animals. By summer, under more stable conditions, new growth will flourish and dense stands of seaweeds dominate the seabed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5212","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble","description":"Shallow kelp community found on gravel and gravelly sand in slightly less exposed areas than A5.5211 but in moderately strong tidal currents, and characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of robust red seaweeds. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with A5.5211, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Halarachnion ligulatum] and [Brongniartella byssoides]; however the greater stability of this biotope allows a slightly more diverse range of red seaweeds to become established including [Polyides rotundus], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Nitophyllum punctatum]. Coralline encrusting algae may be found covering the larger pebbles. [Laminaria hyperborea] may also be present within this biotope, although at low densities. Other brown algal species present include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may be found attached to larger pebbles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5213","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sand and slightly gravelly sand, in moderately exposed and sheltered conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with A5.5212, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Polyides rotundus], [Polysiphonia elongate] and [Lomentaria clavellosa]. Coralline encrusting algae is much less important in this biotope as a result of a lack of suitable substrate. Brown algal species present, as with other subunits of A5.521, include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The sandy substrate is home to a variety of typical sand dwelling infauna including polychaetes ([Scoloplos armiger], [Exogone hebes], and [Aricidea minuta]), amphipods ([Ampelisca brevicornis]), and bivalves ([Lucinoma borealis] and [Abra alba]). [Arenicola] worm casts and [Lanice] worm tubes may be visible at the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5214","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Slightly deeper kelp community in the lower infralittoral, found on sandy gravelly mud, in sheltered and very sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red and brown algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with other A5.521 subunits include [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. However, the sheltered conditions of this biotope allow the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] to develop (although not to the extent of forming distinct mats as in A5.526), and the related species [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. Brown algal species present, as with other A5.521 subunits, include [Desmarestia] spp at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The muddy substrate is home to a variety of typical mud dwelling fauna including the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. The gravelly component of this biotope provides a substrate for encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline encrusting algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.522","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum]. Beneath the kelp canopy, [Ulva lactuca] is often frequent and some filamentous and foliose red algae may be present, along with filamentous brown ectocarpoid algae although in much lower abundance than in the A5.521 subunits. At the sediment surface ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens], crabs such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Carcinus maenas], and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] may be visable and in some areas [Sabella pavonina] may be present. Given the nature of the sediment it is likely that a wide range of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes are present including [Arenicola marina], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Anaitides mucosa]. In more tideswept areas with coarser and generally less muddy sediments A5.522 may be replaced by one of the sub units of A5.521."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.523","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stoney mixed sediment, in full or variable salinity, in sheltered or moderately exposed conditions, with weak or very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a dense covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, frequent [Psammechinus miliaris] may be found grazing the algal turf and scattered [Modiolus modiolus] are characteristic of this biotope. Encrusting the suface of stones and pebbles are [Pomatoceros triqueter] and in the sediment between the stones, the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be present. Small patches of [Lithothamnion glaciale] may be found in this biotope, although these patches do not form distinct beds as in A5.512. In addition, a more ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] are also present. This biotope is generally found in sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.524","name":"[Laminaria saccharina], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on muddy sand, in moderately exposed or sheltered, fully marine conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Frequent [Chorda filum] may also form part of the canopy although not at the abundance in A5.522. Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and various brown algal species particularly [Dictyota dichotoma]. Other members of the understory may include a variety of other filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Ceramium nodulosum] and the green alga [Ulva]. The muddy sand substrate supports a variety of faunal species including polychaetes ([Lanice conchilega]) and gastropods ([Hinia reticulata])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.525","name":"[Laminaria saccharina] and [Gracilaria gracilis] with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stony sediment, in extremely sheltered, variable salinity conditions, with moderately strong tidal currents. The community is characterised by a more sparse covering of [Laminaria saccharina], particularly when compared to the fully marine version of this sub biotope (A5.524). Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and a variety of faunal species in particular sponges ([Suberites ficus] and [Halichondria panacea]) and ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa] and [Dendrodoa grossularia]). The stony substrate provides a surface for attachment for these and many other filter and suspension feeding species, particularly barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]), hydroids ([Urticina feline] and [Hydractinia echinata]) and anemones. Other members of the understory may include a variety of filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Pterothamnion plumula], and the green alga [Ulva]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.526","name":"Mats of [Trailliella] on infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Dense loose-lying beds of the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may occur in extremely sheltered shallow muddy environments. Beds of this alga are often 10 cm thick but may reach 100 cm at some sites. Other loose-lying algae may also occur such as [Audouinella floridula, Phyllophora crispa] and species of [Derbesia]. Often the mud is gravelly or with some cobbles and may be black and anoxic close to the sediment surface. This biotope is widely distributed in lagoons, sealochs and voes but should only be described as A5.526 when a continuous mat is found. It is likely that the infaunal component of this biotope may be considerably modified by the overwhelming quantity of loose-lying algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.527","name":"Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Infralittoral muddy sand and sandy mud, sometimes with some shells or pebbles, and a dense, loose-lying cover of [Phyllophora crispa]. This biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions such as those found in sealochs and voes. A5.527 is similar to other biotopes described with dense, loose-lying algae but has been less frequently recorded, and from the few records available, appears to occur in slightly deeper infralittoral waters primarily between 10m to 30m and typically in fully saline waters. The seaweeds in this biotope may be epiphytised by ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspera]. Kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present in some areas. The scallops [Pecten maximus] and [Aequipecten opercularis] may also be found occasionally in this biotope and [Trailliella]/[Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may also be present but not at the levels found in A5.526."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.528","name":"Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock","description":"Shallow muddy sediments, often with boulders, cobbles and pebbles around the edges of lagoons, or other areas that are exposed to wide salinity variations are unsuitable for colonisation by many species. Such areas may be colonised by a dense blanket of ephemeral green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp., [Chaetomorpha linum], [Cladophora liniformis] or [Rhizoclonium riparium]. This biotope may also contain some red seaweeds, such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], but always at low abundance (compare with A3.343). Amongst the filamentous green algae, grazing molluscs and solitary ascidians may be present. Infauna may typically include [Corophium volutator], [Heterochaeta costata], [Tubificoides benedeni] and other taxa suited for low/variable salinity environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.529","name":"Facies with [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the Annelid [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52A","name":"Association with [Gracilaria] spp.","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae belonging to the genus [Gracilaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52B","name":"Association with [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52C","name":"Association with [Halopitys incurva]","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga [Halopitys incurvus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52D","name":"Association with [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52E","name":"Association with [Cystoseira barbata]","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52F","name":"Association with [Lamprothamnium papulosum]","description":"This association is characterised by the foxtail stonewort (charophyte) [Lamprothamnium papulosum]. [Lamprothamnium papulosum] is a rare, brackish water stonewort growing to a height of up to 40 cm with regular whorls of slender cylindrical branches each with several spine-like bracts which give the plant a furry appearance. The foxtail stonewort has a sporadic distribution around the coast of Europe from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula. In the Mediterranean it extends eastwards to Tunisia and Sicily with isolated records from Cyprus and the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52G","name":"Association with [Cladophora echinus] and [Rytiphloea tinctoria]","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the green alga [Cladophora echinus] and the red alga [Rytiphloea tinctoria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52H","name":"Association with [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52I","name":"Association with [Arthrocladia villosa]","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Arthrocladia villosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52J","name":"Association with [Osmundaria volubilis]","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Osmundaria volubilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52K","name":"Association with [Kallymenia patens]","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Kallymenia patens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52L","name":"Association with [Laminaria rodriguezii]","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Laminaria rodriguezii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52M","name":"Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis on shell gravel","description":"The dominant species is the alga [Phyllophora nervosa].  In addition to the dominant species there are three other species of Phyllophora: [Phyllophora brodiaei], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora trallii].  There are 118 species of invertebrates in the Phyllophora field the most characteristic of which are: [Bittium reticulatum], [Harmothoe imbricata], [Balanus improvisus], [Synisoma capito] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998).  Studies conducted in the NW shelf area (Zernov's Phyllophora field) indicated tht the mass macrozoobenthos  species  are: the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus], the gastropod [Rissoa parva], the barnacle [Balanus improvisus] and the polychaete [Nereis succinea].  In Egorlitsky Bay the mass species are [Mytilaster lineatus], [Nereis zonata] and [Platynereis dumerilii].  Studies conducted along the Romanian coast (Vailiu and Bodeanu, 1972) indicate that [Phyllophora nervosa] and [Phyllophora brodiae] are present between 10-56 m with highest biomass recorded in the northernmost part of the Romanian coasts, at 43-46 m depth where the presence of [Phyllophora brodiae] is favoured by the presence of a particular substrate given by the massive development of calcareous algal concretions of the red alga [Lithothamnion] present on bivalve shells (Vasiliu and Bodeanu, 1972).  In Romanian waters, in the area known as Zernov's Phyllophora field, the fauna is composed mostly of [Mytilus galloprovincialis] up to 20-30 meters depth, and [Modiolus phaseolinus] at depths exceeding 30 meters (Tiganus, 1991-1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.52N","name":"Pontic degraded facies of the [Phyllophora] biocenosis","description":"This facies represents a degraded form of the [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis in which [Phyllophora nervosa] is substituted by [Phyllophora brodiaei] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.53","name":"Sublittoral seagrass beds","description":"Beds of submerged marine angiosperms in the genera [Cymodocea], [Halophila], [Posidonia], [Ruppia], [Thalassia], [Zostera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.531","name":"[Cymodocea] beds","description":"Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the Atlantic shores of southern Iberia, northwestern Africa and the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5311","name":"Macaronesian [Cymodocea] beds","description":"Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] or [Cymodocea] and [Caulerpa] spp., in particular [Caulerpa prolifera], occupying large surfaces, on sandy substrates at depths of 1-15 metres, around the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5312","name":"Lusitanian [Cymodocea] beds","description":"Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the southernmost Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5313","name":"Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds","description":"[Cymodocea nodosa] formations of the Mediterranean, permanently submerged in waters down to 10 metres deep, often in sheltered areas behind [Posidonia] reefs, monospecific or associated with either the alga [Caulerpa prolifera] or the phanerogam [Halophila stipulacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"A5.53131","name":"Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on well sorted fine sands","description":"This association, characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa], lives on soft bottoms formed by well sorted fine sands and can constitute a local facies with epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"A5.53132","name":"Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This association is characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa] and is present when the water is actively renewed and there is no trace of desalination."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.532","name":"[Halophila] beds","description":"Deep water colonies of [Halophila] spp. or [Thalassia] spp. of the Mediterranean and the Macaronesian Atlantic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5321","name":"Canary Island [Halophila] beds","description":"[Halophila decipiens] colonies of Tenerife, at depths between 10 and 14 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5322","name":"Mediterranean [Halophila] beds","description":"The facies characterised by the seagrass [Halophila stipulacea] lives on soft bottoms with fine sands that are fairly enriched by fine particles. Colonies of [Halophila stipulacea] have invaded the Mediterranean as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal; they have been reported from continental Greece, the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, Samos, the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.533","name":"[Zostera] beds in infralittoral sediments","description":"Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5331","name":"[Zostera marina]/[angustifolia] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand","description":"Expanses of clean or muddy fine sand and sandy mud in shallow water and on the lower shore (typically to about 5 m depth) can have dense stands of [Zostera marina/angustifolia] [Note: the taxonomic status of [Z. angustifolia] is currently under consideration]. In A5.5331 the community composition may be dominated by these [Zostera] species and therefore characterised by the associated biota. Other biota present can be closely related to that of areas of sediment not containing [Zostera marina], for example, [Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and infaunal species such as [Ensis] spp. and [Echinocardium cordatum] (e.g. Bamber 1993). From the available data it would appear that a number of sub-biotopes may be found within this biotope dependant on the nature of the substratum and it should be noted that sparse beds of [Zostera marina] may be more readily characterised by their infaunal community. For example, coarse marine sands with seagrass have associated communities similar to A5.133, A5.137 or A5.135 whilst muddy sands may have infaunal populations related to A5.241, A5.243 and A5.242. Muddy examples of this biotope may show similarities to A5.332, A5.343, A5.342 or A5.351. At present the data does not permit a detailed description of these sub-biotopes but it is likely that with further study the relationships between these assemblages will be clarified. Furthermore, whilst the [Zostera] biotope may be considered an epibiotic overlay of established sedimentary communities it is likely that the presence of [Zostera] will modify the underlying community to some extent. For example, beds of this biotope in the south-west of Britain may contain conspicuous and distinctive assemblages of Lusitanian fauna such as [Laomedea angulata], [Hippocampus] spp. and Stauromedusae. In addition, it is known that seagrass beds play an important role in the trophic status of marine and estuarine waters, acting as an important conduit or sink for nutrients and consequently some examples of [Zostera marina] beds have markedly anoxic sediments associated with them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5332","name":"Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds","description":"Sparse meadows formed on muddy sands of the upper part of the infralittoral zone of Mediterranean coasts. This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and is characterised by the dwarf eel-grass [Zostera noltii] and the alga [Giraudya sphacelarioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"A5.53321","name":"Association with [Zostera noltii] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment","description":"The association with [Zostera noltii] develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, either at the entrances to the lagoons (graus) or even within the lagoons, where it develops monospecific phanerogam populations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. Given its wide potential, it constitutes the epiflora of various habitats. In the case of this association of the euryhaline and eurythermal lagoon biocenosis, the fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs with some addition of marine water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"A5.53322","name":"Association with [Zostera noltii] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"Association with the [Zostera noltii]  on muddy sands in sheltered waters. The [Zostera noltii]  constitutes a bed in areas where there is an active deposit of fine matter. The epifauna of the vascular plants is poor. The population can tolerate a slight local lack of salt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5333","name":"Association with [Zostera marina] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment","description":"This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and it is characterised by the eel-grass [Zostera marina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5334","name":"Mediterranean [Zostera hornemanniana] beds","description":"Formations of the Mediterranean endemic [Zostera hornemanniana], vicariant of [Zostera marina], often confined to coastal lagoons, recorded also from the Istrio-Dalmatian archipelago."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.534","name":"[Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities","description":"Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5341","name":"Middle European [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities","description":"Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima], [Ruppia cirrhosa], [Zannichellia pedicellata], [Chara] spp., [Tolypella nidifica] of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of boreal and temperate Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5342","name":"Tethyan marine [Ruppia] communities","description":"Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima] or [Ruppia cirrhosa] and of [Chara] spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the subtropical Atlantic, north to southwestern Iberia, south to 27°N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5343","name":"[Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand","description":"In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of [Ruppia maritima] and more rarely [Ruppia spiralis] may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as [Gasterosteus aculeatus] which is less common on filamentous algal-dominated sediments. Seaweeds such as [Chaetomorpha] spp., [Enteromorpha] spp., [Cladophora] spp., and [Chorda filum] are also often present in addition to occasional fucoids. In some cases the stoneworts [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] occur. Infaunal and epifaunal species may include mysid crustacea, the polychaete [Arenicola marina], the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], the amphipod [Corophium volutator] and oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata]. In some areas [Zostera marina] may also be interspersed with the [Ruppia] beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.535","name":"[Posidonia] beds","description":"This assemblage is characterised by the presence of the marine seagrass (phanerogam) [Posidonia oceanica]. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean and constitutes characteristic formations called Posidonia meadows, located between the surface and up to 50 metres depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5351","name":"Ecomorphosis of striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows","description":"The striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows facies is found at depth 0 - 5 metres. It appears as fairly narrow ribbons that can be several dozen metres long. These ribbons are separated by stretches of dead mat colonised by [Cymodocea nodosa] and/or [Caulerpa] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5352","name":"Ecomorphosis of \"barrier-reef\" [Posidonia oceanica] meadows","description":"This ecomorphosis can be found in [Posidonia oceanica] beds present in sheltered bays. The vertical growth of the rhizomes leads to the raising of the mat, thus enabling the meadow to reach the surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5353","name":"Facies of dead \"mattes\" of [Posidonia oceanica] without much epiflora","description":"This facies is characterised by a dead mat of [Posidonia oceanica] without macro-epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.5354","name":"Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on [Posidonia] beds","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] in association with the [Posidonia oceanica] bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.54","name":"Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity","description":"Beds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.541","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Phragmites australis]","description":"Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports [Phragmites australis] reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort [Myriophyllum] spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 (Rodwell 1995)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.542","name":"Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]","description":"Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of [Potamogeton pectinatus]. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of unit A5.5343, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Cladophora liniformis] and [Rhizoclonium riparium]. The grazing gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum] is found in this biotope and juvenile [Mytilus edulis] have been observed settled on [Potamogeton] leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte [Lamprothamnium papulosum] may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout ([Salmo trutta]), and sticklebacks [Gasterosteus aculeatus] can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. [Mya arenaria] may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, [Arenicola marina], [Corophium volutator] and [Gammarus] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.543","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus baudotii]","description":"[Ranunculus] spp.-dominated communities developed in shallow-waters of very low salinity of coastal lagoons, coastal basins and coastal waters of the Palaearctic region, including the Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. The most widespread characteristic species is [Ranunculus baudotii]. Locally, other crowfoots may be typical, as, in particular, in the Gulf of Bothnia, [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.544","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Scirpus lacustris] or [Scirpus tabernaemontani]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.545","name":"[Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.6","name":"Sublittoral biogenic reefs","description":"This habitat type includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.61","name":"Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment","description":"Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.611","name":"[Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"The tube-building polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] at high abundances on mixed sediment. These species typically forms loose agglomerations of tubes forming a low lying matrix of sand, gravel, mud and tubes on the seabed. The infauna comprises typical sublittoral polychaete species such as [Protodorvillea kefersteini], [Pholoe synophthalmica], [Harmothoe] spp, [Scoloplos armiger], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lanice conchilega] and cirratulids, together with the bivalve [Abra alba], and tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. The epifauna comprise a variety of bryozoans including [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Cellepora pumicosa], in addition to calcareous tubeworms, pycnogonids, hermit crabs and amphipods. The reefs formed by [Sabellaria] consolidate the sediment and allow the settlement of other species not found in adjacent habitats leading to a diverse community of epifaunal and infauna species. The development of such reefs is assisted by the settlement behaviour of larval [Sabellaria] which are known to selectively settle in areas of suitable sediment and particularly on existing [Sabellaria] tubes (Tait and Dipper, 1997; Wilson 1929). These reefs are particularly affected by dredging or trawling and in heavily dredged or disturbed areas an impoverished community may be left (e.g. A5.143) particularly if the activity or disturbance is prolonged. However, it is likely that reefs of [S. spinulosa] can recover quite quickly from short term or intermediate levels of disturbance as found by Vorberg (2000) in the case of disturbance from shrimp fisheries and recovery will be accelerated if some of the reef is left intact following disturbance as this will assist larval settlement of the species.\r\nSituation: [S. spinulosa] reefs are often found in areas with quite high levels of natural sediment disturbance.\r\nTemporal variation: In some areas the reefs are periodically destroyed by storm events leading to a cyclical shift in biotopes from A5.611 to other biotopes e.g. A5.143 or A5.261 with re-establishment of the [Sabellaria] colonies in the following year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.612","name":"[Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment","description":"Tide-swept sandy mixed sediments with cobbles and pebbles, in variable salinity or fully marine conditions, may be characterised by surface accumulations of the reef building polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The presence of [Sabellaria] sp. has a strong influence on the associated infauna as the tubes bind the surface sediments together and provide increased stability. Such reefs may form large structures up to a metre in height although they are considerably less extensive than the intertidal reefs formed by this species (unit A2.711). Other associated species may include the polychaete [Melinna cristata], itself often as dense aggregations, mobile surface feeding polychaetes including [Typosyllis armillary] and [Eulalia tripunctata]. Other polychaetes may include [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Pygospio elegans] whilst amphipods such as [Harpinia pectinata] and tubificid oligochaetes may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.613","name":"[Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of [Serpula vermicularis], typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include [Esperiopsis fucorum], thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Diplosoma listerianum]. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Psammechinus miliaris] and the queen scallop ([Aequipecten opercularis]) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense [Phycodrys rubens] may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.62","name":"Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment","description":"Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel [Modiolus modiolus] or the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.621","name":"[Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"[Modiolus] beds on mixed substrata (cobbles, pebbles and coarse muddy sediments) in moderately strong currents or wave exposed areas, typically on the open coast but also in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. [Ophiothrix fragilis] are often common in this biotope along with the calcareous tubes of [Pomatoceros triqueter], anemones such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] and hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] and [Sertularia argentea]. [Buccinum undatum] may also be important and in some areas the clam [Chlamys varia] may be frequent but not in the same abundances as in unit A5.624. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes. This biotope is typified by examples off the north-west Lleyn Peninsula in N Wales and off Co. Down, Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.622","name":"[Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of [Modiolus modiolus]. The clumping of the byssus threads of the [M. modiolus] creates a stable habitat that attracts a very rich infaunal community with a high density of polychaete species including [Glycera lapidum], [Paradoneis lyra], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Protomystides bidentata], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Mediomastus fragilis] and syllids such as [Exogone] spp. and [Sphaerosyllis] spp. Bivalves such as [Spisula elliptica], [Timoclea ovata] and other venerid species are also common. Brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata] may also occur with this community. This biotope is very similar to A5.451 and the 'boreal off-shore gravel association' and the 'deep Venus community' described by previous workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951). Similar [Modiolus] beds (though with a less diverse infauna) on open coast stable boulders, cobbles and sediment are described under A5.621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.623","name":"[Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Beds or scattered clumps of [Modiolus modiolus] in generally sheltered conditions with only slight tidal movement. Typically occurs in sealochs and the Shetland voes. Brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], as well as [Ophiopholis aculeata] are often frequent, sometimes forming a dense bed as described in A5.445. The queen scallop [Aequipecten opercularis] is often present in moderate abundances. Large solitary ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma, Dendrodoa grossularia]) and fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata]) are present attached to the mussel shells. Decapods such as hermit crabs ([Pagurus bernhardus]) and spider crabs ([Hyas araneus]) are typically present. Coralline algal crusts may be found on the mussel shells, with some red seaweeds in shallower water such as [Phycodrys rubens]. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.624","name":"[Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Chlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Dense [Modiolus modiolus] beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop ([Chlamys varia]) is frequently found in large numbers amongst the [Modiolus] shells. Hydroids such as [Halecium] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ciona intestinalis] may be found attached to pebbles or mussel shells. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida] are often frequent in this biotope as is the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Similar communities have been found on cobble and pebble plains in stable, undisturbed conditions in some sealochs, although not all these examples have [Modiolus] beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.625","name":"[Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other characterising infaunal species may include the amphipod [Gammarus salinus] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. The polychaetes [Harmothoe] spp., [Kefersteinia cirrata] and [Heteromastus filiformis] are also important. Epifaunal species in addition to the [M. edulis] include the whelks [Nucella lapillus] and [Buccinum undatum], the common starfish [Asterias rubens] the spider crab [Maja squinado] and the anemone [Urticina felina]. Relatively few records are available for this biotope and it is possible that as more data is accumulated separate estuarine and fully marine sub-biotopes may be described. Further clarification may also be required with regard to the overlap between littoral and sublittoral mussel beds and with regard to mussel beds biotopes on hard substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.626","name":"[Hiatella arctica] beds on silty clay with small pebbles and shells","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.627","name":"Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone","description":"Communities of Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean mussel beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.6271","name":"Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.6272","name":"Baltic mussel beds of the infralittoral photic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.628","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.6281","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral shelly gravel","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.6282","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral sand","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.6283","name":"Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral mud","description":"Found especially in muddy sediments forming seabed features as elongated patches perpendicular to predominant currents. These are destroyed by disturbance such as that generated by trawling activities and extreme siltation processes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.63","name":"Circalittoral coral reefs","description":"The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, [Lophelia pertusa] is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. [Lophelia] and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.631","name":"Circalittoral [Lophelia pertusa] reefs","description":"Reefs of the coral [Lophelia pertusa], typically supporting a range of other biota. [Lophelia] reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including [Paragorgia arborea], [Paramuricea placomus], [Primnoa resedaeformis], polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters ([Munida sarsi]) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis] may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish ([Sebastes viviparous] and [Sebastes marinus]), Ling ([Molva molva]) and tusk ([Brosme brosme]) (Husebo et al., 2002).\r\nSituation: In British waters [Lophelia] reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.64","name":"Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.641","name":"Deep massive [Ostrea edulis] reefs on bottoms of shelly gravel and boulders","description":"This habitat is composed of [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs of three dimensional structure on soft bottoms.  The massive reefs can reach dimensions of up to 7m in height and are composed of dead [Ostrea edulis] shells and cemented tubes of serpulid   are overgrown by blue mussels, sponges, the red algae [Delesseria ruscifolia], the brown algae [Xanardinia prototypus], crabs such as [Eriphia verrucosa] and also constitute essential habitat for the bivalve [Petricola lithophaga].  It is unknown whether live [Ostrea edulis] reefs can still be found in the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.643","name":"[Crassostrea gigas] beds","description":"New habitat created by the introduction of allochthonous species used for for cultivation such as [Crassostrea gigas] and [Ostrea virginica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A5.7","name":"Features of sublittoral sediments","description":"Features of sublittoral sediments include sublittoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A5.71) and sublittoral sediments which are organically-enriched or permanently or periodically anoxic (A5.72)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.71","name":"Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.711","name":"Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.7111","name":"Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.7112","name":"Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.712","name":"Bubbling reefs in the aphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.713","name":"Freshwater seeps in sublittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.714","name":"Methane seeps in sublittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.715","name":"Oil seeps in sublittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.716","name":"Vents in sublittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.717","name":"Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral sediments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A5.72","name":"Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A5.721","name":"Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A5.7211","name":"[Beggiatoa] spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of [Beggiatoa] spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Carcinus maenas] are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional [Arenicola marina] but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the [Beggiatoa]. The polychaete [Ophiodromus flexuosus] occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A6","name":"Deep-sea bed","description":"The sea bed beyond the continental shelf break. The shelf break occurs at variable depth, but is generally over 200 m. The upper limit of the deep-sea zone is marked by the edge of the shelf. Includes areas of the Mediterranean Sea which are deeper than 200 m but not of the Baltic Sea which is a shelf sea. Excludes caves in the deep sea which are classified in A4.71 irrespective of depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.1","name":"Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata","description":"Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of bedrock, immobile boulders or artificial hard substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.11","name":"Deep-sea bedrock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.12","name":"Deep-sea artificial hard substrata","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.13","name":"Deep-sea manganese nodules","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.14","name":"Boulders on the deep-sea bed","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.2","name":"Deep-sea mixed substrata","description":"Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of mixed particle size or gravel. Includes habitats with mobile substrates of biogenic origin but no longer living, and of allochthonous material such as macrophyte debris. Deep-sea habitats with living biogenic substrates are included in A6.6."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.21","name":"Deep-sea lag deposits","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.22","name":"Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.23","name":"Deep-sea calcareous pavements","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.24","name":"Communities of allochthonous material","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.241","name":"Communities of macrophyte debris","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.3","name":"Deep-sea sand","description":"Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.31","name":"Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]","description":"These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod [Grypheus vitreus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.4","name":"Deep-sea muddy sand","description":"Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of muddy sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.5","name":"Deep-sea mud","description":"Bathyal and abyssal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.51","name":"Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds","description":"This biocenosis is characterised by a constant homothermy of around 13° C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.511","name":"Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc [Thenea muricata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.512","name":"Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.513","name":"Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]","description":"This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian [Funiculina quadrangularis] and the gastropod [Apporhais serresianus] are present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.514","name":"Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]","description":"This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian [Isidella elongata] is present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.52","name":"Communities of abyssal muds","description":"These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.6","name":"Deep-sea bioherms","description":"A bioherm is a mound, dome, or reef-like mass of rock that is composed almost exclusively of the remains of sedentary marine organisms and is embedded in rock of different physical character. This habitat type includes deep-sea coral reefs (A6.61) and sponge beds (A6.62)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.61","name":"Communities of deep-sea corals","description":"The only community described is [Lophelia pertusa], a cold water, reef-forming coral, which has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of [L. pertusa] reefs varies, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20 m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200 - >2000 m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, [L. pertusa] reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis], the redfish [Sebastes viviparous] and the squat lobster [Munida sarsi]. [L. pertusa] reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be [Lophelia] rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, [L. pertusa] reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.611","name":"Deep-sea [Lophelia pertusa] reefs","description":"Lophelia pertusa, a cold water, reef-forming coral, has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of L. pertusa reefs vary, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200->2000m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, L. pertusa reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis, the redfish Sebastes viviparous and the squat lobster Munida sarsi. L. pertusa reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be Lophelia rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, L. pertusa reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.62","name":"Deep-sea sponge aggregations","description":"Deep sea sponge aggregations are principally composed of sponges from two classes: [Hexactinellida] and [Desmospongia]. They are known to occur between water depths of 250 m to 1300 m (Bett & Rice, 1992), where the water temperature ranges from 4-10°C and there is moderate current velocity (0.5 knots). Deep sea sponge aggregations may be found on soft substrata or hard substrata, such as boulders and cobbles which may lie on sediment. Iceberg plough-mark zones provide an ideal habitat for sponges because stable boulders and cobbles, exposed on the seabed, provide numerous attachment/settlement points (B. Bett, pers comm.). However, with 3.5 kg of pure siliceous spicule material per m2 reported from some sites (Gubbay, 2002), the occurrence of sponge fields can alter the characteristics of surrounding muddy sediments. Densities of occurrence are hard to quantify, but sponges in the class [Hexactinellida] have been reported at densities of 4-5 per m2, whilst ‘massive’ growth forms of sponges from the class [Desmospongia] have been reported at densities of 0.5 to 1 per m2 (B. Bett, pers comm.). Deep sea sponges have similar habitat preferences to cold-water corals, and hence are often found at the same location. Research has shown that the dense mats of spicules present around sponge fields may inhibit colonisation by infaunal animals, resulting in a dominance of epifaunal elements (Gubbay, 2002). Sponge fields also support ophiuroids, which use the sponges as elevated perches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.621","name":"Facies with [Pheronema grayi]","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge [Pheronema grayi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.7","name":"Raised features of the deep-sea bed","description":"Habitats on the deep-sea bed with significant elevation (typically >200m) in relation to their surroundings. Includes permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands (A6.71), seamounts, knolls and banks (A6.72), oceanic ridges (A6.73), abyssal hills (A6.74) and carbonate mounds (A6.75)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.71","name":"Permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.72","name":"Seamounts, knolls and banks","description":"Seamounts are defined as undersea mountains, with a crest that rises more than 1,000 m above the surrounding sea floor (Menard, 1964 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts can be a variety of shapes, but are generally conical with a circular, elliptical or more elongate base. Seamounts are volcanic in origin, and are often associated with seafloor ‘hot-spots’; thinner areas of the earth’s crust where magma can escape. Seamounts, often with a slope inclination of up to 60°, provide a striking contrast to the surrounding ‘flat’ abyssal plain. Their relief has profound effects on the surrounding oceanic circulation, with the formation of trapped waves, jets, eddies and closed circulations known as Taylor columns (Taylor, 1917 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts occur frequently within the OSPAR Maritime Area. Analysis of narrow beam bathymetric data by the US Naval Oceanographic office from 1967-1989 identified more than 810 seamounts within the North Atlantic. The majority occur along the Mid-Atlantic ridge between Iceland and the Hayes fracture zone (Gubbay, 2002).\r\nThe enhanced currents that occur around seamounts provide ideal conditions for suspension feeders. Gorgonian, scleratinian and antipatharian corals may be particularly abundant, and other suspension feeders such as sponges, hydroids and ascidians are also present. Concentrations of commercially important fish species, such as [Hoplostethus atlanticus] (orange roughy), aggregate around seamounts and live in close association with the benthic communities (Gubbay, 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.721","name":"Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within euphotic zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.722","name":"Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within the mesopelagic zone, i.e. interacting with diurnally migrating plankton","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.723","name":"Deep summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank (i.e. below mesopelagic zone)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.724","name":"Flanks of seamount, knoll or bank","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.725","name":"Base of seamount, knoll or bank","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A6.7251","name":"Moat around base of seamount, knoll or bank","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.73","name":"Oceanic ridges","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.731","name":"Communities of ridge flanks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.732","name":"Communities of ridge axial trough (i.e. non-vent fauna)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.733","name":"Oceanic ridge without hydrothermal effects","description":"Benthic communities occupying raised features of the deep sea-floor; they include assemblages colonizing active or nonactive constructive midocean ridges, as well as those developed on asismic ridges, but with the exception of hydrothermal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.74","name":"Abyssal hills","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.75","name":"Carbonate mounds","description":"Carbonate mounds are very steep-sided mounds of variety of shapes, which may be up to 350 m high and 2 km wide at their base (Weering et al, 2003). They occur offshore in water depths of 500 m-1100 m with examples present in the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough (Kenyon et al, 2003). Carbonate mounds may have a sediment veneer, typically composed of carbonate sands, muds and silts. The cold-water reef-building corals [Lophelia pertusa] and [Madrepora oculata], as well as echiuran worms are characteristic fauna of carbonate mounds. Where cold-water corals (such as [Lophelia]) are present on the mound summit, coral debris may form a significant component of the overlying substratum.\r\nThere is currently speculation on the origin of carbonate mounds, with possible associations with fault-controlled methane seepage from deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, or gas-hydrate dissociation (Henriet et al, 1998) through to the debris from ‘cold-water’ coral colonies such as [Lophelia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.8","name":"Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope","description":"Habitats on the deep-sea bed significantly below the deep-sea bed, including deep ocean trenches, often greater than 6000 m depth with an active margin reduction zone (A6.82), and downslope or along-slope channels on the deep-sea bed (A6.81)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.81","name":"Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.811","name":"Active downslope channels","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.812","name":"Inactive downslope channels","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.813","name":"Alongslope channels","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.814","name":"Turbidites and fans","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.82","name":"Deep-sea trenches","description":"Benthic communities of the oceanic trenches, deep elongated subduction troughs of the ocean floor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A6.9","name":"Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea","description":"Deep-sea habitats characterised by chemical conditions. Includes interface habitats on the deep-sea bed where reducing conditions exist (A6.91), not generally associated with drastically elevated temperatures, including the carcasses of large cetaceans (A6.913). These habitats are often indicated by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases or liquids, hypoxic and/or anoxic conditions in the water column above. Also includes vents in the deep-sea bed (A6.94)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.91","name":"Deep-sea reducing habitats","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.911","name":"Seeps in the deep-sea bed","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"A6.9111","name":"Cold seep benthic communities of hadal zone","description":"Highly distinctive benthic communities of large bivalves, sponges and bryozoans, inhabiting the vicinity of oceanic methane-laden seeps, mostly localized in subduction trenches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.912","name":"Gas hydrates in deep-sea","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.913","name":"Cetacean and other carcasses on the deep-sea bed","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.92","name":"Deep-sea bed influenced by hypoxic water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.93","name":"Isolated ‘oceanic’ features influenced by hypoxic water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.94","name":"Vents in the deep sea","description":"Hydrothermal vents occur along spreading ridges (such as the mid-Atlantic ridge), subduction zones, fracture zones and back-arc basins (Gage & Tyler, 1991), and are caused by seawater penetrating the upper levels of the Earth’s crust through channels formed in cooling lava flows, reacting chemically with hot basalt in the Earth’s crust and then rising back to the sea-bed to vent as superheated water containing compounds such as sulphides, metals, CO2 and methane (Tunnicliffe et al, 1998 in Gubbay, 2002). The water may trickle out from cracks and crevices on the seabed as hot springs (5-250°C), or as very concentrated jets of superheated water (270-380°C). As these concentrated jets of water cool, minerals dissolved in the water precipitate out in black clouds, giving them their common name of ‘black smokers’. At lower temperatures, sulphides are mostly precipitated within the rocks, making the venting fluids appear cloudier. These are known as ‘white smokers’ (Gage & Tyler, 1991). Hydrothermal vent fields cover relatively small areas of the seabed in water depths of 850 - 4000 m. The biological communities associated with hydrothermal vents are unusual as they are able to derive energy under conditions where photosynthesis is not possible. These habitats contain a huge diversity of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which form the core of the trophic structure around the vent. Characteristic species include the giant vent clam [Calyptogena magnifica], the mussel [Bathymodiolus thermophilus], the tube worm [Riftia pachyptila], the crabs [Cyanograea praedator] and [Bythograea thermydron] and the shrimp [Charocaris fortunate]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.941","name":"Active vent fields","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A6.942","name":"Inactive vent fields","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A6.95","name":"Pontic anoxic H2S black muds of the slope and abyssal plain, with anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria and nematodes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A7","name":"Pelagic water column","description":"The water column of shallow or deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters. Note that because of the strong temporal nature of the pelagic environment, the water column at a given location will be classified differently at different times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.1","name":"Neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.11","name":"Temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.12","name":"Permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.2","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.21","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.211","name":"Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.22","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.221","name":"Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.23","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.231","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.232","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.233","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.234","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.3","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.31","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.32","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.33","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.4","name":"Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.41","name":"Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.42","name":"Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.5","name":"Unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.51","name":"Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.52","name":"Mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.53","name":"Bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.54","name":"Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.6","name":"Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.61","name":"Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.62","name":"Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.63","name":"Water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.64","name":"Water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.65","name":"Water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.66","name":"Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.661","name":"Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.662","name":"Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.67","name":"Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.68","name":"Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.69","name":"Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.7","name":"Fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.71","name":"Ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.72","name":"Seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.73","name":"Persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.8","name":"Unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.81","name":"Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.82","name":"Mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.83","name":"Bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.84","name":"Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Waters beyond the continental shelf. They occupy the greatest part of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, the Mediterranean Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, as well as the central part of the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea, the southern Adriatic Sea, the eastern part of the northern North Sea. They are absent from the Baltic Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.9","name":"Vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.91","name":"Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.92","name":"Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.93","name":"Water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.94","name":"Water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.95","name":"Water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.96","name":"Water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.97","name":"Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.98","name":"Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.99","name":"Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"A7.991","name":"Anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A7.A","name":"Fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.A1","name":"Ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.A2","name":"Seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A7.A3","name":"Persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"A8","name":"Ice-associated marine habitats","description":"Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A8.1","name":"Sea ice","description":"Ice formations floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.11","name":"Seasonal pack-ice","description":"Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, Bothnia Bay, the Bothnia Sea, and coastal areas of the Åland Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga, exceptional in other areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.12","name":"Permanent pack-ice","description":"Semicontinuous ice sheets covering the sea throughout the year, limited to the Arctic Ocean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.13","name":"Ice floes","description":"Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A8.2","name":"Freshwater ice","description":"Floating and drifting blocks of ice detached from coastal glaciers (H4.2). These are separated by size at level 4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.21","name":"Large tabular iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.22","name":"Medium iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.23","name":"Small iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.24","name":"Bergy bit","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.25","name":"Growler","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A8.3","name":"Brine channels","description":"During freezing of seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.31","name":"Brine channels in first year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.32","name":"Brine channels in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"A8.4","name":"Under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods ([Apherusa glacialis], [Onisimus] spp., [Gammarus wilkitzkii]), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer. Source: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/WorkingGroups/ofis/ARK-19-1/sea-ice-biology.htm."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.41","name":"Under-ice habitat in first-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"A8.42","name":"Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"B","name":"Coastal habitats","description":"Coastal habitats are those above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features and characterised by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterised by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterised by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"B1","name":"Coastal dunes and sandy shores","description":"Sand-covered shorelines of the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, fashioned by the action of wind or waves. They include gently sloping beaches and beach-ridges, formed by sands brought by waves, longshore drift and storm waves, as well as dunes, formed by aeolian deposits, though sometimes re-fashioned by waves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.1","name":"Sand beach driftlines","description":"The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the sand may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals, e.g. [Atriplex] spp., [Cakile] spp., [Salsola kali], [Polygonum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.11","name":"Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, with [Cakile edentula ssp. islandica] ([Cakile arctica]), [Atriplex lapponica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.12","name":"Middle European sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of the sand beaches of the temperate North Atlantic, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Baltic, with [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Beta maritima], [Atriplex] spp., [Glaucium flavum], [Polygonum] spp., [Mertensia maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.121","name":"Baltic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual driftline communities of central and southern Baltic sand beaches, with [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex calotheca], [Atriplex hastata], [Salsola kali], [Polygonum aviculare], [Polygonum oxyspermum], [Senecio vulgaris], [Matricaria perforata], [Matricaria maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.13","name":"Tethyan sand beach driftline communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts. [Zosterion marinae] and [Cymodoceion nodosae] communities with e.g. [Caulerpa prolifera], [Zostera noltii], [Cymodocea nodosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.131","name":"Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean and the subtropical Atlantic, between Portugal and the southern limit of the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone at 27 degrees N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.132","name":"Pontic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of sand beaches of the Black Sea, with [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Salsola kali ssp. tragus], [Atriplex hastata], [Polygonum maritimum], [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Convolvulus persicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.133","name":"Pontic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Halo-nitrophilous communities of Black Sea sand beaches dominated by perennial herbs, including [Crambe maritima ssp. pontica], [Argusia sibirica], [Lactuca tatarica], [Petasites spurius] or [Trachomitum venetum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.2","name":"Sand beaches above the driftline","description":"Gently sloping sand-covered shorelines fashioned by wind action along coasts and beside associated coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.21","name":"Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline","description":"Sandy beaches of oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.211","name":"Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.212","name":"Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.22","name":"Biocenosis of supralittoral sands","description":"Area corresponding to the upper beach which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.221","name":"Facies of depressions with residual humidity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.222","name":"Facies of quickly-drying wracks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.223","name":"Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.224","name":"Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)","description":"On sandy beaches, in the supralittoral stage, at a higher level, rarely submerged, in the whole of the Mediterranean. Present on the upper beach, only humectated by the sea during storms. The temperature is highly variable and the daily differences in temperature may be more than 20°C. These temperatures may be extremely high, reaching 50°C in the summer, and are then lethal for individuals living in the sand. This facies is a relatively particular aspect of ‘wracks’ and corresponds to the washing up of almost exclusively marine phanerogam debris from nearby meadows and beds. These wracks always include a fairly sizeable part of other additional elements of anthropic or natural origin. The sediment of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of more or less damp saline plaques on coarse sand. The sedimentary granulometry varies according to the addition of fine elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.23","name":"Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of sand, gravelly sand and gravel cordons of upper beaches of the arctic and boreal sea coasts of Eurasia formed by [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus], [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima], accompanied by [Atriplex] spp. ([Atriplex prostrata], [Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox], [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum aviculare], [Cakile maritima], [Cakile arctica], [Petasites spurius], [Potentilla anserina]. Representatives of these communities occur very locally within the nemoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.231","name":"North Sea sand beach perennial communities","description":"[Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of North Sea coasts of southern Norway, Jutland, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, the Netherlands, England, Scotland and Orkney, and of the Danish coast of the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.232","name":"Baltic sand beach perennial communities","description":"[Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of southern and central Baltic upper beaches, often with [Petasites spurius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.233","name":"Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of the upper beaches of the Gulf of Bothnia dominated by [Leymus arenarius] and [Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.234","name":"Icelandic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of Iceland dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Mertensia maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.235","name":"Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.24","name":"Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation","description":"Sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyrion juncei]-[Sporoboletum pungentis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.\r\nThe vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class [Cakiletea maritimae], enriched by many [Ammophiletea] species like [Echinophora spinosa], [Elymus farctus], [Eryngium maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.25","name":"Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.3","name":"Shifting coastal dunes","description":"Mobile sands of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, unvegetated or occupied by open grasslands; they may form tall dune ridges or, particularly along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, be limited to a fairly flat upper beach, still subject in part to inundation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.31","name":"Embryonic shifting dunes","description":"Formations of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples or raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes. Typically [Elymus farctus], [Otanthus maritimus], [Sporobolus pungens], [Pancratium maritimum], [Medicago marina] or [Anthemis tomentosa] may be present. \r\nThe vegetation may belong to the class [Ammophiletea] with communities of [Otanthus maritimus], [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis], [Cypero mucronati-Agropyretum juncei], [Elymetum sabulosi], [Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum australis] and species [Elytrigia bessarabica], [Glycyrrhiza glabra], [Limonium graecum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Zygophyllum album], [Inula crithmoides], [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Paronychia argentea] and [Centaurea spinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.311","name":"Atlantic embryonic dunes","description":"Embryonic dunes of the Atlantic, south to southern Iberia, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, Germany, southern Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia and southwestern Finland, with [Elymus farctus] ([Agropyron junceum]) accompanied by [Leymus arenarius] in the north, by [Euphorbia paralias] on middle and southern Atlantic shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.312","name":"Western Tethyan embryonic dunes","description":"Embryonic dunes of the Mediterranean coasts, on which [Elymus farctus] is accompanied by [Sporobolus pungens], [Euphorbia peplis], [Otanthus maritimus], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima], [Anthemis tomentosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Pancratium maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.313","name":"Pontic embryonic dunes","description":"Formations of Black Sea coasts, transitional between Pontic white dune and driftline communities, characterized by the adjunction to [Elymion gigantei] species assemblies of [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Euphorbia peplis] and other sand beach annual species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.314","name":"Large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.32","name":"White dunes","description":"Mobile dunes forming the seaward cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones. Communities of [Ammophilion arenariae], [Ammophilion borealis], [Zygophyllion fontanesii] and several indicator species: [Ammophila arenaria], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Otanthus maritimus]. White dunes are further subdivided by region: Atlantic, Western Tethyan, Canario-Saharan and Pontic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.321","name":"Atlantic white dunes","description":"White dunes of the Atlantic, south to Aquitaine, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and Russia, dominated, when vegetated, by marram grass ([Ammophila arenaria]) accompanied by, among others, [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B1.3211","name":"Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B1.3212","name":"Coastal dunes: green dunes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.322","name":"Western Tethyan white dunes","description":"White dunes of the Mediterranean coasts and of the subtropical Atlantic coasts of Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, south to Safi at 32° N, dominated, when vegetated, by the marram grass [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea] ([Ammophila australis]), accompanied by, among others, [Otanthus maritimus], [Echinophora spinosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Cutandia maritima], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.323","name":"Canario-Saharan white dunes","description":"Mobile dunes of the Canary Islands and of the mediterraneo-Saharan coasts of Atlantic North Africa, with [Traganum moquini], [Euphorbia paralias], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Cyperus capitatus], [Ononis natrix], [Convolvulus caput-medusae], [Polygonum maritimum], [Lotus] spp. and the threatened Lanzarote endemic lily [Androcymbium psammophilum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.324","name":"Pontic white dunes","description":"Mobile dunes of the Black Sea coasts, with [Leymus racemosus ssp. sabulosus] ([Elymus giganteus]), [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Artemisia tschernieviana], [Eryngium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Petasites spurius], [Corispermum marschallii], [Lactuca tatarica], [Crambe maritima var. pontica], [Cynanchum acutum], [Centaurea arenaria ssp. odessana], [Argusia sibirica] ([Tournefortia arguzia]) and, in western formations, [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.33","name":"Young boreo-arctic dunes","description":"Young dunes of arctic and boreal latitudes colonised by halo-nitrophilous perennial vegetation similar to that of unit B1.23, including [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus] ([Elytrigia juncea]), [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.4","name":"Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)","description":"Fixed or semifixed dunes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, with the perennial grasslands, chamaephyte-dotted grasslands, forblands, subshrub or succulent communities that stabilise them and the therophyte communities that may occupy the grassland clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.41","name":"Northern fixed grey dunes","description":"Grasslands of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and northern Atlantic fixed dunes, including those of the British Isles, the Faeroes, southern Norway, the North Sea and Baltic coasts, the Channel coasts of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.411","name":"Crested-hairgrass dune communities","description":"Calciphile communities of fixed dunes of the North Sea, the English Channel, the north Atlantic and, locally, of the southwestern Baltic, with [Koeleria albescens], ([Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria arenaria]), [Galium verum var. maritimum], [Viola curtisii], [Ononis repens], [Festuca rubra], [Festuca polesica], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. maritima] and moss (e.g. [Tortula ruraliformis]) and lichen carpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.412","name":"Grey-hairgrass dune communities","description":"Communities of less calcareous or decalcified dunes of the North Atlantic, the English Channel, the North Sea and the Baltic north to southern Norway, northern Jutland, southern Sweden, the Kalinin district and the Gulf of Riga, often rich in [Corynephorus canescens] and [Viola canina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.413","name":"Mouse-ear dune communities","description":"Short-lived, warmth-loving communities of the dunes of the North Atlantic and its connected seas north to extreme southern Sweden, with [Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Erodium lebelii], [Phleum arenarium], [Silene conica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.42","name":"Biscay fixed grey dunes","description":"Fixed dune grasslands infiltrated by dwarf bushes of French Brittany and the coasts of the Bay of Biscay, with [Helichrysum stoechas], [Artemisia campestris], [Ephedra distachya]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.43","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean and of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of Portugal, southwestern Spain and North Africa, colonised by communities mostly composed of fruticose species, with [Crucianella maritima], [Artemisia crithmifolia], [Armeria pungens], [Armeria welwitschi], [Helichrysum decumbens], [Helichrysum italicum], [Teucrium] spp., [Ephedra distachya], [Pancratium maritimum] and [Ononis natrix ssp. ramosissima]. Communities of [Crucianellion maritimae] and [Ononidion ramosissimae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.44","name":"East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes","description":"Coastal dune communities of the Adriatic, the Ionian, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, dominated by dwarf shrubs and subshrubs of genera [Ephedra], [Ononis], [Artemisia], and, very locally, [Crucianella] or others, by tall canes or by succulents; they may be rich in species of genus [Silene], together with [Euphorbia terracina] among others. Vegetation of the alliances [Crucianellion maritimae], [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis], [Ammophilion arenariae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.45","name":"Atlantic dune [Mesobromion] grassland","description":"Dunal grasslands, in particular of northern Brittany, rich in species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (c.f. unit E1.26)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.46","name":"Atlantic dune thermophile fringes","description":"[Geranium sanguineum]-rich forb and grass communities, related to hem formations of unit E5.2, developed within grey dune systems of western Ireland, southwestern England, Wales, Brittany and southwestern Norway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.47","name":"Dune fine-grass annual communities","description":"Sparse pioneer formations of fine grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic, superficial soils in grey dune systems of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. They are closely related to grasslands of units E1.8 and E1.9."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.48","name":"Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities","description":"Therophyte communities of the coasts of the Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic colonizing deep sands in clearings of perennial communities of fixed or semi-fixed dune systems, and sometimes deflation depressions of white dunes with e.g. several [Malcolmia] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.49","name":"Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Therophyte communities of shallow, calcareous fixed sands of the coastal dune systems of the Mediterranean basin. These are coastal dune representatives of unit E1.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.4A","name":"Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes","description":"Fixed or semi-fixed dunes of the Canary Islands and of the Saharo-mediterranean zone of the Atlantic coasts of North Africa, between Essaouira and Tan-Tan, dominated by the tall shrubby chenopod [Traganum moquinii] or by dwarf shrubs or subshrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.4B","name":"Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.4B1","name":"Western Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the western coasts of the Black Sea, north of the Bosphorus and west of the Dniester."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B1.4B11","name":"Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the southwestern coasts of the Black Sea, between the Bosphorus and Cape Caliacra, harbouring the psammophytes [Cionura erecta], [Peucedanum arenarium], [Jurinea albicaulis ssp. kilaea], [Silene thymifolia], [Medicago marina], [Secale sylvestre], [Pancratium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Scabiosa argentea] ([Scabiosa ucranica]), [Euphorbia seguierana] and the Balkan endemic [Lepidotrichum uechtritzianum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B1.4B12","name":"Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Dunes of the northwestern Black Sea coast, in particular, those associated with the mouth of the Danube."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.4B2","name":"Eastern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the northern and eastern Black Sea coasts, east of the Dniester, southeastwards to the Kuban basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.4B3","name":"Southern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.4C","name":"Boreo-arctic grey dunes","description":"Communities of fixed dunes of the boreal and arctic coasts of Atlantic Eurasia, characterized by the dominance of species of the [Honkenyo-Elymetea] and the presence of arcto-alpine species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.5","name":"Coastal dune heaths","description":"Stable dunes with a leached surface and vegetation dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum nigrum] or [Erica] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.51","name":"Crowberry brown dunes","description":"[Empetrum nigrum] or [Empetrum hermaphroditum] colonizing dunes of the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.52","name":"Heather brown dunes","description":"[Erica], [Calluna] and [Ulex] heaths colonizing decalcified dunes of France, Iberia, Britain, the Baltic coast, and Scandinavia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.521","name":"East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of inner coastal dunes of East Anglia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.522","name":"French ling coastal dune heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex trinervis] heaths of northern French inner coastal dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.523","name":"British bell heather coastal dune heaths","description":"[Erica cinerea]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of decalcified coastal dunes of the western British Isles, mostly dominated by [Erica cinerea], sometimes by [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.524","name":"French bell heather coastal dune heaths","description":"[Erica cinerea]-[Festuca vasconcensis] heaths of dry coastal dunes of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.525","name":"French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths","description":"[Erica ciliaris]-[Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium] ([Arrhenatherum thorei]) heaths of more humid coastal dunes of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.526","name":"Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths","description":"[Erica scoparia]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] ([Ulex australis]) heaths of southwestern Iberian coastal dunes, dunal fraction of the thermo-Mediterranean heaths of unit F5.5C1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.527","name":"Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths","description":"[Erica ciliaris]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] heaths of more humid southwestern Iberian coastal dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.528","name":"Northern ling coastal dune heaths","description":"Open heathlands of inner coastal dunes of Denmark, of the southern and southeastern Baltic coast, of southern Scania, the Kattegat coast of Sweden, Åland, Gotland and the Öland-Archipelago Sea dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Empetrum nigrum], [Carex arenaria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lotus corniculatus], [Polypodium vulgare], [Salix repens], and a ground layer constituted mostly by [Dicranum scoparium] and [Pleurozium schreberi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.6","name":"Coastal dune scrub","description":"Stable dunes with scrub, e.g. [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens] in the north, or [Juniperus] spp. or sclerophyllous shrubs in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.61","name":"Coastal dune thickets","description":"Dense formations of large, mostly deciduous, shrubs of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes and dune-slacks of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region; they include sea-buckthorn, privet, elder, willow, gorse or broom, often festooned with creepers such as honeysuckle or white bryony ([Bryonia cretica])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.611","name":"Sea-buckthorn dune thickets","description":"Thickets dominated by [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of the coasts of the North Sea, the eastern English Channel and the southern Baltic, mostly in Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Kalinin district, the Netherlands, Belgium, Northern France and southeastern and eastern England and southeastern Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.612","name":"Western nemoral mixed dune thickets","description":"Dunal pre-forest thickets of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes of the western Palaearctic region formed of species of genera [Ulex], [Sarothamnus], [Rubus], [Ligustrum], [Daphne], [Sambucus]. Codes of subdivisions of unit F3.2 can be used, in addition to unit B1.612, to specify the habitat. Listed elsewhere are dunal formations of heaths (units B1.51, B1.52), sea-buckthorn ([Hippophae rhamnoides], unit B1.611) or creeping willow ([Salix arenaria], unit B1.62)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.62","name":"Creeping-willow mats","description":"Mats of [Salix arenaria] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of Atlantic, North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Baltic coasts of western and northwestern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.63","name":"Dune juniper thickets","description":"Juniper heaths and thickets formed by [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia] s.l., [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus transtagana], [Juniperus communis] in dune slacks and on dune slopes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean or warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.631","name":"Dune prickly juniper thickets","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] thickets and low woods of the outer belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit B1.7, with the habitat specified by unit G3.99 (B1.7 x G3.99)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.632","name":"Lycian juniper thickets","description":"[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] thickets of the inner belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit B1.7, with the habitat specified by unit G3.9A (B1.7 x G3.9A)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.633","name":"Rufescent juniper thickets","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] scrub of the dunes of southwestern Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B1.634","name":"Common juniper dune thickets","description":"[Juniperus communis] scrubs of the calcareous dunes of northwest Jutland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.64","name":"Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets","description":"Sclerophyllous, lauriphyllous or drought-deciduous scrub and thickets  established on dunes of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid regions. They are partially represented by classes of [Ononido-Rosmarinetea], [Quercetea ilicis], [Cisto-Lavanduletea], [Retametea raetami], [Cisto-Micromerietea] and [Ammophiletea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.65","name":"Coastal dune rose thickets","description":"Naturalized planted [Rosa rugosa] thickets planted for stabilization of shifting sandy soils. Shrubs low (0.3–0.8 m height) and dense. Sparser thickets include species of the [Ammophiletea] class."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.7","name":"Coastal dune woods","description":"Coastal dunes colonised by woodland which are directly influenced by proximity to the sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.71","name":"Coastal dunes: (brown) dunes covered with natural or almost natural coniferous forest, e.g. pines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.72","name":"Coastal dunes: (brown) dunes covered with deciduous forest (beech, birch, oak)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.73","name":"Coastal dunes covered with planted dwarf mountain pine woodland","description":"Very dense [Pinus mugo] scrubland planted for stabilization of shifting sand dunes, particularly in the Curonian Spit (SE coast of the Baltic Sea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.74","name":"Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural thermophilous pines","description":"Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterranean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, corresponding to substitution facies or in some stations climax formations of evergreen oak of artificial origin ([Quercetalia ilicis] or [Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia]). Typical species are [Pinus pinea], [Pinus pinaster], [Pinus halepensis], [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata], [Scaligeria napiformis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Pistacia lentiscus]. This is the coastal equivalent of unit G3.7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.8","name":"Moist and wet dune slacks","description":"Moist or wet depressions in coastal dune systems, sometimes with permanent water but more often only seasonally moist or flooded by fresh water. Dune-slacks are extremely rich and specialised habitats, very threatened by the lowering of water tables."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.81","name":"Dune-slack pools","description":"Freshwater aquatic communities (cf. units C1.22-C1.26, C1.32-C1.34, C1.42-C1.45, C1.69) of permanent dune-slack water bodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.82","name":"Dune-slack pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes on soils with low salinity. Component habitats may be found in unit C3, in particular unit C3.4132 and unit C3.512."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.83","name":"Dune-slack fens","description":"Calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations of coastal dune-slacks (cf. units D2.2, D4.1, in particular units D2.29, D4.11, D4.1H), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts of dune-slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.84","name":"Dune-slack grassland and heaths","description":"Humid grasslands and rushbeds (units E3.1, E3.411F, E3.418, E3.51 i.a., wet heaths and swamp-heaths (unit F4.11 i.a.) of dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows ([Salix rosmarinifolia], [Salix arenaria])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.85","name":"Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds","description":"Reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and canebeds (cf. units C3.2, C3.3, D5.2) of dune-slacks. Communities of [Phragmition], [Magnocaricion], [Potamogetonion], [Juncetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B1.86","name":"Coastal dunes: wet dune slacks: dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B1.9","name":"Machair","description":"Short-turf grasslands formed on dry and seasonally waterlogged, relatively flat and low-lying sand plains, where windblown calcareous sand overlies peat or impermeable bedrock. Machair grasslands are machair in the strict sense, and form part of the machair complex (X27), characteristic of the Outer Hebrides and western Ireland, with dunes (B1.3, B1.4), shallow lochs (C1) and land cultivated on a strip rotation (I1). They support a flower-rich, and correspondingly insect-rich, dune grassland studded with shallow lochs and cultivated on a strip rotation. The grassland is dominated by [Poa pratensis] and [Festuca rubra], accompanied by [Thalictrum minus ssp. arenarium], [Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus] ([Thymus drucei]), [Bellis perennis], [Prunella vulgaris], [Erodium cicutarium], [Trifolium] spp., [Euphrasia] spp. and many orchids, among which [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis], [Dactylorhiza purpurella], [Gymnadenia conopsea], [Coeloglossum viride], [Platanthera chlorantha] and [Orchis mascula] are the most prominent. This grassland harbours a plant community of very restricted distribution comprising vulnerable species; [Cochlearia scotica], [Euphrasia marshallii] and [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis] are endemic. As a whole, machair is an essential habitat for breeding waders such as [Haematopus ostralegus], [Vanellus vanellus], [Charadrius hiaticula], [Calidris alpina], [Tringa totanus] and [Gallinago gallinago]; it supports the healthiest western European population of the threatened corncrake [Crex crex]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"B2","name":"Coastal shingle","description":"Beaches of the oceans, of their connected seas and of their associated coastal lagoons, covered by pebbles, or sometimes boulders, usually formed by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.1","name":"Shingle beach driftlines","description":"The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the shingle may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals or, particularly by the Mediterranean, especially the east Mediterranean, of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], and, particularly in Mediterranean formations, [Glaucium flavum], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Euphorbia paralias], [Eryngium maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.11","name":"Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities","description":"Beach and upper beach formations, mostly of annuals of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile edentula], [Polygonum norvegicum] ([Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. raii]), [Atriplex longipes] s.l., [Atriplex glabriuscula], [Mertensia maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.12","name":"Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines","description":"Formations, predominantly of annuals, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter on nemoral and boreonemoral beaches of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. maritima], [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp. (particularly [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], [Glaucium flavum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.13","name":"Gravel beach communities of the mediterranean region","description":"Very open, low formations of annuals and perennials of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Black Sea gravel and shingle beaches, occupying accumulations of drift material, sandy gravels and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. aegyptiaca], [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Enarthrocarpus arcuatus], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Eryngium maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.14","name":"Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.2","name":"Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline","description":"Shingle beaches lacking vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.3","name":"Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation","description":"The upper beach of large shingle bars, with open pioneer communities or perennial vegetation mostly formed by [Crambe maritima], [Honkenya peploides], [Lathyrus japonicus] and a few other specialised species. Mainly in northwest Europe, from the Atlantic to the Baltic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.31","name":"Baltic sea kale communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern Baltic, east to Mecklenburg, where they are represented by fragmentary, endangered formations, of the Swedish, Finnish and Estonian coasts and islands of the Öland-Gotland basin, of the coasts of the Kattegat, the Oresund and the Baelts, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Euphorbia palustris], [Honkenya peploides], [Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis], [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Elymus repens], [Geranium robertiana ssp. rubricaule], [Glaucium flavum], [Isatis tinctoria], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Mertensia maritima], [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima] ([Silene uniflora]), [Tripleurospermum maritimum], [Valeriana salina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.32","name":"Channel sea kale communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern North Sea and Channel coasts of southeastern England and, very locally, the Channel coast of France, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Lathyrus japonicus] and [Honkenya peploides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.33","name":"Atlantic sea kale communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula and Anglesey, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Crithmum maritimum] and a sparse representation of other nitrophiles, in particular, [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Matricaria maritima], [Rumex crispus], [Glaucium flavum], [Solanum dulcamara var. maritima], [Sonchus oleraceus], [Galium aparine]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.34","name":"Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities","description":"Gravelly beaches can host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis] and the alliance [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.4","name":"Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation","description":"Vegetated landward expanses of large coastal shingle banks, dominated by grasses or with other herbaceous vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.41","name":"Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands","description":"Dense perennial grasslands of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, swards of [Arrhenatherum elatius] of large Channel gravel banks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.5","name":"Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub","description":"Coastal gravel banks with scrub. Included are dense thermo-mediterranean scrub on gravel banks beside the Mediterranean and heaths on shingle in the nemoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B2.51","name":"Euro-Siberian gravel bank heaths","description":"Low heaths of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, prostrate [Cytisus scoparius] formations of large Channel gravel banks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B2.6","name":"Shingle and gravel beach woodland","description":"Coastal gravel banks, colonised by woodland or riparian thickets, in particular, Mediterranean gravel banks colonized by [Quercus ilex] low woods, by [Tamarix africana] or [Vitex agnus-castus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"B3","name":"Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral","description":"Rock exposures adjacent to the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, or separated from them by a narrow shoreline. The faces, ledges and caves of sea-cliffs and the expanses of rocky shore are important as reproduction, resting and feeding sites for seabirds, sea-mammals and a few groups of terrestrial birds. Sea-cliffs may also harbour highly distinctive, specialised salt-tolerant vegetation with associated terrestrial fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B3.1","name":"Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)","description":"Cliffs and rocks of the supralittoral spray zone, mostly occupied by lichens such as [Caloplaca] spp. and [Verrucaria] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.11","name":"Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock","description":"Lichen communities typically form a distinct zone or band in a 'splash' zone on most rocky shores. This splash zone occurs above the main intertidal zone (i.e. that subject to regular covering by the tide) and blends into angiosperm-dominated communities of coastal (terrestrial) habitats at its upper limits. The width of the splash zone varies considerably, depending on the degree of exposure of the shore to wave action. On very exposed coasts the zone is very wide, extending 10s of meters up cliffs, whilst in very sheltered sites it may be only a metre or so high. Several biotopes have been identified. Yellow and grey lichens such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Caloplaca thallincola] or [Ramalina] sp. dominate the supralittoral rock (B3.111) with the distinctive black band of [Verrucaria maura] occurring below in the littoral fringe (B3.1131, B3.1132). Small green seaweeds can sometimes be found in this splash zone, where localised conditions allow growth in what would otherwise be inhospitable conditions for seaweeds. Such an example is the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] which occurs in areas of nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting seabirds (B3.112). The littoral fringe on soft rock can be characterised by the green seaweed [Blidingia minima] (B3.114) while steep and vertical rock influenced by freshwater in the littoral fringe can be dominated by the green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] (B3.115). The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is one of the few 'marine' species found in this environment.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the littoral fringe and the supralittoral zone on all rocky shores if there is sufficient seawater spray to maintain a viable community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.111","name":"Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock","description":"Vertical to gently sloping bedrock and stable boulders in the supralittoral (or splash zone) of the majority of rocky shores are typically characterised by a diverse maritime community of yellow and grey lichens, such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Lecanora atra] and [Ramalina] spp. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] is also present, but usually in lower abundance than in the littoral fringe zone. In wave exposed conditions, where the effects of sea-spray extend further up the shore, the lichens generally form a wide and distinct band. This band then becomes less distinct as wave exposure decreases, and in sheltered locations, cobbles and pebbles may also support the biotope. Pools, damp pits and crevices in the rock are occasionally occupied by winkles such as [Littorina saxatilis] and halacarid mites may also be present.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found at the top of the shore, immediately above a zone of the black lichen [V. maura] (B3.1131, B3.1132). Above the band of B3.111, and occasionally in crevices in the rock alongside the lichens, terrestrial plants such as the thrift [Armeria maritima] and other angiosperms often occur. In sheltered areas the transition from B3.111 to B3.1132 is often indistinct and a mixed zone of B3.111 and B3.1132 may occur. In estuaries, this biotope is often restricted to artificial substrata such as sea defences."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.112","name":"[Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and large boulders in the supralittoral and littoral fringe that receives nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting sea birds and is characterised by a band or patches of the ephemeral tufty green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] or [Prasiola] spp. This typically grows over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] in the littoral fringe or yellow and grey lichens in the supralittoral zone. In damp pits and crevices, species such as the winkle [Littorina saxatilis], amphipods and halacarid mites are occasionally found. B3.112 often covers a smaller area than 5m x 5m and care should be taken to notice/record this biotope. The biotope can be associated with artificial substrata such as septic tanks, and in supralittoral areas influenced by sewage seeps or agricultural run-off.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the top of rocky shores in the splash zone below colonies of nesting or roosting birds growing. B3.112 may also be found at the entrances to and on the ceilings of littoral caves or in patches on large boulders, where birds may be roosting. It can be found in the B3.111 or B3.1132 zones.\r\nTemporal variation: [P. stipitata] reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, when the biotope reverts to either B3.111 or B3.1132. In the cooler northern areas it may be present all year round."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.113","name":"[Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock","description":"Bedrock or stable boulders and cobbles in the littoral fringe which is covered by the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. This lichen typically covers the entire rock surface giving a distinct black band in the upper littoral fringe. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is usually present. Two variants are defined which both occur in a wide range of wave exposures. On exposed shores [V. maura] may occur with sparse barnacles such as [Chthamalus] spp. or [Semibalanus balanoides] and may be covered by a band of ephemeral seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis] or [Enteromorpha] spp. (B3.1131). Above B3.1131 or on more sheltered shores is a species poor community consisting mainly of [V. maura] and [L. saxatilis] (B3.1132).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below the yellow and grey lichen zone (B3.111) and above eulittoral communities of barnacles and fuciod algae.\r\nTemporal variation: Distinct band of red or green ephemeral algae may obscure the black lichen band at certain times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.1131","name":"[Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"The littoral fringe of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores with a sparse covering of the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and/or [Chthamalus montagui] over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides] are usually present although [M. neritoides] tends to be found on more exposed shores. The limpet [Patella vulgata] is often present though at a low abundance (Occasional). This biotope can be dominated by ephemeral seaweeds including the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis], the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or, particulary in the north, microscopic blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), which overgrow [V. maura]. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Rare) may also be present, becoming increasingly more common with greater shelter (see A1.211). Geographical variation: On northern and eastern shores the barnacle is usually [S. balanoides], which is normally restricted to the lower littoral fringe, with a band of [V. maura] only in the upper littoral fringe. On south-west and western shores the barnacle is usually [C. montagui] which may extend over the whole of the littoral fringe zone.\r\nSituation: B3.1131 is usually found on more exposed coasts below the [V. maura] biotope B3.1132. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (A1.111) or above the barnacle and [Patella] spp. zone (A1.1121; A1.113). B3.1131 also occurs on vertical faces of moderately exposed shores where the [P]. [canaliculata] biotope (A1.211) usually dominates on non-vertical faces.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of [P. umbilicalis] shows considerable seasonal and geographical variation. During warm weather [P. umbilicalis] is often bleached light brown and sticks to the rock as it dries out. On southern shores it may be absent during the summer on all but the most exposed shores, as it dies back leaving a barnacle and lichen dominated community. In the cooler north the [P]. [umbilicalis] covering persists throughout the year. [Porphyra linearis] can also be found in the among the [P. umbilicalis] during the late winter and spring."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.1132","name":"[Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock","description":"Upper littoral fringe bedrock, boulders and stable cobbles on very exposed to very sheltered shores which have a blanket covering of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is often present. Due to the nature of this biotope it is species poor, but occasionally a range of species may be present in low abundance. These species include the yellow lichen [Caloplaca marina] and the winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides], the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides] or the ephemeral seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in low abundance (see B3.1131). If one or more of these species is present compare with B3.1131. On northern shores [Littorina saxatilis var. rudis] can dominate along with the occasional presence of the lichens [Verrucaria mucosa] and [Xanthoria parietina]. V. maura can be found overlying stable mud in N. Ireland sea loughs.\r\nSituation: The black lichen zone is normally found below the yellow and grey lichen zone (B3.111). In very sheltered areas there is not always a clear transition from one zone to the next and a mixed zone of B3.111 and B3.1132 is common. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can occur on these more sheltered shores. With increasing wave exposure the two lichen zones become wider and more distinct, and B3.1132 gives way to a lichen and barnacle dominated community (B3.1131) in the lower littoral fringe.\r\nTemporal variation: In areas with nitrate enrichment [V. maura] can be overgrown by the small green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] (B3.112) which reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, reverting the biotope to B3.1132."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.114","name":"[Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk","description":"Vertical soft rock in the littoral fringe may be characterised by a band of the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Blidingia marginata]. Unbranched filamentous green seaweeds, including [Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora wormskioldii], are found amongst the [Blidingia] spp. The siphonous Xanthophyceae [Vaucheria] spp. can also occur in high abundance in this biotope, where they can form dense mats. During low tide terrestrial fauna such as red mites, insects and centipedes migrate into this zone. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: B3.114 is found below the [Verrucaria maura] zone (B3.1132) and above a band of the similar looking green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. (A1.451 and A1.452), where these occur in habitats not influenced by freshwater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.115","name":"[Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock","description":"An assemblage of the small un-branched filamentous green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] at High Water Spring Tide level on steep and vertical rock often influenced by freshwater. The community is also present in areas with freshwater seepage. It is visually recognised as a closely adherent, often shiny, green mat of filamentous growth. Associated species include the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Enteromorpha prolifera], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], but these species are not common. Although this biotope does occur on rock other than chalk, this description has been derived from chalk coast sites. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: On chalk coasts this community can include [Enteromorpha] spp. and the transition from B3.115 to A1.451 is often indistinct and a mixed zone of B3.115 and A1.451 can occur.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope is more easily identifiable from autumn to spring as both [Urospora] spp. and [Bangia atropurpurea] may dry out and disappear during the summer. In late winter the red seaweed [B. atropurpurea] may be predominant and the community then appears as shiny blackish mats of filamentous growth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.116","name":"Association with [Entophysalis deusta] and [Verrucaria amphibia]","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.12","name":"Rock stacks and islets above high tide level in splash zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B3.2","name":"Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets","description":"Hard-rock sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks, their associated seabird, sea mammal, wader and, in a few cases, terrestrial passerine, communities. Vascular plant cover is by definition very low or absent, but lichens are normally present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.21","name":"High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs and their associated features, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the High Arctic seas bordering middle and northern Greenland, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island and the northern Siberian mainland from the north coast of the Yamal peninsula eastwards. Together with floating ice (unit A8.1), they constitute the main hauling-out places for [Odobenus rosmarus]. [Fulmarus glacialis], [Larus glaucoides], [Larus hyperboreus], [Cepphus grylle], [Plautus alle], [Uria lomvia], [Branta bernicla] are among characteristic bird species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.22","name":"Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, cliff-faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Low Arctic region of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, in southern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, northwestern mainland Russia, southern and middle Novaya Zemlya. They constitute the principal breeding, resting or feeding areas of multitudes of seabirds and sea-mammals during at least part of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.23","name":"Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Atlantic temperate region, including the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Bay of Biscay, along the coasts of Scandinavia south of the Arctic Circle, of the Faeroes, of the British Isles and their outlying archipelagoes, of mainland Europe south to Galicia. They are the breeding, resting or feeding places of great numbers of seabirds and sea-mammals, of which [Halichoerus grypus], [Sula bassana], [Uria aalge], [Alca torda], [Rissa tridactyla], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis] are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.24","name":"Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces and ledges, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Baltic Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.241","name":"Baltic boulder beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.242","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.243","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.244","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.245","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.246","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.247","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.25","name":"Subtropical Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the subtropical zone of the Atlantic, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts of Iberia, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic and Saharo-Atlantic coasts of Africa, south to Cap Blanc. A major zone of upwelling developed along the north African coast and the Canary Islands enhances their value as important breeding and resting places for marine birds and mammals. Their caves harbour the two remaining Atlantic subpopulations of the gravely endangered Monk Seal [Monachus monachus], endemic to this region and the next, those of Madeira and of the Cap Blanc coasts. [Calonectris diomedea borealis], [Larus cachinnans atlantis], [Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis riggenbachi] are seabirds endemic to the region for which cliffs and rocky shores provide an important breeding habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.26","name":"Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their associated faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated rocks of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The endangered [Monachus monachus] depends on their caves for reproduction. [Calonectris diomedea diomedea], [Puffinus yelkouan mauretanicus], [Puffinus yelkouan yelkouan], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii], [Falco eleonorae], [Larus audouinii] are characteristic breeders. Their vascular aerohaline communities, as well as the rock communities of unit H3 that colonize their less salt-influenced reaches, are particularly diverse and rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.27","name":"Rock stacks and islets above splash zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B3.3","name":"Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms","description":"Sea-cliffs, or parts of sea-cliffs, and rocky shores colonized by disjunct assemblages of salt-tolerant crevice plants (chasmophytes) or by more or less closed salt-tolerant grasslands with associated terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate faunal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.31","name":"Atlantic sea-cliff communities","description":"Vegetated cliffs of the northern Atlantic, the English Channel, the Irish Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean and its seas, the northwest Pacific and its seas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.32","name":"Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs","description":"Vegetated cliffs of the Baltic Sea, with [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Silene uniflora], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Armeria maritima], [Odontites litoralis ssp. litoralis], [Odontites litoralis ssp. fennica], [Matricaria maritima], [Senecio viscosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.321","name":"Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.322","name":"Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.323","name":"Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.324","name":"Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.325","name":"Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.326","name":"Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.327","name":"Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.328","name":"Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.329","name":"Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.32A","name":"Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.32B","name":"Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.32C","name":"Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.33","name":"Tethyan sea-cliff communities","description":"Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Black Sea and of the subtropical eastern Atlantic with endemic [Limonium] spp. and e.g. [Silene sedoides], [Frankenia hirsuta], [Frankenia pulverulenta], [Crithmum maritimum], [Lotus cytisoides] of the [Crithmo-Staticetea] and the species of the [Saginetea]: [Anthemis rigida], [Bellium minutum], [Catapodium marinum], [Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum], [Parapholis incurva], [Phleum crypsoides], [Phleum exaratum], [Plantago weldenii], [Psilurus incurvus], [Sagina maritima], [Sedum litoreum], [Valantia muralis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.331","name":"Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, as well as of the southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Plantago subulata], [Silene sedoides], [Sedum litoreum], [Limonium] spp., [Armeria] spp., [Euphorbia] spp., [Daucus] spp., [Asteriscus maritimus]. Mediterranean sea-cliffs harbour numerous endemics of of extremely local occurrence, in particular, of genus [Limonium], which comprises at least 43 and probably closer to 120-150 Mediterranean cliff species species, many of them restricted to a few stations, and several threatened, such as, for instance, [Limonium remotispiculum] of southern Italy and [Limonium strictissimum] of Corsica and Caprera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.332","name":"Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Communities of the cliffs of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmara."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.3321","name":"Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities","description":"Herbaceous aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the maritime façade of the Stranja and of the Cape Kaliakra area of Bulgaria, with [Limonium gmelinii], [Goniolimon collinum], [Crithmum maritimum], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Cichorium intybus], [Atriplex hastata], [Kochia prostrata], [Melilotus officinalis], [Convolvulus lineatus] and the local endemic [Silene caliacrae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.3322","name":"Western Pontic sea-cliff [Ficus] thickets","description":"Thickets of [Ficus carica] and [Ulmus minor] of the cliffs of the western Black Sea coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.3323","name":"Western Pontic low cliff communities","description":"Low cliffs and neighbouring sands of the southern Romanian Black Sea coast (between Constanta and Vama Veche), harbouring communities dominated by [Scolymus hispanicus] and [Ecbalium elaterium], with [Atriplex tatarica], [Xanthium spinosum], [Lactuca saligna], [Lolium perenne] and [Polygonum aviculare]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.3324","name":"Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Kochia prostrata], [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Holosteum umbellatum], [Puccinellia distans], [Limonium meyeri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"B3.3325","name":"Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the southern coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.34","name":"Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Astydamia latifolia], [Schizogyne sericea], [Andryala glutinosa], [Plantago coronopus], [Tolpis fruticosa], [Aizoon canariense], [Campylanthus salsoloides], [Limonium pectinatum], [Frankenia ericifolia], [Reichardia ligulata], [Argyranthemum frutescens], [Lotus] spp., [Asplenium marinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.35","name":"Azorean sea-cliff communities","description":"Communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores dominated by the endemic [Festuca petraea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.36","name":"Coastal lagoon cliff communities","description":"Communities of vascular chasmophytes and animals colonizing the cliffs of coastal saline or hypersaline bodies of water, which differ very significantly from the cliff communities of units B3.31-B3.35."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.361","name":"Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities","description":"Endemic [Limonium secundirameum]-dominated formations of the cliffs overlooking Bagno dell' Acqua on the island of Pantelleria, southwest of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.362","name":"Pontic saline lagoon cliffs","description":"Halocalcareous cliff communities of coastal lagoons of the Black Sea at Cape Dolosman (Romania), dominated by [Artemisia santonicum], [Limonium gmelinii], [Halimione verrucifera] ([Obione verrucifera]) and [Lepidium cartilagineum], with Irano-Turanian species such as [Camphorosma annua], [Halocnemum strobilaceum], [Leuzea salina] and [Taraxacum bessarabicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"B3.4","name":"Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated","description":"Sea-cliffs composed of relatively soft, unconsolidated or uncompacted mineral particle deposits, carved by wind and wave action. They may support scrub similar to that on dunes (B1.6), with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens], [Sorbus aucuparia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"B3.41","name":"Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.411","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.412","name":"Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.413","name":"Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.414","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.415","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"B3.416","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"C","name":"Inland surface waters","description":"Inland surface waters are non-coastal above-ground open fresh or brackish waterbodies (e.g. rivers, streams, lakes and pools, springs), including their littoral zones. Includes constructed inland freshwater, brackish or saline waterbodies (such as canals, ponds, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals; seasonal waterbodies which may dry out for part of the year (temporary or intermittent rivers and lakes and their littoral zones). Freshwater littoral zones include those parts of banks or shores that are sufficiently frequently inundated to prevent the formation of closed terrestrial vegetation. Excludes permanent snow and ice. Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"C1","name":"Surface standing waters","description":"Lakes, ponds and pools of natural origin containing fresh (i.e. nonsaline), brackish or salt water. Manmade freshwater bodies, including artificially created lakes, reservoirs and canals, provided that they contain seminatural aquatic communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.1","name":"Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Waterbodies with a low nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content, mostly acid (pH 4-6). Includes oligotrophic waters of medium or high pH, e.g. calcareous and basic unpolluted nutrient-poor lakes and pools, which are rare in much of Europe and noted as a habitat of charophytes (C1.14). Excludes peaty, dystrophic waters (C1.4). Because of the low nutrient status, beds of vascular plants, including [Callitriche] spp., [Potamogeton] spp. and isoetids [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea] are often sparse and open."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.11","name":"Benthic communities of oligotrophic waterbodies","description":"Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.12","name":"Rooted submerged vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.13","name":"Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of Palaearctic oligotrophic waters dominated by rooted vascular aquatic plants (macrophytes) with floating leaves. Species of the genus [Potamogeton] and [Sparganium] represent usual dominants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.131","name":"Oligotrophic pondweed communities","description":"Sparse formations of narrow-leaved floating pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton polygonifolius] ([Potamogeton oblongus]), [Potamogeton gramineus], [Potamogeton alpinus], with [Callitriche] spp., [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus], [Ranunculus tripartitus], [Luronium natans], [Sparganium minimum], [Apium inundatum] of shallow, oligotrophic, clean, fluctuating, but usually permanent, often small, waterbodies of the Palaearctic region. Communities of this unit often form in close proximity to those of unit C3.413 and evolve into them with regular or prolonged desiccation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.14","name":"Submerged carpets of stoneworts in oligotrophic waterbodies","description":"Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools. Very wide syntaxonomic background: alliances [Nitellion syncarpae-tenuissimae], [Charion fragilis], [Nitellion flexilis] and [Charion canescentis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.141","name":"[Chara] carpets","description":"Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of basic, lime-rich, unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region, formed mostly by species of genus [Chara]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.142","name":"[Nitella] carpets","description":"Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of unpolluted acid, neutral or slightly basic, lime-poor, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes of the Palaearctic region, mostly formed by species of genus [Nitella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.15","name":"Peatmoss and bladderwort communities of oligotrophic waterbodies","description":"Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.16","name":"Plankton communities of oligotrophic waters","description":"Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of standing oligotrophic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.17","name":"Oligotrophic pools in inland sand dunes","description":"Habitats of permanent oligotrophic waters in sand dunes, other than coastal dune-slack pools (B1.81)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.2","name":"Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH often 6-7). Communities e.g. of [Littorelletea uniflorae] and [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea]. Many unpolluted lowland lakes and ponds are naturally mesotrophic, and support dense beds of macrophytes, which are absent in polluted waters. Beds of charophytes can occur in mesotrophic (C1.25) as well as in oligotrophic (C1.14) waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.21","name":"Benthic communities of mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.22","name":"Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters. The habitat is typically formed by species of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]), liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) or vascular plants, e.g. [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.221","name":"Duckweed covers","description":"Free-floating surface communities of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]) or liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) of Palaearctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.222","name":"Floating frogbit rafts","description":"Free-floating surface communities of Palaearctic waters rich in [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.223","name":"Floating water-soldier rafts","description":"Free-floating communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by [Stratiotes aloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.224","name":"Floating bladderwort colonies","description":"Free-floating communities of more or less nutrient-rich Palaearctic waters dominated by bladderworts ([Utricularia australis], [Utricularia vulgaris])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.225","name":"Floating [Salvinia natans] mats","description":"Free-floating communities of Central and Eastern Europe dominated by the free-floating non-indigenous fern [Salvinia natans], often forming dense and extensive mats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.226","name":"Floating [Aldrovanda vesiculosa] communities","description":"Rare aquatic formations of Central and Eastern Europe, dispersed from southern Brandenburg and Lake Constance east to the Ukraine, with a former outpost in eastern Lithuania, harbouring the carnivorous, free-floating Droseraceae [Aldrovanda vesiculosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.23","name":"Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"'Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Some habitats of this unit can be dominated by other species, such as [Zannichellia palustris], [Elodea canadensis], [Elodea nuttallii], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Najas marina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.231","name":"Large pondweed beds","description":"Associations of large pondweeds ([Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton praelongus], [Potamogeton zizii], [Potamogeton perfoliatus]) characteristic of deep, open Palaearctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.232","name":"Small pondweed communities","description":"Formations of smaller pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton crispus], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Potamogeton pusillus], [Potamogeton obtusifolius], [Potamogeton berchtoldii], [Potamogeton trichoides], [Potamogeton acutifolius], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton nitens], [Potamogeton friesii] ([Potamogeton mucronatus]), [Groenlandia densa], waterthymes and waterweeds ([Elodea] spp., [Hydrilla] spp., [Ottelia] spp.), horned pondweeds ([Zannichellia palustris] s.l.), naiads ([Najas] spp.), tapegrass ([Vallisneria spiralis]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus circinatus]) that colonize shallower, more sheltered Palaearctic waters. Eurasian formations dominated by usually free-floating hornworts of genus [Ceratophyllum], in particular by [Ceratophyllum demersum], are included because of closer ecological and physiognomic similarity with communities of this unit than with those of unit C1.32."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.24","name":"Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. Usually species-poor habitats with dominance of one or several species. Ttypical species are [Nymphaea alba], [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans], [Potamogeton natans], [Callitriche palustris], [Polygonum amphibium] and [Ranunculus] sp. (=[Batrachium])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.241","name":"Floating broad-leaved carpets","description":"Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with large floating leaves, often with a stratum of submerged species ([Ceratophyllum], [Myriophyllum], [Potamogeton]) and occasionally free-floating [Utricularia] spp., characteristic of large, permanent water bodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2411","name":"Waterlily beds","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of family Nymphaeaceae, in particular of genera [Nymphaea], [Nuphar], [Euryale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"C1.24111","name":"[Nuphar] beds","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nuphar], in particular [Nuphar pumila] and [Nuphar lutea], characteristic of temperate and cold regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"C1.24112","name":"Northern [Nymphaea] beds","description":"Floating-leaved formations of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphaea], in particular [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphaea candida], [Nymphaea tetragona], [Nymphaea pygmaea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"C1.24113","name":"Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds","description":"Formations of [Nymphaea lotus] of geothermal waters (unit C2.144 ) of Petea Lake, western Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2412","name":"Water chestnut carpets","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the trapid [Trapa natans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2413","name":"Fringed waterlily carpets","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphoides], in particular by [Nymphoides peltata] or [Nymphoides indica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2414","name":"Broad-leaved pondweed carpets","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the parvonymphaeid [Potamogeton natans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2415","name":"Amphibious bistort carpets","description":"Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by [Polygonum amphibium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.2416","name":"Sacred lotus beds","description":"Formations of [Nelumbo nucifera], occurring in the Volga delta and from the south Caspian lowlands to the Far East, with a naturalised population in Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.25","name":"Submerged carpets of stoneworts in mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.26","name":"Peatmoss and bladderwort communities of mesotrophic waterbodies","description":"Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.27","name":"Plankton communities of mesotrophic standing waters","description":"Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of slightly muddy, poorly pellucid standing mesotrophic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.3","name":"Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH usually > 7). Moderately eutrophic waters can support dense beds of macrophytes, but these disappear when pollution causes nutrient levels to rise further."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.31","name":"Benthic communities of eutrophic waterbodies","description":"Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities of eutrophic waters. Because of the seasonal dynamics of the ecological factors, siliceous algae [Bacillariophyta] dominate in late autumn and winter and blue-green ([Cyanobacteriophyta]) and green ([Chlorophyta]) algae during summer and autumn."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.32","name":"Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies","description":"Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters, with for example [Lemna minor], [Spirodela polyrhiza], [Wolffia arrhiza], [Salvinia natans], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Stratiotes aloides], and communities of [Hydrocharition], [Utricularion vulgaris], [Lemnion gibbae] and [Lemnion minoris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.33","name":"Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Alliances [Potamion lucentis] and [Potamion pusilli]. Other frequent species are [Myriophyllum spicatum], [Myriophyllum verticillatum], [Najas marina] and [Najas minor]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.34","name":"Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. The most typical species are [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans] and [Persicaria amphibia], of the alliance [Nymphaeion albae]. A second layer is often formed by [Ceratophyllum demersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Lemna trisulca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.341","name":"Shallow-water floating communities","description":"Communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by water starworts ([Callitriche]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus] spp., subgenus [Batrachium]) or water violet ([Hottonia palustris]), characteristic mostly of shallow waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.3411","name":"Water crowfoot communities in shallow water","description":"Communities dominated by water crowfoots, [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]), [Ranunculus baudotii], [Ranunculus hederaceus], [Ranunculus rionii], [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus] ([Ranunculus lenormandi]), [Ranunculus tripartitus], with both submerged and floating leaves, characteristic mostly of shallow Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying. Crowfoot- dominated communities of unit C1.131are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.3412","name":"Water starwort communities","description":"Communities of shallow stagnant Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to drying, dominated by [Callitriche] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.3413","name":"Water violet beds in shallow water","description":"Communities of shallow Palaearctic waters dominated by [Hottonia palustris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.35","name":"Plankton communities of eutrophic standing waters","description":"Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of very muddy, non-pellucid waters of standing eutrophic waters. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by algae of the groups [Bacillariophyta] and [Chlorophyta], rarely also by [Euglenophyta], [Pyrrophyta], zooplankton by [Chrysophyta]; [Cladocera], [Copepoda] and [Rotatoria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.4","name":"Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.41","name":"Benthic communities of dystrophic waterbodies","description":"Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.42","name":"Rooted submerged vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.43","name":"Rooted floating vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies","description":"Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.44","name":"Submerged carpets of stoneworts in dystrophic waterbodies","description":"Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.45","name":"Peatmoss and bladderwort communities of dystrophic waterbodies","description":"Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia] spp., [Campylium stellatum], [Sparganium minimum] and [Sparganium natans] of dystrophic bog pools, fen pools, heath pools and woodland ponds. Alliances are [Sphagno-Utricularion] and [Scorpidio-Utricularion minoris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.46","name":"Raised bog pools","description":"Larger, deep, permanently filled depressions, usually dystrophic, occurring near the centre of raised bogs or along tension lines.  Floating plant communities may sometimes develop, in particular those comprising [Sparganium minimum] and [Utricularia] spp. (units C1.15, C1.26 and C1.45) and, sometimes, beds of [Nymphaea] spp. (unit C1.2411)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.461","name":"Bog eye (kolk)","description":"Large pools or lakes occurring near the centre of central European raised bogs, often with relatively firm, steep banks colonized by trees or scrub forming a ring of woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.462","name":"Lesser bog pools","description":"Relatively large, deep, permanently filled depressions occurring along tension lines of raised bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.47","name":"Lagg","description":"A ring of water surrounding raised bogs, often colonised by intermediate mire or acid fen communities of units D2.2 or D2.3, sometimes accompanied by more basicline species typical of neighbouring fens: [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus hudsonianus], [Carex rostrata], [Carex flava] and [Parnassia palustris] are frequent components."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.5","name":"Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Non-coastal brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic vertebrates and plankton."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.51","name":"Inland saline lakes","description":"Athalassic (inland), permanent or temporary, brackish, saline or hypersaline waterbodies and their associated animal, charophyte, green algal or lower algal pelagic and benthic communities. The macrophytic, euhydrophytic based communities that colonize them are separately listed (unit C1.52), the macrophytic amphibious communities and the terrestrial communities that may develop during dry phases or in drying and dried portions as units of D6.1or E6, fringing belts or island rafts of rooted or floating tall emergent vegetation as units C3.2112 or D6.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.511","name":"Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities","description":"Athalassic (inland) brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic animal, green algal or lower algal communities, including marine mammal, bird and pelagic fish communities of the large inland seas of central Eurasia and of the big brackish lakes of the boreal zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.5111","name":"Boreal, nemoral and arctic salt lakes","description":"Athalassic (inland) brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the boreal, nemoral and arctic zones, including, in particular, the great brackish lakes of northern Europe (Ladoga), the ponds and pools associated with the inland salt communities of unit D6.1 and the waterbodies adjacent to the Yakutian salt steppes of unit E6.2 ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.5112","name":"Mediterranean salt lakes","description":"Athalassic (inland) brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Mediterranean zone, with major waterbodies limited to northern-central and southern Iberia, Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.5113","name":"Ponto-Pannonic salt lakes","description":"Athalassic (inland) brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions, associated with the salt steppes and salt marshes of E6.21 and E6.22."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.512","name":"Submerged carpets of stoneworts in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies","description":"Charophyte (mostly [Chara] spp.) formations of athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.513","name":"Salt basin benthic communities","description":"Benthic animal, green algal or lower algal communities of permanent athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools; benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary brackish, saline or hypersaline athalassic waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.52","name":"Inland saline euhydrophyte communities","description":"Communities of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged, floating-leaved, or slightly emergent macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.521","name":"Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters","description":"Communities of athalassic (inland) brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.5211","name":"Athalassic tasselweed communities","description":"[Ruppia maritima], [Zannichellia] spp. and [Najas] spp. beds, with associated [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus] and other submerged macrophytes, of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C1.5212","name":"Athalassic seagrass communities","description":"[Zostera noltii] formations of the Caspian Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C1.523","name":"Brackish water floating vegetation","description":"Communities of brackish lakes, ponds and pools, formed by free-floating or floating-leaved rooted macrophytes, in particular, brackish [Lemna] and [Wolffia] carpets, brackish [Callitriche] communities and formations of inland lakes and basins of very low salinity dominated by water crowfoots such as [Ranunculus baudotii] or [Ranunculus rionii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.53","name":"Floating vegetation of saline and brackish waters","description":"Rooted or non-rooted floating vegetation of saline waters dominated by aquatic vascular plants (macrophytes) whose leaves float on the water surface. The most important of these are represented by the species of genus [Lemna], [Wolffia], [Callitriche] and [Ranunculus] sect. [Batrachium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.54","name":"Submerged macrophytes of saline and brackish waters","description":"Habitats of saline pools and waters where the bottom is densely vegetated. Typical species are [Najas marina], [Najas minor], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Utricularia neglecta], [Zannichellia pedicellata] among others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.6","name":"Temporary lakes, ponds and pools","description":"Freshwater lakes, ponds, pools, or parts of such freshwater bodies that become periodically dry, with their associated animal and algal pelagic and benthic communities. Habitats of the dry phase are listed under C3.5, C3.6 and 3.7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.61","name":"Lime-deficient oligotrophic temporary waters","description":"Temporary lakes and pools with greenish to brownish clear waters, poor in dissolved bases (pH often 5-6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.62","name":"Mesotrophic temporary waters","description":"Temporary lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.63","name":"Eutrophic temporary waters","description":"Temporary lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in dissolved bases (pH usually > 7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.64","name":"Dystrophic temporary waters","description":"Temporary lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.65","name":"Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waters","description":"Temporary lakes and pools with mostly blue to greenish, very clear, waters, poor (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often > 7.5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.66","name":"Temporary inland saline and brackish waters","description":"Shallow temporary saline and brackish waters, in which communities may develop which often form two layers. The main species are [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Najas minor], [Najas marina] and [Ceratophyllum demersum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.67","name":"Turlough and lake-bottom meadows","description":"Terrestrial communities colonizing the bottom of waterbodies that are completely and recurrently emptied of water for part of the time, such as Irish turloughs. Habitats characteristic of each stage of the cycle may be units of C1, C3.41-C3.43, C3.51-C3.52, C3.64-C3.65 and, if appropriate, those of units D2-D5 or E2-E3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.68","name":"Benthic communities of temporary waters","description":"Benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary lakes and pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C1.69","name":"Rooted floating vegetation of temporary waterbodies","description":"Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C1.7","name":"Permanent lake ice","description":"Permanent or almost permanent ice formations of lakes, constituting continuous ice sheets that may cover the entire surface for all of the year or recede to part of the lake during summer and be accompanied or replaced by floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks. They may, locally, seasonally or permanently, extend to the whole depth of the lake. They are characteristic of high latitude and high altitude lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"C2","name":"Surface running waters","description":"Running waters, including springs, streams and temporary water courses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.1","name":"Springs, spring brooks and geysers","description":"Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.11","name":"Soft water springs","description":"Springs with cold, acid to neutral, oligotrophic waters, dominated either by mosses or vascular plants, depending on light conditions and altitude. Species-poor communities, especially in lower altitudes. Alliance [Caricion remotae] including several associations, with characteristic species [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Cardamine amara ssp. amara], [Carex remota], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Veronica beccabunga], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum] and [Conocephalum conicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.111","name":"Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens","description":"Springs and springfens are characterized by continuous flow of groundwater. The water is cold, of even temperature, and rich in oxygen and minerals, due to the rapid percolation. Springs may have a basin where the water wells up and an adjacent outflow with typical vegetation. In springfens the water seeps up through the ground and the accumulated peat, enhancing the growth of specialised vegetation. Since the water originates from deeper layers, these springs often have running water during the winter even if the surrounding areas are frozen and snow-covered. The invertebrate fauna is often very specialised to this habitat and the flora rich in northern species. Vascular plants include [Cardamine amara, Chrysosplenium spp., Carex appropinquata, C. capillaris, C. paniculata, Epilobium hornemanni, E. davuricum, E. laestadii, E. alsinifolium, Montia fontana, Poa alpigena, P. remota, P. trivialis, Ranunculus lapponicus, R. hyperboreus, Stellaria alsine, S. calycantha, S. nemorum]. Bryophytes- [Brachythecium rivulare, Bryum weigelii, B. pseudotriquetrum, B. schleicheri, Calliergon giganteum, C. sarmentosum, Philonotis spp., Pohlia wahlenbergii, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium spp., Scapania spp., Warnstorfia exannulata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.12","name":"Hard water springs","description":"Springs rich in calcium, typically due to calcareous tufa formation. Species-rich habitats with high moss cover, high dominance of moss [Cratoneuron commutatum] is typical. The stands belong to alliances [Cratoneurion commutati] and [Lycopodo-Cratoneurion commutati] with typical species [Arabis soyeri], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Viola biflora], [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], [Conocephalum conicum], [Eucladium verticillatum] and [Palustriella commutata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.121","name":"Petrifying springs with tufa or travertine formations","description":"Communities of calcareous, petrifying springs of the Alps, the pre-Alpine regions and of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, forming and colonizing large tufa deposits. When active, tufa springs comprise a hydrosere in which the [Cratoneurion] plants, and in particular, [Cratoneuron] spp., are accompanied by fen species such as [Carex lepidocarpa] and [Sesleria caerulea]; the latter may physiognomically dominate both the hydrosere and the adjacent xerosere, developed on fossil tufa deposits, in which it is accompanied by [Brometalia] plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.13","name":"Geysers","description":"Springs from which heated water and steam is ejected, sometimes violently, at periodic intervals, in active or recently active volcanic regions. Major geysers are rare, known from only four areas in the world, and within the Palaearctic region, as here defined, only from Iceland and the northwestern Pacific rim. The proximal zone of geysers may host distinctive communities of lower plants and invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.14","name":"Thermal springs","description":"Acid or alkaline springs heated by geothermal energy, located in regions of present or past volcanic activity, producing a continuous flow of water at temperatures significantly above the air temperature. Springs and tepid pools at temperatures below 50º C may host a few species of specialised animals, those at temperatures between 50º C and 75º C harbour bluegreen algae that may form conspicuous mats, those at temperatures above 75º C are inhabited only by heterotrophic bacteria; the margins of the springs and the water-saturated substrates may host distinctive biotic communities, including higher plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.141","name":"Mediterranean thermal springs","description":"Hot springs related to active volcanism of the islands, coasts and hinterland of the Mediterranean basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.142","name":"Macaronesian thermal springs","description":"Hot springs related to active volcanism of the southern north Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands of the Azores and on the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.143","name":"Icelandic thermal springs","description":"Hot springs related to active volcanism of the northern North Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands, Iceland and Jan Mayen."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.144","name":"Peri-Alpine thermal springs","description":"Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Baetic mountains, the Rif, the Tell, the Atlas, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian range, the Alps, the Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges of Iberia, the Central Massif, the northern Hercynian arc. They include, in particular, Romanian geothermal waters harbouring formations of [Nymphaea lotus] (unit C1.24113)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C2.145","name":"Peri-Caucasian hot springs","description":"Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the central Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Caucasus, the Pontic range, the Anatolian plateau, the Taurus, the Zagros, the Elburz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.15","name":"Saline springs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.16","name":"Crenal streams (spring brooks)","description":"Gushing springs (rheocrenes), spring basins (limnocrenes), seepages (helocrenes) and crenal streams, rivulets formed in and near the source area of streams, characterised by high stability of temperature, near the annual average of the ground water, best developed in montane situations. Specialised habitats associated with the spring include those of units D2.2C and D4.1N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.17","name":"Thermal spring brooks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.18","name":"Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.19","name":"Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.1A","name":"Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.1B","name":"Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.2","name":"Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses","description":"Permanent water courses with fast-flowing turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets, rills, torrents, waterfalls, cascades and rapids are included. The bed is typically composed of rocks, stones or gravel with only occasional sandy and silty patches. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as gravel or rock islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes high, mid and low-altitude, usually small to medium-sized streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.21","name":"Epirhithral and metarhithral streams","description":"Upper and middle reaches of montane and upland streams, characterised by turbulent, irregular flow, by diurnal and annual temperature variations higher than in the crenon (unit C2.16), and by aquatic biocoenoses largely dominated by [Turbellaria], [Ephemeroptera], [Plecoptera], [Trichoptera], [Diptera], by [Bryophyta] and epilithic [Bacillariophyta], [Cyanophycaea], [Rhodophyta] and [Chlorophyta] algae, with few, specialised, emergent macrophytes (units C2.25-C2.28). The unit corresponds to the \"Trout zone\" or \"Salmonid zone\" of western European ichthyological classifications."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.22","name":"Hyporhithral streams","description":"Lower reaches of montane and upland streams, often representing the middle course of rivers. The unit corresponds to the \"Grayling zone\" of western European ichthyological classifications."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.23","name":"Glacial meltwaters","description":"Streams immediately below glaciers, often creating shallow lakes, dominated by communities of silicaceous and green algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.24","name":"Waterfalls","description":"More or less vertical descent of a water course over irregularities of the streambed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.25","name":"Acid oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.26","name":"Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.27","name":"Mesotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.28","name":"Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.3","name":"Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses","description":"Permanent water courses with non-turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Slow-flowing rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets and rills; also fast-flowing rivers with laminar flow. The bed is typically composed of sand or mud. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as sand or mud islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes mid and low-altitude streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.31","name":"Epipotamal streams","description":"Upper reaches of lowland streams, characterised by calmer flow, higher annual temperature variation and aquatic biocoenoses comprising more standing water species, among them emergent macrophytes (units C2.33-C2.34). The unit corresponds to the \"Barbel zone\" of western European ichthyological classifications."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.32","name":"Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams","description":"Middle and lower reaches of Palaearctic lowland streams (\"Niederungsbach\", \"lowland\" and \"plain\" streams), with aquatic biocoenoses very similar to those of standing water. The unit corresponds to the \"Bream zone\" of western European ichthyological classifications."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.33","name":"Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.34","name":"Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.4","name":"Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary","description":"Portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.41","name":"Brackish water tidal rivers","description":"Brackish portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.42","name":"Freshwater tidal rivers","description":"Freshwater sections of rivers subject to the tide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.43","name":"Mesotrophic vegetation of tidal rivers","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C2.44","name":"Eutrophic vegetation of tidal rivers","description":"Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.5","name":"Temporary running waters","description":"Watercourses that cease to flow for part of the year, leaving a dry bed or pools. Habitats of the dry phase are treated under C3.5, C3.6 and C3.7. Vegetation communities may be of [Paspalo-Agrostidion], [Parvopotamion] or [Sparganio-Glycerion fluitantis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C2.6","name":"Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins","description":"Flowing water that is not contained within a channel but oozes over rocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"C3","name":"Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies","description":"Reedbeds and other water-fringing vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams; exposed bottoms of dried up rivers and lakes; rocks, gravel, sand and mud beside or in the bed of rivers and lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.1","name":"Species-rich helophyte beds","description":"Water-fringing stands of vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams, with mixed species composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.11","name":"Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters","description":"Formations of small helophytes, [Glyceria fluitans], [Glyceria plicata], [Glyceria nemoralis], [Glyceria declinata], [Leersia oryzoides], [Catabrosa aquatica], [Sparganium neglectum], [Sparganium microcarpum], [Nasturtium officinale], [Nasturtium microphyllum], [Veronica beccabunga], [Veronica anagallis-aquatica], [Apium nodiflorum], [Sium erectum] and [Apium repens], occupying the banks of small rivers, brooks, brooklets or springs on alluvial or peaty soils from the Euro-Siberian region, through the Mediterranean basin, to desert oases. Vegetation is typically from alliance [Glycerio-Sparganion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.2","name":"Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes","description":"Water-fringing stands of tall vegetation by lakes (including brackish lakes), rivers and brooks, usually species-poor and often dominated by one species. Includes stands of [Carex] spp., [Cladium mariscus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Glyceria maxima], [Hippuris vulgaris], [Phragmites australis], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Schoenoplectus] spp., [Sparganium] spp. and [Typha] spp. Excludes terrestrialized reed and sedge beds which are not at the water's edge (D5.1, D5.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.21","name":"Common reed ([Phragmites]) beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes and swamps dominated by [Phragmites australis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.211","name":"Flooded [Phragmites] beds","description":"[Phragmites australis] beds of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks inundated permanently or for prolonged annual periods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.2111","name":"Freshwater [Phragmites] beds","description":"[Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region permanently or usually inundated by fresh water lakes, ponds and watercourses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.2112","name":"Inland saline water [Phragmites] beds","description":"[Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region beds permanently, usually or frequently inundated by the sea or by saline coastal lagoons, by athalassal saline lakes, by saline estuaries or saline rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.22","name":"Common clubrush ([Scirpus]) beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Scirpus lacustris], intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.23","name":"Reedmace ([Typha]) beds","description":"Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], [Typha angustifolia], [Typha domingensis], [Typha laxmannii], [Typha elephantina] formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution. Although [Typha] species are dominant, other common species such as [Acorus calamus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Phragmites australis], [Glyceria maxima] and [Schoenoplectus lacustris] and alliance [Phragmition communis] may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.231","name":"Great reedmace beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], of widespread occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.232","name":"Lesser reedmace beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha angustifolia], like unit C3.231, of wide distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.24","name":"Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities","description":"Communities of the margins of shallow lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by shorter, mostly non-graminoid helophytes emerging from mesotrophic or eutrophic, stagnant or slow-moving, shallow water, and constituting fringes or patches within or alongside reedbeds. Habitat structure is determined by one or two dominant species, e.g. [Alisma] spp., [Oenanthe aquatica], [Rorippa amphibia], [Sparganium] spp., [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Acorus calamus] and [Hippuris vulgaris] (see subdivisions)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.241","name":"Arrowhead communities","description":"Formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia] and [Sparganium emersum] of slowly flowing, and sometimes standing, meso-eutrophic waters of western Eurasia; formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Sagittaria natans] and [Caltha membranacea] of similar eastern Asian waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.242","name":"Neglected bur-reed communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Sparganium neglectum], characteristic of standing or slowly flowing waters on mineral-rich, lime-poor muddy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.243","name":"Erect bur-reed communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in [Sparganium erectum], characteristic of riparian reedbeds along standing waters on lime-rich, mineral-rich muddy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.244","name":"Sweet flag communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by the long-introduced thermophile [Acorus calamus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.245","name":"Flowering rush communities","description":"Usually open communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by, or rich in, [Butomus umbellatus], characteristic of strongly fluctuating still or slow-flowing base- and mineral-rich waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.246","name":"Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, often situated at the edges of reedbeds, rich in [Oenanthe aquatica] or [Rorippa amphibia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.247","name":"Water horsetail beds","description":"Low, often extensive, homogeneous, usually inundated communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Equisetum fluviatile]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.248","name":"Water parsnip communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in the tall umbellifer [Sium latifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.249","name":"Marestail beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, usually of clear, cold to temperate nutrient-rich water, dominated by [Hippuris vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.24A","name":"Common spikerush beds","description":"Low, often extensive and very homogeneous formations of Palaearctic lakeshores, pools and ditches with strongly fluctuating water regime, dominated by [Eleocharis palustris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.24B","name":"Iris beds","description":"Homogeneous [Iris pseudacorus] formations of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.25","name":"Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes, swamps and ditches dominated by medium or medium-tall helophyte Poaceae of genera [Glyceria], [Leersia], [Socolochloa] or [Calamagrostis]. The further division of this unit is based on dominance by species of these genera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.251","name":"Sweetgrass beds","description":"Communities of eutrophic Palaearctic waters, often with variable level, dominated by fairly tall, robust grasses of genus [Glyceria] (section [Hydropoa])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.252","name":"Eurasian [Leersia] beds","description":"Communities of the terrestrialisation zone of Palaearctic lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks and canals, mostly with turbid water, dominated by [Leersia oryzoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.253","name":"Eurasian [Scolochloa] beds","description":"Communities of the margins of muddy shores of lakes and slow-flowing rivers of the Palaearctic domaine, from eastern Fennoscandia, eastern Germany, Lithuania and the Ukraine eastwards, including central Yakutia, dominated by [Scolochloa festucacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.254","name":"Water-fringe [Calamagrostis] beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic mesotrophic acidocline lakes, rivers and swamps dominated by [Calamagrostis canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.26","name":"Reed canary-grass ([Phalaris]) beds","description":"Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers, brooks and swamps dominated by [Phalaris arundinacea], pure or mixed with [Phragmites australis], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex paniculata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Mentha aquatica], very tolerant of drying, pollution and perturbance, susceptible of forming the landward belt of reedbeds and often characteristic of degraded systems. Vegetation of alliance [Magnocaricion elatae], suballiances [Caricenion rostratae] and [Caricenion gracilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.27","name":"Halophile [Scirpus], [Bolboschoenus] and [Schoenoplectus] beds","description":"Formations of clubrushes ([Scirpus] spp.), often accompanied by rushes ([Juncus] spp.), fringing, to a depth of 1.5 metres, brackish, saline, or sometimes fresh, waters of coastal saltmarshes, coastal lagoons, athalassic saline waterbodies, springs, salt meadows, fens and tidal rivers. [Scirpus tabernaemontani] ([Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani]), [Scirpus maritimus] ([Bolboschoenus maritimus]), [Scirpus triqueter], [Scirpus litoralis], [Scirpus pungens], with, in particular, [Juncus gerardi] and [Juncus maritimus], are typical components."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.28","name":"Riparian great fen sedge beds","description":"Species-poor [Cladium mariscus] formations of Palaearctic riversides or lakesides, with a [Phragmition] cortège, mostly characteristic of Mediterranean regions, including North Africa, where they are, however, uncommon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.29","name":"Water-fringing large sedge communities","description":"Beds of large sedges [Carex rostrata], [Carex acuta], [Carex riparia], [Carex elata] in the littoral zone of freshwaters. Note that large sedge formations developed on moist soils, not inundated during most of the year, are included in D5.21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.2A","name":"Brackish and alkaline [Cirsium brachycephalum] beds","description":"Beds of [Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. compactus] and [Cirsium brachycephalum] on saline soils which are species-poor and structurally simple. [Puccinellia limosa], [Tripolium pannonicum] and [Potentilla anserina] are also typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.3","name":"Water-fringing beds of tall canes","description":"Mediterranean beds of tall canes lining permanent or temporary water courses and water bodies. Included are beds of [Arundo donax] (C3.32) and [Saccharum ravennae] (C3.31)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.31","name":"Ravenna cane ([Saccharum ravennae]) communities","description":"Mediterranean and, locally, southern and southwestern Pontic, tall cane beds formed by [Imperata cylindrica], [Saccharum ravennae] ([Erianthus ravennae]), [Saccharum strictum], [Saccharum spontaneum] ([Saccharum aegyptiacum]), [Arundo plinii], [Hemarthria altissima], mostly lining temporary water courses, but also developing in damp depressions, in particular dune slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.32","name":"Provence cane ([Arundo donax]) beds","description":"Very tall thickets of [Arundo donax] lining water courses of the Middle East and Central Asia; similar formations of the Mediterranean basin, where the species is an old introduction, are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.4","name":"Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation","description":"Includes isoetids of the shores of oligotrophic lakes, [Nasturtium aquaticum] by streams, mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards, and other species-poor but dissimilar types of vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.41","name":"Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities","description":"Carpets of perennial vegetation submerged for a considerable part of the year in oligotrophic or mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.411","name":"Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards","description":"[Littorella uniflora], [Lobelia dortmanna] and [Isoetes] spp. formations of oligotrophic waters of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4111","name":"Shoreweed lawns","description":"Dense, almost monospecific [Littorella uniflora] lawns of lake shores subject to great annual variations of the water level and long emergence, and other [Littorella]-dominated associations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4112","name":"Lobelia ponds","description":"[Lobelia dortmanna] colonies of shallow oligotrophic, moderately acid ponds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4113","name":"Euro-Siberian quillwort swards","description":"Clear-water quillwort swards formed by the northern European and montane [Isoetes lacustris] and [Isoetes echinospora] or by the very local endemics [Isoetes tenuissima] of central western France and [Isoetes brochonii] of the eastern Pyrenees. Associated species may include [Lobelia dortmanna], [Sparganium angustifolium], [Littorella uniflora], [Hippuris vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4114","name":"Floating bur-reed communities","description":"[Sparganium angustifolium]-dominated formations of small oligotrophic ponds, characteristic, in particular, of the upper montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the greater Hercynian ranges, locally recorded from sub-Atlantic heath regions of the Germano-Baltic plain, also capable of occurring, within the extensive Fennoscandian range of the species, and in coastal areas of Iceland, as a facies of the [Isoetes] communities of unit C3.4111."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4115","name":"Boreo-Arctic lake mud communities","description":"Amphibious communities dominated by [Ranunculus reptans] and [Subularia aquatica] colonizing, sometimes on large surfaces, the bottom of water bodies of Fennoscandia, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, mostly in situations characterized by relatively large fluctuations of the water level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4116","name":"[Myriophyllum alterniflorum] communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool and pool fringe communities of the northern Palaearctic dominated by [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], characteristic of weakly acid clear waters on limestone-free substrates, sometimes with [Ranunculus reptans], [Littorella uniflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.412","name":"Spike-rush shallow-water swards","description":"[Eleocharis acicularis] beds of the Palaearctic, characteristic of more organic soils and mesotrophic waters than the communities of unit C3.411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.413","name":"Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards","description":"[Eleocharis multicaulis], [Scirpus fluitans], [Juncus bulbosus], [Hypericum elodes], [Pilularia globulifera], [Deschampsia setacea], [Ranunculus flammula], [Littorella uniflora] communities of shallow acid pools of the Palaearctic and their margins susceptible to short periods of emersion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4131","name":"[Eleocharis multicaulis] communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Eleocharis multicaulis], [Deschampsia setacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4132","name":"Dune slack shoreweed swards","description":"Communities of humid sands and pool fringes in oligotrophic dunes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, with [Samolus valerandi] and [Littorella uniflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4133","name":"[Pilularia] swards","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of western and central Europe, north to Denmark and southern Fennoscandia, east to Poland, the Czech Republic and the Balkan peninsula, dominated by the fern [Pilularia globulifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4134","name":"[Juncus bulbosus] communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by [Juncus bulbosus], often accompanied by [Ranunculus flammula], [Agrostis canina], [Glyceria fluitans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4135","name":"[Scirpus fluitans] communities","description":"Pool fringe communities dominated by [Scirpus fluitans] ([Eleogiton fluitans], [Isolepis fluitans]), characteristic of mesotrophic to dystrophic heath pools on sands or muds, particularly within the [Quercion] domaine, with periods of drying usually short, sometimes permanently inundated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4136","name":"[Apium inundatum] communities","description":"Pool fringe communities of western and central Europe dominated by [Apium inundatum], characteristic of oligotrophic to mesotrophic fluctuating pools, in particular, dune slack pools and forest pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.414","name":"[Baldellia] shore swards","description":"Communities of the shores of shallow oligotrophic pools of the Atlantic domaine of Europe susceptible to prolonged summer desiccation, usually developed on peaty or parapeaty soils, dominated by, or rich in [Baldellia ranunculoides], with [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Hypericum helodes]. They are recorded, in particular, from the Paris Basin, Normandy, the New Forest, Cornwall, southern Scandinavia, and, on the shores of of limestone pools, in the Burren of western Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.415","name":"Shore hairgrass swards","description":"[Deschampsia littoralis] agg. formations of peri-Alpine lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.42","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities","description":"Perennial and annual communities of mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian temporary ponds, river banks and spring sides. Vegetation mainly from the class [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.421","name":"Short Mediterranean amphibious communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools and ditches with [Isoetes] spp., [Marsilea quadrifolia], [Marsilea strigosa], [Pilularia globulifera], [Pilularia minuta], [Mentha pulegium], [Lythrum hyssopifolia] s.l., [Trifolium filiforme], [Peplis erecta], [Teucrium cravense], [Serapias lingua], [Juncus bufonius], [Juncus capitatus], [Juncus pygmaeus], [Juncus fasciculatus], [Scirpus savii], sometimes (rocky edges of fast rivulets), [Spiranthes aestivalis] and [Anagallis tenella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4211","name":"Terrestrial quillwort communities","description":"[Isoetes histrix], [Isoetes durieui] formations of Mediterranean ephemeral waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4212","name":"Mediterranean aquatic quillwort swards","description":"Communities formed by [Isoetes boryana], [Isoetes delilei], [Isoetes heldreichii], [Isoetes velata], [Isoetes azorica] or [Isoetes malinverniana] in fluctuating waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4213","name":"Azorean quillwort swards","description":"Endemic [Isoetes azorica] communities of pools and small lakes of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4214","name":"Mediterranean small galingale swards","description":"Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic formations dominated by [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] or [Cyperus michelianus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4215","name":"Mediterranean [Fimbristylis] swards","description":"Formations dominated by [Fimbristylis bisumbellata], often with [Cyperus] spp., in particular, [Cyperus flavescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4216","name":"Mediterranean [Chaetopogon] swards","description":"Formations dominated by [Chaetopogon fasciculatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4217","name":"Bog pimpernell-summer lady's tresses communities","description":"Formations of the sandy, rocky edges of rivulets of the Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4218","name":"Mediterranean amphibious small herb communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean temporarily inundated or wet terrain, including karstic pools, often highly ephemeral, dominated by annual small herbs, among which [Elatine] spp. ([Elatine macropoda], [Elatine gussonei], [Elatine pedunculata]), [Damasonium bourgaei], [Nananthea perpusilla], [Morisia monanthos], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Samolus valerandi], [Radiola linoides], [Myosurus minimus], [Laurentia gasparrinii], [Laurentia tenella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.4219","name":"Mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards","description":"Formations of the Mediterranean basin occupying temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by small club-rushes of section [Isolepis] ([Scirpus setaceus], [Scirpus pseudosetaceus], [Scirpus cernuus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.421A","name":"Mediterranean [Eleocharis] swards","description":"Formations of temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by spike-rushes ([Eleocharis palustris]), accompanied by small annual herbs and grasses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.422","name":"Tall Mediterranean amphibious communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools, ditches and springs, developed on terrain covered by deep waters during long periods, composed of an admixture of small annuals and of tall perennials or annuals, in particular, of genera [Mentha] ([Mentha cervina], [Mentha longifolia]) and [Eryngium] ([Eryngium corniculatum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.423","name":"Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards","description":"Slighly halophile and nitrophile post-estival vegetation of temporarily inundated terrains, with [Crypsis schoenoides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Crypsis alopecuroides] and [Centaurium spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.43","name":"Central Eurasian amphibious communities","description":"Annual dwarf sedges, rushes and [Elatine] spp. communities of recently emerged muds and sands, characteristic of the Pannonic plain, the Black Sea lowlands and adjacent areas of the Balkan peninsula, outside of the Mediterranean influence. Communities of units C3.511 and C3.513 occur locally in the same region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.431","name":"Ponto-Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities","description":"Communities of nitrogen-rich muds and inundation zones of watercourses and lakes of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, in particular of Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills, with [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens], [Cyperus michelianus] ([Dichostylis michelianus]), [Juncus bufonius], [Echinochloa crus-galli], [Filaginella uliginosa] ([Gnaphalium uliginosum]), [Elatine hungarica], [Ammannia verticillata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.432","name":"Ponto-Pannonic rice-field dwarf sedge communities","description":"Communities of rice field muds and of river and lake inundation zones of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, distributed in particular in the Pannonic region, Russia, the Balkans and central Asia, with [Elatine hungarica], [Elatine triandra], [Eleocharis acicularis], [Scirpus supinus], [Lindernia procumbens], [Peplis portula], [Marsilea quadrifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.433","name":"Ponto-Pannonic halo-nitrophile amphibious swards","description":"Communities of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, extending from Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills to the Caucasus, developed on clayey, nitrogen-rich saline or somewhat saline soils. Characteristic species include [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Lythrum tribracteatum], [Lythrum linifolium], terrestrial forms of [Elatine alsinastrum], [Elatine triandra], [Elatine hydropiper], [Elatine hungarica], [Mentha aquatica], [Hippuris vulgaris] and crowfoots of subgenus [Batrachium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.44","name":"Dwarf spike-rush ([Eleocharis]) beds of inland saline and brackish waters","description":"Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish lakes and inland seas, their inlets, estuaries, lagoons, mud or sand flats, and other inland brackish waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.45","name":"Watercress beds","description":"Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of forbs, in particular, watercress, [Nasturtium officinale] ([Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum]). Low-growing communities, at maximum 20 cm tall, which may be open or closed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.5","name":"Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation","description":"Muddy, sandy and gravelly shores and dried-up bottoms of lakes and rivers, with moderate cover of vascular plants. These include annuals (e.g. [Bidens] spp., [Cyperus] spp., [Persicaria] spp.), developing during the exposure phase as well as perennials tolerant of temporary total immersion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.51","name":"Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards","description":"Dwarf oligo-mesotrophic annual communities of recently emerged muds and sands of the nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal regions. Terrestrial forms of amphibious species and annual species are frequent. A dynamic habitat, and several aspects can occur during the vegetation cycle. If the substrate is sufficiently wet, and also in advanced successional stages, the moss layer is abundant. Typical species are [Juncus bufonius], [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] and other species from vegetation of class [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.511","name":"Freshwater dwarf spike-rush communities","description":"Rare communities colonising the fluid muds of drying ponds of nemoral, boreonemoral, boreal, and, locally, steppic, Palaearctic Eurasia, characterised by [Eleocharis ovata], [Eleocharis carniolica], [Carex bohemica], [Lindernia procumbens], [Scirpus supinus], [Limosella aquatica], [Cyperus fuscus], [Peplis portula], [Juncus tenageia], [Elatine hexandra], [Elatine hydropiper], and [Coleanthus subtilis]; the latter species has a highly disjunct distribution, principally in western France, the Czech Republic and adjacent southeastern Germany and northern Austria, the Lake Ladoga region of Russia and Amurland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.512","name":"Dune-slack centaury swards","description":"Pioneer formations of humid calcareous sands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, recorded from the North Sea coasts of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, and from the Baltic coast of Germany, with [Samolus valerandi], [Centaurium littorale], [Centaurium erythraea], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Gentianella amarella], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Juncus bufonius], characteristic of humid dune slacks and dune pool fringes, on soils with low salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.513","name":"Dwarf toad-rush communities","description":"Associations, often very limited in extent, appearing in the drying phase of temporary pools, flooded ruts of forest paths, wet heath paths, humid forest cuts, seeping mowed lawns and other sufficiently lit temporarily inundated, most often acidic, soils of nemoral, boreonemoral, boreal, and, locally, steppic, Palaearctic Eurasia, characterised by [Juncus bufonius], [Scirpus setaceus], [Cyperus flavescens], [Centunculus minimus], [Spergularia segetalis], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Samolus valerandi], [Cicendia filiformis], [Radiola linoides] and [Illecebrum verticillatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5131","name":"Toad-rush swards","description":"Communities of temporary pools, flooded ruts of forest paths, and other sufficiently lit temporarily inundated or moist soils of nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal Palaearctic Eurasia dominated by [Juncus bufonius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5132","name":"Small galingale swards","description":"Medio-European communities dominated by the annual galingales [Cyperus flavescens], [Cyperus fuscus] and [Cyperus michelianus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5133","name":"Wet ground dwarf herb communities","description":"Varied communities, some very rare and threatened, of small annuals of wet ground of nemoral and boreonemoral Palaearctic Eurasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.52","name":"[Bidens] communities (of lake and pond shores)","description":"Dense, taller annual communities (usually up to maximum height 100 cm) colonizing nitrogen-rich muds of dry ponds and lakes of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic, and locally of the Eurasian steppe zone. Dominants are [Bidens] spp., [Rorippa palustris], [Rorippa islandica], [Chenopodium] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Rumex maritimus], [Rumex palustris], [Ranunculus sceleratus], [Senecio congestus], [Catabrosa aquatica] and [Leersia oryzoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.53","name":"Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities","description":"Pioneer formations of tall annuals colonizing nitrogen-rich muds of lowland rivers of boreal and nemoral zones, and locally of the Eurasian steppe zone, occurring also in Mediterranean region, with [Bidens] spp., [Rorippa] spp., [Chenopodium] spp., [Polygonum] spp. and [Xanthium] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.54","name":"Boreo-arctic river mud communities","description":"Communities colonizing fine material deposits of low arctic and northern boreal rivers and springs of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.55","name":"Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks","description":"Vascular plant communities occupying gravel deposits of rivers, including pioneer vegetation and subsequent stages in the colonization sequence. Early-stage communities of Alpine, boreal and Mediterranean watercourses are specialised, those of nemoral lowlands and hills are related to other formations, in particular those of unit E3. Vegetation communites of e.g. [Thlaspietea rotundifolii] – [Glaucion flavi] and [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis], with the most typical species [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea] and [Poa trivialis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.551","name":"Boreo-alpine stream gravel habitats","description":"Open assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in alpine species, colonizing gravel beds of Palaearctic streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, formed in northern boreal and lower arctic mountains, hills and sometimes lowlands, as well as in the alpine and subalpine zones of higher, glaciated, mountains of more southern regions, sometimes with abyssal stations at lower altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.552","name":"Montane river gravel habitats","description":"Open or closed assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonizing, within the montane or submontane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, born in high mountains of the Alpine system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5521","name":"River gravel chondrilla communities","description":"Open and often unstable assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in casual immigrants from higher altitudes, colonizing gravel beds of the montane reaches of unregulated Alpine streams, with [Chondrilla chondrilloides], often accompanied by [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium], [Gypsophila repens], [Dryas octopetala], [Aethionema saxatile], [Epilobium dodonaei], [Erigeron acer], [Leontodon berinii], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Fumana procumbens], [Agrostis gigantea], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Campanula cochlearifolia], [Hieracium piloselloides], [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites], [Conyza canadensis], [Pritzelago alpina], and seedlings of [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Salix daphnoides] and [Myricaria germanica]. Because of widespread interference with natural flow regimes, these formations are gravely endangered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5522","name":"Small-reed river gravel communities","description":"Closed or lacunar assemblies of often large herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants colonizing montane and submontane gravel beds loaded with finer sands or silts of unregulated streams of the Alpine system and its vicinity. [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites] is usually dominant, seedlings of montane and dealpine willows, characteristic of C3.5521, often absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"C3.55221","name":"Carpatho-Alpine small-reed river gravel communities","description":"[Calamagrostis pseudophragmites]-dominated communities of rivers originating in the Alpine and Carpathian arcs complex. Characteristic plants include [Epilobium dodonaei], [Agrostis gigantea], [Phalaris arundinacea], [Tussilago farfara]. Like those of unit C3.5521, these communities are gravely threatened by widespread watercourse alterations affecting natural flow regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"C3.55222","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabric small-reed river gravel communities","description":"Assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants colonizing gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime in the montane zone of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian chain, with [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites] and [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5523","name":"Figwort river gravel communities","description":"Thermophile pioneer communities of river gravels, mostly characteristic of the upper Rhine, with [Scrophularia canina], [Epilobium dodonaei], [Hieracium piloselloides], [Silene prostrata], [Inula conyza], [Centaurea stoebe ssp. stoebe], [Arenaria serpyllifolia], [Echium vulgare], [Salix elaeagnos] seedlings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"C3.5524","name":"Ponto-Caucasian river gravel communities","description":"Open or closed assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonizing, within the montane or submontane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, born in the high Ponto-Caucasian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.553","name":"Mediterranean river gravel habitats","description":"Communities colonizing gravel deposits of Palaearctic rivers with a Mediterranean, summer-low, flow regime, with, in particular, [Myricaria germanica], [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium], [Glaucium flavum], [Oenothera biennis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"C3.554","name":"Northern lowland river gravel communities","description":"Communities, less specialised than those of high mountain, boreo-arctic and Mediterranean watercourses, colonizing river gravels of lowland and hill rivers of the Palaearctic nemoral, boreonemoral and adjacent zones. Precise formations can be indicated by use of codes from unit E, in particular unit E5.4, and from unit G1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.6","name":"Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments","description":"Banks of sand, gravel and mud in or by rivers. Gravel by mountain streams. Mud bottoms of dried-up rivers and lakes, including saline lakes. Exposed sand, gravel and mud at the edge of lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.61","name":"Unvegetated river sand banks","description":"Unvegetated sand deposits of streams, occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.62","name":"Unvegetated river gravel banks","description":"Unvegetated deposit beds of streams formed of pebbles, gravels, boulders or a mixture of gravels and finer sediments, occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities. Corresponding habitats with pioneer or ephemeral vascular vegetation are included in unit C3.55 and their succession leads to willow woodland (G1.11)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.63","name":"Unvegetated river mud banks","description":"Unvegetated silt or mud deposits of streams occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities. Later in the succession they are vegetated by species of [Bidens] and [Polygonum] (C3.52, C3.53) or wetland vegetation of unit C3.2 may be established."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.64","name":"Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake sands and shingles","description":"Unvegetated lake-bottoms or lake-shores temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often important as feeding grounds for migrating waders. Unvegetated lacustrine beaches, formed by wind or wave action. Succession usually leads to habitats of periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation (C3.5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.65","name":"Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake muds","description":"Unvegetated lake-bottoms or lake-shores temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often important as feeding grounds for migrating waders. Unvegetated lacustrine beaches, formed by wind or wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.66","name":"Exposed unvegetated beaches of inland saline and brackish waters with soft sediments","description":"Unvegetated bottoms or shores of athalassic saline water bodies temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often covered with salt efflorescences."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.7","name":"Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates","description":"Periodically exposed rocks, pavements and blocks beside rivers and lakes, and in the draw-down zone of reservoirs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.71","name":"Periodically exposed river-bed rocks, pavements and blocks","description":"Hard rock features permanently emerging from, or temporarily uncovered by, Palaearctic water courses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.72","name":"Periodically exposed lake-bed rocks, pavements and blocks","description":"Hard rock features permanently emerging from, or temporarily uncovered by, Palaearctic lakes. Rocks are either without vegetation or very sparsely vegetated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"C3.73","name":"Draw-down zones of reservoirs with non-mobile substrates","description":"Temporarily exposed rocky or stony margins of reservoirs. Ephemeral vegetation or temporary animal communities depend on the regime and dynamics of the water level in the reservoir."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"C3.8","name":"Inland spray- and steam-dependent habitats","description":"Spray-washed margins of pools below waterfalls. Steamy margins of geysers and hot springs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"D","name":"Mires, bogs and fens","description":"Wetlands, with the water table at or above ground level for at least half of the year, dominated by herbaceous or ericoid vegetation. Includes inland saltmarshes and waterlogged habitats where the groundwater is frozen. Excludes the water body and rock structure of springs (C2.1) and waterlogged habitats dominated by trees or large shrubs (F9.2, G1.4, G1.5, G3.D, G3.E). Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D1","name":"Raised and blanket bogs","description":"Peatlands formed by ombrotrophic acid peat, which is (or was while actively growing) capable of growth fed by rainfall rather than by the inflow of water from higher ground in the vicinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D1.1","name":"Raised bogs","description":"The mire surface and underlying peat of highly oligotrophic, strongly acidic peatlands with a raised centre from which water drains towards the edges. The peat is composed mainly of sphagnum remains. Raised bogs form on nearly flat ground and derive moisture and nutrients only from rainfall (ombrotrophic). Raised bog complexes (X04) include larger bog pools (C1.46) and a marginal lagg (C1.47), as well as the main mire surface (D1.1), which in actively-growing raised bogs typically comprises a complex of low hummocks, small pools and their associated vegetation. Raised bogs form only in cool climates with high rainfall. They are most widespread in the boreal zone and in the mountains and hills of the nemoral zone; they occur locally in the lowlands of the nemoral zone. They are characteristic of lowlands and hills of northwestern and northern Europe, the adjacent Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and the Carpathians. Bogs harbour, in addition to sphagna, which are often abundant, a small number of vascular plants such as [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Carex pauciflora], [Carex paupercula], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia] and [Drosera rotundifolia], and lichens. Animal species are not numerous but those that are adapted to bogs are highly specialised. Among typical invertebrates figure dragonflies ([Leucorrhinia dubia], [Aeshna subarctica], [Aeshna caerulea], [Aeshna juncea], [Somatochlora arctica], [Somatochlora alpestris]), lepidopterans ([Colias palaeno], [Boloria aquilonaris], [Coenonympha tullia], [Vacciniina optilete], [Hypenodes turfosalis], [Eugraphe subrosea]), beetles, ants ([Formica exsecta]), bugs and spiders ([Pardosa sphagnicola], [Glyphesis cottonae]). Most of the species that bogs harbour are rare and their populations fragmented into isolated relictual elements; several are threatened. The remaining intact or nearly intact communities are exceptional."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.11","name":"Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs","description":"Undisturbed, or little disturbed, peat-forming bogs, often taking the shape of a convex lens. Such intact or nearly intact systems have become very rare or even exceptional. They are composed of a number of communities, which form and occupy the topological features of the bog. These communities are interrelated and function as a unit (part of complex X04), so that they cannot be regarded as separate subhabitats; their presence and combination, however, characterizes the various types of bogs. The subunits thus contribute to a description of individual bog systems. Vegetation of alliances [Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi], [Sphagnion medii] and [Sphagnion cuspidati]. Typical species in the herb layer [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Oxycoccus palustris], [Vaccinium] spp.; in the moss layer dominance of genus [Sphagnum] spp., e.g. [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum palustre] and [Sphagnum magellanicum] among others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.111","name":"Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns","description":"Vegetation of the higher parts of the plateau of Palaearctic bogs and of its drier, marginal slope. Intact, typical, raised bogs of northern, lowland and low montane central and eastern Europe display an alternance of well-marked sphagnum hummocks, colonized or not, especially in their drier upper part, by small shrubs, lower, wetter, flat lawns and wet hollows or schlenken. Sphagnum hummocks with no, or few, shrubs are listed in unit D1.1111, sphagnum hummocks, or parts of them, colonized by shrubs in unit D1.1113, lawns in unit D1.1112. In bogs under strong oceanic influence, in high-altitude bogs, in bogs subjected to minerotrophic influences or anthropogenic degradation, a sparse cover of shrubs or tussock-forming graminoids may become ubiquitous and the distinction between hummock and lawn, or even between hummock, lawn and hollow, blurred, in bogs that are often somewhat intermediate towards blanket bogs. Such communities are listed in units D1.1114 to D1.1116, as well as in D1.114 and in D1.121; in some of them sphagna may be scarce or replaced by bryopsid mosses. Well-defined sphagnum hummocks of unit D1.1111 may nevertheless develop in conjunction with them. The dominance role is played by deergrass, [Scirpus cespitosus], in montane central European bogs, or parts of bogs listed in unit D1.1114. In Atlantic bogs listed in unit D1.1115 it is played by [Erica tetralix]. Somewhat degraded bogs, in particular, bogs affected by anthropozoogenic influences in Atlantic climates, may be overwhelmingly dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], usually with complete blurring of the structure. They are listed in unit D1.1116. More severely degraded bogs, invaded by [Molinia caerulea], are listed in unit D1.121. The highly distinctive shrub and sphagnum or shrub and moss hummocks bog expanses of the montane, rapidly dessicating, bogs of the boreal and subarctic zones are listed in unit D1.114 Sphagnum hummocks forming in acidic fens (unit D2.2), transition mires (unit D2.3) or, sometimes, rich fens (unit D4.1), are also indicated by codes of units D1.1111 or D1.1113."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1111","name":"Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)","description":"Cushiony domes or buttes of Palaearctic bogs, mainly made of red, yellow or brown sphagna, with other mosses, in particular, [Campylopus pyriformis] ([Campylopus fragilis var. pyriformis]), liverworts, including [Odontoschisma sphagni], [Mylia anomala], lichens ([Cladonia] spp., [Cladina] spp.), [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], and a small admixture of vascular plants characteristic of the lawn, such as [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Carex pauciflora], [Scirpus cespitosus], or of dwarf shrub hummocks, in particular, [Calluna vulgaris], [Ledum palustre], [Erica tetralix], communities which are, in any case, usually closely associated with these."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11111","name":"[Sphagnum magellanicum] hummocks","description":"Bog hummocks formed by the swollen-leaved, brownish or greenish-red [Sphagnum magellanicum], characteristic of suboceanic bogs, notably of bogs of the Danish archipelago, of sub-Atlantic Scandinavia in southeastern Norway and western Sweden, of northern Central Europe, of the southeastern Baltic lowlands, of the middle European Hercynian ranges, from the Ardennes, the Central Massif, the Vosges, the Black Forest east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the northern pre-Alpine plateaux and the Alps south to the southern Alps, of Amurland, also reported from the subalpine level of the Altai."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11112","name":"[Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks","description":"Shiny brown [Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks, dense, usually low and wide, characteristic of bogs of subcontinental boreal Europe from southeastern Norway, central and eastern Sweden eastwards, of continental boreal Europe and western Siberia, of Kamchatka, of Sakhalin, of nemoral Central Europe and of boreonemoral Eastern Europe, of the Alps and the Carpathians, occasionally prominent in more western, more Atlantic, bogs, in particular, in the British Isles, also occurring as ombrotrophic bog hummocks within acidic or neutrocline mires of the same regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11113","name":"[Sphagnum rubellum] hummock wreaths","description":"Dark red [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum]) communities often encircling the bases of [Sphagnum magellanicum] or [Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks of nemoral European bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11114","name":"[Sphagnum rubellum] hummocks","description":"Hummocks of western Palaearctic bogs, mostly characteristic of Atlantic to sub-Atlantic nemoral bogs, recorded, in particular, from Jutland and southwestern Norway, the British Isles, the eastern Netherlands, eastern and southeastern Belgium, France, Germany and the Alps, dominated by [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11115","name":"[Sphagnum imbricatum] hummocks","description":"Often tall, large, dense hummocks of European bogs formed by the large, orange-gold [Sphagnum imbricatum], limited to undisturbed bogs in areas of strong maritime influence, in particular, in the British Isles, southwestern Sweden, Hercynian Belgium, northwestern Germany, formerly common, today rare and increasingly so."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11116","name":"[Sphagnum papillosum] hummocks","description":"Low hummocks of olive-brown or ocre [Sphagnum papillosum], formed mostly in bogs of western and northern Europe, in particular, of the British Isles, Denmark, northwestern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium. Outside of bogs, [Sphagnum papillosum] hummocks may form in a variety of mires, particularly in Atlantic regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11117","name":"[Sphagnum capillifolium] hummocks","description":"Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by the reddish [Sphagnum capillifolium] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium]), known, in particular, from the southeastern Baltic coastal regions, from higher levels of the western and central European Hercynian ranges, from the Alps and from the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11118","name":"[Sphagnum angustifolium] hummocks","description":"Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by [Sphagnum angustifolium], recorded, in particular, from northeastern Europe and France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1112","name":"Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases","description":"Communities dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] and sphagna, in particular, green or yellow [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum] ([Sphagnum apiculatum], [Sphagnum fallax]), [Sphagnum pulchrum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum tenellum], also [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum fuscum] and others, constituting extensive carpets or lawns, or, sometimes with a lesser prominence of [Eriophorum vaginatum], forming in the transition zone between hollows and hummocks of Palaearctic bogs; [Drosera rotundifolia], [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos] are often common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11121","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum tenellum] lawns","description":"Communities of bog lawns and of areas intermediate between hollows and hummocks in which often small loose cushions of [Sphagnum tenellum] dominate the ground layer, usually in association with [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum subnitens], and with an emergent layer of [Eriophorum vaginatum], characteristic, in particular, of Finland, the southeastern Baltic coastlands, also recorded from Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11122","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum pulchrum] lawns","description":"Hollow-side and lawn communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by the bright orange [Sphagnum pulchrum] associated with [Eriophorum vaginatum], recorded, in particular, from northwestern Central Europe, Ireland and western Britain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11123","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum papillosum] lawns","description":"Lawns and hummock-to-hollow transition communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Sphagnum papillosum] associated with [Eriophorum vaginatum], most characteristic of maritime and submaritime regions of the western and eastern Palaearctic, often constituting the dominant lawn community in Atlantic and sub-Atlantic bogs of nemoral Europe. [Erica tetralix] is a usual member of the community in western regions; when its cover exceeds that of [Eriophorum vaginatum] the stands should be listed under unit D1.1115. In boreal Europe [Sphagnum papillosum] carpets are more characteristic of minerotrophic acidic fens than of bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11124","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum capillifolium] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum capillifolium] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11125","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum recurvum] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum recurvum], often highly prevalent in moderately wet bogs of nemoral Central Europe and Hercynian Western Europe. In boreal Europe, [Sphagnum recurvum] communities are mostly limited to fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11126","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum fuscum] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum fuscum] characteristic of subcontinental Fennoscandia, from eastern Sweden eastwards, of the eastern Baltic bog province of western Russia, of the Eastern Carpathians, of western Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11127","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum rubellum] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum]) characteristic of relatively maritime climates, recorded, in particular, from southeastern Norway, western Sweden and the Danish archipelago, where [Sphagnum balticum] is a frequent accompanier, and from the Central Massif of France, where [Sphagnum magellanicum] is an associate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11128","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum balticum] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum balticum] characteristic of bogs of the nemoral region, in particular, of large areas of Sweden, of Finland, the Baltic States, Russia, western Siberia. Accompaniers include [Scirpus cespitosus], [Eriophorum russeolum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum lindbergii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11129","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum angustifolium] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum angustifolium] characteristic of northeastern Europe and eastern Fennoscandia, mostly distributed in northern Karelia, the Lake and Bothnian gulf regions of Finland, rare in Sweden."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.1112A","name":"[Eriophorum-Sphagnum magellanicum] lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum magellanicum] and [Sphagnum rubellum], sometimes accompanied by [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum fuscum] or [Sphagnum warnstorfii], characteristic, in particular, of the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, Norway and southern Sweden, of the northern and southern Alpine piedmont, of the Eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1113","name":"Dwarf shrub hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub communities, mostly ericaceous, forming on the top of drying hummocks of bogs of the nemoral, boreonemoral, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic, often with the moss [Polytrichum strictum], sometimes colonizing sphagnum hummocks forming in fens of the same regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11131","name":"Ling dwarf shrub hummocks","description":"[Calluna vulgaris]-dominated shrub hummocks, widespread in the nemoral and boreal zones of the western Palaearctic region, east to the Carpathians and western Siberia, south to the Alpine piedmont and the Pyrenees, most characteristic of Central European and sub-Atlantic Scandinavian bogs, in which [Calluna vulgaris] is often the only dominant hummock shrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11132","name":"Cross-leaved heather shrub hummocks","description":"[Erica tetralix]-dominated communities characteristic of the shrub hummocks of Atlantic bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11133","name":"Crowberry shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of lowland or low montane Northern Europe, of Western Europe, of lowland Central Europe, the Baltic region, the Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Northern Carpathians dominated by [Empetrum nigrum] or, in boreal regions, in mountains and in eastern Central Europe, [Empetrum hermaphroditum], characteristic of suboceanic climates, of drier, taller hummocks or of slightly more mineral-influenced bogs of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11134","name":"[Vaccinium] shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic lowland or low montane boreal Europe, of the European Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and their periphery, dominated by ericoid shrubs of genus [Vaccinium], mostly [Vaccinium uliginosum], also [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] or [Vaccinium myrtillus], locally, in particular, in Scandinavia and the Alps, associated with [Betula nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11135","name":"Labrador tea shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of boreonemoral, sub-boreal, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic dominated by [Ledum palustre], most characteristic of subcontinental regions of the southeastern Baltic hinterland, from eastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to boreonemoral Russia, and of the southern boreal Far East of Kamchatcka and northern Sakhalin, often marking tall hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11136","name":"Bog myrtle hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks dominated by [Myrica gale], of local occurrence in nemoral Atlantic bogs, or by [Myrica tomentosa] in the southern boreal Pacific Far East."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11137","name":"Dwarf birch hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub hummock communities of nemoral Europe and of the lowland and hill bogs of boreal Europe, west to Fennoscandia and the Baltic States, dominated by, or rich in, [Betula nana]. In nemoral Europe they are limited to isolated enclaves on hills of the Germano-Baltic plains and to rare stations within the greater Hercynian ranges and the Alps, where they represent relict outposts of the communities of unit D1.114, with which they share, in particular, besides [Betula nana], [Vaccinium microcarpum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Chamaedaphne calyculata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11138","name":"Cloudberry hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub hummock communities of subcontinental and continental, lowland or low montane boreal and boreonemoral Europe dominated by, or rich in, [Rubus chamaemorus], associated with [Calluna vulgaris] or with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Chamaedaphne calyculata], characteristic, in particular, of eastern Fennoscandia, the southeastern and eastern Baltic regions, Russia, with outposts in the eastern Hercynian ranges, in the Giant Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"D1.11139","name":"Leatherleaf hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks dominated by [Chamaedaphne calyculata], main shrub hummock type of the continental parts of the boreal and boreonemoral Palaearctic, in European Russia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, with outposts in Baltic regions and the eastern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1114","name":"Bog deergrass communities","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated bogs or parts of bogs, mostly characteristic of the subalpine level of Hercynian, pre-Alpine and Alpine ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1115","name":"Bog [Erica-Sphagnum] communities","description":"Bogs or parts of bogs dominated by [Erica tetralix] and [Sphagnum papillosum], characteristic of raised bog systems of Atlantic regions, particularly the British Isles, the low countries, northwestern Germany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1116","name":"Raised bog species-poor cottonsedge communities","description":"Bogs or parts of bogs overwhelmingly dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a strongly impoverished species cortège, in particular, with very few sphagna, characteristic of degraded and, in particular, grazed, bog systems of Atlantic regions, notably of the Pennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.112","name":"Raised bog hollows (schlenken)","description":"Temporarily or permanently rainwater-filled depressions of bogs, occupied by communities similar to those of larger intermediate mires of units D2.25 or D2.3H."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1121","name":"Sphagnum schlenken","description":"Constantly submerged hollows carpeted by floating or bottom-hugging mats of often bright green sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum majus] ([Sphagnum dusenii]), [Sphagnum balticum], sometimes accompanied by bryopsid mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Lophozia inflata], and with a vascular cortège that may typically be dominated by [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Menyanthes trifoliata] or [Carex limosa], and include [Carex paupercula], [Carex pauciflora], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Andromeda polifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1122","name":"Mud-bottom schlenken","description":"Temporarily inundated shallow hollows, usually dominated by an often sparse cover of [Rhynchospora alba], with [Rhynchospora fusca], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera intermedia], [Lycopodiella inundata], sometimes dominated by [Eriophorum angustifolium] or [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground cover almost devoid of sphagna and often reduced to algae, in particular, the conjugate [Zygogonium ericetorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.113","name":"Raised bog seeps and soaks","description":"Paths of water runoff carving the marginal slope of the bog, carrying water from the centre to the lagg. They are in part colonized by intermediate mire or acid fen vegetation of units D2.2 or D2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1131","name":"Bog asphodel seeps","description":"[Narthecium ossifragum] colonies in seep rivulets, mostly characteristic of western bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D1.1132","name":"Bog myrtle soaks","description":"[Myrica gale] thickets of Atlantic raised bog soaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.114","name":"Boreoalpine dwarf-shrub hummocks on raised bogs","description":"Communities of the boreoalpine, subalpine, arctoalpine and northern lowland regions of Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Kola peninsula and the Urals formed by hummocks, banks or plateaux of sphagna or of bryopsid mosses associated with small shrubs, particularly [Betula nana], also [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Rubus chamaemorus], accompanied by [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Carex nigra]. They may associate with depressions occupied by lawn, hollow or mud bottom communities; they are prone to a rapid desiccation. They show affinities with blanket bogs of unit D1.2, in particular, with upland blanket bogs of unit D1.22 and northern boreal blanket bogs of unit D1.23."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.12","name":"Damaged, inactive bogs","description":"Raised bogs subject to drying up or affected by mining (peat extraction), locally with very high anthropogenic pressure. Phragments of alliance [Sphagnion], with species composition similar to unit D1.11, but impoverished by lack of many characteristic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.121","name":"Damaged, inactive bogs, dominated by dense purple moorgrass (Molinia])","description":"Drying, mowed or burned bogs invaded by [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.122","name":"Drained raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.123","name":"Ditched raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.13","name":"Condensation mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.14","name":"Bog-myrtle scrub on raised bogs","description":"[Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.15","name":"Wet bare peat and peat haggs on raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D1.2","name":"Blanket bogs","description":"The mire surface and underlying peat of ombrotrophic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. The mire surface may on flatter ground be very similar to that of a raised bog, with a complex of small pools and terrestrial hummocks. In the strictest sense, blanket bogs are a habitat endemic to northwestern Europe, characteristic of the western and northern British Isles, the Faeroe Islands and the western seaboard of Scandinavia. They often cover extensive areas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities. Sphagna ([Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum fuscum]) play an important role in all of them, accompanied by [Narthecium ossifragum], [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Calluna vulgaris]. Blanket bog complexes (X28) include dystrophic pools (C1.4) and acidic flushes (D2.2) as well as the mire surface (D1.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.21","name":"Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant cotton-grass","description":"Hyper-Atlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, Cumberland, northern Wales and Devon, developed under very high rainfall climates. The main vascular plants are [Molinia caerulea], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Rhynchospora alba], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Carex panicea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Potentilla erecta], [Polygala serpyllifolia], [Pinguicula lusitanica], [Drosera rotundifolia]. The colourful mucinal layer comprises the black and crimson liverwort [Pleurozia purpurea], the black and gold moss [Campylopus atrovirens], the wooly fringe moss [Racomitrium lanuginosum]; it is often dominated by sphagna ([Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens]), or, particularly in parts of western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits ([Zygogonium])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.211","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog plateaux","description":"Deep-peat lawn and hummock communities of blanket bog expanses of western Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, the Lake District, northern Wales and Devon, composed of graminoids, ericoid shrubs and sphagna, forming extensive, relatively featureless, fairly flat or gently undulating, tracts with a fine-grained alternation of dominance among species or, on bogs with stronger surface undulations, better defined hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.212","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog sphagnum carpets","description":"Waterlogged pool edges and bog surfaces of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs marked by a scarcity of graminoids and shrubs, and a resulting physiognomic prominence of the sphagna, [Sphagnum magellanicum] or [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum palustre], at times, particularly in Ireland, with [Zygogonium] algae deposits, often with [Drosera anglica], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.213","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog deer-grass heaths","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-[Erica tetralix] wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit D1.111. Sphagna are less prominent in the ground layer with, in particular, a lesser prominence of [Sphagnum papillosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.214","name":"Western Irish oblong-leaved sundew flush communities","description":"Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying slope areas submitted to surface water movement and shallow hollows, rich in [Drosera intermedia], with [Riccardia pinguis], [Rhynchospora fusca] or [Carex limosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.215","name":"Western Irish bulbous-rush flush communities","description":"Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying shallow drainage channels and shallow pools, rich in [Juncus bulbosus], [Eleocharis multicaulis] and [Carex panicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.216","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog hollows and pools","description":"Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit D1.1121 or by other communities of the [Scheuchzerietalia palustris] (units D2.4, D2.3H), communities of the [Caricetalia fuscae] (unit D2.2), of the [Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris] (units C1.26, C1.45), of the [Littorelletalia] (unit C3.41) or of the [Potamogetonetalia] (units C1.24, C1.34, C1.43)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.22","name":"Montane blanket bogs, heather and cotton-grass often dominant","description":"Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and mountains in Scotland, Ireland, western England and Wales. Characteristic species are [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Racomitrium lanuginosum] and abundant sphagnum mosses. Some of their communities show affinities with the boreoalpine hummocks of unit D1.114."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.221","name":"Hiberno-Britannic cotton-grass-heather blanket bogs","description":"Lawn and hummock communities of upland blanket bog expanses of Britain and Ireland, mostly distributed in the Scottish Highlands, the Southern Uplands, the Pennines, the Lake District, Wales, in Orkney, in northern, western, southwestern and upland eastern Ireland, dominated by an admixture of [Eriophorum vaginatum] and ericoid shrubs, with a varying amount of sphagna and hypnoid mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.222","name":"Britannic cotton-grass blanket bogs","description":"Species-poor upland blanket bog lawn communities of the Pennines overwhelmingly dominated by an open or closed canopy of low [Eriophorum vaginatum] tussocks, with few ericoid shrubs and a sparse and patchy ground cover in which sphagna are scarce; the most common vascular associates are usually [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Deschampsia flexuosa]. They are characteristic of heavily grazed and burned expanses of blanket bog."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.223","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog sphagnum mats","description":"[Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum fuscum] carpets and hummocks of the cottonsedge-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the moorlands of the Scottish Borders."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.224","name":"Hiberno-Britannic dwarf shrub-cotton-grass upland bogs","description":"Dwarf shrub-rich facies of Hiberno-Britannic upland cottongrass-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the eastern Scottish Highlands, with an abundance of [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus] and [Sphagnum fuscum], with particularly close affinities to the boreoalpine hummocks of unit D1.114."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.225","name":"Hiberno-Britannic woolly fringe moss upland bog hummocks","description":"Lawn and hummock communities of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs dominated by [Racomitrium lanuginosum], mostly characteristic of eroded or dried surfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.226","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog wet heaths","description":"[Erica tetralix] or, at lower altitudes, [Scirpus cespitosus]-[Erica tetralix] wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit D1.221. [Eriophorum vaginatum] is less prominent in the sward, and sphagna sparser in the ground cover, while shrubs, [Juncus squarrosus] and [Nardus stricta] are more vigorous or commoner."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.227","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog hollows and pools","description":"Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit D1.1121 or by other communities of the [Scheuchzerietalia palustris] (units D2.3, D3.H), communities of the [Caricetalia fuscae] (unit D2.2), of the [Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris] (units C1.15, C1.26, C1.45), of the [Littorelletalia] (unit C3.41) or of the [Potamogetonetalia] (units C1.13, C1.24, C1.34, C1.43). Pools and hollows are less prominent in these blanket bogs than in the western blanket bogs of unit D1.21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.23","name":"Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs","description":"Blanket bogs of oceanic southern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway from Rogaland, in the south, north to the Arctic Circle, and in the Faeroe Islands, characterised by the dominance of [Calluna]-[Racomitrium] and [Calluna]-[Sphagnum rubellum] communities. Additionally, blanket bogs of oceanic northern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway, from southern Nordland to central Troms, characterised by the dominance of [Calluna]-[Empetrum]-[Sphagnum fuscum] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.231","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic cottonsedge - ling bogs","description":"Main bog-surface and hummock communities of southern boreal blanket bogs dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Sphagnum rubellum], with [Erica tetralix], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Sphagnum magellanicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.232","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic ling - woolly fringe moss bogs","description":"Bog-surface and hummock communities characteristic of the southernmost southern boreal blanket bogs, in nemoral extreme southern Norway, oceanic southern boreal extreme western Norway, north to southern Tr”ndelag, and in the Faeroe Islands, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum nigrum], [Racomitrium lanuginosum], with [Cornus suecica], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Dicranum elongatum], [Grimmia hypnoides], [Cladonia sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.233","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities","description":"Vegetation of bog hollows on southern boreal blanket bogs formed by [Sphagnum cuspidatum] and [Sphagnum tenellum], with [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera anglica], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex limosa], [Eriophorum vaginatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.234","name":"Northern boreo-Atlantic ling - crowberry - [Sphagnum fuscum] blanket bogs","description":"Bog-surface and hummock communities of the northern boreal blanket bogs dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Sphagnum fuscum] with [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium microcarpum], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Betula nana], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D1.235","name":"Northern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities","description":"Hollow vegetation of northern boreal blanket bogs formed by [Sphagnum majus], with [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex limosa], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Drepanocladus fluitans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D1.24","name":"Wet bare peat and peat haggs on blanket bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D2","name":"Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires","description":"Weakly to strongly acid peatlands, flushes and vegetated rafts formed in situations where they receive water from the surrounding landscape or are intermediate between land and water. Included are quaking bogs and vegetated non-calcareous springs. Excluded are calcareous fens (D4), and reedbeds (C3, D5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D2.1","name":"Valley mires","description":"Topogenous wetlands in which the peat-forming vegetation depends on water draining from the surrounding landscape. Most valley mires are habitat complexes including poor fens, transition mires and pools. Acid valley mires (D2.11) often have vegetation resembling that of bogs (D1), especially in those parts relatively distant from flowing water. Basic and neutral valley mires (D2.12) support mainly poor-fen vegetation (D2.2), but in large mire systems, this is accompanied by acid wet grassland (E3.5), large sedges (D5.2) and reeds (D5.1). Sphagnum hummocks form locally and transition mires (D2.3) or littoral (C3.2) and spring (D2.2C) communities colonize small depressions. Excluded are rich-fen valley mires (D4.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.11","name":"Acid valley mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.12","name":"Basic and neutral valley mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D2.2","name":"Poor fens and soft-water spring mires","description":"Peatlands, flushes and vegetated springs with moderately acid ground water, within valley mires or on hillsides. As in the rich fens, the water level is at or near the surface of the substratum and peat formation depends on a permanently high watertable. Poor-fen vegetation is typically dominated by small sedges ([Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Carex nigra], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum scheuchzeri], [Trichophorum cespitosum]), with pleurocarpous mosses ([Calliergonella cuspidata], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus fluitans]) or sphagna ([Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum recurvum agg]., [Sphagnum russowii], [Sphagnum subsecundum agg].). Other characteristic vascular plants are [Agrostis canina], [Cardamine pratensis], [Juncus filiformis], [Ranunculus flammula] and [Viola palustris]. Soft-water spring mires (D2.2C) are often dominated by [Montia fontana] or bryophytes ([Bryum] spp., [Philonotis] spp., [Pohlia] spp.). Excluded are the water body of soft-water springs (C2.1), and incompletely terrestrialized fringing vegetation (C3.2) or vegetation rafts (D2.3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.21","name":"White cotton grass fens","description":"Swards of [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] of Palaearctic boreal fens and of acidic lake shores in the Alps and the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.211","name":"Alpide cottonsedge lake girdles","description":"Almost pure swards of [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fringing small, cold, acidic lakes above the tree limit in the Alps and the Eastern Carpathians. They are related to both the boreal communities of unit D2.212 and to the arctoboreal marsh-fens of unit D4.261."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.212","name":"Boreal [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens","description":"[Eriophorum scheuchzeri]-dominated fen swards of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of subalpine to middle alpine levels of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] associated with a continuous brown moss carpet mostly of [Drepanocladus exannulatus], with [Philonotis fontana], occupying often snow-patch covered, waterlogged substrates. [Carex lachenalii] is characteristic in Fennoscandia; the vascular plant cortège may also include [Calamagrostis stricta], [Cardamine pratensis], [Carex bigelowii], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Equisetum arvense], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Juncus biglumis], [Koenigia islandica], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Poa pratensis], [Ranunculus reptans], [Salix herbacea], [Saxifraga stellaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.22","name":"Black, white, and star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of middle Europe, the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and northern Iberia, rich in [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], often accompanied by [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Juncus] spp., with a muscinal layer of brown mosses, sphagna or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.221","name":"Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the Alps, the Alpine periphery and the greater Hercynian ranges, including the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Central Massif."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2211","name":"Subalpine black sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and Alpine periphery, including the greater Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, occupying wet gentle slopes and plateaux where melt water lingers or encircling small lakes on the landward, usually emerged, side of the [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] girdle. The sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Juncus filiformis] variously accompanied by [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Carex magellanica], [Carex lachenalii], [Carex norvegica], [Carex panicea], [Carex demissa], [Phleum alpinum], [Agrostis canina], [Viola palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Pedicularis palustris]; the moss layer is formed by [Scapania paludosa], [Paludella squarrosa], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Willemetia stipitata], [Sphagnum recurvum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2212","name":"Central Alpine tall bog sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the central Alps dominated by [Carex magellanica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.222","name":"Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of lowland, collinar and montane areas of western and northern Central Europe, excluding the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula, extending eastward in the Baltic plain to Lithuania. [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens] and [Carex echinata] are always represented, often accompanied by dispersed [Carex rostrata]. Rushes, [Juncus filiformis], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Juncus effusus], may be numerous, often marking the transition towards humid grasslands of the [Molinietalia], the moss layer is formed by [Sphagnum apiculatum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum] and [Polytrichum commune] in the more oligotrophic, acidic sites, by brown mosses [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon cuspidatum], in more mesotrophic situations. Other characteristic species include [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Agrostis canina], [Molinia caerulea], [Pedicularis palustris], [Viola palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Comarum palustre], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Ranunculus flammula] and [Willemetia stipitata]. Included in this unit are the extensive peatlands of Hercynian valley fens, often invaded by rushes, and with characters both of the transition mires and of the humid grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2221","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Carex] acidic fens","description":"Sedge-dominated acidic fen formations in which [Carex canescens], accompanied by [Agrostis canina], is often the most abundant, with a brown moss layer that can sometimes be very partial; [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata] and [Carex magellanica] facies also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2222","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus] acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen formations in which [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] and sometimes [Carex rostrata] are accompanied by, and sometimes dominated by, abundant rushes, in particular [Juncus filiformis] and [Juncus acutiflorus], and with a pleurocarpic moss layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2223","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Sphagnum] fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] and [Carex rostrata], generally with [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Eriophorum vaginatum]. These very wet formations are closely related to transition mires."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2224","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus]-[Sphagnum] fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Carex rostrata] and abundant rushes, in particular [Juncus filiformis] and [Juncus acutiflorus], generally with [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Eriophorum vaginatum]. These formations are often related to wet grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2225","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Agrostis]-[Sphagnum] fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Agrostis canina ssp. stolonifera], often with [Carex rostrata] or [Eriophorum angustifolium]; the muscinal layer being usually formed by [Sphagnum recurvum] with [Polytrichum commune]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.223","name":"British black-white-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Acidic sphagnum fens of the British Isles in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex echinata], [Carex canescens], [Carex nigra] or [Carex rostrata] and sometimes [Juncus effusus], [Juncus acutiflorus] or [Nardus stricta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.224","name":"Pyrenean black sedge acidic fens","description":"[Carex] acidic fens of the Pyrenees, mostly dominated by [Carex nigra], with [Carex echinata] or [Carex panicea], very similar to those of the Alps, in particular to the floristically rather impoverished southwestern Alpine communities, sometimes dominated by [Carex rostrata], with [Carex canescens] ([Carex curta]) or [Carex echinata] and [Agrostis canina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.225","name":"Iberian black sedge acidic fens","description":"[Carex nigra ssp. carpetana]-dominated communities of acid infra-aquatic peat mires of the montane and subalpine levels of the Cordillera Cantabrica and of the cryo-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.226","name":"Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fens of the mountains and hills forming the basin of the middle and lower Danube system, and of adjacent regions, in particular of the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the mountains of the southeastern Balkan peninsula, the Moravian hills, with an herbaceous sward formed by [Carex echinata], [Carex canescens], [Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) or [Carex rostrata] and sometimes [Juncus effusus], [Juncus acutiflorus] or [Nardus stricta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2261","name":"Carpathian black-white-star sedge acidic fens","description":"[Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) formations developed in the eumesotrophic and acidic fens of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2262","name":"Dinaric black-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the high mountains of the Dinarides with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Agrostis canina], [Molinia caerulea], [Nardus stricta], [Drosera rotundifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2263","name":"Rhodopide black-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Rhodopide system, including the western Rhodopes and Vitosha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2264","name":"Peri-Pannonic black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fens of Central European affinities of the mountains and hills of the Pannonic basin and its rim."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2265","name":"Balkanic black-star sedge fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the western and central Balkan Range, with [Carex nigra], [Carex stellulata], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Soldanella alpina], [Dactylorhiza cordigera], [Leucorchis albida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2266","name":"Moeso-Macedonian black-star sedge fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the Waldbergen of west Serbia (Tara, Zeljin, Kopaonic) and of the Ostrozum and Vlasina of east Serbia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.23","name":"Apennine acidic fens","description":"Rare infra-aquatic acidic peat mire communities of the Apennines south to the Sila, with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata] and [Carex panicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.24","name":"Intricated sedge pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)","description":"Oro-Mediterranean [Carex intricata] ([Carex nigra ssp. intricata])-dominated formations of the Sierra Nevada, Corsica, the Nebrodi and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.241","name":"Nevadan Borreguile fens","description":"Formations occupying permanently waterlogged peaty soils of glacial depressions and edges of their small lakes, and also waterholes in [Nardus] grasslands, at the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, dominated by [Carex intricata], with [Carex echinata], [Eleocharis uniglumis], [Viola palustris], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Veronica repens] and Sierra Nevadan endemics [Ranunculus alismoides], [Festuca frigida], [Pinguicula nevadensis], [Leontodon microcephalus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.242","name":"Corsican intricated sedge pozzines","description":"Peaty swards surrounding waterholes, in particular, glacial lakes, in the subalpine level of Corsica, dominated by [Carex intricata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.243","name":"Nebrodi pozzines","description":"Isolated [Carex intricata] stations of Mount San Fratello in the Nebrodi mountains of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.25","name":"Deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] and/or [Narthecium ossifragum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.251","name":"Perialpine deergrass acidic fens","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated communities of subalpine and alpine fens of the Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Bohemian Quadrangle, generally installed on somewhat drier ground than the [Caricetum fuscae] and providing the transition between it and the wetter fringe of the [Nardus] grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.252","name":"Pyrenean deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated formations of acidic fens of the Pyrenees, often, particularly in the west, rich in [Narthecium ossifragum], and with [Carex frigida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.253","name":"Cantabrian deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Subalpine formations of the Cordillera Cantabrica, and, very locally, of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Cordillera Central, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] and [Narthecium ossifragum], usually forming an outer fringe to the [Caricetum carpetani], on somewhat less wet ground. Among companion species are [Carex echinata], [Carex fusca], [Carex binervis], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Erica tetralix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.254","name":"Middle European deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Communities of lowland and collinar middle European eu-Atlantic or sub-Atlantic acidic fens dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Narthecium ossifragum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.255","name":"Corsican deergrass fens","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated formations of subalpine pozzines of Corsica, mostly confined to the edge of rivulets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.26","name":"Common cotton-grass fens","description":"[Eriophorum angustifolium]-dominated swards of usually very wet sites within acidic fens of nemoral Europe, generally with a sphagnum carpet, formed, in particular, by [Sphagnum cuspidatum]; they are closely similar to, and may merge into, [Eriophorum]-[Sphagnum] floating carpets of unit D2.38. Several [Carex] species may be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.27","name":"Dunal sedge acidic fens","description":"Formations of [Carex nigra], [Carex trinervis], [Carex x timmiana], [Juncus anceps], [Juncus subnodulosus] and introduced [Vaccinium macrocarpum], restricted to wet, peaty, acidified dune slacks of the North Sea coast of France and the Netherlands and of the Dutch and German North Sea islands. This unit is related to B1.83."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.28","name":"Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region, the Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian and north eastern Greek mountains. Floristically relatively rich communities dominated by sedge [Carex nigra var. macedonica] (= [C. macedonica]). The Balkan tertiary-relict endemic species [Narthecium scardicum], [Calicocorsus stipitatus] (= [Willemetia stipitata]), [Pinguicula balcanica] and [Pseudorchis frivaldii] may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.281","name":"Pelagonide fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece dominated by sedges or bog asphodels ([Narthecium])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2811","name":"Pelagonide bog-asphodel fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Sar-Planina and the Korab in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia with [Carex serotina], [Carex sempervirens], [Nardus stricta], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula leptoceras]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2812","name":"Pelagonide Macedonian sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Jakupica and Bistra ranges of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, and of the Varnous and Voras ranges of northern Greece, dominated by [Carex macedonica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.282","name":"Montenegrine willemetia fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Bjelasica in Montenegro with [Carex nigra], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Willemetia stipitata f. balcanica], [Barbarea balcana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.283","name":"Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Carex flava], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Agrostis canina], [Rhynchospora alba], similar to Central European black-white-star sedge fen communities with an enrichment in [Rhynchospora alba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.29","name":"Boreal acidic sphagnum fens","description":"Oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic acidic and acidocline fen communities of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreoalpine regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], or various sedges, in particular, [Carex bigelowii] ([Carex rigida]), [Carex rotundata], [Carex magellanica], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with sphagnum carpets formed by, in particular, [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum lindbergii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.291","name":"Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground layer formed by sphagna, notably [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum]. The very reduced species cortège may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex pauciflora], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2911","name":"[Eriophorum vaginatum-Carex pauciflora] sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of most of Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Carex pauciflora], with a ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], accompanied by [Sphagnum papillosum], and sometimes hummocks of [Sphagnum fuscum]; [Andromeda polifolia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos] or [Carex pauciflora] may be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2912","name":"[Eriophorum vaginatum]-deergrass-sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]) and [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum compactum] or [Sphagnum balticum], with [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum]; the species cortège includes [Andromeda polifolia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Myrica gale], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Carex pauciflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2913","name":"Boreal stiff sedge-sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of boreal mountains of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of the lower alpine zone of western and northern boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by [Carex bigelowii], with a lawn formed of an often continuous sphagnum-dominated carpet of [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum balticum] and [Calliergon sarmentosum]; the scanty species cortège includes [Salix herbacea], sometimes also [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Eriophorum angustifolium]. These communities usually cover small surfaces, notably of hollows, of nutrient deficient substrates, often encroaching on snow-patch communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.292","name":"Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), with a continuous sphagnum-dominated ground layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2921","name":"Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-sphagnum fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic, in particular, of the mountains of Fennoscandia, of central Finland, southern Sweden and Denmark, and of the Faeroe Islands, dominated by [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Narthecium ossifragum] with [Myrica gale], with a sphagnum carpet mainly of [Sphagnum papillosum] and [Sphagnum compactum]; These communities occur on strings and, in mountainous areas, in mire margins and along soaks. The species cortège includes, among others, [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Viola palustris], [Calliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus badius]. Communities of the Faeroe Islands lack [Sphagnum compactum] and [Myrica gale]; they may be dominated by [Eriophorum angustifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2922","name":"Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-brown moss-sphagnum fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Molinia caerulea], with [Myrica gale] and [Carex lasiocarpa], and a sphagnum and brown moss carpet mainly of [Sphagnum papillosum], accompanied by [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum plumulosum], [Sphagnum subfulvum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus badius]. The species cortège, which typically comprises some rich fen species, may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex dioica], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Phragmites australis], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.293","name":"Boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and a field layer dominated by sedges of [Carex] spp., [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Eriophorum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2931","name":"Sedge and cottongrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and/or [Sphagnum majus] with a field layer dominated by any of several Cyperaceae, [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Carex magellanica] or [Eriophorum angustifolium], occupying sites in slightly inclined or flat fens with nutrient deficient, low pH stagnant waters. Vascular accompanying species may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Carex aquatilis]; the bryophyte cortège includes [Caliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Gymnocolea inflata], [Sphagnum annulatum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum tenellum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2932","name":"Deergrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and a field layer dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus], occupying sites within a wide nutrient range, the deergrass being especially abundant in rich fen situations. Accompanying species that may occur with varying frequency include sedges, [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum vaginatum], which may dominate or codominate, and dicots, [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium microcarpum]; the bryophyte cortège includes [Caliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum tenellum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.2A","name":"Bog-myrtle scrub on poor fens","description":"[Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.2B","name":"Caucasian acidic fens","description":"[Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) acidic fens of the northwestern Caucasus, with [Primula auriculata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.2C","name":"Soft water spring mires","description":"Spring mires of acid or neutral, oligotrophic to eutrophic non-calcareous springs. The specialised spring communities belong to the various associations of the [Montio-Cardaminetea]. The associated swamp communities belong to the [Caricetalia fuscae] and may be found in unit D2.22. The hydrophilous mosses [Bryum schleicheri], [Philonotis fontana], [Pellia epiphylla], [Brachythecium rivulare] and vascular plants [Cardamine amara], [Cardamine acris], [Rumex balcanicus], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Montia rivularis] among others are the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.2C1","name":"Soft water bryophyte springs","description":"Spring communities of lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by bryophytes, mostly characteristic of northern upland and high montane, alpine or subalpine levels, also locally of well-lit lowland sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C11","name":"Montane soft water moss springs","description":"Spring communities of montane, sometimes collinar, lowland or subalpine, well-lit, lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by mosses, in particular, [Philonotis fontana], with [Epilobium nutans], [Epilobium obscurum], [Epilobium palustre], [Epilobium parviflorum], [Montia fontana], [Stellaria alsine], [Galium uliginosum], [Ranunculus repens], [Veronica beccabunga], [Equisetum fluviatile]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C12","name":"[Philonotis]-[Saxifraga stellaris] springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine, arctoalpine, and sometimes upland, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the northern Palaearctic mountains and hills, of the Alpine system and of the great Hercynian ranges, mostly dominated by [Philonotis seriata], [Bryum schleicheri] or, in the north and west, [Philonotis fontana], with a vascular species cortège marked by arcto-alpine species, among which [Saxifraga stellaris] is usually prominent. Somewhat intermediate between the communities of unit D2.2C11 and those of units D2.2C13 and D2.2C14, they extend to relatively low upland regions in northern Europe, in the British isles, and, as glacial relicts, in the Hercynian ranges and their periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C13","name":"[Pohlia] springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by light green mosses of genus [Pohlia], in particular, [Pohlia wahlenbergii] ([Mniobryum albicans]), [Pohlia ludwigii], with a sparse, arctoalpine vascular species cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C14","name":"Boreoalpine soft water hepatic springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, sometimes montane, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by leafy hepatics of genera [Scapania], [Marsupella], [Jungermannia], [Nardia], with a vascular species cortège rich in arctoalpine species, characteristic of the higher altitudes of the Alpine system, of neighbouring high ranges and of northern mountains, descending locally to lower altitudes, in particular, in Hercynian regions and in northern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C15","name":"Britannic [Anthelia] springs","description":"Spring communities of Atlantic montane or collinar well-lit, lime-poor, cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Anthelia julacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C16","name":"Boreal meadow springs","description":"Bryophyte-rich communities of lime-poor cold springs of the subalpine and alpine zones of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia and of Iceland, characterized by a greater abundance of tall herbs than in the communities of units D2.2C12 to D2.2C15, in particular, of units D2.2C12 and D2.2C13, to which they are closely related, with a resulting lesser prominence of the moss carpet, dominated by [Pohlia wahlenbergii ssp. glacialis] ([Pohlia albicans f. glacialis]) or [Philonotis fontana]. The communities of this unit may grade into [Potentilla crantzii]-[Bistorta vivipara] communities of unit E4.126 and moist [Dryas] heaths of unit F2.293."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C17","name":"Soft water lichen springs","description":"Bryophyte and encrusting lichen communities of lime-poor, often intermittent, springs of the high-alpine level of Palaearctic mountains of the Alpine system, formed by the lichen [Dermatocarpon rivulorum] and the mosses [Brachythecium glaciale], [Schistidium rivulare]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.2C18","name":"Permafrost seeps","description":"Bryophyte and small herb communities of shallow depressions filled by thaw water in permafrost areas, in particular, of Spitzbergen, constituted by the mosses [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Philonotis tomentella], [Bryum pallens], [Oncophorus wahlenbergii], and by [Ranunculus hyperboreus], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Saxifraga foliolosa], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga cernua], [Cardamine nymanii], [Phippsia algida], [Alopecurus alpinus], [Luzula confusa], [Equisetum boreale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.2C2","name":"Bittercress springs","description":"Spring communities of mostly collinar and montane, shaded waters poor in lime of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Ranunculus hederaceus], [Cardamine amara], [Cardamine flexuosa], [Cardamine raphanifolia], [Chrysosplenium oppositifolium], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Saxifraga clusii ssp. lepismigena], ranging southwest to the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.2C3","name":"Oro-Mediterranean soft water spring mires","description":"Soft water spring and rivulet communities of the high altitudes of the mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D2.3","name":"Transition mires and quaking bogs","description":"Incompletely terrestrialized wetlands occupied by peat-forming vegetation with acid groundwater or (for vegetation rafts) acid underlying pool or lake water. Characteristic species are [Calla palustris], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex diandra], [Carex heleonastes], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris], [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris]. Included are rafts of [Sphagnum] and [Eriophorum] (D2.38) and quaking rafts of [Molinia caerulea] (D2.3D). Excluded are stands of vegetation fringing water bodies (C3.2) unless the vegetation raft is sufficiently extensive to count as a habitat in its own right."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.31","name":"Slender-sedge ([Carex lasiocarpa]) swards","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by the medium sized [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with either sphagna or pleurocarps and often accompanied by [Eriophorum gracile], [Menyanthes trifoliata], usually forming floating meadows. Vegetation of alliance [Caricetum lasiocarpae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.311","name":"Brown moss slender-sedge swards","description":"Basicline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with [Scorpidium scorpioides] and other pleurocarps, and with charophytes. Among characteristic accompanying species are [Pedicularis palustris] and [Liparis loeselii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.312","name":"Sphagnum slender-sedge swards","description":"Acidocline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with sphagna ([Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum pulchrum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum subnitens], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum fimbriatum], [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum auriculatum]) and [Polytrichum commune]. Characteristic accompanying species include [Carex rostrata], [Carex nigra], [Carex panicea], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Dactylorhiza sphagnicola], [Comarum palustre], [Vaccinium oxycoccos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.313","name":"Brown moss-sphagnum slender-sedge swards","description":"Mesotrophic quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly characteristic of the boreal region, dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with sphagna and brown mosses, in particular with the mesotrophic species [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum contortum], [Drepanocladus revolvens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.32","name":"Lesser tussock sedge ([Carex diandra]) quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex diandra] in association with [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex appropinquata], [Carex limosa], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Comarum palustre], [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Pedicularis palustris] and an abundance of bryophytes, including the pleurocarps [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius] and the liverwort [Riccardia pinguis], usually forming open swards. These mires are an important habitat for the threatened [Liparis loeselii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.33","name":"Bottle sedge ([Carex rostrata]) quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by [Carex rostrata] or, in western Siberia, [Carex rotundata], on sphagnum or, sometimes, pleurocarp carpets, usually constituting sparse low formations. They extend south to the mountains of the Caucasus. Vegetation of alliance [Caricetum rostratae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.331","name":"Acidocline bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by mats of acidophilous sphagna with a usually low, open growth of [Carex rostrata], accompanied by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex limosa], [Vaccinium oxycoccos]; the main sphagna are [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum obtusum], [Sphagnum dusenii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.332","name":"Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by [Carex rostrata] with basiphilous sphagna or pleurocarps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.3321","name":"Basicline sphagnum-bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex rostrata] accompanied by basiphilous sphagna, [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Sphagnum squarrosum]. They are most characteristic of boreal regions, restricted at lower latitudes to the montane to subalpine belts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D2.3322","name":"Brown moss-bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by [Carex rostrata] with brown mosses, in particular, [Calliergon cuspidatum], [Calliergon giganteum], [Campylium stellatum], [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Drepanocladus revolvens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.34","name":"Mud sedge ([Carex limosa]) swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex limosa], with brown mosses and sphagna, forming low floating or quaking swards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.341","name":"Brown moss-mud sedge swards","description":"Basicline [Carex limosa] swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Eriophorum gracile] and a rich bryophyte cortège formed by the mosses [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Calliergon giganteum], [Calliergon trifarium], [Calliergon stramineum], [Campylium stellatum], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], the liverwort [Riccardia pinguis], and occasionally sphagna. [Scheuchzeria palustris] or [Liparis loeselii] may be present. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities occur in the depressions of rich fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.342","name":"Sphagnum-mud sedge swards","description":"Acidocline [Carex limosa] swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Drosera anglica], [Menyanthes trifoliata] and the sphagna [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum papillosum] and [Menyanthes trifoliata]. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities, and notably [Scheuchzeria palustris], occur in deep hollows of bogs (unit D1.1121), with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Carex pauciflora] and often without [Carex limosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.343","name":"Boreal mud sedge swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of northern Finland, forming in flarks and rimpis of aapa mires, composed of a sparse field layer dominated by [Carex limosa] and [Scheuchzeria palustris] and a continuous ground layer of [Sphagnum annulatum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum majus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.35","name":"String sedge ([Carex chordorrhiza]) swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex chordorrhiza], forming short to medium-tall, usually inundated, swards, predominantly boreal, distributed in Fennoscandia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Siberia and, very locally, in Scotland, with a disjunct area of occurrence in Central Europe, in pre-Alpine, eastern Hercynian and eastern Carpathian regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.36","name":"Peat sedge ([Carex heleonastes]) swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex heleonastes], often associated with [Meesia triquetra], forming short to medium-tall swards, of local distribution in transition mires and in bog hollows of peri-Alpine and northern European areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.37","name":"Beak-sedge ([Rhynchospora alba]) quaking bogs","description":"[Rhynchospora alba]-rich formations of transition mires of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Drosera anglica], [Drosera intermedia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Sphagnum recurvum] and sometimes with [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Andromeda polifolia] or [Scheuchzeria palustris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.38","name":"Sphagnum and cottonsedge rafts","description":"Transition mire communities formed by floating, sometimes drifting, carpets of sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum auriculatum] ([Sphagnum obesum]) or of sphagna and [Eriophorum angustifolium]. They may constitute fairly large transition mire communities in permanent heath pools, periglacial palsas, large raised bog and blanket bog pools and in former peat extraction holes. They often succeed the communities of unit D2.39 in the colonization process. They have an appearance that ranges from low, barely emerging sphagnum mats to fairly dense cottonsedge beds. [Drosera rotundifolia] is often abundant. The sphagnum and common cottongrass communities are an important habitat for the threatened bog orchid [Hammarbya paludosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.39","name":"Bog bean and marsh cinquefoil rafts","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by the association of forbs, in particular [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]), [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Cicuta virosa], and sphagna or brown mosses, often in floating carpets, occupying wet areas in mire systems or the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies. The community is clearly structured into three layers. [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]) dominates in the highest one, the second layer is dominated by [Carex rostrata] and [Menyanthes trifoliata], and the third layer is composed of [Sphagnum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.391","name":"Boreo-nemoral bog bean and marsh cinquefoil rafts","description":"Pioneering floating carpets of the boreal Palaearctic and of the nemoral Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and sub-Continental Palaearctic, constituted by [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]), [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], often with [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex rostrata], [Cicuta virosa], sphagna such as [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum majus], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum squarrosum], or brown mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus exannulatus], forming, in mire systems and the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies, a transition between aquatic or amphibious communities and mire communites. Initial stages have [Potamogeton polygonifolius] or [Potamogeton coloratus], late stages, [Carex nigra], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.392","name":"Oroboreal bog bean-sphagnum rafts","description":"Oligotrophic transition mire communities of the subalpine level of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia formed by [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum majus], with [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum russeolum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.393","name":"Boreoalpine dwarf willow quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, characterized by a 0.5-1.5 m high shrub layer, a ground layer dominated by [Paludella squarrosa] and the presence of several snow patch species, occupying medium rich fens influenced by mineral waters. The species cortège includes [Carex aquatilis], [Carex bigelowii], [Carex lachenalii], [Carex rariflora], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Salix herbacea], [Salix polaris], [Saxifraga foliolosa], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Solidago virgaurea], and the bryophytes [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Sphagnumteres]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.394","name":"Boreal bogbean-brown moss carpets","description":"Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of northern Finland, dominated by [Menyanthes trifoliata] or sedges, with a brown moss ground layer dominated by [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Drepanocladus exannulatus] or [Drepanocladus procerus]. [Sphagnum riparium] may be abundant and [Calliergon sarmentosum] present. The vascular species cortège includes [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum russeolum], [Andromeda polifolia], [Potentilla palustris], [Vaccinium oxycoccos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.395","name":"Boreal cowbane-willowherb-[Calliergon] quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by grasses and forbs, in particular [Cicuta virosa], [Epilobium palustre], [Pedicularis palustris], with brown mosses, primarily [Calliergon richardsonii] and an absence of [Scorpidium scorpioides] and [Drepanocladus revolvens], in conditions of flowing surface water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.396","name":"Fennoscandian [Paludella] spring bogs","description":"Transition mire brown moss-forb-sedge communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of Fennoscandia, characteric of rich fens with moving surface water resulting from flooding or the proximity of springs. [Filipendula ulmaria] and [Paludella squarrosa] are typical of these communities. The highly variable vascular species cortège may include [Cirsium helenioides], [Crepis paludosa], [Epilobium] spp., [Geum rivale], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla palustris], [Salix] spp., [Saussurea alpina], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum latifolium]; the moss layer may include [Bryum] spp., [Calliergon] spp., [Cinclidium stygium], [Cratoneuron] spp., [Drepanocladus] spp., [Helodium blandowii], [Mnium] spp., [Philonotis] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Tomentypnum nitens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3A","name":"Bog arum ([Calla palustris]) mires","description":"Floating meadows, quaking bogs or sphagnum mats dominated by or rich in [Calla palustris], often with [Potentilla palustris] and [Menyanthes trifoliata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3B","name":"Brown moss carpets","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Calliergon giganteum], [Calliergon cuspidatum], [Calliergon richardsonii], [Campylium stellatum], [Paludella squarrosa], associated with sparse [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex aquatilis], sometimes with [Potentilla palustris], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum] or [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum platyphyllum], characteristic of mesocline or basicline quaking bogs, often occurring in mosaic with [Carex lasiocarpa] or [Carex diandra] formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3C","name":"Harestail cottonsedge quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities in which the grass layer is dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] on a thick mat of [Sphagnum recurvum], with [Polytrichum commune] often forming a second moss layer. Associated plants include [Carex nigra] and [Agrostis canina]. Typical raised bog plants are few, often limited to [Carex pauciflora] and [Vaccinium oxycoccos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3D","name":"Purple moorgrass ([Molinia]) quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Molinia caerulea] with [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Eleocharis palustris], [Rhynchospora alba], characteristic of low-lying areas in wet heaths and the periphery of fluctuating oligotrophic moor and heath pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3E","name":"Narrow small-reed ([Calamagrostis]) quaking bogs","description":"Basicline transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by, or rich in, [Calamagrostis stricta] ([Calamagrostis neglecta]), often associated with [Carex diandra], recorded, in particular, from northern Fennoscandia, northern, eastern and pre-Alpine Germany, Poland, Hungary. In middle Europe, [Calamagrostis stricta] is a very rare, decreasing, threatened glacial relict."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3F","name":"Alpine deer-sedge quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Scirpus hudsonianus]. It is in these that the species finds its principal habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3G","name":"Iberian quaking bogs","description":"Sphagnum communities of the collinar, and locally, montane, areas of northwestern Iberia, intermediate between transition mire and bog, with [Drosera rotundifolia], [Carex durieui], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens], [Odontoschisma sphagni], [Aulacomnium palustre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3H","name":"Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with beak-sedge and sundew","description":"Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods, together with pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, as well as on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. Vegetation of alliance [Rhynchosporion albae], the most typical species are [Rhynchospora alba], [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Juncus bulbosus], [Lycopodiella inundata], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum denticulatum] and [Sphagnum inundatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.3H1","name":"Nemoral bare peat communities","description":"Highly constant pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, of nemoral Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Rhynchospora alba], [Rhynchospora fusca], [Drosera intermedia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Lycopodiella inundata], forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. These communities are similar, and closely related, to those of shallow bog hollows (unit D1.1122) and of transition mires (unit D2.37). They are often associated with wet heaths of unit F4.1 or [Myrica gale] scrubs of unit D4.1M."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D2.3H2","name":"Boreal mud-bottom communities","description":"Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal Palaearctic mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods. The elastic substrate expands and raises when saturated, shrinks in dry periods, forming polygonal networks of surface cracks; there is no peat formation. Mud-bottom communities comprise the same vascular plants as transition mires of unit D2.3, such as [Carex limosa], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum russeolum], but they are more dispersed. [Juncus stygius] and [Utricularia intermedia] are, however, characteristic. Bryophytes are absent or scattered, although the small hepatics [Cladopodiella fluitans] and [Gymnocolea inflata] are sometimes abundant; a well-developed surface film is formed by microalgae, including filamentous algae such as [Zygogonium erieetorum], and numerous desmids and diatoms in fen mud-bottoms. In situations of ochre formation, iron bacteria are abundant. Mud-bottom communities occur in acidic fens of unit D2.2, in rich fens of unit D4.1, in bog hollows of unit D1.1, and, mostly, in flarks or rimpis of aapa mires of unit D3.2 and palsa mires of unit D3.1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D2.3I","name":"Balkanic quaking bogs","description":"Dense, low formations, typified by an abundant turf layer of [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum acutifolium], [Sphagnum squarrosum] and the presence of [Drosera rotundifolia], [Pinguicula balcanica] or [Equisetum fluviatile]. Other important elements of this habitat are mosses [Aulacomnium palustre], [Scorpidium vernicosum], [Philonotis fontana] and vascular plants [Carex echinata], [Carex curta], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta], [Eriophorum angustifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D3","name":"Aapa, palsa and polygon mires","description":"Patterned mire complexes of the arctic, subarctic and northern boreal zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D3.1","name":"Palsa mires","description":"Mires of the subarctic and northern boreal regions formed by elevated frozen mounds or ridges (palsas), 0.5 to 8 m high and up to 50 m in diameter, interspersed wet hollows of similar area. Palsa mires are distributed in the discontinuous permafrost zone of Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and arctic Russia, in areas experiencing subzero temperatures for at least 200 days per year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.11","name":"Palsa mounds","description":"Raised features of the palsa mires of the Palaearctic domaine constructed of peat around a permafrost core of ice and peat, colonized by ombrotrophic communities of dwarf shrubs, mosses, sphagna and lichens. They may take the shape of relatively low and flat ridges, 0.50 to 1.5 or 2.0 metres high, or higher domes, up to 8 metres in height. The first may be more characteristic of the continuous permafrost zone, the second of discontinuous permafrost zone where permafrost disappears under the mostly minerotrophic intervening hollows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.111","name":"Northern Fennoscandian palsa mounds","description":"Palsa domes, ridges and plateaux of Fennoscandia, restricted to the low alpine, subalpine and sometimes upper conifer forest levels of the northern, arctoalpine, Fennoscandian mountains of Troms, Finnmark, Swedish and Finnish Lapland, with outposts on the Dovre plateau in the boreoalpine mountains of Norway, occupied by dwarf shrub communities composed mainly of [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with [Vaccinium microcarpum], the mosses [Dicranum elongatum], [Polytrichum alpestre], [Pleurozium schreberi] and lichens, in particular of genus [Cladonia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.112","name":"Icelandic palsa mounds","description":"Palsa mounds of the periglacial arctoalpine highlands of central Iceland, 0.5-2.5 metres high, 2-10 metres long, 1-7 metres broad, surrounded by a narrow lake-like lagg or a minerotrophic mud-bottom mire, generally of the Icelandic [Carex rostrata]-[Carex rariflora] type (unit D2.3H2), occupied, on the tops, by shrub communities dominated by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], with [Dryas octopetala], [Salix herbacea], [Armeria maritima], [Silene acaulis], [Kobresia myosuroides], the mosses [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Racomitrium canescens], the sphagnum [Sphagnum teres] and the lichen [Cetraria islandica], and on the lower slopes by communities dominated by [Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix herbacea] and [Calamagrostis neglecta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.12","name":"[Sphagnum fuscum] pounikko hummocks","description":"High hummocks of [Sphagnum fuscum] of palsa mires of the western palsa mire region of the Palaearctic domaine, often congregating in broad fields, resulting, like the palsa mounds, from frost action, but with a core in which the frost is only seasonal though long-lasting."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.13","name":"Palsa mire flarks","description":"Pools, hollows and laggs of palsa mires of the subarctic and northern boreal zone, mostly inundated, minerotrophic or partly minerotrophic, acidocline to basicline. They are predominantly colonised by transition mire communities or mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D3.2","name":"Aapa mires","description":"Mire complexes of the central and northern boreal zones, often extensive, with a concave or flat, gently to very slightly sloping surface patterned by an alternation of slightly to substantially raised ridges and hummocks (strings), with minerotrophic or ombrotrophic characteristics, and of minerotrophic pools and hollows (flarks), arranged perpendicularly to the slope direction. In Europe, the main area of distribution is subatlantic and subcontinental Fennoscandia and subarctic and arctic Russia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.21","name":"Aapa strings","description":"Ridges and hummocks of aapa mires of the western boreal zone of the Palaearctic domaine, minerotrophic or partly ombrotrophic, generally long and narrow, lying perpendicular to the slope direction, alternating with elongated water-filled depressions. Low strings carry [Molinia]- or sedge-dominated communities, higher strings communities very similar to those of bog hummocks, unsually with small shrubs or pines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.211","name":"[Sphagnum fuscum] aapa strings","description":"Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic of the northern and central aapa mire regions, often tall or very tall, dominated by [Sphagnum fuscum], usually in conjunction with shrubs of unit D3.215."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.212","name":"Sedge-[Sphagnum papillosum] aapa strings","description":"Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic of the southern aapa mire regions, often relatively low, dominated by sedges of genus [Carex], in particular, [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with sphagna, often [Sphagnum papillosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.213","name":"Cottonsedge aapa strings","description":"Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly of the southern aapa mire regions, dominated by cottonsedges of genus [Eriophorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.214","name":"Purple moorgrass aapa strings","description":"Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly of the southern aapa mire regions, usually low or very low, dominated by [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.215","name":"Dwarf shrub aapa strings","description":"Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by dwarf shrubs, similar to those that occupy raised bog hummocks, in particular [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Betula nana], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Ledum palustre], [Chamaedaphne calyculata], and in the Usa River basin of northeastern Europe, [Alnus fruticosa], associated mostly with [Sphagnum fuscum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.22","name":"Aapa flarks","description":"Pools and hollows of aapa mires of the western boreal zone, mostly inundated, minerotrophic, most often mesotrophic or eutrophic, mostly shallow, sometimes deep, usually elongated, arranged perpendicularly to the slope direction, alternating with damming ridges, but sometimes more extensive, covering large ridge-free surfaces. They are predominantly colonised by small sedge fen communities, most often mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3H2, sometimes transition mire communities of unit D2.3, rich fen communities of unit D4.1 or acidic fen communities of unit D2.2; they may also harbour tall sedge communities of unit D5.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.221","name":"Algae and hepatic flarks","description":"Flarks  or rimpis (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with very reduced mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3H2, almost devoid of sedges and sphagna or mosses, limited to small hepatics, in particular, [Gymnocolea inflata], [Cephalosia] spp., [Cladopodiella fluitans] and algae, in particular, [Zygogonium ericetorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.222","name":"Sphagnum flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with bottom communities limited to carpets of acidocline or basicline sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum majus], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum jensenii], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum tenellum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.223","name":"Brown moss flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with bottom communities limited to carpets of brown mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Scorpidium scorpioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.224","name":"Small sedge mud-bottom flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by mud-bottom sedge or rush communities of unit D2.3H2, mostly dominated by [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex livida], [Carex rotundata], [Carex aquatilis], [Eriophorum angustifolium] or [Juncus stygius], most frequent of the vascular flark communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.225","name":"Small-sedge rich fen flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by rich fen communities of unit D4.1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.226","name":"Small-sedge acidic fen flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by acidic fen communities of unit D2.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.227","name":"Small-sedge transition mire flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools)  of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by transition fen communities of unit D2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D3.228","name":"Tall sedge flarks","description":"Flarks (long narrow bog pools) of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by tall sedge beds of unit D5.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D3.3","name":"Polygon mires","description":"Complex mires of the arctic and subarctic patterned by surface microrelief of large, 10 to 30 m in diameter, low-centre or high-centre polygons formed by the juxtaposition of dry, 0.3 to 0.5 m high, ridges covered by shrubs, hypnoid mosses and sphagna, and of wet hollows occupied by grasses, sedges, mosses and sphagna. Polygon mires occur mainly outside Europe, in tundra where the mean annual temperature is below -1°C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.31","name":"Polygon mire ridges","description":"Ridges and flat tops of polygons of polygon mires of the Arctic and subarctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine, covered by shrubs, hypnoid mosses and sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D3.32","name":"Polygon mire hollows","description":"Hollows and cracks of polygon mires of the Arctic and subarctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine, occupied by the grasses [Arctophila fulva], [Dupontia fischeri], the sedges [Carex stans], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rotundata], the hypnoid mosses [Drepanocladus] spp., [Mnium] spp. and the sphagna [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum majus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D4","name":"Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires","description":"Peatlands, flushes and vegetated springs with calcareous or eutrophic ground water, within river valleys, alluvial plains, or on hillsides. As in poor fens, the water level is at or near the surface of the substratum and peat formation depends on a permanently high watertable. Excluded are reedbeds (C3, D5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D4.1","name":"Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks","description":"Wetlands and spring-mires, seasonally or permanently waterlogged, with a soligenous or topogenous base-rich, often calcareous water supply. Peat formation, when it occurs, depends on a permanently high watertable. Rich fens may be dominated by small or larger graminoids ([Carex] spp., [Eleocharis] spp., [Juncus] spp., [Molinia caerulea], [Phragmites australis], [Schoenus] spp., [Sesleria] spp.) or tall herbs (e.g. [Eupatorium cannabinum]). Where the water is base-rich but nutrient-poor, small sedges usually dominate the mire vegetation, together with a \"brown moss\" carpet. Hard-water spring mires (D4.1N) often contain tufa cones and other tufa deposits. Excluded is the water body of hard-water springs (C2.1); calcareous flushes of the alpine zone are a separate category (D4.2). Rich fens are exceptionally endowed with spectacular, specialised, strictly restricted species. They are among the habitats that have undergone the most serious decline. They are essentially extinct in several regions and gravely endangered in much of central and western Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.11","name":"Black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of nemoral, Pannonic and Pontic Europe, of wide distribution, though less common in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions than the next unit, and confined to lower altitudes. Rushes, [Juncus subnodulosus] in British and western continental inland fens, [Juncus balticus] in dune-slack fens, are often abundant. Other accompanying species include [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Carex pulicaris], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Molinia caerulea], [Dactylorhiza incarnata], [Dactylorhiza praetermissa], [Dactylorhiza purpurella], [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides], [Epipactis palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], brown mosses and, locally, [Pinguicula lusitanica] and [Drosera anglica]. These communities have enormously regressed, particularly in northern and northwestern continental Europe, and are extinct in many regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.111","name":"Hiberno-Britannic black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.112","name":"Germano-Gallic black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of Atlantic continental Europe, from western France to Schleswig-Holstein."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.113","name":"Central European black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated communities of calcareous fens with strong water-level fluctuations of summer-warm Alpine and peri-Alpine regions of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, France, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of subcontinental Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Poland and Lithuania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.114","name":"Illyrian black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Illyrian region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.115","name":"Pannonic black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Pannonic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.116","name":"Intra-Carpathian black bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus nigricans] fens of the southeastern Carpathian system, in the periphery of the Gilau Mountains, with [Peucedanum palustre] and [Lysimachia thyrsiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.12","name":"Brown bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated communities of rich fens of nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, mostly restricted to Alpine and peri-Alpine regions and to the Baltic periphery, with isolated outposts, in particular in eastern Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.121","name":"Peri-Alpine brown bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated formations of Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, with a predominance of [Schoenus ferrugineus] among the gramineous growth which is often overwhelming, imparting to the fens a distinctive brown tone in summer. [Schoenus ferrugineus] may be accompanied by [Schoenus nigricans], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Carex hostiana], [Carex davalliana], [Carex panicea], [Carex flacca], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex dioica], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Molinia caerulea]; non-gramineous herbs include [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Gentiana utriculosa], [Drosera anglica], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza lapponica], [Tofieldia calyculata]; the rich moss layer is formed by [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.122","name":"Scottish brown bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus ferrugineus] stands of base-rich Perthshire flushes, with [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Scorpidium scorpioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.123","name":"Northern brown bogrush fens","description":"[Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated fens of northeastern Jutland, the Danish archipelago, southern and central Fennoscandia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and northwestern Russia, with [Carex panicea], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Andromeda polifolia] and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.13","name":"Subcontinental Davall sedge fens","description":"Diverse, often extensive, calcareous fen communities of Central Europe, with [Carex davalliana], [Carex hostiana], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex capillaris], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Carex demissa], [Carex flava], [Carex pulicaris], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Blysmus compressus], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus subnodulosus], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Allium schoenoprasum], [Potentilla erecta], [Swertia perennis], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris] and a moss layer often dominated by brown mosses. They have their greatest species diversity in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, and are represented by impoverished outlyers north to the middle European Hercynian system. Small sedges are usually abundant and dominance may be mixed or achieved by species of genus [Carex], in particular, [Carex davalliana], by [Eriophorum latifolium] or by [Scirpus cespitosus]. Vegetation of alliances [Caricion davallianae] and [Sphagno warnstorfiani-Tomenthypnion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.131","name":"Peri-Alpine Davall sedge fens","description":"Species-rich calcareous fens of the Alps, the Alpine piedmonts and peripheral plateaux, the Swiss plateau, the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian Jura and their periphery, often with a mixed dominance, usually with a particular prominence of [Carex davalliana], [Carex panicea], [Carex hostiana], [Carex nigra], [Carex flacca] or [Eriophorum latifolium], sometimes of [Carex microglochin], and with [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex capillaris], [Carex nigra], [Carex demissa], [Carex flava], [Carex pulicaris], [Blysmus compressus], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Allium schoenoprasum], [Potentilla erecta], [Swertia perennis], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris] and a moss layer formed by [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Cratoneuron glaucum], [Campylium stellatum]. These extremely species-rich communities are still represented by a few large, very well preserved examples on the Bavarian plateau. These are a refuge for many rare species, including the relict, threatened [Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum] and the orchids [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza ochroleuca], [Dactylorhiza incarnata], [Herminium monorchis], [Epipactis palustris]. Elsewhere in their range, the Davall sedge fens have undergone a drastic reduction, leading to extinction in many areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.132","name":"Deergrass Davall sedge fens","description":"Generally impoverished [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated facies of Davall sedge fens. Common companions are [Carex davalliana], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta] and the mosses [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.133","name":"Bohemio-Pannonic Davall sedge fens","description":"[Carex davalliana] calcareous fens of the northern Bohemian basin, the southeastern Sudeten, the inner piedmont of the western and southwestern Bohemian quadrangle, the Morava basin and the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.134","name":"Carpathian Davall sedge fens","description":"Basiphilous fen communities of the Western Carpathians, in particular, of the Pieniny and the Tatras, and of intramountain depressions at the 400-500 m level of the Eastern Carpathians, dominated by the small sedges [Carex davalliana], [Carex flava], [Carex distans], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea] and other fen species such as [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Primula farinosa], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Pedicularis palustris], [Valeriana simplicifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.135","name":"Northern Davall sedge fens","description":"[Carex davalliana] calcareous fens of northern Central Europe, north of the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle and the Carpathians, recorded, in particular, from the central German Hercynian ranges and hills, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.136","name":"Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens","description":"Calcareous fens of the Dinarides, with [Carex panicea], [Carex hostiana], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.14","name":"Pyrenean Davall sedge fens","description":"Uncommon calcareous fens of the Pyrenees, with [Eriophorum latifolium], [Carex davalliana], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex echinata], [Carex rostrata], [Carex flacca], [Carex panicea], [Carex paniculata], [Carex ovalis], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus inflexus], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Epipactis palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Succisa pratensis], [Pinguicula grandiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.15","name":"Dioecious, flea, and yellow sedge fens","description":"Diverse rich fen communities dominated by small sedges, among which [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] or species of the [Carex flava] group, are usually prominent, but with little or no [Carex davalliana]. They have a distinctly western and northern distribution, occurring, in particular, in Fennoscandia, Baltic, the British Isles, the Causses, Iberia, with a disjunct area of prominence in the middle European Hercynian ranges and the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.151","name":"British dioecious-yellow sedge fens","description":"Small [Carex] swards of calcareous, soligenous mires on peat or mineral gleys, with [Carex dioica], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex nigra], [Carex hostiana], [Carex flacca], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Blysmus compressus], [Scirpus setaceus], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Primula farinosa], [Bartsia alpina], [Tofieldia pusilla] and sometimes, [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus alpinoarticulatus], [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum variegatum], [Anagallis tenella], [Epipactis palustris] and the bryophytes [Campylium stellatum], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Riccardia pinguis], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Fissidens adianthoides], characteristic mostly of northern England and Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.152","name":"Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens","description":"Short [Carex]-dominated fen communities of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, with [Carex flava] s.l., [Carex panicea], [Carex dioica], [Carex hostiana] ([Carex hornchuchiana]), [Eriophorum latifolium], [Tofieldia pusilla] and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1521","name":"Fennoscandian brown moss yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic districts, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses that may include [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex panicea], [Carex rostrata], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum palustre], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Bartsia alpina], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta], [Primula farinosa], [Saussurea alpina], [Tofieldia pusilla], sometimes with [Erica tetralix], [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], and a brown-moss carpet dominated by [Campylium stellatum], [Paludella squarrosa], [Tomentypnum nitens], with [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Fissidens adianthoides], sometimes dominated by [Sphagnum warnstorfii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1522","name":"Fennoscandian [Sphagnum warnstorfii] yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of subalpine and lower alpine zones of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic areas, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses and sparse willows, notably [Salix glauca], [Salix lapponum]; [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Carex juncella], [Potentilla palustris] are characteristic as are the dominating bryophytes, [Tomentypnum nitens] and [Sphagnum warnstorfii]; the species cortège may include [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Bartsia alpina], [Crepis paludosa], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Saussurea alpina], [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Salix myrsinites], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Paludella squarrosa], [Alacomnium palustre], [Sphagnum angustifolium]. [Sphagnum warnstorfii] sedge communities are drier than the brown moss fen communities of unit D4.1521 and often occupy fen hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1523","name":"Eastern Baltic tawny sedge fens","description":"Calcareous lake fens of Lithuania and northwestern Russia dominated by [Carex hostiana], with [Primula farinosa], [Peucedanum palustre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.153","name":"Middle European yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of middle latitudes of continental Western Europe and of Central Europe, recorded from the Netherlands, Belgium, western Germany, France, northern Italy including the Apuan Alps, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, with [Carex dioica], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex flava], [Carex demissa], [Carex serotina], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Juncus articulatus] and [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.154","name":"Cantabrian yellow sedge fens","description":"Rare exiguous alkaline spring and gully communities of the montane level of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex davalliana], [Carex echinata], [Carex nigra], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus alpestris], [Equisetum variegatum], [Pinguicula grandiflora], [Parnassia palustris] and, in more eastern communities, [Tofieldia calyculata], [Primula farinosa], [Bartsia alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.155","name":"Eastern Iberian rich fens","description":"Calcareous fens of the southern Iberian Range (Sierra de Gudar, Sierra de Javalambre)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.156","name":"Flea sedge fens","description":"Fen formations of nemoral Europe intermediate between the [Caricion davallianae] and the [Caricion fuscae], often developed in ecotonal situations, with [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex dioica], dispersed over a fairly wide range in continental middle Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.16","name":"Black sedge ([Carex nigra]) alkaline fens","description":"Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex nigra], accompanied by basiphile species and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.161","name":"Middle European black sedge rich fens","description":"Weakly alkaline, neutral or slightly acid fen communities of the montane to subalpine belt of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of neighbouring hills, dominated by [Carex nigra], accompanied by calciphile species, brown mosses and basiphile sphagna. They are transitional between the rich fen communities of unit D4.1 and the acidic fen communities of unit D2.2, in particular, of unit D2.221, closely related to the dioecious-yellow-flea sedge communities of units D4.153 and D4.156, of which some of them constitute facies. Similar [Carex nigra]-dominated or -rich stands occur in more Atlantic regions, in particular, of the British Isles; they are probably best treated as part of the regionally more prevalent unit D4.15."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.162","name":"Boreal black sedge-brown moss fens","description":"[Carex nigra]-dominated fen communities of the subalpine to lower alpine zones of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia occupying low-lying areas affected by running water (pH 5.5-6.0), among low (0.20 m) willow brush of, notably, [Salix hastata], [Salix lanata], [Salix lapponum], [Salix phylicifolia], comprising poor fen margin vegetation with, in some parts, an admixture of medium rich fen elements, and with a ground layer mainly of brown mosses. The sedge-rich species cortège includes [Carex bigelowii], [Carex canescens], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex limosa], [Carex magellanica], [Carex panicea], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Phleum alpinum], [Poa pratensis] s.l., [Caltha palustris], [Cardamine pratensis], [Pedicularis palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Polygonum viviparum], [Potentilla erecta], [Potentilla palustris], [Viola palustris], [Salaginella salaginoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], and bryophytes [Aulacomnium palustre], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Cinclidium stygium], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Paludella squarrosa], [Philonotis fontana], [Sphagnum warnstorfii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.163","name":"Icelandic black sedge-brown moss fens","description":"[Carex nigra]-dominated fen communities of the lowlands of Iceland with a variable species cortège that may include [Carex rariflora], [Carex lyngbyei], [Carex canescens], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Juncus filiformis], [Calamagrostis stricta], [Potentilla palustris], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Polygonum viviparum], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Equisetum palustre], [Selaginella selaginoides] and bryophytes [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Calliergonella cuspidata], [Polytrichum commune], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon giganteum], [Cinclidium stygium], [Cinclidium subrotundum], [Climacium dendroides], [Hypnum] spp., [Oncophorus wahlenbergii], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]. Hummocks with heath mosses and sphagna are common; these communities are modified by grazing, resulting, notably, in a reduced willow component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.17","name":"Russet sedge ([Carex saxatilis]) fens","description":"[Carex saxatilis]-dominated communities of calcareous mires of mountains of the northern regions. They are intermediate between other rich fen communities of unit D4.1 and arctoalpine communities of unit D4.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.18","name":"Ice sedge fens","description":"Mostly subalpine formations dominated by [Carex frigida], colonizing seepages and flushes on stony slopes of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Black Forest, with [Carex davalliana], [Carex demissa], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus castaneus], [Blysmus compressus], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Pinguicula grandiflora], [Primula farinosa], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.19","name":"British saxifrage - sedge flushes","description":"[Carex demissa]-[Saxifraga aizoides] communities of submontane base-rich seeps in northern Wales, northern England, southern Scotland and, mostly, the Scottish Highlands, with [Juncus articulatus], [Carex panicea], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Selaginella selaginoides] and brown mosses. Montane saxifrage-sedge flushes with glacial relicts have been listed under unit D4.24."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1A","name":"Spike-rush ([Eleocharis quinqueflora]) fens","description":"Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Eleocharis quinqueflora] ([Eleocharis pauciflora]), for the most part species-poor pioneering formations, relatively widespread, though decreasing and threatened, in the boreal region, in the Baltic plain, in western Hercynian hills and in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1B","name":"Mediterranean and Central Eurasian small sedge fens","description":"Usually rare and isolated small sedge (e.g. [Carex flava], [Carex echinata]) rich fens of the high mountains of the eastern Mediterranean, the Euxinian periphery, Anatolia, central Eurasia, developed around springs, rivulets and seeps on limestones and ultra-basic rocks, in particular, ophiolites. Characteristic plants often include butterworts, sometimes of very restricted distribution, in particular, [Pinguicula hirtiflora], [Pinguicula balcanica], [Pinguicula crystallina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1C","name":"Bottle sedge alkaline fens","description":"Alkaline fen communities dominated by [Carex rostrata], accompanied by a carpet of brown mosses, sometimes with basicline sphagna, and few vascular plants other than sedges, occupying very wet sites in rich fen complexes; these communities, which grade into transition mire communities of unit D2.3, or into tall sedge communities of units D5.2141 or D5.2125, are best characterised in the Fennoscandian mountains, although they can be individualised in other fen systems, in particular, in upland Britain. Accompanying species include [Carex aquatilis], [Carex juncella], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Viola epipsila], and small willows, notably [Salix lapponum], [Salix glauca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1D","name":"Alpine deer-sedge alkaline fens","description":"Meso-eutrophic fen communities dominated by [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), with [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Scorpidium] spp., [Chrysohypnum stellatum], recorded from Scandinavia, from Germano-Baltic moraine land, from the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges. They may constitute a [Scirpus hudsonianus] facies of the yellow-dioecious sedge fens of unit D4.153."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1E","name":"Deergrass alkaline fens","description":"[Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated communities of alkaline fens, mainly characteristic of oceanic to subcontinental parts of the boreal region and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, at altitudes superior to those of the [Caricetum davallianae] communities of unit D4.13, including their deergrass-rich facies (unit D4.132)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1F","name":"Middle European flat sedge ([Blysmus compressus]) fens","description":"[Blysmus compressus]-dominated stands of rich fens of northern and central Europe, south, in the Alpine system, to the montane Illyrian beech level of the central Dinarides, to the subalpine level of the Paeonian mountains, and to the montane and subalpine levels of the Apuseni Mountains and of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1G","name":"Small herb alkaline fens","description":"Simplified and pioneer fen communities of the western Palaearctic formed mostly by a few non-gramineous species, in particular, [Anagallis tenella]-[Parnassia palustris] communities and [Saxifraga mutata] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1H","name":"Calcareous dunal rush - sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of calcareous wet dune slacks of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the North Sea coast of Germany dominated by sedges, in particular, [Carex trinervis], [Carex scandinavica], or by [Juncus anceps], with no or little [Schoenus nigricans] and with, among a number of characteristic accompaniers, [Juncus subnodulosus], [Parnassia palustris], [Gentianella amarella], [Herminium monorchis], [Epipactis palustris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1I","name":"Tall herb fens","description":"Fens invaded by [Peucedanum palustre], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Cicuta virosa], [Symphytum officinale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Cladium mariscus], [Phragmites australis], [Glyceria maxima], [Calamagrostis canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1J","name":"Icelandic stiff sedge fens","description":"Rich fen [Carex bigelowii]-dominated communities of the lower alpine level of Iceland, descending, in the north, into the lowlands, occupying level substrates subjected to water movement and fluctuating moisture, with a consequently variable vegetation; mosses play a major role. The species cortège may include [Carex capillaris], [Carex dioica], [Carex nigra], [Carex rariflora], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Calamagrostis stricta], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Phleum alpinum], [Polygonum vivipara], [Saxifraga hirculus], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix herbacea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum arvense], [Equisetum variegatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1K","name":"Blue moorgrass ([Sesleria caerulea]) fens","description":"Western fen communities dominated by [Sesleria caerulea], recorded, in particular, from peri-Pannonic regions, from the Bohemian Quadrangle, from the eastern Germano-Baltic plain and from the Eastern Carpathians with an abundance of [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Phragmites australis], [Cirsium rivulare], [Equisetum palustre], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Galium boreale], [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1L","name":"Icelandic marsh horsetail fens","description":"Rich fen communities of Iceland dominated by [Equisetum palustre], accompanied by a variety of grasses, sedges, in particular [Carex rariflora], and mosses, characteristic notably of badly drained solifluxion ledges on slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1M","name":"Bog-myrtle scrub on rich fens","description":"[Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.1N","name":"Hard water spring mires","description":"Spring mires of calcareous, often petrifying, springs. Their specialised communities, usually dominated by bryophytes, belong to the [Cratoneurion commutati]. Characteristic species are the mosses [Cratoneuron filicinum], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum], [Catoscopium nigritum], [Eucladium verticillatum], [Gymnostomum recurvirostrae], with [Equisetum telmateia], [Equisetum variegatum] and flowering plants including [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Arabis soyeri], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Saxifraga aizoides]. The associated swamp communities belong to the [Caricetalia davallianae], see units D4.13-D4.15. Large petrifying springs form tufa cones that constitute singular habitats with several interacting plant and animal communities, which are described as subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.1N1","name":"Middle European calcareous spring mires","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, seeps and flushes of the nemoral and lowland boreal western Palaearctic domaine in which tufa formation is absent or limited to encrustation of the constituting mosses without building of large deposits. They are characteristic of high altitudes, maritime climates and semishaded stations, all situations unfavourable to tufa formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N11","name":"Hard water bryophyte springs","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe overwhelmingly dominated by bryophytes forming carpets, curtains or mounds with no or a modest amount of tufa deposition. Typical dominants are the mosses [Cratoneuron filicinum], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum], [Cratoneuron decipiens], also the mosses [Philonotis calcarea], [Paludella squarrosa], [Hygrohypnum luridum], or the hepatic [Leiocolea bantriensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N12","name":"Great horsetail springs","description":"Mires of spring or seep systems of nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over clay soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside [Cratoneurion commutati] communities, of colonies of the large horsetail [Equisetum telmateia], pure or accompanied by other species characteristic of lowland tall herb communities (unit E5.4); these colonies may be dense, extensive and up to three metres tall."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N13","name":"Variegated horsetail springs","description":"Mires of spring or seep systems of boreal and nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over sand or gravel soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside [Cratoneurion commutati] formations, of communities belonging to or related to arcto-alpine riverine swards (unit D4.2) or subalpine willowherb stream communities (unit C3.55) comprising in particular stands of the perennial horsetail [Equisetum variegatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N14","name":"Small herb calcareous springs","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe in which, alongside an abundant representation of bryophytes, assemblages of small dicots or sedges contribute significantly to the formation's appearance. Mosses of genus [Cratoneuron] usually remain the main bryophyte component, and there may be a modest amount of tufa encrustation and deposition. Characteristic vascular species include, in particular, [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Arabis soyeri], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Saxifraga aizoides], and fen species belonging to the cortège of the [Caricetalia davallianae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N15","name":"Polish scurvy-grass springs","description":"Endemic [Cochlearia polonica] formations of cold springs and very clear fast-running brooks of fluvioglacial sand deposits over limestones of the Polish Jurassic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D4.1N16","name":"Carpathian oriental leopardsbane communities","description":"Calcareous spring communities, usually dominated by [Saxifraga aizoides], [Silene pusilla], [Caltha laeta], [Cratoneuron commutatum], with regional species, such as [Doronicum carpaticum], [Chrysosplenium alpinum], [Achillea schurii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.1N2","name":"Boreo-alpine calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous tufa-forming spring communities of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the boreonemoral and boreoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by brown mosses, in particular by [Cratoneuron] species, with a relatively thin assembly of vascular species formed by elements of both fens and wet meadows, usually with a prominence of [Cystopteris montana] or [Saxifraga aizoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.1N3","name":"Illyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of southeastern Europe, in particular of the Illyrian karst region, of the Devetashko Plateau in northern Bulgaria, with [Phyllitis scolopendrium], of the Hellenides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.1N4","name":"Caucasian calcareous spring mires","description":"Communities of alpine and subalpine calcareous springs of the Caucasus, with [Cardamine uliginosa], [Cardamine raphanifolia], [Primula auriculata], [Epilobium algidum], [Veronica beccabunga], [Carex orbicularis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.1N5","name":"Anatolian calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D4.2","name":"Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora","description":"Rare Alpine, peri-Alpine, northern British and periarctic pioneer communities colonizing gravelly, sandy, stony, sometimes somewhat argilous or peaty, calcareous sedimentary substrates soaked by cold water, in moraines and on the edge of springs, rivulets, glacial torrents of the alpine or subalpine levels, or on alluvial sands of pure, cold, slow-flowing rivers and calm backwaters. The highly characteristic constituents, with a boreoarctic or glacial relict distribution, are [Carex bicolor], [Carex microglochin], [Carex maritima], [Carex atrofusca], [Carex vaginata], [Kobresia simpliciuscula], [Scirpus pumilus], [Juncus arcticus], [Juncus alpinoarticulatus], [Juncus castaneus], [Juncus triglumis], [Typha minima], [Typha lugdunensis], [Typha shuttleworthii], [Tofieldia pusilla]; they are often accompanied by [Carex davalliana], [Carex dioica], [Carex capillaris], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Blysmus compressus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Primula farinosa], [Equisetum variegatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.21","name":"Arctoalpine riverine false sedge and bristle sedge swards","description":"Arctoalpine seep and wet gravel communities of the Alpine system and the Fennoscandian mountains dominated by [Kobresia simpliciuscula] or [Carex microglochin]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.22","name":"Alpine riverine curved sedge swards","description":"Rare pioneer communities of the edges of glacier-fed streams and moraines of the subalpine and alpine levels of the central Alps, dominated by [Carex maritima] ([Carex juncifolia], [Carex incurva]), with [Carex bicolor], [Carex atrofusca], [Juncus arcticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.23","name":"Arctoalpine riverine horsetail, bullrush and rush swards","description":"Communities of cold slow-flowing waters of the Alps and pre-Alpine regions, and of the mountains of Fennoscandia formed by [Typha minima], [Typha shuttleworthii], [Juncus alpinus] ([Juncus alpinoarticulatus]), [Juncus arcticus], [Juncus castaneus], [Equisetum variegatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.24","name":"British mica flushes","description":"Rare communities of micaceous stony flushes of the Highlands of Scotland and of upper Teesdale, with [Carex atrofusca], [Carex microglochin], [Carex demissa], [Carex dioica], [Carex panicea], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus biglumis], [Juncus castaneus], [Kobresia simpliciuscula], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Equisetum variegatum], [Equisetum hyemale] and the moss [Blindia acuta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.25","name":"Boreal scorched sedge swards","description":"Rich [Carex atrofusca]-dominated fen communities of the lower alpine level of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, on calcareous substrates with near-surface ground water and relatively high pH; peat production is usually low and mineral earth can be bare. The species cortège typically includes [Carex vaginata], [Carex capillaris], [Carex parallela], [Carex dioica], [Carex bigelowii], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus biglumis], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Saxifraga aizoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Salix reticulata], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Campylium stellatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D4.26","name":"Boreal marsh-fens","description":"Sedge or grass formations of arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic, often almost monospecific, often with an insignificant bryophyte component, sometimes with substantial [Calliergon], [Bryum] or [Philonotis] moss cover, occupying fine-grained, often sandy, long-submerged but well aerated, alluvial deposits in the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas, relatively nutrient-rich, in part through the contribution of regular flooding, and with a variable lime content."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.261","name":"Cottonsedge marsh-fens","description":"[Eriophorum scheuchzeri]- or [Eriophorum angustifolium]-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.262","name":"Grass and forb marsh-fens","description":"Grass- or forb-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D4.263","name":"Sedge marsh-fens","description":"[Carex] spp.-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D5","name":"Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water","description":"Sedge and reedbeds forming terrestrial mire habitats, not closely associated with open water. Excluded are reedbeds and sedges where they form emergent or fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D5.1","name":"Reedbeds normally without free-standing water","description":"Terrestrialized stands of tall helophyte [Poaceae], [Schoenoplectus] spp., [Typha] spp., horsetails or forbs, usually species-poor and often dominated by one species, growing on waterlogged ground. They are classified according to dominant species which give them a distinctive appearance. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.11","name":"Common reed ([Phragmites]) beds normally without free-standing water","description":"[Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region dry for at least a large part of the year, often invaded by other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.111","name":"Dry freshwater [Phragmites] beds","description":"Non-inundated [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region occupying mires, the landfilling zone of waterbodies, the edges of watercourses and other soils permeated by fresh water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.12","name":"Common clubrush ([Scirpus]) beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Scirpus lacustris], intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.13","name":"Reedmace ([Typha]) beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], [Typha angustifolia], [Typha domingensis], [Typha laxmannii], [Typha elephantina] formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.131","name":"Great reedmace beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], of widespread occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.132","name":"Lesser reedmace beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha angustifolia], like unit C3.231, of wide distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D5.2","name":"Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water","description":"Terrestrialized stands of tall [Carex], [Cladium] and [Cyperus], usually species-poor and often dominated by one species, growing on waterlogged ground. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.21","name":"Beds of large [Carex] species","description":"Communities of social sedges of genus [Carex], usually dominated by one species that can be either tussock-forming or bed-forming. They are arranged according to dominant species. Species [Carex acutiformis], [Carex appropinquata], [Carex elata], [Carex paniculata], [Carex lasiocarpa] are present. Vegetation of alliance [Magnocaricion elatae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.211","name":"Brown sedge beds","description":"Formations of [Carex disticha] of Palaearctic humid alluvial meadows on clay and of temporarily drying peatbogs; often in contact with grasslands of the [Calthion] and sometimes placed in that alliance; they tolerate fairly long desiccation and have a relatively rich accompanying flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.212","name":"Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities","description":"Palaearctic formations of the terrestrialisation zone of marshes, ponds and lakes on mostly mineral, neutral, basic or weakly acid substrates, dominated by large bed-forming, rhizomatous, sedges, in particular, [Carex acuta], [Carex acutiformis] or their relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2121","name":"Slender tufted sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic formations of [Carex acuta] of wet, alkaline or slightly acid depressions with mineral soil; [Carex acuta] does not tolerate prolonged desiccation. The community is distributed, in particular, in northern France, the Low Countries, Central Europe south to the Sava and Drava valleys of Croatia, the northern Morava valley of Serbia and Romania, north to Poland, the Kaliningrad District, Lithuania and Latvia, in southern Scandinavia, in the Dnieper basin of northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, in the lower Volga Valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2122","name":"Lesser pond sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic communities dominated by [Carex acutiformis], more tolerant of desiccation than [Carex acuta], forming beds on mesotrophic, base-rich, neutral to slightly acid, peaty or mineral soils. Large beds may form in fens, often with [Carex paniculata]; otherwise, they are widespread along watercourses on the landward side of [Carex acuta] or [Carex vesicaria] beds, in alluvial plains, ditches and depressions of humid meadow systems; they may occupy stations that almost totally escape periodical inundation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2123","name":"Inn sedge beds","description":"Formations of [Carex oenensis], restricted to oligotrophic, base-rich streamsides of the pre-Alpine Bavarian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2124","name":"Banat sedge beds","description":"[Carex buekii] formations of mesotrophic sandy or clayey soils in Franconia, eastern Bavaria, Saxony, northern Italy, eastern central Europe, eastern Europe and western Asia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2125","name":"Water sedge beds","description":"Mesotrophic [Carex aquatilis] formations of northern Siberia and northern Europe, south to Lower Saxony, Friesland, Wales, Lakeland, Scotland, Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2126","name":"Brotero sedge beds","description":"[Carex acuta ssp. broteriana] formations of Iberia, lining river courses on the inner side of alder galleries, or replacing them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2127","name":"[Carex melanostachya] beds","description":"Palaearctic swamp communities dominated by [Carex melanostachya] ([Carex nutans]), characteristic of slightly saline soils of the Pannonic region, habitat of the uncommon [Carex curvata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2128","name":"[Carex hispida] beds","description":"Formations of the terrestrialisation zone of Mediterranean marshes, ponds, lakes, ditches dominated by [Carex hispida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.213","name":"Greater pond sedge beds","description":"Formations of [Carex riparia], mostly characteristic of larger valleys and southern regions of the Palaearctic domaine, intolerant of desiccation. They form on mineral or thinly peaty substrates, often in areas almost permanently inundated by somewhat lime-rich water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.214","name":"Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by [Carex vesicaria], [Carex rostrata] or [Carex lasiocarpa], characteristic of moderately to strongly acid, fairly constantly inundated soils and poor fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2141","name":"Bottle sedge beds","description":"Terrestrialisation sedge beds of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of continental regions, dominated by [Carex rostrata], forming dense, vigorous, fertile beds on usually very wet, meso-oligotrophic substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2142","name":"Bladder sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic formations of [Carex vesicaria], usually characteristic of less oligotrophic situations than the previous ones. [Carex vesicaria], however, often accompanies [Carex rostrata], forming then the outer, drier edge of the sedge bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2143","name":"Slender sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa], characteristic of dystrophic to mesotrophic waters with low to moderate level fluctuations, on weakly to moderately acid peaty substrates or gyttyas, most widespread in northern and continental Eurasia, with representatives in Atlantic Europe, in particular in Ireland, and, as rare glacial relicts, in Alpine lands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.215","name":"Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by the large, tussock-forming [Carex elata] or its relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2151","name":"Tufted sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of large, often crowded tussocks of [Carex elata], of alkaline or eutrophic, peaty or organic soils of the Palaearctic domaine. [Carex elata] is, in particular, one of the constituents of species-rich sedge communities in alkaline fens. It is also typical of the flood plain of large, slow-flowing rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2152","name":"Sward sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of [Carex cespitosa], characteristic of nutrient- and base-rich, neutral to acid peaty soils of Siberia, Central Asia, northern and central Europe, west to the Netherlands, Bohemia, Württemberg and northern Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.216","name":"Greater tussock sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of large, usually well-spaced tussocks of [Carex paniculata], of alkaline to acid, usually mesotrophic, often somewhat shady, habitually peaty stations of the Palaearctic domaine, including marshy woods. [Carex paniculata] is also a constituent of species-rich alkaline fen sedge communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.217","name":"Smaller tussock sedge tussocks","description":"Terrestrialisation formations of Palaearctic lakes, ponds and swamps dominated by [Carex appropinquata] ([Carex paradoxa]) or [Carex diandra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.218","name":"Cyperus sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic sedge beds dominated by [Carex pseudocyperus], mostly characteristic of slightly acid peaty soils, in very wet situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.219","name":"Fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by [Carex vulpina] or [Carex otrubae], of eutrophic humus-poor clay soils, inundated for part of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2191","name":"True fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations of the very large [Carex vulpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D5.2192","name":"False fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations of the often less robust [Carex otrubae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.21A","name":"Club sedge beds","description":"Beds of [Carex buxbaumii] of wet grasslands, lake shore swamps and fens, on temporarily inundated relatively nutrient-rich, somewhat acid peaty sandy or clayey soils of eastern France, southern and eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the southern Alps and the central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.21B","name":"Icelandic sedge beds","description":"Sedge beds of Iceland dominated by [Carex lyngbyei], forming, thanks to strong runners, large stands on lakesides, poolsides, open mires and in ditches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.22","name":"Tall galingale ([Cyperus]) beds","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by large perennial Cyperaceae of genus [Cyperus], other than [Cyperus papyrus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.221","name":"Common galingale beds","description":"[Cyperus longus] formations of Italy, southeastern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.23","name":"Papyrus swamps","description":"Formations of [Cyperus papyrus] of the Near East, Egypt and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D5.231","name":"Cyane papyrus swamp","description":"[Cyperus papyrus ssp. siculus] gallery of the Cyane river in southeastern Sicily. Taxonomic and historical evidence strongly suggest that this unique station is of natural origin, an extraordinary relict of an extensive Tertiary distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.24","name":"Fen beds of great fen sedge ([Cladium])","description":"Species-rich, fairly open [Cladium mariscus] beds of alkaline and sometimes acid fens, accompanied by cortèges of the [Caricion davallianae] or of the [Caricion lasiocarpae]. These formations are in grave decline throughout their range. Typical species: [Molinia caerulea], [Schoenus nigricans], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eriophorum latifolium] etc. Closed stands are species-poor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D5.25","name":"Valencia great fen sedge ([Cladium]) islands","description":"Endangered endemic association of peaty islets of the Albufera de Valencia, with [Kosteletzkya pentacarpos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D5.3","name":"Swamps and marshes dominated by soft rush or other large rushes","description":"Stands of large [Juncus] spp. invading heavily grazed and trampled marshes or fens or (with [Juncus effusus]) eutrophicated poor fens and bogs, e.g. in the vicinity of bird colonies. Excludes stands of rushes in wet grassland (E3.4), where the ground is waterlogged for less than half the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"D6","name":"Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds","description":"Saline wetlands, with closed or open vegetation, which are the non-coastal analogue of coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds (A2.5). Drier saline habitats are classified as inland salt steppe (E6) or saline scrubland (F6.8)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D6.1","name":"Inland saltmarshes","description":"Salt meadows and swards of [Salicornia] and other [Chenopodiaceae] of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone. Inland saltmarshes of middle Europe are remarkable, extremely threatened communities occurring in a few isolated stations of Saxony and Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia, Hesse, Lorraine, Auvergne, the Midlands and southeastern Poland (lower Nida valley)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.11","name":"Interior European reflexed saltmarsh-grass ([Puccinellia distans]) meadows","description":"Meadows of [Puccinellia distans] and [Puccinellia limosa] occupying the lower levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, with fairly extended periods of inundation. As typical species we can consider here [Hordeum geniculatum], [Plantago tenuiflora], [Camphorosma annua] and [Juncus gerardi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.12","name":"Interior European saltmarsh rush and couch beds","description":"Formations dominated by [Juncus gerardi] or [Elymus repens], with [Triglochin maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Melilotus dentata], of the upper levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, on damp, less saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.13","name":"Interior European stalked orache (pedunculate sea-purslane) beds","description":"Formations dominated by the threatened [Halimione pedunculata] restricted to saltmarshes east and south of the Harz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.14","name":"Swards of Carpathian travertine concretions","description":"Closed halo-hygrophile swards of [Scirpus pumilus], [Triglochin maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Centaurium littorale ssp. uliginosum], [Plantago maritima ssp. salsa] with [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Parnassia palustris], [Primula farinosa], endemic to the inner Carpathian Zipser valley of Slovakia, where they colonize travertine concretions permanently washed by mineralized spring waters. Most of localities were destroyed in the past."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.15","name":"Interior Iberian glasswort swards","description":"Annual [Salicornia] spp. and [Microcnemum coralloides] formations of interior Iberian salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D6.151","name":"Iberian [Microcnemum] swards","description":"Formations of the endemic [Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides], associated or not with [Salicornia europaea] s.l., of interior salt basins of central and east-central Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D6.152","name":"Iberian interior [Salicornia] swards","description":"Formations of [Salicornia europaea] s.l. of interior salt basins of Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.16","name":"Interior central European and Anatolian glasswort swards","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D6.161","name":"Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola soda]) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain (unit E6.21) and its satellite basins. Similar communities restricted to isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, related to both the Pannonic and western Pontic formations, are included in this unit, to parallel the treatment of the steppes and saltmarshes of unit E6.21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D6.1611","name":"Pannonic glasswort swards","description":"Formations dominated by the reddening [Salicornia prostrata] or [Salicornia simonkaiana] colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D6.1612","name":"Pannonic seablite swards","description":"Formations dominated by [Suaeda pannonica], [Suaeda maritima ssp. prostrata] or [Suaeda maritima ssp. salsa] colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D6.1613","name":"Pannonic saltwort communities","description":"Formations of [Salsola soda] colonizing periodically inundated silty, nitrogen-rich muds of the lower levels of salt-basins of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"D6.1614","name":"Pelagonian seablite swards","description":"Annual formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland saltmarshes of isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the middle Vardar trough, northwest of the Pelagonian mountains, with [Suaeda maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D6.162","name":"Western Pontic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola soda]) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of the saltmarshes of the western Black Sea coast and adjacent inland waterbodies and of the inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western Black Sea plain, west of the Dniestr, of the basin of the lower Danube, and, in very fragmentary form, of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha. Typical species include [Salicornia prostrata], [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Limonium gmelinii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"D6.163","name":"Central Eurasian glasswort swards","description":"Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kourgan, Ichim, Koulounda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe regions and of saltmarshes of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and other inland waterbodies of the northern Aralo-Caspian, Kura basin, western Kazakh, Dzungarian, Oust-ourt, Kyzyl Koum and Kara Koum middle Asiatic deserts and semideserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.17","name":"Western European continental glasswort beds","description":"Glasswort formations of inland saltmarshes of nemoral middle Europe, in particular of Germany, Poland, France and England (unit D6.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.18","name":"Interior European saltmarsh [Carex divisa] and [Carex distans] beds","description":"Inland saltmarsh formations of central Europe, dominated by [Carex divisa] or [Carex distans], typically c. 40-60 cm high, occurring particularly in the Pannonian lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"D6.2","name":"Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Terrestrialized stands of tall salt-tolerant helophytes, notably [Phragmites australis] and [Cyperus laevigatus]. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside saline water bodies (C3.27)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.21","name":"Dry halophile common reed ([Phragmites]) beds","description":"Non-inundated [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region forming on the shores of saltwater bodies or on other saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.22","name":"Slender galingale ([Cyperus]) beds","description":"Formations dominated by, or rich in, [Cyperus laevigatus], characteristic, in particular, of saline depressions in the Canary Islands, of thermal waterbodies on Pantelleria, and of damp, often saline, sites, such as lake, marsh and swamp margins, of North Africa. These formations are apparently extinct in the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"D6.23","name":"Interior Iberian salt pan meadows","description":"Salt meadows peculiar to the lowest, wettest parts of interior Iberian depressions, dominated by [Puccinellia fasciculata] or [Aeluropus littoralis] in the very lowest areas, or, slightly higher, by [Juncus gerardi]. The higher, drier ground that surrounds them is occupied either by other salt meadow communities that are less differentiated from the coastal communities (units A2.522 and A2.532) or by salt scrubs (unit F6.83)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"E","name":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens","description":"Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. The vegetation is dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants, including mosses, macrolichens, ferns, sedges and herbs. Includes semiarid steppes with scattered [Artemisia] scrub. Includes successional weedy vegetation and managed grasslands such as recreation fields and lawns. Excludes regularly tilled habitats (I1) dominated by cultivated herbaceous vegetation such as arable fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E1","name":"Dry grasslands","description":"Well-drained or dry lands dominated by grass or herbs, mostly not fertilized and with low productivity. Included are [Artemisia] steppes. Excluded are dry mediterranean lands with shrubs of other genera where the shrub cover exceeds 10%; these are listed as garrigue (F6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.1","name":"Inland sand and rock with open vegetation","description":"Open, thermophile vegetation of sands or rock debris in the nemoral zone and locally, in boreal or submediterranean lowland to montane areas of Europe. Included are open grasslands on strongly to slightly calcareous inland sands, and vegetation formed mostly by annuals and succulents or semisucculents on decomposed rock surfaces of edges, ledges or knolls, with calcareous or siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.11","name":"Euro-Siberian rock debris swards","description":"Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate, boreal or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and of Central Europe, east, sporadically, to the Baltic countries and the Black Sea, formed mostly by annuals and succulents or semisucculents on decomposed rock surfaces of edges, ledges or knolls, with calcareous or siliceous soils frequently disturbed by erosion or rabbits. Vegetation communities are of [Alysso-Sedion albi] and [Seslerio-Festucion pallentis]. These swards comprise a great variety of distinct and often very local, isolated communities harbouring many characteristic species like [Erophila verna], [Jovibarba globifera ssp. glabrescens], [Poa bulbosa], [Sedum acre], [Sedum album], [Sedum sexangulare], among which are numerous rare forms including both relict and evolutionarily recent taxa. Together with more developed grassland communities of unit E1.29, sometimes E1.21-E1.25, E1.27, or E1.281, very species poor communities of units H3.19 or H3.2B, and lacunar shrub formations of unit F3.1, they constitute the vascular vegetation of middle European inland cliffs and rock outcroppings of unit H3 (namely H3.1B, H3.1C and H3.2E)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.111","name":"Middle European stonecrop swards","description":"Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by, or rich in, succulent species of genus [Sedum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.112","name":"Houseleek communities on rock debris","description":"Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic climates of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe harbouring often rare and local lowland forms of [Sempervivum] spp. or [Jovibarba] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.113","name":"Middle European grassy rock debris communities","description":"Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic climates of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe, eastwards sporadically to the hills of the Pannonic plain, in which perennial grasses such as [Poa badensis], [Melica ciliata] and [Festuca] spp. play an important physiognomic role."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.1131","name":"[Poa badensis] and garlic rock debris swards","description":"Lowland and hill rock debris swards of northern Bavaria, Bohemia and Thuringe, dominated by [Poa badensis], by [Allium montanum] or by both species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.1132","name":"[Poa compressa] rock debris swards","description":"Lowland and hill rock debris swards of the Rhenish Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle and the eastern Alpine periphery, dominated by [Poa compressa] or [Poa angustifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.1133","name":"[Melica ciliata] rock debris swards","description":"Open, sub-Mediterranean type, limestone rock grassland of the western part of the Hungarian Central Range, with [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Melica ciliata] and harbouring the rare and protected [Ceterach javorkaenum], [Colchicum hungaricum], [Sedum neglectum ssp. sopianae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.114","name":"Middle European rock debris small forb communities","description":"Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and Central Europe in which small annual or perennial forbs predominate over sparser crassulids or perennial grasses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.115","name":"Fenno-Scandian pioneer rock swards","description":"Pioneer communities colonizing thin debris soils and cracks of rocks, cliffs and rock pavements of xerothermic enclaves of the boreonemoral and southern boreal zones of Norway, Sweden and Finland, mostly limited to coastal regions, southern slopes and alvars. Some of the communities share physiognomic and ecological characteristics with the Central European communities of unit E1.29."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.12","name":"Euro-Siberian pioneer calcareous sand swards","description":"Open grasslands of strongly to slightly calcareous inland sands of Western Europe and of middle, western and northern Central Europe, locally to Slovakia, the Baltic States and Belarus, with [Helichrysum arenarium], [Silene otites], [Silene chlorantha], [Dianthus deltoides], [Dianthus arenarius], [Bromus tectorum], [Cynodon dactylon], [Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria], [Astragalus arenarius], [Androsace septentrionalis], [Onosma arenaria], [Jurinea cyanoides], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria macrantha], [Festuca psammophila], [Festuca polesica], [Festuca duvalii], [Poa bulbosa], Pannonic endemic [Colchicum arenarium] and the Brandenburg endemic [Stipa borysthenica ssp. germanica], sometimes interspersed with annual formations with [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Vicia lathyroides], [Silene conica], [Phleum arenarium], [Petrorhagia prolifera], [Arenaria serpyllifolia], [Sedum acre]. Dunal equivalent formations are found in unit H5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.2","name":"Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes","description":"Perennial grasslands, often nutrient-poor and species-rich, on calcareous and other basic soils of the nemoral and steppe zones and of adjacent parts of the subboreal and submediterranean zones. Includes the calcareous grasslands of central and western Europe, alvar grasslands of the Baltic region, and basic grasslands of the steppe zone. Vegetation communities of [Festuco-Brometea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.21","name":"Helleno-Balkanic savory steppes","description":"Perennial, steppe-like low open grasslands on shallow stony soils of the sub-Mediterranean and sub-Pannonic [Quercion frainetto] and [Fagion moesiacum] zones of the Balkan peninsula, from Greece to Serbia and western Bulgaria. Typical species (among others): [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria gracilis], [Stipa] spp., [Bromus erectus], [Poa bulbosa], [Melica ciliata], [Carex humilis], [Carex caryophyllea], [Satureja montana], [Galium purpureum], [Teucrium montanum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Artemisia alba], [Galium album], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Teucrium chamaedrys]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.22","name":"Arid subcontinental steppic grassland","description":"Open or closed arid, floristically rich steppe-like grasslands of sub-continental areas of Central Europe, typically with [Stipa] spp., [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola] and [Festuca trachyphylla]. Vegetation of alliances such as [Festucion valesiacae] and [Seslerio-Festucion glaucae] with other species like [Festuca pallens], [Poa badensis], [Carex humilis], [Sesleria varia], [Teucrium montanum], [Ononis pusilla], [Helianthemum canum], [Iris aphylla], [Onosma tornensis], [Draba lasiocarpa], [Scorzonera austriaca] and [Fumana procumbens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.221","name":"Sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range, with irradiations into the Bohemian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2211","name":"Pre-Noric sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Relatively wide-ranging xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and northern, predominantly pre-Alpine or pre-Carpathian, periphery of the Pannonic basin in Austria, Moravia and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2212","name":"Pre-Bohemian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Localized xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the northwestern, pre-Bohemian, periphery of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2213","name":"Central Hungarian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Grasslands of dry slopes of the Hungarian Central Range and the Mecsek hills, harbouring many continental and regionally important species including the very rare [Ferula sadlerana], with [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica], [Stipa dasyphylla], [Cleistogenes serotina] ([Diplachne serotina]), [Dracocephalum austriacum], [Lotus borbasii], [Adonis vernalis], [Iris pumila], [Pulsatilla nigricans], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Veronica austriaca], [Linum austriacum], [Convolvulus cantabrica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2214","name":"Pre-Illyrian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2215","name":"Andropogonid sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin, dominated by [Dichanthium ischaemum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2216","name":"Sub-Pannonic rock steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the Hungarian Central Range, intermediate between the rock swards of the [Festucetalia pallentis] and the steppes of the [Festucetalia valesiacae], and often in contact with both, developed on shallow rendzina soils over dolomites, rich in species of sub-Mediterranean and Illyrian affinities, in addition to a continental, in part Pontic, cortège, including in particular [Festuca pallens], [Carex humilis], [Helianthemum canum], [Jurinea mollis], [Scorzonera austriaca], [Teucrium montanum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana vulgaris], [Minuartia setacea], [Onosma visianii], [Paronychia cephalotes], [Allium moschatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.222","name":"Moesio-Carpathian steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2221","name":"Moesio-Carpathian feathergrass-fescue steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by [Festuca] spp., in particular [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola] or [Stipa] spp., in particular [Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], and with [Achillea nobilis], [Achillea setacea], [Astragalus exscapus], [Euphrasia tatarica], [Carex supina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2222","name":"Moesio-Carpathian andropogonid steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Andropogon ischaemum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.23","name":"Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Central Europe with [Astragalus danicus], [Inula spiraeifolia], [Seseli annuum], [Linum] spp., [Carex michelii], [Carex praecox], [Carex flacca]. Varied plant communities of grasses and herbs mostly in basins and uplands. As a consequence of pasture, a mesophilous tendency often includes widespread [Juniperus communis]. Vegetation of alliance [Carduo-Brachypodion pinnati], common species are [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Festuca rupicola], [Cirsium pannonicum], [Linum flavum], [Potentilla alba], [Bromus erectus], [Coronilla varia], [Buphthalmum salicifolium] and [Campanula glomerata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.231","name":"Sub-Pannonic meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.232","name":"Sub-Pannonic wooded steppe meadows","description":"Secondary xero-mesophile grasslands colonizing abandoned vineyards in the Hungarian Central Range rich in rare and fragile species, harbouring, in particular, [Stipa stenophylla] ([Stipa tirsa]), [Campanula macrostachya], [Helictotrichon compressum], [Danthonia alpina], [Stipa dasyphylla], [Seseli osseum], [Centaurea triumfett ssp. axillaris], [Iris pumila], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Carex humilis], [Inula hirta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.233","name":"Dacio-Pannonic meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of the Transylvanian basin and the foothills of the Apuseni mountains, rich in species of Mediterranean or Mediterraneo-Atlantic affinities, with [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Dorycnium herbaceum], [Trifolium montanum], [Polygala major], [Fragaria viridis], [Plantago media], [Onobrychis viciifolia], [Filipendula vulgaris], [Ranunculus polyanthemos], [Melampyrum arvense], [Hieracium bauhinii], [Thesium linophyllon], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Drunella grandiflora], [Seseli annuum], [Anthericum ramosum], [Bupleurum falcatum], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Trifolium alpestre], [Gentiana cruciata], [Cirsium pannonicum], [Origanum vulgare], [Carex montana], [Bromus erectus], [Orchis militaris], [Orchis ustulata], [Himantoglossum caprinum], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Herminium monorchis], [Ophrys apifera], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Ophrys fuciflora], and the xerothermic steppe species [Salvia nutans], [Adonis vernalis], [Crambe tataria], [Seseli varium], [Salvia austriaca], [Hypericum elegans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.234","name":"Moesio-Carpathian meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic or Illyrio-Pontic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the eastern Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.24","name":"Central alpine arid grassland","description":"Dry grasslands of the isolated, low-precipitation, high insolation, high summer temperature, inner Alpine valleys of the central, eastern and southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.25","name":"Alvar steppes","description":"Steppic grasslands of palaeozoic limestones of the Baltic islands of Åland and Gotland and of calcareous enclaves of southern Sweden, in Vestgotland, dominated by fescues with numerous species of continental affinities, many at the northern limit of their range, in particular, [Artemisia oelandica], [Artemisia saxicola], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Globularia vulgaris]. They are rich in endemic species and in orchids. Besides the steppe communities included in this unit, their environment includes pioneer rock swards included in unit E1.1 and lowland rock crack communities included in unit H3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.26","name":"Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland","description":"More or less mesophile, closed formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, colonizing relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils. Generally species-rich, these communities may be overwhelmed by the highly social [Brachypodium pinnatum].Their range extends from the British Isles, Denmark, the Low Countries and northern Germany to the Cantabric range, the Pyrenees, Catalonia, the southern Alps and the Central Apennines, extending east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, beyond which they are replaced by the vicariant formations of the [Cirsio-Brachypodion], to the Wienerwald, Styria and Illyria. [Bromus erectus] and [Brachypodium pinnatum] often dominate, other grasses include [Koeleria pyramidata], [Festuca guestfalica], [Festuca rupicola], [Festuca lemanii], [Avenula pubescens], [Sesleria albicans], [Briza media], [Carex caryophyllea] and [Carex flacca]. Herbs: [Gentianella germanica], [Trifolium montanum], [Ononis repens], [Medicago lupulina], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Cirsium acaule], [Euphrasia stricta], [Dianthus deltoides], [Potentilla neumanniana] ([Potentilla tabernaemontani], [Potentilla verna]), [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Galium verum], [Euphorbia brittingeri] ([Euphorbia verrucosa]), [Hippocrepis comosa], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Centaurea scabiosa], [Carlina vulgaris], [Viola hirta], and numerous orchid species. Forming a bridge between the Mediterranean region and thermophile sites to the north, they can be identified by their high representation of Mediterranean species in the north and of Euro-Siberian ones in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.261","name":"Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands","description":"Sub-Atlantic dry calcareous grasslands of Denmark, southern Scandinavia and the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2611","name":"Fenno-Scandian sub-Atlantic calcicolous grasslands","description":"Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of sub-Mediterranean or sub-boreal affinities of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland dominated by species of genus [Festuca] or [Avenula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2612","name":"Hibernian dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Calcareous grasslands of central and central-western Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2613","name":"Scotian dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Very local, dry or mesophile grasslands occupying isolated limestone outcrops or deposits of Scotland, in particular on the Durness limestone of the northwest, the Dalradian limestones of Perthshire and basalt hills of the east, with [Koeleria macrantha], [Festuca ovina], [Festuca rubra], [Briza media], [Avenula pratensis], [Carex flacca], [Carex caryophyllea], [Carex capillaris], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Astragalus danicus], [Thymus drucei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2614","name":"Britannic [Sesleria] dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Dry calcicolous grasslands of northern England, characteristic mostly of Carboniferous or Magnesian limestone substrates in the Pennines of Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Lancashire, the Lake District and Durham, including Teesdale, rich in [Sesleria albicans] and with many isolated populations of restricted or rare plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2615","name":"Vecto-Cambrian [Festuca]-[Carlina] grasslands","description":"Dry calcicolous grasslands of Carboniferous Limestone outcrops of Wales and the Mendips, extending locally to hard Chalk formations of the Isle of Wight and of the neighbouring southern English mainland, with [Festuca ovina], [Koeleria macrantha], [Carex flacca], [Briza media], [Avenula pubescens], [Avenula pratensis], [Festuca rubra], [Carlina vulgaris], [Sanguisorba minor], [Thymus praecox], [Hieracium pilosella], [Lotus corniculatus], [Plantago lanceolata], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Helianthemum canum], [Scilla verna]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2616","name":"Southern Britannic dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the chalk downs and mainly Jurassic calcareous hills of southern Britain, mostly of southern and eastern England, with [Bromus erectus] and [Brachypodium pinnatum], or [Festuca] spp. and [Avenula] spp., often very rich in orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.262","name":"Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands","description":"Mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the sub-Atlantic domaine in the Low Countries, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, northern, central and western France and northwestern Spain. They are faunistically and floristically rich and the highly discontinuous nature of their distribution gives rise to a considerable geographical variation in the composition of plant and animal communities, marked by the occurrence of numerous species of local or disjunct occurrence in addition to the basic cortège common to most of them. Besides this geographical variation, the nature of these grasslands also depends, to a great extent, on hydric regime, substrate characteristics and agropastoral treatment, notably on whether they are mowed or grazed and how intensively. In particular, the relative abundance of the main constituent grass species, [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum] [s. l]., [Sesleria albicans] and [Koeleria pyramidata], varies both geographically with climatic conditions and locally with topography and agropastoral regime. Thus, although separate geographical entities may differ in that relative abundance, similarly differing facies may also coexist locally, producing sharply distinct habitats. To accomodate for these concurrent axes of variation, formations dominated by [Brachypodium] or by [Sesleria], as well as all semidamp formations, are removed from this division and placed in units 34.323, 34.324 and 34.325. Geographical subdivisions, most apt at identifying distinctive plant and animal communities, may be used in the four sections by addition of a fourth decimal digit common to all of them. The regions encompassed by the geographical subdivisions corresponding to each value of this fourth digit are in all cases described under this section although in some of them, or in parts of some of them, there may be no grasslands belonging to unit 34.322, but only grasslands belonging to units 34.323, 34.324 or 34.325; these cases have, as much as possible, been identified under each of the subdivisions below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2621","name":"Mosan [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones or dolomitic limestones, occasionally on calcschists, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with isolated stations in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2622","name":"Low Meuse [Mesobromion]","description":"Chalk grasslands of the Belgian low Meuse, extreme southeastern Netherlands and Westphalia, generally without [Bromus erectus], and alluvial [Mesobromion] grasslands of adjacent regions (these to be listed under unit E1.264)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2623","name":"Harz [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones, of the periphery of the Harz in Saxony, Thuringe, Hesse and the hills of Lower Saxony."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2624","name":"Oder [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Oder basin in Brandenbourg and Mecklenburg."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2625","name":"Paris basin Cretaceous [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, the valleys of the Seine, Bray and Somme and adjacent Jurassic areas of Basse Normandie and the Boulonnais."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2626","name":"Parisian Tertiary [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2627","name":"Paris basin Jurassic [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute-Marne, Burgundy, Haute-Saone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2628","name":"Middle Rhine [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2629","name":"Upper Rhine [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262A","name":"Black Forest [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262B","name":"Western Jura [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262C","name":"Swabian [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262D","name":"Franconian [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262E","name":"Northwestern pre-Alpine [Mesobromion]","description":"Hill and montane mesophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262F","name":"Eastern peri-Alpine [Mesobromion]","description":"Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Isar valley, the Bavarian plateau, the Bavarian pre-Alps, the Austrian northern, eastern and southeastern pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262G","name":"Ligerian [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Ligerian basin in the southern Paris basin, Berry, Limagne d'Auvergne and Forez."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262H","name":"Aquitanian [Mesobromion]","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262I","name":"Quercy [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy (southwest France)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262J","name":"Western Pyrenean [Mesobromion]","description":"Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the western Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262K","name":"Western Iberian [Mesobromion]","description":"Hill, montane and sometimes lower subalpine calcareous grasslands of the Picos de Europa, Cantabria, Asturias, Alava, Navarra dominated by [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre] (to be listed as 34.323K) or by [Bromus erectus], [Carex brevicollis], [Sesleria argentea], [Helictotrichon cantabricum], [Avenula vasconica], [Avenula marginata], and often with [Seseli montanum], [Seseli cantabricum], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Pulsatilla rubra ssp. hispanica], [Phyteuma orbiculare ssp. hispanicum], [Carduus argemone]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.262L","name":"Eastern Hercynian [Mesobromion]","description":"Sub-Atlantic mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bohemian basin, its surrounding hills, Moravia and the Moravian pre-Carpathians, the Weinviertel of Austria, with local occurrences on the northern flank of the Sudeten in Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.263","name":"Middle European [Brachypodium] semidry grasslands","description":"[Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. pinnatum] or [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre] facies of unit E1.262. Geographical subdivisions are given by level 6 units E1.2621  - E1.262L . [Brachypodium]-dominated facies may form in all the regional types of grasslands inventoried in unit E1.262 as a result of nitrification or of dominance of grazing over mowing. Such processes are accompanied by a drastic reduction in species diversity. South western grasslands of sub units H to K of E1.262 and of E1.263 are, however, generally rich in [Brachypodium] even in the apparent absence of degradation processes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.264","name":"Alluvial and humid [Mesobromion] grasslands","description":"Closed grasslands rich in species of the [Mesobromion] and in particular [Bromus erectus], developed on calcareous marls, on somewhat elevated expanses of alluvial plains and on other water retentive soils within the range of the grasslands listed under E1.262. They are transitional to humid grasslands (E3) and are often marked by the abundance of [Carex flacca]. Among characteristic elements are also [Thalictrum majus], [Peucedanum carvifolia], [Silaum silaus], [Festuca hirundinacea]. Geographical subdivisions can be introduced by use of the fourth decimal digit of E1.262 in the fourth place of E1.264. Extensive examples are known in particular from the marls of Lorraine, the Belgian low Meuse and the great rivers of the Netherlands, Westphalia, the alluvial plains of the French Moselle and Meuse, the Rhine valley in Germany and Alsace, various valleys in south Germany and the valley of the Sarthe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.265","name":"Middle European [Sesleria] semidry grasslands","description":"[Sesleria albicans]-dominated facies of communities of unit E1.262 or E1.266, often rich in dealpine species, occurring in particular in the Alpine and Pyrenean periphery, but also occurring locally, farther from the immediate Alpine influence, in anomalous stations such as steep, more or less shaded slopes or cliffs; [Sesleria argentea]-dominated grasslands of Alava and Navarra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.266","name":"Sub-Mediterranean [Mesobromion]","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands, usually rich in [Bromus erectus] and orchids, of the periphery of the Mediterranean basin in Catalonia, the eastern Pyrenees, the Corbières, the Causses, Provence, the southwestern Alps and the northern Apennines. Many are comparatively dry and have sometimes been included in the [Xerobromion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.267","name":"Insubrian [Mesobromion] grasslands","description":"Species-rich hill and montane grasslands of Lago di Garda, Lago di Como and neighbouring areas with [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Agrostis capillaris], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Carex humilis] and many orchids including the endemic [Ophrys benacensis] and [Serapias vomeracea ssp. vomeracea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.268","name":"Central Apennine [Mesobromion] grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of the piani of the beech level of the Monti Sibillini and adjacent regions of the central Apennines, with a rich floristic cortège including many higher altitude species and Apennine endemics, dominated by the grasses [Bromus erectus], [Festuca circummediterranea], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Poa pratensis], [Briza media], [Festuca pratensis], with [Filipendula vulgaris], [Alchemilla glaucescens], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Trifolium montanum], [Lotus corniculatus], [Thymus longicaulis], [Rhinanthus personatus], [Cerastium fontanum], [Galium anisophyllon], and with the central Italian endemic[Gentiana columnae] on summits and slopes, [Asphodelus albus] and [Fritillaria tenella] in plains and gullies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.269","name":"Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of medio-European affinities developed on relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils of the Slovenian Alps, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia, within the Illyrian beech forest level, extending south to Albania along the maritime façade of the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, in particular, [Bromus erectus], [Sesleria juncifolia] or [Molinia arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2691","name":"Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Bromus erectus], with [Plantago media], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Globularia elongata], [Scabiosa agrestis], [Knautia arvensis], [Viola alba ssp. scotophylla], [Dianthus giganteus ssp. croaticus], [Koeleria pyramidata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2692","name":"Illyrian [Sesleria] grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Sesleria juncifolia], with [Centaurea triumfetti], [Daphne cneorum], [Genista januensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2693","name":"Illyrian [Molinia-Gladiolus] grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Molinia arundinacea], with [Succisa pratensis], [Serratula tinctoria], [Gladiolus illyricus], [Euphorbia brittingeri], [Anthericum ramosum], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Carex humilis], [Agrostis tenuis], [Danthonia provincialis], [Bromus erectus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.27","name":"Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland","description":"Xerophile, open formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, often rich in chamaephytes, colonizing superficial calcareous soils, often on steep slopes, clifftops or hilltops, in the sub-Atlantic domain of the [Quercion pubescentii-petraeae] and its northern irradiations and in the sub-Mediterranean mountains of the northern Italian peninsula, with [Bromus erectus], [Sesleria albicans], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Melica ciliata], [Stipa pennata], [Stipa bavarica], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Phleum phleoides], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Carex humilis], [Fumana procumbens], [Globularia punctata], [Ononis pusilla], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Helianthemum canum], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Linum tenuifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Allium sphaerocephalon], [Arabis hirsuta], [Anthericum liliago], [Aster linosyris], [Pulsatilla vulgaris], [Biscutella laevigata], [Orobanche teucrii], [Artemisia alba], [Sedum album], [Sedum acre], [Acinos arvensis], [Hippocrepis comosa], [Sanguisorba minor], [Potentilla neumanniana], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Ononis spinosa], [Ononis natrix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.271","name":"Southern Britannic [Xerobromion] grasslands","description":"Very dry calcicolous grasslands of southwestern England, restricted to very limited stations on the Carboniferous Limestones of the southern Mendips and on the Devonian Limestones of Tor Bay, with [Festuca ovina], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Carex humilis], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Sanguisorba minor], [Thymus praecox], [Hieracium pilosella], [Plantago lanceolata], [Scilla autumnalis], [Euphorbia portlandica], [Inula conyza], [Sedum forsteranum], [Trinia glauca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.272","name":"Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands","description":"Formations of southern Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland, northern Spain and the northern Apennines. Where they occur in the vicinity of communities of the [Festucetalia valesiacae], the latter occupy sites with more continental microclimates than those inhabited by the formations of this group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2721","name":"Mosan [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with outposts in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland; the stations are for the most part very limited in extent and widely isolated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2722","name":"Harz [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones of the periphery of the Harz, notably in Thuringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2723","name":"Paris basin Cretaceous [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile grasslands of rare localities of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, in particular in the valleys of the Seine and Somme."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2724","name":"Parisian Tertiary [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2725","name":"Paris basin Jurassic [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute Marne, Burgundy, Haute Saone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2726","name":"Middle Rhine [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2727","name":"Upper Rhine [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2728","name":"Western Jura [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2729","name":"Swabian [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb, Lake Constance region and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272A","name":"Franconian [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272B","name":"Northwestern pre-Alpine [Xerobromion]","description":"Hill and montane xerophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272C","name":"Bavarian [Xerobromion]","description":"Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bavarian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272D","name":"Ligerian [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Paris basin, Berry and Auvergne."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272E","name":"Aquitanian [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272F","name":"Quercy [Xerobromion]","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272G","name":"Pyrenean [Xerobromion]","description":"Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Pyrenees and adjacent areas; in the pubescent oak level of the eastern part of the range [Xerobromion] grasslands with [Koeleria vallesiana], [Festuca ovina] s.l. and Bromus erectus come in contact with [Aphyllanthion] formations occupying more humid soils and closed postcultural [Brachypodium] grasslands of the [Brachypodion phoenicoides]. On the south side of the range, xerophile pastures are represented in lower zones and on sheletered sunny slopes by communities of the [Aphyllanthion], of decidedly Mediterranean hue, while the formations of the [Xerobromion], of more Euro-Siberian character, occupy the other situations. Chamaephytes such as [Helianthemum nummularium], [Artemisia alba], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Ononis spinosa], [Ononis natrix] are abundant alongside the gramineous [Phleum phleoides], [Festuca ovina] s.l., and [Carex humilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272H","name":"Southwestern Alpine [Xerobromion]","description":"[Xerobromion] grasslands of the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.272I","name":"Northern Apennine [Xerobromion]","description":"Open, arid pastures developed in the thermophilous deciduous [Quercus cerris-Quercus pubescens-Ostrya carpinifolia] belt of the northern Apennines, south approximately to the area of the Monte della Luna, southeastern Tuscany, where they occupy arenaceous-marly substrates and come in contact with the grasslands of unit E1.54, located on limestones and much richer in Apennine endemics. At their southern limit, the northern formations are rich in chamaephytes, notably [Coronilla minima], [Asperula purpurea], [Fumana procumbens], alongside [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum] and [Festuca inops]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.273","name":"Hercynio-Jurassic blue moorgrass [Xerobromion]","description":"Dry calciphile grasslands of sunny stony slopes and cliff ledges of the Swabian and Franconian Jura and of the Franconian Main region, dominated by [Sesleria albicans], usually accompanied by [Bromus erectus] and often, particularly in the Jura, by [Festuca pallens] and alpine species below their normal zone; they are somewhat intermediate between the sub-Atlantic very dry grasslands and the pale fescue grasslands of unit E1.29, particularly of unit E1.2911, and are sometimes included among the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.28","name":"Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland","description":"Low-altitude middle European xerophile, rupicolous or psammophilous, grasslands of slightly calcareous substrates, with [Festuca heteropachys], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Koeleria macrantha] ([Koeleria gracilis]), [Phleum phleoides], [Luzula campestris], [Dianthus deltoides], [Jasione montana], [Agrostis tenuis], [Potentilla erecta], [Armeria elongata], [Artemisia campestris], [Aster linosyris], [Lychnis viscaria], [Silene otites], [Silene nutans], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Campanula patula], [Potentilla rupestris], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Scleranthus perennis], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.281","name":"Hercynian calcaro-siliceous stony grasslands","description":"Rupicolous communities, colonizing, in particular, deep cracks and ledges of calcaro-siliceous rocky slopes or cliffs, with, notably, [Festuca heteropachys], [Artemisia campestris], [Aster linosyris], [Lychnis viscaria], [Potentilla rupestris]. The range of these formations is centreed on the Hercynian ranges of middle Germany (notably Rhine, Nahe, Moselle, Mainz valleys and Hartz periphery), extending east to the Bohemian basin, west to Alsace and to extremely rare and isolated outposts in Ardenne valleys of Luxembourg, Belgium and France, where they are represented by [Festuca heteropachys] or [Potentilla rupestris] grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.282","name":"Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe, and of northern Eastern Europe, characteristic, in particular, of old riverine dunes and morainal hills, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Sedum sexangulare], [Carex ligerica], [Helichrysum arenarium]. Best represented in the dunal system of the large rivers of Central Europe, in particular the Weser, the Aller, the Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, the Bugu, the Narwi, of the morainal hills of the Baltic plain of Mecklenburg-Pomerania, of Brandenburg and of Poland and Lithuania, of the Main sands of Franconia and of the Bohemian basin, these formations extend west to the fluviatile district of the Netherlands, and east to Polesia, Lithuania and northwestern Russia, south to the upper Rhine sand flats and the Bavarian Plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2821","name":"Calcicline Central European sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of moderately calcareous stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Dianthus carthusianorum], [Silene otites], [Phleum boehmeri], [Koeleria gracilis], [Centaurea rhenana], [Chondrilla juncea], [Asperula cynanchica], [Eryngium campestre], [Sedum sexangulare], [Helichrysum arenarium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2822","name":"Acidocline Central European sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of acidocline stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Dianthus deltoides], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Vicia lathyroides], [Chondrilla juncea], [Hieracium pilosella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2823","name":"Substabilised Central European sand grasslands","description":"Moderately closed, perennial communities of loose slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Corynephorus canescens], [Silene tatarica], [Petasites spurius], [Plantago indica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.29","name":"Pale fescue grassland","description":"Subcontinental xeric, thermophile grasslands of middle European collinar rock ledges, mostly dominated by the strong tufts of the glaucous [Festuca pallens], [Festuca sadlerana] and [Festuca pannonica] and of the green [Sesleria albicans], and with [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Carex humilis], [Melica ciliata], [Aster alpinus], [Artemisia campestris ssp. lednicensis], [Hieracium] spp., [Biscutella laevigata ssp. varia], [Teucrium botrys], [Teucrium montanum], [Helianthemum canum], [Iris aphylla], [Allium strictum], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum], locally distributed from French Jura and Rhine valley to sub-Pannonic foothils and Carpathians in Romania. The communities of the [Festucion pallescentis] often occupy isolated stations and include rare or relictual species which impart to many of them a distinctive biogeographical and physiognomic individuality. In particular, rare and highly disjunct western outposts occur in the Meuse basin of the Belgian and French Ardennes, harbouring, among others, very isolated populations of [Draba aizoides var. montana], [Artemisia alba ssp. saxatilis] and [Hieracium vogesiacum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.291","name":"Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European calcicolous subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of orogenous affinities, montane or submontane with a strong representation of species characteristic of higher-altitude communities, often occupying stations of comparatively cool microclimate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2911","name":"Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the eastern and southern periphery of the Alps and the Carpathians, with relict occurrences in the Bohemian basin, southern Moravia and the Central Hungarian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29111","name":"Peri-Alpine feathergrass rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery dominated by [Stipa eriocaulis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29112","name":"Peri-Alpine blue moorgrass rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery and inner valleys, dominated by [Sesleria albicans] ([Sesleria calcarea]), [Festuca pallens], [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria pyramidata], [Brachypodium rupestre], [Carex humilis], [Seseli austriacum], [Teucrium montanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29113","name":"Peri-Carpathian dealpine rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the southern spurs of the Northwestern Carpathians of Moravia and southern Slovakia, of the Pavlov Hills of southern Moravia and the northern Weinviertel of Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29114","name":"Pannonic [Sesleria sadleriana] rock grasslands","description":"Relict primary calciphile closed rock grasslands of northern exposures of dolomite hills of the central part of the Hungarian Central Range and of the Austrian Hainburger Bergen, developed on shallow rendzinas, dominated by [Sesleria sadleriana ssp. sadleriana], endemic to the region, with [Carex humilis], [Genista pilosa], [Hieracium danubiale], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Draba lasiocarpa], [Poa badensis], [Alyssum saxatile], [Dianthus lumnitzeri], [Thalictrum foetidum], [Sempervivum schlehanii], [Saxifraga aizoon], [Ceterach officinarum], [Homalothecium lutescens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29115","name":"Bohemian dealpine rock grasslands","description":"North-facing slope rock-ledge grasslands of the Bohemian basin, in particular, of the Bohemian Karst and the Bohemian Central Range, with [Sesleria albicans], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Primula veris], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Carex digitata], [Lembotropis nigricans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2912","name":"East Carpathian [Sesleria rigida] grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock-ledge grasslands of the montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, locally extending to the collinar and subalpine levels, dominated by [Sesleria rigida], [Festuca xanthina] or [Helictotrichon decorum], with [Asperula capitata], [Dianthus spiculifolius], [Dianthus kitaibelii], [Carduus candicans], [Iris reichenbachii], [Jovibarba heuffelii], [Sempervivum zeleborii], [Seseli gracile], [Seseli rigidum], [Thalictrum uncinatum], [Viola jooi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.292","name":"Calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of calcareous or weakly calcareous sunny collinar rock ledges. In the peri-Pannonic and peri-Alpine region, where they are in contact with communities of unit E1.291, they occupy stations with a warmer, drier microclimate, in particular south-facing slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2921","name":"Peri-Hercynian calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Rock-ledge grasslands of the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian and Little Polish Jura, of the central Hercynian ranges, of the middle German Saale-Mulde basin, of the Bohemian basin, of the Pieniny, of the Bavarian Plateau, developed on mussel limestones, dolomites, porphyrios, basalts, schists and sometimes serpentines, with [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Festuca pallens], [Stipa bavarica], [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa joannis], [Poa badensis], [Melica ciliata], [Carex humilis], [Dracocephalum austriacum], [Campanula sibirica], [Minuartia setacea], [Fumana procumbens], [Helianthemum canum], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Scorzonera austriaca], [Teucrium montanum], [Seseli hippomarathrum] and local [Hieracium] species, including [Hieracium bifidum], [Hieracium schmidtii], [Hieracium wiesbaurianum], [Hieracium onosmoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2922","name":"Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Species-rich xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc in northeastern Austria, southern Moravia, Slovakia, northern Hungary and western Romania, developed on rendzinas over limestones or dolomite on south-facing steep slopes with extreme conditions of insolation, temperature variation and evaporation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29221","name":"Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of Carpathian affinities, distributed in the hills of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc and in the Central Hungarian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292211","name":"Pre-Carpathian Baden meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile subcontinental primary rock-ledge grasslands of limestones and dolomites of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the Pavlov Hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by large, distant tufts of [Festuca pallens] alternating with small, prostrate espalier subshrubs, [Fumana procumbens], [Thymus praecox], [Helianthemum canum], succulents, [Sedum album], [Sedum sexangulare], [Jovibarba hirta], mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292212","name":"Pre-Carpathian [Sesleria hungarica] grasslands","description":"Open rock-ledge grasslands installed on limestone rocks of higher elevations of the Hungarian Central Range, with numerous species of Carpathian affinities, dominated by [Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica], [Festuca pallens], with [Campanula divergentiformis], [Hieracium bupleuroides], [Saxifraga paniculata], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Dianthus lumnitzeri], [Cytisus ciliatus], [Viola tricolor], [Allium montanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29222","name":"Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Central Hungarian Range, with irradiations in neighbouring ranges, in particular, in the southern Moravian and eastern Austrian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292221","name":"Pannonic dwarf sedge pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open, xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the southern Moravian hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by fairy-ring or half-moon shaped colonies of [Carex humilis], accompanied by [Festuca carnuntina], [Festuca pallens], [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa capillata], the subshrubs [Thymus praecox], [Helianthemum canum], [Teucrium montanum], [Fumana procumbens], the herbs [Seseli hippomarathrum], [Seseli osseum], [Echinops ritro], [Jurinea mollis], [Scabiosa canescens], many spring annuals of sub-Mediterranean affinities and drought-resistant mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292222","name":"Pannonic seseli pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xerothermic grasslands of the Transdanubian part of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on skeletal soils and dolomite debris of warm, dry, steep slopes with a south and southwest exposure, rich in [Festuca pallens], abundant in species of sub-Mediterranean or Eurasian affinities, such as [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Fumana procumbens], [Paronychia cephalotes], [Allium moschatum], [Dorycnium germanicum], [Gypsophila arenaria], [Carex humilis], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Globularia aphyllanthes], [Asperula cynanchica], with [Thalictrum pseudominus], [Astragalus vesicarius ssp. albidus], with Pannonic endemics [Seseli leucospermum], [Linum dolomiticum], and a significant representation of some typically high mountain species including [Poa badensis] and [Draba lasiocarpa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292223","name":"Pannonic brome pale fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands, almost completely closed, on shallow rendzines of north-facing dolomite hills of the western Hungarian Central Range, often in contact with the [Seseleo-Festucetum pallentis] communities of southern exposures, with abundant [Festuca pallens] and [Bromus erectus ssp. pannonicus], a well-developed moss layer and characteristic accompanying species, including [Daphne cneorum], [Thalictrum pseudominus], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Polygala amara], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Coronilla vaginalis], [Galium pumilum var. austriacum], [Carduus glaucus] and the extremely rare endemic [Linum dolomiticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.292224","name":"Pannonic cinquefoil pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open rock grasslands developed on slightly calcareous soft, crumbling oligocene sandstones of the northern Hungarian Central Range, dominated by [Festuca pallens], with [Potentilla arenaria], and other perennial species, including [Carex humilis], [Minuartia setacea], [Alyssum montanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29223","name":"Pre-Dacic pale fescue grasslands","description":"Subcontinental xero-thermophile rock-ledge grasslands of strongly insolated calcareous rocks of the lower and median montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, of the inner valleys of the Apuseni mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with [Festuca pallens], [Melica ciliata], [Sedum hispanicum], [Thalictrum foetidum], [Helianthemum canum], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Jovibarba heuffelii], [Thymus comosus], [Dianthus henteri], [Taraxacum hoppeanum], [Carduus candicans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.293","name":"Acidocline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of siliceous collinar and montane rock ledges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2931","name":"Hercynian siliceous pale fescue grasslands","description":"Species-rich subcontinental open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, developed on shallow acid, weakly or sometimes neutral soils in stations, particularly south-facing slopes, submitted to extreme temperaturature variations, drought and wind action, with [Festuca pallens], [Galium valdepilosum], [Seseli osseum], [Hieracium schmidtii], [Hieracium mougeotii], [Onosma helvetica ssp. austriacum], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Sedum rupestre], [Jovibarba sobolifera], [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Dianthus moravicus], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2932","name":"Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands","description":"Subcontinental open or semi-open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, the Carpathic Ukraine and Transylvania, with [Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica], [Poa pannonica], [Hierochloe australis], [Hierochloe hirta], [Asplenium adiantum-nigrum], [Cheilanthes marantae] ([Notholaena marantae]), [Centaurea coziensis], [Crupina vulgaris], [Genista januensis], [Hieracium pavichii], [Lathyrus nissolia], [Medicago rigidula], [Minuartia hirsuta ssp. frutescens], [Orlaya grandiflora], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Sedum hispanicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29321","name":"Pannonic siliceous spleenwort-melick rock grasslands","description":"Loosely-organized rock-ledge grassland communities of andesite and granite outcrops of the northern Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, comprising [Melica ciliata], [Polypodium vulgare], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Sedum acre], [Asplenium septentrionale], [Asplenium brevnii] and [Woodsia ilvensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29322","name":"Pannonic [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range, the Slovakian Metallic Mountains and Kovacover Hills, installed on shallow soils of silicate rocks and sharing features of both rock swards and steppe grasslands, dominated by [Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Potentilla arenaria], [Seseli osseum], [Thymus glabrescens], [Koeleria cristata], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Achillea nobilis ssp. neilreichii], [Dianthus carthusianorum] and harbouring many species of high conservation value, including [Minuartia frutescens], [Saxifraga paniculata], [Alyssum saxatile]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29323","name":"Transylvanian [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile grasslands of moderately sloping extremely insolated rocks, mostly breccias, of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Festuca pseudodalmatica] and [Minuartia frutescens], with the locally characteristic species [Genista januensis], [Alyssum murale], [Veronica bachofenii] and [Hieracium pavichii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.29324","name":"Pannonic meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xeric, thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range and of Slovakia, installed on rocks of eruptive origin, notably diabase, gabbro, with Pannonic species [Poa pannonica], [Festuca pallens], [Melica ciliata], [Allium montanum], [Allium flavum], [Sempervivum hirtum], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Potentilla arenaria], [Thymus praecox], [Veronica spicata], [Asplenium trichomanes], and characterized by a well developed moss and lichen layer including [Rhizocarpon geographicum], [Parmelia conspersa], [Parmelia pulvinaris], [Grimmia leucophaea], [Grimmia fragrans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2A","name":"Phoenician torgrass swards","description":"Closed, dry perennial grasslands of eutrophic soils within the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western Mediterranean basin, often on post-cultural land, formed by relatively tall grasses and usually dominated by [Brachypodium phoenicoides], with, among many others, [Phleum bertolonii] ([Phleum nodosum], [Phleum pratense]), [Elymus repens], [Carex divisa], [Carthamus lanatus], [Diplotaxis viminea], [Echinops ritro], [Euphorbia serrata], [Echium vulgare], [Echium pustulatum], [Erodium acaule], [Galactites tomentosa], [Lepidium graminifolium], [Medicago orbicularis], [Salvia verbenaca], [Foeniculum vulgare], [Pallenis spinosa], [Psoralea bituminosa], [Seseli tortuosum], [Tragopogon australis], [Scabiosa atropurpurea], [Verbascum sinuatum], [Picris hieracioides], [Calamintha nepeta], [Centaurea aspera], [Vicia hybrida], [Phlomis herba-venti] and many orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2B","name":"Serpentine steppes","description":"Steppic grasslands of serpentine outcrops, dispersed over a wide range in Central Europe and the Balkan peninsula. Open communities in shallow stony soils or eroded sites. Serpentine outcrops also exist in northwestern Europe, in Tuscany and in mediterranean Greece (Euboa); steppic grasslands have not formed on them or are less strongly individualised than those described here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2C","name":"Pannonic loess steppic grassland","description":"Grassland communities from the alliance [Festucion valesiacae] of the Pannonic region, rich on [Stipa] species ([Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Stipa joannis]) and herbaceous dicotyledonous species including, among others, [Salvia nemorosa], [Salvia austriaca], [Filipendula vulgaris], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus exscapus], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Crambe tatarica], [Galium verum], [Ajuga genevensis], [Dianthus pontederae], [Thymus glabrescens], and grasses, [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria macrantha], established on, notably, loess ridges formed by fluviatile erosion and accumulation. These rare communities are sensitive to grazing and trampling and have been extensively transformed into other grassland types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2C1","name":"Pannonic loess steppes","description":"Primary species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands, on deep chernozems, the main Pannonic representative of the steppes of Central Eurasia, composed mainly of [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Koeleria cristata], [Poa angustifolia], [Bromus inermis], [Elymus hispidus], [Achillea pannonica], [Taraxacum serotinum], [Viola ambigua], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Chamaecytisus austriacus], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Adonis vernalis], [Veronica austriaca], [Veronica prostrata], [Vinca herbacea], [Asperula glauca], [Allium paniculatum], with [Nepeta parviflora], [Silene longiflora], [Ajuga laxmannii], [Astragalus dasyanthus], [Astragalus vesicarius], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus austriacus], [Salvia nemorosa], [Salvia nutans], [Echium maculatum]. Originally widely distributed throughout the loess plateau of the Pannonic basin and at the foot of the Hungarian Central Range, but now reduced only to small fragments because of intensive agricultural activity. This habitat is of major conservation importance and harbours numerous rare and threatened taxa, including, among flowering plants, [Crambe tataria], [Adonis transsylvanica], [Thlaspi jankae], [Brassica elongata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2C2","name":"Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes","description":"Species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands of the periphery of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on deep chernozems at the 200-300 metre level, formed by a species cortège shared in large part with the steppes of 31.911 but including numerous tall forbs that confer to it an even greater meadow-like appearance, dominated by or rich in [Festuca rupicola], [Poa angustifolia], [Pulsatilla zimmermannii], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Trifolium montanum], [Trifolium alpestre], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cytisus albus], [Arenaria micradenia], [Dianthus glabriusculus], [Salvia pratensis], and with the rare and threatened [Onosma tornensis], [Thlaspi jankae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2C3","name":"Pannonic semidesert steppes","description":"Open, semidesert-like pioneering community of loess walls of the Pannonic basin, comprising regional species [Agropyron pectinatum], [Brassica elongata], [Adonis flammea] with [Kochia prostrata], [Artemisia pontica], [Stipa capillata], [Centaurea micranthos], [Iris pumila], [Xeranthemum annuum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2C4","name":"Pannonic loess pastures","description":"Secondary grasslands of wide present distribution in the Pannonic basin, developed mainly on sites previously occupied by primary steppes and forests of wooded steppe zone, with a grazing-induced simplified stratification and resulting predominance of low grasses and forbs, in particular, [Cynodon dactylon], [Carex supina], [Achillea collina], [Bromus mollis], [Falcaria vulgaris], [Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Agrimonia eupatoria], and presence of weeds such as [Echium vulgare], [Convolvulus arvensis], [Plantago lanceolata], [Veronica arvensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2D","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppes","description":"Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of its associated basins, including those of the lower Danube, of Transylvania and of northern Thrace, of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, with [Stipa capillata], [Kochia prostrata], [Koeleria lobata] ([Koeleria degenii]), [Stipa lessingiana], [Festuca valesiaca], [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Bothriochloa ischaemum]), [Medicago minima], [Brachypodium pinnatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2D1","name":"Western Pontic steppes","description":"Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of the basin of the lower Danube and of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha, with [Pimpinella tragium], [Thymus zygioides], [Stipa lessingiana], [Stipa capillata], [Agropyron pectiniforme]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2D2","name":"Sarmatic steppes","description":"Steppes of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, forming a wooded steppe belt north of the Pontic plains, extending west to the upper Prut basin of Romanian Moldavia and east to the Volga-Kama trough, composed of [Stipa lessingiana], [Stipa joannis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Stipa ucrainica], [Koeleria macrantha], [Agropyron cristatum], [Festuca valesiaca], [Astragalus onobrychis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2D3","name":"Eastern Pontic steppes","description":"Steppes of the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, extending west to the Dniestr, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2E","name":"Irano-Anatolian steppes","description":"Steppes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, of the Iranian Plateau, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan, around the rim of the Ferghana basin and along the spur of the Karatau, and of northern Mesopotamia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2F","name":"Pannonic sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Pannonic steppes (unit E1.2C), thus in the Pannonic basin and the areas of preponderant influence of its communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and relate to unit E1.99 and its subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2F1","name":"Pannonic sand pioneer swards","description":"Therophyte-dominated stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, and in particular of Pannonic dunes (E1.99), characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which [Bromus mollis], [Bromus tectorum], [Bromus squarrosus], [Medicago minima], [Cerastium brachypetalum], [Erophila verna], [Plantago indica], [Saxifraga tridactylites], [Poa annua], [Poa bulbosa], [Viola kitaibeliana], [Lithospermum arvense], [Corispermum nitidum], [Polygonum arenarium], with a few species of longer seasonal visibility, such as [Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Sedum acre], [Cynodon dactylon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F11","name":"Drooping brome pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the northern Pannonic basin, dominated by [Bromus tectorum], with [Koeleria glauca], [Secale sylvestre], [Cynodon dactylon], [Polygonum arenarium], [Sedum urvillei], [Kochia laniflora], [Plantago arenaria], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Alyssum alyssoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F12","name":"Corispermum pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the southern Pannonic basin, in particular of the Deliblat sand-steppe, dominated by [Corispermum nitidum] and [Polygonum arenarium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F13","name":"Pannonic horsetail pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the Pannonic basin, well characterized in the Seewinkel, dominated by [Equisetum ramosissimum], with [Scirpus holoschoenus] and small herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2F2","name":"Pannonic open sand steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (unit E1.99), best characterized in Hungary and the Vojvodina, with representatives in southern Slovakia, northeastern Austria and western Romania, dominated by the perennial grasses [Festuca vaginata], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica], [Cleistogenes serotina], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria cristata], [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Euphorbia seguierana], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Dianthus serotinus], [Dianthus diutinus], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Scabiosa ochroleuca], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana procumbens], [Minuartia glomerata], [Minuartia verna]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F21","name":"Pannonic calciphile sand steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of calcareous Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (E1.99), dominated by [Festuca vaginata] or feathergrasses ([Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.2F211","name":"Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands of calcareous Pannonic sands dominated by [Festuca vaginata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.2F2111","name":"Central Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Extremely dry, open, semidesertic grasslands of the Hungarian Little Alföld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, on calcareous sands, with a 50-60% cover at most, constituted by [Festuca vaginata], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Fumana procumbens], [Viola rupestris], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Minuartia fastigiata], and harbouring numerous rare or endemic taxa, including [Achillea ochroleuca], [Corispermum canescens], [Dianthus serotinus], [Colchicum arenarium], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus varius], [Iris arenaria], [Sedum hillebrandtii], [Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens], [Onosma arenaria], [Centaurea arenaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.2F2112","name":"Eastern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open sand steppes of the Carei area of northwestern Romania, in the Nyirseg system of the northeastern Pannonic basin, characteristic of semi-fixed continental sand, dominated by [Festuca vaginata], with [Poa bulbosa], [Poa angustifolia], [Linaria genistifolia], [Draba verna], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Carex stenophylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E1.2F2113","name":"Southern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open sand steppes of the Deliblat plateau of the Vojvodina, developed on extremely calcareous sands on which the moss [Barbula ruralis] contributes to the formation of carbonate crusts, dominated by [Festuca vaginata] with [Koeleria glauca], [Poa bulbosa], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Polygonum arenarium], [Centaurea arenaria], [Artemisia campestris]. Representatives of the community irradiate in eastern Serbia to the confines of the Oltenian plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.2F212","name":"Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes","description":"Pioneer perennial grasslands of Pannonic sands, slightly less open than the fescue sand steppes, of which they often constitute a development stage towards closed grasslands, dominated by the tall feathergrasses [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica] that confer to them a multistrata structure."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F22","name":"Pannonic acidophile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open grasslands of acidic sands of the Hungarian Little Alföld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld periphery, of the northern Danube-Tisza interfluve, of the Drava basin of Croatia and of the Nyirseg complex of northeastern Hungary and the Carei area of northwestern Romania, formed by an admixture of elements of sub-Atlantic [Corynephorus] swards and of continental, Pannonic, [Festuca vaginata] grasslands, dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], [Festuca vaginata], and with [Minuartia viscosa], [Anchusa officinalis ssp. pustulata], [Filago germanica], [Filago minima], [Cynoglossum hungaricum], [Thymus serpyllum], [Veronica verna], [Jasione montana], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Crepis capillaris], [Equisetum ramosissimum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Onosma arenaria], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Silene conica], [Koeleria glauca], [Scabiosa argentea] ([Scabiosa ucranica]). They constitute a preferential habitat for the rare and threatened [Pulsatilla hungarica], [Pulsatilla patens] and [Herniaria hirsuta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2F3","name":"[Festuca wagneri] sand steppes","description":"Pannonic semiclosed sand steppes dominated by fescues of the [Festuca wagneri] group, and, in the more evolved stages, by [Stipa] spp., intermediate between the [Festuca vaginata] formations of E1.2F2 and the closed [Festuca rupicola] grasslands of E1.2F4, with a species cortège drawn from both the [Festucion vaginatae] and the [Festucion valesiacae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F31","name":"Central Pannonic [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes","description":"Semiclosed sand steppes of the Hungarian Plains, developed on calcareous sands with a degree of cover reaching 70-80%, usually in contact with the more open swards of the [Festucetum vaginatae], dominated by the endemic [Festuca javorkae] ([Festuca wagneri] p.), accompanied by a species assemblage constituted partly of elements of the open perennial grasslands, but mainly of the steppic grasslands, with [Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia], [Centaurea arenaria], [Eryngium campestre], [Galium verum], [Potentilla arenaria], [Verbascum lychnitis], [Silene otites var. pseudotites], [Carex liparocarpos], [Scabiosa ochroleuca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.2F32","name":"Deliblat [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes","description":"Semiclosed sand steppes of the Deliblat steppe of the Vojvodina, developed on highly calcareous sands as a transition stage between the [Alysso-Festucetum vaginataea] and the [Chrysopogonetum pannonicum], dominated by the endemic [Festuca wagneri s.s]., with [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Poa bulbosa], [Peucedanum arenarium], [Potentilla cinerea], [Verbascum lychnitis], [Silene otites], [Scabiosa ochroleuca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2F4","name":"Pannonic closed sand steppes","description":"Relatively closed, primary or secondary, fescue or feathergrass swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of the Pannonic basin of Hungary, eastern Austria, southern Slovakia and Transylvania, of relatively rare and sporadic occurrence, dominated by [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa joannis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Carex humilis], [Stipa capillata], [Koeleria macrantha], [Dichanthium ischaemum], or, in some facies, [Chrysopogon gryllus], with [Carex liparocarpos], [Festuca vaginata], [Festuca wagneri] s.l., [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum], [Achillea ochroleuca], [Astragalus aster], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus austriacus], [Oxytropis pilosa], [Potentilla cinerea], [Potentilla arenaria], [Linum austriacum], [Salvia nemorosa], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Silene parviflora], [Silene viscosa], [Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae], [Asperula cynanchica], [Galium glaucum], [Galium verum], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Pulsatilla nigricans], [Lotus corniculatus], [Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Euphorbia nicaeensis ssp. glareosa] ([Euphorbia glareosa], [Euphorbia pannonica]), [Artemisia alba], [Artemisia campestris], [Artemisia laciniata], [Artemisia pancicii], [Thymus glabrescens], [Daphne cneorum], [Cytisus ratisbonensis], [Muscari botryoides], [Muscari comosum], [Iris variegata], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria], [Colchicum arenarium], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Botrychium lunaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.2F5","name":"Pannonic sand puszta","description":"Fescue pastures of sandy alluvial soils of the Pannonic basin, distributed in the Austrian Seewinkel, the Hungarian plains, the Banat, the Crisana and Transylvania, forming a mosaic with saline pusztas (unit E6.211) and water-edge vegetation to constitute the puszta landscape, formed by [Festuca pseudovina], [Potentilla arenaria], [Cynodon dactylon], [Carex stenophylla] and, in some stands, [Festuca valesiaca], with [Fragaria viridis], [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Eryngium campestre], [Thymus glabrescens], [Poa bulbosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2G","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes (unit E1.2D) and the regions of influence of their communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and and relate to unit E1.9A and its subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.2H","name":"Irano-Anatolian sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones. These formations are associated with inland dune systems, see also unit E1.A5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.3","name":"Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass perennial grasslands rich in therophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous substrates e.g. vegetation of the class [Thero-Brachypodietea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.31","name":"West Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of Spain, southern France, the large west Mediterranean islands, Italy and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.311","name":"Retuse torgrass swards","description":"Grasslands dominated by [Brachypodium retusum] and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues or occupying their clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.312","name":"Crau steppe","description":"Open grasslands of the coussous still covering vast but dwindling expanses of the Crau (southern France) a fossil delta of the Durance, with [Brachypodium retusum], [Stipa capillata], [Dichanthium ischaemum], [Elymus caput-medusae], [Thymus vulgaris], [Bellis sylvestris], [Asphodelus fistulosus], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Linum gallicum], [Salvia multifida], [Bufonia macrosperma]; they support a fauna of exceptional originality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.313","name":"Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils","description":"Spring-blooming, summer-desiccated formations of therophytes developed on base-rich, often calcareous, superficial soils of mesomediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin, with annual grasses such as [Bromus fasciculatus], [Brachypodium distachyon], [Lagurus ovatus], [Stipa capensis], [Parapholis incurva], [Hainardia cylindrica], [Echinaria todaroana], [Desmazeria marina], [Desmazeria sicula], [Desmazeria zwierleinii], [Lamarckia aurea], [Narduroides salzmannii], [Vulpia unilateralis], [Ctenopsis gypsophila], a few perennial grasses (e.g. [Koeleria splendens], [Dactylis hispanica]) and numerous flowering plants, many of them annuals, and a very significant number restricted endemics; among the characteristic species are [Silene tridentata], [Silene neglecta], [Silene sedoides], [Paronychia argentea], [Arenaria capillipes], [Ionopsidium prolongoi], [Erophila verna], [Astragalus sesameus], [Ononis ornithopodioides], [Ononis oligophylla], [Ononis sieberi], [Onobrychis aequidentata], [Trigonella monspeliaca], [Trigonella polyceratia], [Plantago albicans], [Plantago coronopus], [Plantago afra], [Plantago amplexicaulis], [Plantago notata], [Plantago ovata], [Polygala monspeliaca], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Eryngium dichotomum], [Eryngium triquetrum], [Eryngium ilicifolium], [Hedysarum spinosissimum], [Callipeltis cucullaris], [Catananche lutea], [Daucus aureus], [Daucus lopadusanus], [Daucus bocconei], [Nigella arvensis], [Scorzonera laciniata], [Lavatera agrigentina], [Scabiosa parviflora], [Anthemis muricata], [Senecio leucanthemifolius], [Limonium calcarae], [Limonium echioides], [Limonium thouinii], [Campanula fastigiata], [Campanula erinus], [Erodium pulverulentum], [Iberis fontqueri], [Viola demetria], [Arabis verna], [Brassica souliei], [Aster sorrentinii], [Asteriscus aquaticus], [Echium parviflorum], [Bellis annua], [Matricaria aurea], [Linaria reflexa], [Linaria pseudolaxiflora], [Linaria amethystea], [Linaria huteri], [Linaria platycalyx], [Linaria saturejoides], [Linaria clementei], [Filago cossyrensis], [Valantia calva], [Sedum litoreum], [Sedum caeruleum], [Sedum stellatum], [Saxifraga tridactylites], [Hornungia petraea], [Parietaria cretica], [Biscutella lyrata], [Anagallis monelli], [Fedia cornucopiae], [Evax pygmaea], [Jasione penicillata], [Andryala ragusina], [Allium pallens ssp. siciliense], [Allium agrigentinum], [Allium chamaemoly]. Various combinations of the species above enter in the constitution of numerous distinctive, often ephemeral and very local communities restricted to small surfaces among, or in clearings of, other formations. The more widespread pastures dominated by annual grasses are for the most part subnitrophilous and better classified under unit 34.8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3131","name":"Western Mediterranean calciphile annual communities","description":"Thermo- meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean calciphile formations of spring-blooming, summer-desiccated annual grasses and flowering plants of Mediterranean France, Iberia and Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3132","name":"Southeastern Iberian pre-desert annual communities","description":"Ephemeral annual grasses and flowering plants formations of the arid Iberian southeast, appearing among the pre-desert scrub communities of unit F5.55."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3133","name":"Iberian gypsum annual communities","description":"Formations of small annuals developing on gypsum soils of interior Iberia, among the gypsum-scrub communities of unit F6.71."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3134","name":"Andalusian magnesium annual communities","description":"Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants colonizing dolomites, ophiolites, peridotites and serpentines of Andalusia, developing among garrigue communities of F5.58."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3135","name":"Sicilian saxicolous annual communities","description":"Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants of Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Linosa, Lampedusa and Pantelleria, sometimes subhalophile, developed on steep slopes, exposed crests, coastal rocks and volcanic material, often among the rocky shore communities of B3.33 or the pre-desert scrub of F5.55."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3136","name":"Northern Sicilian aster annual communities","description":"[Aster sorrentinii] formations of steep clay and marl slopes of northern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.3137","name":"Calabro-Sicilian esparto annual communities","description":"Annual grasses and flowering plants formations accompanying the [Lygeum spartum] steppes of southern Calabria and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.314","name":"Causse dolomitic arenas","description":"Very open formations colonizing, within the supra-Mediterranean steppe zone of the Causses  (unit E1.51), local deposits of dolomitic sands, characterized by [Armeria girardii] ([Armeria juncea]), [Arenaria aggregata], [Helianthemum pilosum], [Sedum ochroleucum], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum serpyllifolium], [Helichrysum stoechas], [Silene otites], [Aster alpinus], [Festuca christianii-bernardii], [Corynephorus canescens], [Phleum arenarium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.32","name":"Southwestern Mediterranean perennial pastures","description":"Iberian xerophile, intensively grazed pastures of both siliceous and calcareous substrates, dominated by short, perennial grasses, rich in specialised annuals, in particular peas and composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.33","name":"East Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of continental, peninsular and insular Greece, of the Balkan peninsula, of western Asia and of Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.331","name":"Eastern retuse torgrass swards","description":"Grasslands of the Balkan peninsula, Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean region dominated by [Brachypodium retusum] and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues and phryganas or occupying their clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.332","name":"Helleno-Balkanic short grass and therophyte communities","description":"Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of Greece and its islands and of the Balkan peninsula, with numerous annual grasses such as [Bromus fasciculatus], [Bromus madritensis], [Bromus intermedius], [Bromus alopecuros], [Bromus rubens], [Brachypodium distachyon], [Aegilops neglecta], [Aegilops geniculata], [Aegilops triuncialis], [Avena sterilis], [Avena barbata], [Lagurus ovatus], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Stipa capensis], but sometimes with a strong representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Cynodon dactylon], [Dactylis hispanica]. They are very rich in annual flowering plants, among which of genera [Euphorbia], [Silene], [Nigella], [Adonis], [Papaver], [Fumaria], [Biscutella], [Rapistrum], [Althaea], [Malva], [Linum], [Geranium], [Astragalus], [Ononis], [Trigonella], [Medicago], [Melilotus], [Trifolium], [Lotus], [Coronilla], [Scorpiurus], [Hedysarum], [Onobrychis], [Bupleurum], [Daucus], [Anagallis], [Orobanche], [Plantago], [Centaurium], [Galium], [Evax], [Filago], [Pallenis], [Anthemis], [Chrysanthemum], [Tragopogon], suffrutescent labiates of genera [Teucrium], [Thymus], [Ballota], [Phlomis], [Micromeria], [Salvia] and others, and geophytes such as [Urginea maritima], [Asphodelus microcarpus], [Lloydia graeca], [Allium] spp., [Ornithogalum] spp., [Muscari] spp., [Romulea] spp., [Orchis] spp., [Ophrys] spp., [Anacamptis pyramidalis]. They constitute a wide array of distinctive communities, many of them very local and restricted to small surfaces. Many of the more extensive pastures, in particular those dominated by annual grasses, are subnitrophilous or nitrophilous and may be better classified under unit 34.8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.333","name":"Asio-Mediterranean short grass and therophyte communities","description":"Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean areas of Cyprus, Anatolia and the Levant, with annual grasses, in particular, [Stipa capensis] ([Stipa tortilis]) and [Brachypodium distachyon] and often a representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses, rich in annual flowering plants and geophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.4","name":"Mediterranean tall-grass and wormwood ([Artemisia]) steppes","description":"Meso-, thermo- and sometimes supra-Mediterranean formations of the Mediterranean basin, physiognomically dominated by tall grasses, between which may grow communities of annuals or sometimes chamaephytes. They include silicicolous as well as basiphile formations. In the Mediterranean region proper, they are most characteristic of the Iberian peninsula and of the Mediterranean rim of Anatolia, with local representations in southern Provence, Sardinia, southern peninsular Italy, Sicily and Greece. In the semiarid regions between the Mediterranean and the deserts of western Asia, they dominate the landscape, forming a major steppe belt in which low scrub of [Artemisia] may be prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.41","name":"Alpha ([Stipa tenacissima]) steppes","description":"[Stipa tenacissima]-dominated formations of the Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.42","name":"Esparto ([Lygeum spartum]) steppes","description":"[Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of North Africa, the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast, the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, southern Italy and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.421","name":"Iberian esparto steppes","description":"Sometimes extensive [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast and the Guadalquivir basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.422","name":"Central Mediterranean esparto steppes","description":"More restricted [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of Sardinia, southern Italy, Sicily and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.423","name":"Cretan esparto steppes","description":"Rare and isolated [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of the south coast of Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.43","name":"Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than alpha or esparto","description":"Mediterranean tall-grass steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.431","name":"Berceales","description":"[Stipa gigantea]-dominated formations of central and southern Spain and of northwestern North Africa, mostly on siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.432","name":"Mediterranean feathergrass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean formations of North Africa, Spain, Italy, southern France, Greece, the southern Balkans and western Asia, dominated by tall perennial grasses of genera [Stipa] ([Stipa lagascae], [Stipa offneri i.a].) or [Piptatherum] ([Oryzopsis]), other than the very tall [Stipa tenacissima] or [Stipa gigantea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.433","name":"Diss steppes","description":"Formations of North Africa, Italy, Spain and Greece, dominated by [Ampelodesmos mauritanica]; many chamaephyte and diss formations have the physiognomy of a garrigue or a brush and have been listed under F5.53."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.434","name":"Andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa, Spain, southern France, Italy and the central Mediterranean islands, Greece, the Balkans and western Asia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Andropogon ischaemum], [Bothriochloa ischaemum]) or [Chrysopogon gryllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4341","name":"Iberian andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Spain constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4342","name":"Provençal andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of southern France constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4343","name":"Central Mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Italy and the central Mediterranean islands constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4344","name":"Helleno-Balkanic andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso-, thermo- and sub-Mediterranean steppes of Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, north to Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Dichanthium ischaemum], [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], or [Chrysopogon gryllus]. They are continued in Bulgaria by the steppic grasslands of unit E1.234 , and in the western Balkan peninsula by tall-grass steppic grasslands of units E1.551, E1.552 and E1.553, in particular, of unit E1.5524. They are represented farther north in the southern Alpine region by grasslands of unit E1.267."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4345","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-mediterranean steppes of the Anatolian plateau, of the adjacent western Asian mediterranean lowlands and of Cyprus, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.435","name":"Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean grasslands of the Baetic region dominated by the tall, cespitose [Festuca scariosa], [Festuca capillifolia], [Arrhenatherum album], [Helictotrichon filifolium] and [Helictotrichon sarracenorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4351","name":"Calcicolous fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of calcareous and dolomitic soils of the Serrania de Ronda mountain system, the peripheral ranges of the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Alhamilla in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4352","name":"Silicicolous fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Cabrera and the Sierra de Alhamilla in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.4353","name":"Carrascoy fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra de Carrascoy (Murcia, Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.44","name":"Cane steppes","description":"Meso-, thermo- and sometimes supra-Mediterranean formations of the Mediterranean basin, physiognomically dominated by very tall, robust, canelike grasses of genera [Imperata], [Saccharum], [Arundo], [Hemarthria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.45","name":"Sub-Mediterranean wormwood steppes","description":"[Artemisia]-dominated formations of the steppic regions of the North African and West Asian transition zones between the Mediterranean region and the Saharo-Arabian deserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.5","name":"Mediterranean-montane grassland","description":"Open perennial grasslands, often rich in chamaephytes, most characteristic of the thermophilous oak level of Iberia, southern France, southern Italy, Greece and the Balkans. Some of the largest remaining expanses of unbroken grasslands in Europe, of evident importance as faunal habitats, belong to this division. Maintained by extensive grazing and mowing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.51","name":"Mediterraneo-montane steppes","description":"Sparse or discontinuous xerophile grasslands of [Stipa pennata], [Festuca auquieri] ([Festuca duriuscula]), [Festuca hervieri], [Koeleria vallesiana] or [Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima] with [Helianthemum apenninum], [Helianthemum canum], [Genista] spp., [Globularia] spp., [Ononis striata], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Potentilla crantzii], [Thymus dolomiticus], [Plantago argentea], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Dianthus sylvestris], [Lavandula angustifolia], [Aster alpinus], [Anthyllis] spp., [Carex humilis], best developed in the Causses, but also present locally in Provence and Languedoc, from the Alps to Catalonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.511","name":"Mediterraneo-montane [Stipa] steppes","description":"Steppes dominated by [Stipa pennata], with [Festuca auquieri], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Ononis striata], occupying vast expanses of the Causses, and locally represented on crests and plateaux of Haute Provence, the southwestern Alps and the Corbières."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.512","name":"Mediterraneo-montane [Sesleria] steppes","description":"More closed [Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima]-dominated grasslands occupying usually exiguous surfaces of somewhat shaded slopes, ledges, rocky corridors and snow-retaining cliff-bases in the Causses and other low mountains of the Mediterranean periphery of southern France and Catalonia, in particular Montserrat, the Corbières, the montagne d'Alaric and western Provence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.513","name":"Mediterraneo-montane [Festuca-Koeleria] steppes","description":"Mediterraneo-montane steppe-grasslands poor in [Stipa pennata], for the most part [Festuca auquieri]-, [Koeleria vallesiana]- or [Carex humilis]-dominated facies of E1.511."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.514","name":"Mediterraneo-montane [Artemisia] steppes","description":"Open formations with [Artemisia alba] and [Hyssopus officinalis], rich in chamaephytes, of eroded steep slopes of the Causses (France), harbouring, in particular, [Convolvulus cantabrica] and [Allium flavum]; similar formations of the southwestern Alps appear best included in the subcontinental steppe-grasslands (unit E1.24)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.52","name":"Blue grass lily grassland and supra-Mediterranean steppes","description":"Coarse or steppe-like grasslands rich in chamaephytes of pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophile deciduous oak forests, or of [Quercus rotundifolia] forests, in the supra-Mediterranean belt of Iberia, southern France and Liguria; grassland facies of the supra-Mediterranean garrigues (F6.6) and hedgehog heaths (F7.4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.53","name":"Iberian fescue frost-influenced grassland","description":"Supra-Mediterranean and montane psychroxerophile, open perennial grasslands of the Cantabrian and Iberian ranges particularly characteristic of frost-fashioned, snow-free, superficial soils of the [Juniperus thurifera] and [Juniperus sabina] environments, rich in [Festuca hystrix], [Festuca burnatii], [Poa ligulata] and with, among others, [Armeria bigerrensis ssp. legionensis], [Arenaria aggregata ssp. cantabrica], [Centaurea janeri ssp. babiana], [Draba cantabrica], [Saxifraga conifera], [Ononis striata], [Ononis cristata], [Ononis pusilla], [Coronilla minima], [Paronychia kapela ssp. serpyllifolia], [Helianthemum canum], [Carex humilis]. They ascend to the oro-mediterranean level and extend southeast to the eastern Baetic chains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.54","name":"Central and southern Apennine dry grassland","description":"Open grasslands of calcareous substrates of the middle and southern Apennines, southern vicariant of the [Xerobromion], with [Bromus erectus], [Sideritis syriaca] and many Apennine endemics or subendemics such as [Crepis lacera], [Centaurea rupestris ssp. ceratophylla], [Phleum ambiguum], [Carex macrolepis]. Many distinctive communities exist in this unit, some still covering vast expanses of land of exceptional biological significance such as Campo Imperatore in the Gran Sasso range; a few examples are cited below, others may be added."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.55","name":"Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland","description":"Open, xeric grasslands on carbonate rocks or flysh of the sub-Mediterranean zones of Trieste, Istria, the Balkan peninsula and of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of Greece, where they coexist with steppic grasslands of the [Festucetalia valesiacae] (unit E1.21), developing in areas of lesser continentality than the latter, and incorporating a greater Mediterranean element than they do; like the steppic grasslands, however, they are often dominated by [Carex humilis] or [Festuca rupicola]. Maintained by extensive mowing or grazing, they are invaded by tall herbs after abandonment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.551","name":"Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the warmer lowlands and hills of the Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas, within the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] and [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5511","name":"Helleno-Paeonian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] zone of northern Greece, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and southwestern Albania, on the northwestern spurs of the Pindus system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5512","name":"Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Adriatic Croatia, in Istria and Dalmatia, western Bosnia-Herzegovina, western Montenegro, northwestern and western Albania south to the Vjosa lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55121","name":"Dalmatian savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the western Balkan peninsula, with [Plantago holosteum ssp. depauperata], [Centaurea tommasinii], [Carlina lanata], [Koeleria splendens], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Festuca valesiaca], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Stipa bromoides], [Bromus erectus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55122","name":"Dalmatian sage-feathergrass grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of strongly eroded slopes of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Istria and Dalmatia, with [Salvia officinalis], [Campanula sibirica], [Stipa bromoides], [Bromus erectus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55123","name":"Dalmatian asphodel-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the northern part of the transition zone between the mesomediterranean and [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] regions of Dalmatia, particularly well developed on the karst of the island of Pag, with [Asphodelus microcarpus], [Chamaecytisus spinescens], [Scutellaria orientalis var. pinnatifida], [Inula candida], [Cirsum acarna], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Melica ciliata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55124","name":"Dalmatian thrift grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the Dalmatian archipelago, noted in particular from Pag, with [Armeria dalmatica], [Artemisia alba], [Alyssum montanum], [Helichrysum italicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55125","name":"Dalmatian [Aethionema] grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the upper [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Dalmatia, with [Satureja montana], [Galium corrudifolium], [Aethionema saxatile], [Artemisia alba], [Melica ciliata], [Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Bromus erectus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E1.55126","name":"Dalmatian fescue grasslands","description":"Fairly dense, closed sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the western Balkan peninsula, developed on relatively fine-textured soils, with [Achillea nobilis], [Medicago prostrata], [Festuca valesiaca], [Koeleria splendens], [Bromus erectus], [Cladonia endiviaefolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.552","name":"Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the submontane and montane levels of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the upper levels of the [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone, reaching locally to the beech level, of more medio-European physiognomy than the formations of unit E1.551, and somewhat reminiscent of [Bromion erecti] grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5521","name":"Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands","description":"Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula with [Carex humilis], [Bromus erectus], [Centaurea rupestris], [Leucanthemum liburnicum], [Plantago argentea], [Jurinea mollis], [Iris cengialti], [Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis] and, in warmer stations, [Filipendula vulgaris], [Lotus corniculatus], [Leontodon hispidus], [Briza media], on exposed slopes, [Sesleria juncifolia], [Gentiana lutea], [Gentiana clusii], [Trinia glauca], in the most montane situations [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]. They occur from Trieste to Montenegro, and in the Velebit, Dinara, Kamesnika, Prenj und Biokovo ranges, and are used as pastures or sometimes hay meadows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5522","name":"Savory-edraianthus grasslands","description":"Low, mat-forming submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, occupying windswept hilltops, with [Satureja subspicata] with [Edraianthus tenuifolius], [Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. italicum], [Genista holopetala], [Crepis chondrilloides], distributed from the Orjen to the Obruc range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5523","name":"Mucronated sedge grasslands","description":"Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, replacing the grasslands of unit E1.5522 in the Obruc range and Gorsky Kotar on extremely wind-exposed domes with shallow dolomitic rendzinas, at an altitude of 800-1100 m, with [Carex mucronata], [Genista holopetala], [Euphorbia saxatilis], [Gentiana clusii], [Minuartia laricifolia], [Sesleria juncifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5524","name":"Triestine knapweed-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Lacunar, cespitose steppic grasslands of the northeastern Adriatic dominated by the tall andropogonid grasses [Chrysopogon gryllus] and [Dichanthium ischaemum], associated with [Cleistogenes serotina], and with [Carex humilis], [Anthyllis adriadica], [Asperula purpurea], the endemic [Centaurea cristata], [Artemisia alba], [Bupleurum veronense], [Petrorhagia saxifraga], [Argyrolobium zanonii], [Onosma javorkae], [Carlina corymbosa], [Gentiana tergestina]. They are characteristic of the Triestine karst, with uncommon occurrence in karstic Slovenia. These tall-grass steppic grasslands are intermediate between the more mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes of unit E1.4344 and the peri-Alpine [Chrysopogon] grasslands of unit E1.267. Related [Chrysopogon] grasslands also exist in units E1.551 and E1.553."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5525","name":"Silky greenwood-[Sesleria] grasslands","description":"Rock grasslands of steep slopes of the Triestine and Slovenian karst dominated by [Sesleria juncifolia], with [Carex humilis], [Allium ochroleucum], [Sempervivum tectorum], [Scorzonera austriaca var. platyphylla], [Athamanta turbith] and species of the [Sedo-Scleranthetea] and [Potentilletalia caulescentis] rock-debris and cliff cortèges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.553","name":"Viper's grass dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone, developed on deeper more acidified soils than the formations of units E1.551 and E1.552, over flysch or schists, or over loam or clay covered limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5531","name":"Viper's grass-lime sieglinglia grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed in Istria, northern coastal Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Danthonia provincialis], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Dianthus ferrugineus ssp. liburnicus], [Ferulago campestris], [Scorzonera villosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5532","name":"Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of the northern Quarnero-Istrian coastal area, with [Euphorbia nicaeensis], [Potentilla pedata], [Potentilla cinerea], [Dianthus carthusianorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5533","name":"Restharrow-brome grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed the Quarnero Islands, in particular Rab, Pag and Muc, and in central and northern Dalmatia, with [Ononis spinosa ssp. antiquorum], [Astragalus monspessulanus ssp. illyricus], [Inula oculus-christi], [Onobrychis arenaria], [Scorpiurus subvillosus], [Leucanthemum croaticum], [Inula ensifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5534","name":"Viper's grass-catsear grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, limited to moutain slopes of Istria, up to the beech level, transitional to medio-European [Bromion erecti] grasslands, with [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Festuca valesiaca], [Thalictrum aquilegifolium], [Lilium bulbiferum], [Gentianella germanica], [Primula veris], [Scorzonera villosa], [Hypochoeris maculata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5535","name":"Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of clearings of the submontane hop-hornbeam beech woods with [Hypochoeris maculata], [Pedicularis acaulis], [Linum narbonense], [Carex montana], and a number of acidophilous species, such as [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5536","name":"Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands","description":"Open acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of fallow, superficially eroded fields of the Croatian coastal region, with [Poa bulbosa], [Seseli montanum ssp. tommasinii], [Trifolium incarnatum ssp. molinerii], [Ophrys bertolonii], [Salvia bertolonii], [Thymus longicaulis], [Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata], [Silene vulgaris], [Festuca pseudovina], [Bromus erectus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.5537","name":"Cleistogenes grasslands","description":"Postcultural acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cleistogenes serotina] ([Diplachne serotina], [Leptochloa serotina])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.554","name":"Bosnian dolomite grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of dolomitic rendzinas of Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Peucedanum arenarium ssp. neumayerii], [Euphorbia barrelieri], [Reichardia macrophylla], [Silene reichenbachii], [Saponaria bellidifolia], [Haplophyllum patavium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.6","name":"Subnitrophilous annual grassland","description":"Land dominated by annual grasses and herbs, on soils slightly enriched in nitrates, in the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones. Characteristic are [Bromus], [Aegilops], [Avena], [Vulpia], crucifers and leguminous plants. These annuals occur as pioneers of bare soils slightly nitrified by aeration or organic addition, along roads, on land-fills and in interstitial spaces of cultivation. They also replace the oligotrophic annual vegetation of Mediterranean xeric grasslands (E1.3) under the influence of pastoral activities. Subnitrophilous annual grassland is widespread as a successional stage after cultivation. Woody recolonisation may lead to maquis (F5) or garrigues (F6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.61","name":"Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities","description":"Graminoid formations with [Bromus fasciculatus], [Bromus madritensis], [Bromus intermedius], [Bromus alopecuros], [Bromus rubens], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Bromus tectorum], [Aegilops neglecta], [Aegilops geniculata], [Aegilops triuncialis], [Aegilops ventricosa], [Taeniatherum caput-medusae], [Avena sterilis], [Avena barbata], [Lagurus ovatus], [Lolium rigidum], [Vulpia ciliata], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia geniculata], [Lamarckia aurea], [Trisetum paniceum], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Stipa capensis], and with [Scandix australis], [Astragalus scorpioides], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium hirtum], [Trifolium striatum], [Trifolium campestre], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium glomeratum], [Vicia lutea], [Medicago rigidula], [Medicago sativa], [Medicago littoralis], [Melilotus sulcata], [Coronilla scorpioides], [Filago minima], [Paronychia argentea], particularly widespread in Iberia, southern Italy, the mediterranean Balkans and Greece where they may cover vast expanses of post-cultural or extensive pasture lands, also locally represented in southern France and coastal northern Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.62","name":"Meseta subnitrophilous crucifer communities","description":"Brassicoid formations of the Spanish Meseta with [Brassica barrelieri], [Andryala arenaria], [Alyssum granatense], [Rhynchosinapis hispida], [Euphorbia matritensis], [Sisymbrium contortum], [Papaver argemone], [Hirschfeldia incana], [Capsella rubella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.63","name":"Iberian southeastern subnitrophilous herb communities","description":"Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast with [Astragalus longidentatus], [Brassica cossoniana], [Carrichtera annua], [Euphorbia dracunculoides], [Lasiopogon muscoides], [Leontodon salzmannii], [Lotus edulis], [Lycocarpus fugax], [Matthiola lunata], [Matthiola parviflora], [Notoceras bicorne], [Volutaria lippii] ([Amberboa lippii])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.64","name":"Eastern Mediterranean subnitrophilous herb communities","description":"Annual herb formations of arid areas of the Aegean (e.g. eastern Crete) and western Asia, developed in particular as ultimate degradation of overgrazed phryganas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.7","name":"Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland","description":"Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial grasslands occupying acid soils in Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland to montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca filiformis] ([Festuca tenuifolia]), [Festuca ovina], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis capillaris], [Danthonia decumbens], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Poa angustifolia], [Galium saxatile], [Polygala vulgaris], [Viola canina], [Meum athamanticum], [Arnica montana], [Centaurea nigra], [Dianthus deltoides], [Gentianella campestris], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Jasione laevis], [Potentilla erecta], [Carex pilulifera]. Any of the grasses listed can dominate or codominate distinctive facies; [Calamagrostis epigejos] or [Carex arenaria] also can invade and dominate some formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.71","name":"Mat-grass swards","description":"Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia. Other important species: [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis pyrenaica], [Avenula versicolor], [Campanula alpina] and [Avenella flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.711","name":"Insular [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands","description":"Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of the British Isles and the Faeroe Islands, with [Agrostis capillaris], [Galium saxatile], [Potentilla erecta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.712","name":"Sub-Atlantic [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands","description":"Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of the mainland of Europe, extending north to western Jutland, northern Jutland, nemoral and boreonemoral southern Sweden, nemoral southern Norway and oceanic southern boreal Norway, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Carpathians and the Austrian pre-Alps, southwest to Asturias and Cantabria; the species cortège includes [Polygala vulgaris], [Hypericum maculatum f. glabrum], [Galium saxatile], [Carex panicea], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Genista tinctoria], [Arnica montana], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Plantago lanceolata], [Potentilla erecta], [Thymus pulegioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.713","name":"Beskid [Calluna]-[Nardus] grassland","description":"Endemic grassland community of the Beskid vicinity of Poland, dominated by [Nardus stricta], accompanied by [Danthonia decumbens] ([Sieglingia decumbens]), [Viola canina var. ericetorum], [Polygala vulgaris] and invaded to a varying degree by [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.714","name":"Bohemian orchid-matgrass swards","description":"Rare grassland community of the Czech and Austrian Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and of the Austrian southeastern pre-Alps, dominated by [Nardus stricta] with [Carex pallescens], [Gymnadenia conopsea], [Orchis mascula], [Dactylorhiza majalis], [Platanthera bifolia], [Phyteuma nigrum], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Anemone nemorosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.715","name":"Illyrian mat-grass swards","description":"Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of relatively high-rainfall lowland, collinar and montane regions of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, northwestern Albania, mostly characteristic of the [Fagion illyricum] beech level and of the heaths of the [Carpinion illyricum] environment, extending into the Adriatic-influenced western forests of the [Fagion moesiacum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.72","name":"Bent - fescue grassland","description":"Closed mesophile or dry grasslands of the nemoral and boreal zones of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of Europe formed by [Agrostis] spp. and [Festuca] spp., in association with other grasses such as [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hierochloe odorata], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Danthonia decumbens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.721","name":"Nemoral [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of Atlantic and, locally, of sub-Atlantic, middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the nemoral zone, extending north to the boreonemoral zone and, locally, to the boreal zone, formed by [Agrostis] spp. and [Festuca] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.722","name":"Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands","description":"Grasslands of subarctic affinities of the northern boreal and middle boreal zones of northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia, of the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland, composed of [Festuca] spp., [Agrostis capillaris], with [Anthoxanthum odoratum], other grass species, often with [Polygonum viviparum] and other herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.7221","name":"Boreo-subalpine [Agrostis] grasslands","description":"Relatively short grasslands of lower mountain slopes of northern Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland dominated by [Agrostis capillaris] or [Anthoxanthum odoratum], with [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]) and [Carex bigelowii]. These grasslands are strongly influenced by, and perhaps entirely dependent on, grazing or mowing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.7222","name":"Icelandic [Anthoxanthum]-[Hierochloe] grasslands","description":"Grasslands of Iceland dominated by [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hierochlo‰ odorata], with a species cortège similar to that of unit E1.7221, occurring under similar conditions but with a somewhat longer-lasting snow cover. Some stands are dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa] and are included in unit E1.73."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.7223","name":"Northern boreal [Festuca] grasslands","description":"Herb-rich grasslands, 20-40 cm tall, developed on sandy soils, often on inundatable terrain, under cold-temperate climates, characteristic of the northern boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia, extending locally in the middle boreal zone of eastern Sweden and Finland and in the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia, dominated by [Festuca ovina] with a cortège, rich in northern species, that includes [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex vaginata], [Achillea millefolium], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Galium boreale], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rubus arcticus], [Solidago virgaurea], [Thalictrum simplex], [Trollius europaeus], [Veronica longifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.7224","name":"Icelandic [Festuca] grasslands","description":"Grasslands of lowlands and lower mountains of Iceland and of the Faeroe Islands dominated by fescues of the [Festuca rubra] group, in particular, [Festuca vivipara], with a species cortège otherwise similar to that of unit E1.7221, including, in particular, [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Kobresia myosuroides], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Carex bigelowii], developed on somewhat drier and sandier substrates than the grasslands of unit E1.7221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E1.7225","name":"Fenno-Scandian [Avenula pratensis]-[Festuca rubra] grasslands","description":"Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of subarctic affinities, limited to the continental middle boreal zone of lowland Sweden and northern Finland and to the middle boreal and arcto-alpine zones of the Scandinavian mountains;  dominated by [Festuca rubra], with [Botrychium boreale], [Botrychium lanceolatum], [Botrychium lunaria], [Carex brunnescens], [Carex ericetorum], [Cerastium alpinum], [Erigeron borealis], [Galium boreale], [Gentiana nivalis], [Gentianella amarella], [Gentianella campestris], [Gentianella tenella], [Poa glauca], [Primula scandinavica], [Primula striata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.73","name":"Wavy hair-grass grassland","description":"Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial grasslands occupying acid soils in Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, north to Iceland and southern Scandinavia, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.74","name":"Wood small-reed ([Calamagrostis]) stands","description":"Tall [Calamagrostis epigejos]-dominated facies of siliceous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic northern and middle Europe, otherwise described by units E1.71 or E1.72."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.75","name":"Sand sedge grassland","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by [Carex arenaria], formed as invasion facies of grasslands of units E1.71 and E1.72."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.76","name":"Dry sub-continental acid steppic grasslands","description":"Closed, floristically quite rich steppe-like perennial grasslands occupying acid soils of Central, East and Southeast Europe, dominated by grasses [Agrostis capillaris], [Festuca valesiaca], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Danthonia calycina] and [Chrysopogon gryllus] or species of clover ([Trifolium alpestre.], [T. montanum], [T. pannonicum], [T. pratense], [T. repens], [T. velenovskyi], [T. campestre])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.8","name":"Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland","description":"Perennial grasslands on acid soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone, dominated by e.g. [Festuca elegans] or [Nardus stricta]. Mediterranean annual-rich siliceous grassland of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.81","name":"Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland","description":"West Mediterranean and Dalmatian annual-rich grasslands of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season; they are rich in small Fabaceae, in particular of genera, [Trifolium], [Lathyrus], [Ornithopus], [Lupinus], [Anthyllis], [Coronilla] and grasses of genera [Corynephorus], [Aira], [Airopsis], [Molineria], [Vulpia], [Briza], [Anthoxanthum], [Micropyrum]; among characteristic species, shared by eastern and western formations, are [Tuberaria guttata], [Silene gallica], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium divaricatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.811","name":"West Mediterranean siliceous grassland","description":"West Mediterranean annual-rich grasslands of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season; characteristic are [Tuberaria guttata], [Helianthemum sanguineum], [Jasione montana], [Paronychia cymosa], [Paronychia echinulata], [Pterocephalus diandrus], [Prolongoa pectinata], [Senecio minutus], [Tolpis barbata], [Filago gallica], [Filago minima], [Teesdalia coronopifolia], [Sedum caespitosum], [Sedum arenarium], [Sedum andegavense], [Crassula tillaea], [Saxifraga carpetana], [Radiola linoides], [Silene gallica], [Silene psammitis], [Silene portensis], [Linum gallicum], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Linaria arvensis], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium divaricatum], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium suffocatum], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium bocconei], [Trifolium purpureum], [Lathyrus angulatus], [Ornithopus pinnatus], [Ornithopus sativus], [Lupinus hispanicus], [Lupinus angustifolius], [Anthyllis cornicina], [Coronilla dura] and the grasses [Corynephorus divaricatus], [Aira cupaniana], [Aira tenorii], [Aira caryophyllea], [Airopsis tenella], [Molineria minuta], [Molineria laevis], [Vulpia geniculata], [Vulpia membranacea], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Briza maxima], [Anthoxanthum aristatum], [Micropyrum tenellum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.812","name":"Dalmatian siliceous grassland","description":"Uncommon acidophile annual-rich grasslands of Dalmatia occupying small, insularised surfaces on colluvions and red earths of the Dalmatian karst and on southern Dalmatian sands; characteristic are [Tuberaria guttata], [Filago vulgaris], [Silene gallica], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium parisiense], [Hypochoeris radicata], [Cynanchum contiguum], [Crepis sancta], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium lappaceum], [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium stellatum], [Trifolium glomeratum], [Trifolium nigrescens], [Trifolium angustifolium], [Lathyrus sphaericus], [Ornithopus compressus], [Lupinus micranthus], [Lupinus lacromensis], [Luzula campestris] and the grasses [Aira elegans], [Vulpia ligustica], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Briza maxima], [Anthoxanthum ovatum], [Gastridium ventricosum], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Phleum echinatum], [Psilurus aristatus]; the orchids [Ophrys apifera], [Ophrys oestrifera], [Spiranthes spiralis] are recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.82","name":"Iberian tall fescue grassland","description":"Perennial grasslands dominated by the tall cespitose [Festuca elegans] of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercus pyrenaica] level of the Cordillera Central and Sierra Nevada with, among others, [Geum heterocarpum], [Trifolium ochroleucon] and [Paeonia coriacea] of deep, siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.83","name":"Mediterraneo-montane mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands and related communities of the supra-mediterranean level of the mountains of the Mediterranean peninsulas, either developed on siliceous soils, or, rarely, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.831","name":"Iberian montane mat-grass swards","description":"Supra-mediterranean acidophilous communities rich in [Nardus stricta] with an accompanying cortège similar to that of the Iberian subalpine [Campanulo-Nardion] (unit E4.36), rather than to that of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic [Violion caninae] (unit E1.7), occurring in particular in the [Quercus pyrenaica] level of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.832","name":"Southern Italian mat-grass swards and related communities","description":"Closed, mesophile grasslands of depressions, flats and snow patches of the beech level of the southern Apennines, with [Luzula multiflora], [Luzula pindica], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca rubra], [Festuca varia] s.l., [Festuca violacea], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Alopecurus gerardii], [Danthonia decumbens], [Phleum alpinum], [Carex leporina], [Hypochoeris laevigata], [Dianthus deltoides], [Nardus stricta], [Crocus vernus], [Sedum atratum], [Euphrasia minima], [Ajuga tenorii] ([Ajuga acaulis]), [Potentilla neumanniana var. rigoana], [Potentilla argentea var. calabra], [Ranunculus sartorianus], [Ranunculus polyanthemos ssp. thomasii], [Meum athamanticum], [Asphodelus albus var. pollinensis], [Plantago brutia], [Pedicularis petiolaris], [Omalotheca sylvatica] ([Gnaphalium sylvaticum]), [Cirsium vallis-demoni], [Viola calcarata], [Armeria majellensis]; they are widespread in the siliceous Sila range and also occur on deep decalcified soils of the piani of the calcareous Pollino range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.833","name":"Balkanic montane mat-grass swards","description":"Closed [Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands of the [Fagion moesiacum] zone of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.9","name":"Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland","description":"Open grassland, often with therophytes, of the nemoral, boreonemoral and submediterranean zones, developed on raw non-calcareous soils, especially on inland dunes and fixed sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.91","name":"Dwarf annual siliceous grassland","description":"Pioneer formations of typically dwarf annuals, often ephemeral and of very limited extent, characteristic in particular of fixed sands, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and supra-Mediterranean Europe, with [Aira caryophyllea], [Aira praecox], [Micropyrum tenellum] ([Nardurus lachenalii]), [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Trisetum ovatum], [Filago arvensis], [Filago gallica], [Filago lutescens], [Filago minima], [Filago pyramidata], [Filago vulgaris], [Spergula morisonii], [Hypochoeris glabra], [Evax carpetana], [Moenchia erecta], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Teesdalia nudicaulis], [Myosotis discolor], [Myosotis stricta], [Linaria elegans], [Linaria amethystea], [Sedum lagascae], [Sedum pedicellatum], [Ornithopus perpusillus], [Trifolium striatum], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium dubium], [Trifolium campestre], [Trifolium micranthum], [Tuberaria guttata]; typical former crop-following species also find a refuge in these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.92","name":"Perennial open siliceous grassland","description":"Open or semi-open grasslands of fixed sands and dry ground of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by perennial grasses such as [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis vinealis], [Agrostis delicatula], [Agrostis durieui], [Agrostis castellana], [Poa angustifolia], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca filiformis], [Corynephorus canescens], [Calamagrostis epigejos] or [Carex arenaria], usually succeeding to formations of unit E1.91 or E1.93 and constituting a transition towards closed grasslands of unit E1.7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.93","name":"Grey hair grass ([Corynephorus]) grassland","description":"Very open grasslands of mobile or poorly fixed sands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], sometimes by [Leymus arenarius] or [Carex arenaria]; most are dunal and relate to other subunits of unit E1.9 (E1.94-E1.9E)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.94","name":"Inland dune pioneer grassland","description":"Formations of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland sands with [Corynephorus canescens], [Carex arenaria], [Spergula morisonii], [Teesdalia nudicaulis] and carpets of fruticose lichens ([Cladonia], [Cetraria]) (cf. unit E1.93). Communities of Jutland are rich in [Ammophila arenaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.95","name":"Inland dune siliceous grassland","description":"Grasslands of more stabilised Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems with [Agrostis] spp. and [Corynephorus canescens] or other acidophilous grasses. Related units are found in E1.7, E1.91 and E1.92."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.96","name":"Northern fluviatile dunes","description":"Formations of the immediate vicinity of great rivers within the North Sea-Baltic plain, comprising, besides the communities of E1.94 and E1.95, slightly calcareous grasslands of E1.12 and E1.28."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.97","name":"Southern fluviatile dunes","description":"Dunes of the great rivers of middle Europe (Seine, Loire, Saone, upper Rhine, upper Elbe). A small remnant exists in the Po plain of northern Italy. Like the fluvioglacial dunes of northern Europe, they carry specialised and rare ecosystems and are highly vulnerable. They are much more calcareous than the northern inland dunes and their grasslands (units E1.12, E1.28 i.a.) have a substeppic character contrasting with that of neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.98","name":"Breckland inland dunes","description":"Remnants of the once vast Breckland inland dune system, of similar glacial origin to that of the continental fluvioglacial dunes under units E1.94-E1.96, and like them, colonised by acidophilous grasslands and heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.99","name":"Pannonic inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain and of neighbouring basins, northwest to the Marchfeld and fragmentary on blown sands of Borska nizina lowland. During the spring ephemeral therophytes prevail, while grasses and lichens dominate during autumn. Xerophilous siliceous grasslands are characterised by the communities of alliances [Corynephorion canescentis] and [Festucion vaginatae] and species [Corynephorus canescens], [Festuca vaginata], [Koeleria glauca], [Thymus serpyllum] and [Ceratodon purpureus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.991","name":"Pannonic bare sands","description":"Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation, in which the bare sand surface is usually covered by a thin film of soil algae and supports the fungus [Psatirella ammophyla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.992","name":"Pannonic dune lichen communities","description":"Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pannonic dunes, with [Cladonia convoluta], [Cladonia furcata], [Cladonia magyarica] and the bryophytes [Syntrichia ruralis], [Tortula spp]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.993","name":"Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands","description":"Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of the Pannonic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which [Bromus mollis], [Bromus tectorum], [Bromus squarrosus], [Medicago minima], [Cerastium brachypetalum], [Erophila verna], [Plantago indica], [Saxifraga tridactylites], [Poa annua], [Poa bulbosa], [Viola kitaibeliana], [Lithospermum arvense], [Corispermum nitidum], [Polygonum arenarium], with a few more perennials such as [Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Sedum acre], [Cynodon dactylon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.994","name":"Pannonic dune open grasslands","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic dunes, dominated by the perennial grasses [Festuca vaginata], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica], [Cleistogenes serotina], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria cristata], [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Euphorbia seguierana], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Dianthus serotinus], [Dianthus diutinus], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Scabiosa ochroleuca], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana procumbens], [Minuartia glomerata], [Minuartia verna]; arid sites on flattened plains are characterized by the abundance of lichens and have [Helechrysum arenarium] and [Kochia laniflora]; thermic slopes and tops of dunes support an open community with the shrub [Fumana procumbens], [Astragalus varius], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Scabiosa ochroleuca]; somewhat water-retentive depressions are characterized by [Scirpus holoschoenus] and [Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens]; shrub colonisation includes [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris] and [Salix rosmarinifolia]. Decalcified dune tops and slopes may support more acidophilous formations dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], with [Jasione montana] and [Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolia], but also with many species of the calcareous sandy grasslands, including [Festuca vaginata] and [Koeleria glauca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.995","name":"Pannonic dune closed grasslands","description":"Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pannonic fixed dunes, dominated by [Festuca rupicola], [Festuca wagneri], [Festuca pseudovina] or, in some facies, [Chrysopogon gryllus], with [Carex liparocarpos], [Festuca vaginata], [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum], [Achillea ochroleuca], [Astragalus asper], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Astragalus exscapus], [Potentilla cinerea], [Muscari botryoides], [Muscari comosum], [Linum austriacum], [Thymus glabrescens], [Iris variegata], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria], [Colchicum arenarium], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Salvia nemorosa], [Alyssum] spp., [Silene parviflora], [Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae], [Lotus] spp., [Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.996","name":"Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs","description":"Formations of large shrubs colonizing Pannonic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.997","name":"Pannonic dune woods","description":"Natural woods installed within Pannonic dune systems. Their composition can be specified by use of codes of G1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.9A","name":"Pontic inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Pontic plain and of neighbouring basins, including the lower Danube basin of Oltenia and Muntenia and the northern Thracian plain, the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain with the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek (units E1.2D1 and E1.2D3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.9A1","name":"Pontic bare sands","description":"Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering Pontic dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.9A2","name":"Pontic dune lichen communities","description":"Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pontic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.9A3","name":"Pontic dune pioneer grasslands","description":"Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pontic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.9A4","name":"Pontic dune open grasslands","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pontic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.9A5","name":"Pontic dune closed grasslands","description":"Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pontic fixed dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.9B","name":"Standing stone inland dunes","description":"Tertiary sands with upright stones and open psammophytic vegetation of the Varna district of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.A","name":"Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland","description":"Sandy open ground with vernal therophytes, not necessarily grasses, in the Mediterranean region. Open perennial grasslands and pastures on siliceous, usually skeletal, soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.A1","name":"Mediterranean annual deep-sand communities","description":"Open, spring-blooming communities of annuals developed on deep sands of Iberia, of Mediterranean North Africa and, very locally, of southern France and Italy, with [Malcolmia lacera], [Malcolmia ramosissima], [Anthyllis hamosa], [Maresia nana], [Erodium laciniatum], [Erodium cicutarium ssp. bipinnatum], [Arenaria emarginata], [Hymenostemma pseudanthemis], [Loeflingia baetica], [Loeflingia spartea], [Loeflingia tavaresiana], [Loeflingia hispanica], [Linaria donyana], [Linaria pedunculata], [Vulpia membranacea], [Ononis variegata], [Ononis baetica], [Ononis cossoniana], [Ononis subspicata], [Coronilla repanda], [Evax asterisciflora], [Evax lusitanica], [Leucojum trichophyllum]. Coastal dune equivalents are classified as unit B1.48; while others occur on coastal gravel banks, see units B2.4 and B2.5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.A2","name":"Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands","description":"Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains and the southern Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.A21","name":"Iberian fescue - plantain swards","description":"Open perennial formations colonizing arenaceous or skeletal, often unstable, siliceous soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains, rich in cushion-forming, rosette-leaved chamaephytes ([Jasione crispa ssp. sessiliflora], [Plantago radicata], [Scleranthus perennis]) and cespitose, rough perennial grasses ([Festuca costei], [Festuca indigesta], [Festuca summilusitana], [Corynephorus canescens], [Koeleria caudata ssp. crassipes]). Various formations, characterized by, among others, [Hieracium castellanum], [Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta], [Dianthus merinoi], [Dianthus laricifolius], [Armeria caballeroi], [Armeria alliacea], [Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis], [Teucrium aureum] are distributed in the Cantabrian range, the southern Galician and Leonese mountains, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.A22","name":"Helleno-Balkanic supra-Mediterranean siliceous grasslands","description":"Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the southern Balkan peninsula and northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.A3","name":"Rhône riverine dunes","description":"Fossil dunes of the Camargue, built up by silty alluvial sands of the Rhone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.A4","name":"Southern Iberian inland dunes","description":"Fossil dunes of the Coto Doñana and other areas of southwestern Iberia. They support very specialised scrub (F5.5A) and open grasslands belonging to the [Malcomietalia] (unit E1.A1, see also unit B1.48)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.A5","name":"Irano-Anatolian inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.B","name":"Heavy-metal grassland","description":"Dry, short grasslands, often rich in lichens and mosses, colonizing western and central European soils with a high content in heavy metals such as zinc and lead, and comprising uniquely adapted species, ecotypes or populations mostly related to, or derived from, otherwise montane, boreomontane or steppic species; heavy metal grasslands of distinctly alpine affinities, though spanning an altitudinal range that extends from the montane level and lowland dealpine stations to the subalpine and alpine levels, are included. Vegetation of alliance [Violetalia calaminariae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.B1","name":"Atlantic heavy-metal grassland","description":"Heavy metal grasslands of the British Isles, with [Armeria maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B11","name":"British heavy metal grasslands","description":"Formations, in particular of Wales and the Pennines, developed in the vicinity of former mining operations or on river gravels, with [Minuartia verna], [Thlaspi caerulescens], [Armeria maritima], [Viola lutea], [Festuca ovina] s.l., [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Agrostis capillaris] ([Agrostis tenuis])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B12","name":"Irish heavy metal grasslands","description":"Grasslands on copper-rich soils of Killarney, with [Armeria maritima] and [Silene maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.B2","name":"Calaminarian grassland","description":"Open formations colonizing heavy metal soils, either natural or resulting from past mining operations, in rapid regression and limited to a few stations in eastern Belgium, western Rhineland, Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and to one station in the southern Netherlands, with outposts in northern France, comprised of a highly specialised flora with the endemics [Viola calaminaria], [Viola guestphalica], [Thlaspi caerulescens] ([Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare]) and [Festuca aquisgranensis] ([Festuca ophioliticola ssp. calaminaria]), with [Minuartia verna var. hercynica], [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis] and [Armeria halleri], limited to this formation and the next, and with the steppic, central European [Festuca valesiaca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B21","name":"[Viola calaminaria] grasslands","description":"Formations of eastern Belgium, the extreme southern Netherlands and the Aachen area, with the yellow-flowered [Viola calaminaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B22","name":"[Viola guestphalica] grasslands","description":"Formations of northern Westfalia and of southern Lower Saxony, with the purple-flowered [Viola guestphalica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B23","name":"Western calaminarian thrift grasslands","description":"Western European calaminarian communities comprising [Armeria halleri] s.l. in the absence of [Viola lutea] or [Viola guestphalica], known from very isolated stations, in particular, in the Eifel, southwestern Belgium and northern France. [Cardaminopsis halleri] is characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E1.B24","name":"Calaminarian pennycress grasslands","description":"Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony and of Sauerland, with [Thlaspi caerulescens] ([Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare]), but without violets or thrift."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.B3","name":"Central European heavy-metal grassland","description":"Heavy metal grasslands of Saxony, of the Harz and of Upper Silesia, with the endemic or near endemic [Armeria halleri], [Armeria bottendorfensis], [Armeria hornburgensis] and with [Minuartia verna var. hercynica], [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.B4","name":"Calaminarian catchfly grassland","description":"Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of which the distinctive cortège is essentially reduced to [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis], characteristic, in particular, of cupreous shists of the Niedersmarsberg of Westfalia, of outlying heavy metal stations of southern Germany in the Wiesloch-Baiertal of northern Baden-Württemberg and the southern Black Forest, as well as of peripheral sites within the range of other heavy metal lowland and hill communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.B5","name":"Alpine heavy-metal grassland","description":"Formations of heavy metal soils of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, with, among others, [Dianthus sylvestris], [Galium anisophyllon], [Poa alpina], [Armeria arenaria], [Thlaspi caerulescens], and the very restricted southern Alpine endemic [Viola dubyana]; they descend to the montane level and occur in some dealpine stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.C","name":"Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation","description":"Dry lands with shrub cover < 10%, and with a large component of non-vernal unpalatable plants, including geophytes ([Asphodelus], [Urginea]), thistles ([Carthamus], [Carlina], [Centaurea], [Onopordum]), [Ferula] and [Phlomis], especially characteristic of the drier parts of the Mediterranean basin. These habitats usually result from over-grazing of garrigue, which eliminates the shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.C1","name":"Asphodel fields","description":"Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming Liliaceae of genus [Asphodelus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.C2","name":"Thistle fields","description":"Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming thistles, notably of genera [Carthamus], [Carlina], [Centaurea], [Onopordum], [Notobasis], [Galactites]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.C3","name":"Brushes dominated by [Phlomis] species","description":"Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming tall labiates of genus [Phlomis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E1.C4","name":"Giant fennel ([Ferula]) stands","description":"Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin dominated by facies-forming tall, robust umbellifers of genus [Ferula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.D","name":"Unmanaged xeric grassland","description":"Xeric grassland that is not currently mown or used for pasture."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E1.E","name":"Trampled xeric grasslands with annuals","description":"Low annuals on dry and warm trampled localities, for example the community of [Matricario matricarioidis-Polygonion arenastri] recorded in Hungary and Serbia with [Coronopus squamatus], [Cynodon dactylon], [Eragrostis minor], [Herniaria glabra], [Herniaria hirsuta], [Juncus tenuis], [Lepidium ruderale], [Lolium perenne], [Matricaria discoidea], [Plantago lanceolata], [Plantago major], [Poa annua] agg. and [Polygonum arenastrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E2","name":"Mesic grasslands","description":"Lowland and montane mesotrophic and eutrophic pastures and hay meadows of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are generally more fertile than dry grasslands (E1), and include sports fields and agriculturally improved and reseeded pastures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.1","name":"Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows","description":"Regularly grazed mesotrophic pastures of Europe, fertilised and on well-drained soils, with [Lolium perenne], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Poa] spp., [Festuca] spp., [Trifolium repens], [Leontodon autumnalis], [Bellis perennis], [Ranunculus repens], [Ranunculus acris], [Cardamine pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa]; they are most characteristic of the nemoral and boreonemoral zones Europe, but extend to the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.11","name":"Unbroken pastures","description":"Continuous pastureland of Euro-Siberian Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece, unrelieved by networks of ditches. [Cynosurus cristatus] is usually present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.111","name":"Ryegrass pastures","description":"Relatively species-poor grasslands of Euro-Siberian Western and Central Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece dominated by [Lolium perenne], often with [Cynosurus cristatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.112","name":"Atlantic [Cynosurus]-[Centaurea] pastures","description":"More species-rich grasslands of the British Isles dominated by [Cynosurus cristatus] and with many flowering herbs, notably [Centaurea nigra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.113","name":"Sub-Atlantic hill pastures","description":"Pastures mostly of uplands of Western Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, less treated, rougher and more species-rich than those of unit E2.111, often with the cespitose [Festuca nigrescens] and a significant representation of nitrofuge species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.114","name":"Continental pastures","description":"Pastures of Eastern Europe, in the southern part of the Russian forest zone, Bashkiria and the southern Urals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.12","name":"Ditch-broken pastures","description":"Grasslands drained by a network of ditches, fleets, streams or pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.13","name":"Abandoned pastures","description":"Abandoned grasslands in which either weedy and ruderal species or species of the next successional stages occur beside the dominant grassland species after cessation of anthropogenic management . The richest stands are on carbonate and eruptive rock soils. [Geranium sylvaticum], [Trifolium medium], [Astrantia major], [Coronilla varia], [Listera ovata], [Gentiana cruciata], [Platanthera bifolia] are typical species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.14","name":"Species-rich lowland flood meadows","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.15","name":"Macaronesian mesic grassland","description":"Secondary grasslands of the highest levels of the Atlantic islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.2","name":"Low and medium altitude hay meadows","description":"Mesotrophic hay meadows of low altitudes of Europe, fertilised and well-drained, with [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Trisetum flavescens], [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Daucus carota], [Crepis biennis], [Knautia arvensis], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium dubium], [Geranium pratense]; they are most characteristic of the nemoral and boreonemoral zones of Europe, but extend to the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.21","name":"Atlantic hay meadows","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the Atlantic domaine of Europe, characteristic of the British Isles and western France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.211","name":"Atlantic [Arrhenatherum] grasslands","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the British Isles and western France rich in, or dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius] accompanied by [Dactylis glomerata] and [Holcus lanatus] with [Centaurea debeauxii ssp. nemoralis] ([Centaurea nigra], [Centaurea nemoralis]), [Rhinanthus lanceolatus], [Oenanthe pimpinelloides], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Linum bienne], [Brachypodium pinnatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.212","name":"Atlantic [Alopecurus]-[Sanguisorba] grasslands","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of England, characteristic of areas where traditional hay meadow treatment has been applied to seasonally flooded alluvial soils, formed by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca rubra], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Lolium perenne], with less abundant or less constant [Holcus lanatus], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Dactylis glomerata], [Trisetum flavescens], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Festuca arundinacea], with many dicots, among which [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Leontodon] spp., [Taraxacum] spp. are often abundant and [Fritillaria meleagris] particularly noteworthy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.22","name":"Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows","description":"Mesophile meso-to eutrophic lowland hay meadows of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, Central Europe, the humid Illyrian region and the Carpathian system, with [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Bromus erectus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Festuca rubra], [Daucus carota], [Crepis biennis], [Knautia arvensis], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium dubium], [Geranium pratense], [Alchemilla xanthochlora], [Campanula patula], [Pastinaca sativa], [Galium album], [Equisetum arvense], [Medicago sativa], [Picris hieracioides], [Sanguisorba officinalis]. Vegetation of alliance [Arrhenatherion elatioris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.221","name":"Xero-mesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows","description":"Drier, more thermophile, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius], and with a species composition that includes [Festuco-Brometea] dry grassland species, in particular, [Salvia pratensis], [Bromus erectus], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Dianthus carthusianorum], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Plantago media], [Galium verum], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Linum catharticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.222","name":"Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows","description":"More humid, or temporarily more humid, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and [Alopecurus pratensis], or by the latter alone, and with a species composition intermediate between that of mesophile and humid meadows (E3) with [Cirsium oleraceum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Ranunculus repens], [Myosotis palustris], [Glechoma hederacea], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Ajuga reptans], [Cardamine pratensis], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Geranium pratense], [Campanula patula], [Pastinaca sativa], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Anthriscus sylvestris]. Towards the east, in more continental climates, the [Alopecurus] meadows communities increasingly take the character of humid riverine meadows; they have been included in E3 from the Pannonic region eastwards, in the range of the mesophile meadows of E2.15."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.23","name":"Medio-European submontane hay meadows","description":"Mesophile grasslands of middle European Hercynian hills, of the middle elevations of the greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the pre-Alps, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, intermediate between the lowland meadows of unit E2.22 and the montane meadows of unit E2.3. Vegetation of alliance [Arrhenatherion elatioris], and association [Arrhenatheretum elatioris]. [Arrhenatherum elatius] is the dominant species, while [Pastinaca sativa], [Trifolium dubium], [Knautia arvensis] and [Crepis biennis] often occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.231","name":"Western Hercynian submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of higher elevations of the lesser Hercynian ranges, with [Meum athamanticum], [Festuca nigrescens], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Phyteuma spicatum], [Potentilla erecta], [Galium saxatile], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Lotus uliginosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.232","name":"Eastern Hercynio-Baltic submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of mid-elevations of the great Hercynian ranges of Central Europe and of the hills of the eastern Germano-Baltic Plain, in particular, of the Baltic States."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.233","name":"Carpathian submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of the submontane level of the Carpathians, at about 600-700 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2331","name":"Western Carpathian gladiolus meadows","description":"Endemic community of the western Carpathians, with [Alchemilla walasii], [Alchemilla micans], [Alchemilla pastoralis], [Centaurea oxylepis], [Gladiolus imbricatus], [Viola saxatilis var. decorata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2332","name":"Western Carpathian vetch-clover meadows","description":"Species-rich hay meadows of the Pienini and the Beskides, limited to thermophilous stations on deep calcareous soils, with [Medicago falcata], [Polygala comosa], [Thymus pulegioides], [Salvia verticillata], [Ranunculus polyanthemos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2333","name":"Eastern Carpathian yellow oatgrass meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile meadows of the Romanian Carpathians, developed on nutrient-rich acid brown soils, dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], accompanied by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and a species cortège characteristic of the [Arrhenatherion], including [Campanula patula], [Trifolium repens], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Lotus corniculatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.234","name":"Northern Iberian submontane hay meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of sub-Atlantic northern Spain, in particular, of the beech level of the oro-Cantabrian region, with [Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum], [Trisetum flavescens], [Sanguisorba minor], [Malva moschata], [Knautia arvensis], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium repens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.235","name":"Alpic submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.236","name":"Jurassian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.237","name":"Illyrian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Dinarides, within the range of the [Fagion illyricum], dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], with [Poa pratensis], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Festuca pratensis], [Alchemilla xanthochlora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.238","name":"Southwestern Moesian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Pelagonides, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], dominated by [Trisetum flavescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.24","name":"Boreal and sub-boreal meadows","description":"Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of the Palaearctic, with outposts in cool humid uplands of the northern nemoral zone, in particular, in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.241","name":"Fenno-Scandian boreal and sub-boreal meadows","description":"Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of Fennoscandia, distributed in the boreonemoral, southern boreal, middle boreal, northern boreal, boreoalpine and oceanic southern boreal zones of Finland, Sweden and Norway, formed by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca ovina], [Briza media], with, as dominant dicots, [Geranium sylvaticum], [Alchemilla] spp., [Rhinanthus minor], [Anemone nemorosa] and a cortège that includes boreal elements such as [Polygonum viviparum], [Rubus arcticus], boreonemoral species, in particular, [Hypochoeris maculata], [Veronica chamaedrys], as well as [Cirsium helenioides], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Potentilla erecta], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Trollius europaeus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Listera ovata], [Platanthera chlorantha]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.242","name":"Britannic submontane meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of submontane areas of northern England, with affinities to both the Fennoscandian boreal meadows of unit E2.241 and to the submontane continental Western European meadows of unit E2.23."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.25","name":"Continental meadows","description":"Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Thracian plain and their fringing foothills, of Eastern Europe and of southern Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.251","name":"Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows","description":"Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain and their fringing foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E2.252","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows","description":"Lowland, collinar and, locally, montane, mesophile grasslands of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2521","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile floodplain meadows","description":"Mesophile floodplain hay meadows of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills, on soils moistened by a high water table fed by riverine inundation, situated on higher ground than riverine meadows of unit E3, dominated by similar grass species, including [Poa pratensis], [Alopecurus pratensis]; [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2522","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile foothill meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of the valleys and lower slopes of mountain ranges fringing the northern Thracian plain and its peripheral basins installed on soils moistened by underground or surface water supplied by slope runoff, dominated by the same grass species as in the floodplain meadows of E2.2521, accompanied by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and [Agrostis capillaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E2.2523","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile cold water meadows","description":"Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the lower slopes and foot of the southern flank of the Balkan Range, developed on calcareous substrates and with a supply of cold surface and ground water originating in the upper levels of the mountain, dominated by [Poa pratensis], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis] and with orchids, [Clematis integrifolia], [Cladium mariscus], [Merendera sobolifera], [Galium rubioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.3","name":"Mountain hay meadows","description":"Often species-rich mesotrophic to eutrophic hay meadows of the montane and subalpine levels of higher mountains of the nemoral and southern boreal zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.31","name":"Alpic mountain hay meadows","description":"Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the montane and subalpine levels (mostly above 600 metres) of the Western Alps and neighbouring mountains (the greater Hercynian ranges, Carpathians, the Dinarides) on fresh, neutral to moderately acid or moderately basic soils, cut one to three times per year. Usually dominated by [Trisetum flavescens] and with [Alchemilla] spp., [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Astrantia major], [Campanula glomerata], [Carum carvi], [Centaurea nemoralis], [Crepis] spp., [Crocus albiflorus], [Geranium] spp., [Heracleum sphondylium], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Lilium bulbiferum], [Malva moschata], [Muscari botryoides], [Narcissus poeticus], [Phyteuma] spp., [Pimpinella major], [Polygonum bistorta], [Primula elatior], [Salvia pratensis], [Silene] spp., [Thlaspi caerulescens], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana repens], [Viola] spp. and many others. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance [Polygono-Trisetion] with many endemic taxa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.32","name":"Ponto-Caucasian hay meadows","description":"Meadows of the montane and subalpine levels of the Caucasus and the Pontic mountains of northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.33","name":"Balkan mountain hay meadows","description":"Mesophile tall grasslands in the mountain and sub-alpine areas of Balkan peninsula in the beech forest zone. They are dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Festuca pratensis], and geographically differentiated by Balkan endemic species [Armeria rumelica], [Knautia dinarica], [Rhinanthus rumelicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.4","name":"Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)","description":"Summer pastures of the Iberian peninsula, subject to poor drainage, brief flooding and rapid desiccation with the first heat, composed of perennial and annual grasses, most commonly by [Agrostis castellana], [Agrostis pourretii] ([Agrostis salmantica]), [Gaudinia fragilis], [Festuca ampla], [Periballia involucrata], [Vulpia ciliata], [Vulpia myuros], [Vulpia bromoides], [Holcus setiglumis], [Molineriella minuta], [Anthoxanthum aristatum], [Anthoxanthum ovatum] and often with [Juncus capitatus] and clovers such as [Trifolium campestre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.41","name":"Perennial vallicares","description":"Perennial [Agrostis castellana]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.42","name":"Annual vallicares","description":"Annual [Agrostis pourretii]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.43","name":"Andalusian thrift vallicares","description":"Forb and grass communities of oligo-mesotrophic sandy soils of southwestern Iberia, with subsurface seasonal water saturation, in particular, of the edges of marshes and large lagoons, dominated by the endemic [Armeria gaditana], with [Gaudinia fragilis], [Centaurea exarata] and [Asphodelus aestivus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.5","name":"Meadows of the steppe zone","description":"Lowland and montane mesotrophic pastures and hay meadows of the steppe zone of eastern Europe and Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.6","name":"Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns","description":"Land occupied by heavily fertilised or reseeded permanent grasslands, sometimes treated by selective herbicides, with very impoverished flora and fauna, used for grazing, soil protection and stabilization, landscaping or recreation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.61","name":"Dry or moist agriculturally-improved grassland","description":"Dry or mesophile intensive pastures and grasslands. Usually intensively fertilised and reseeded, or established entirely artificially."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.62","name":"Wet agriculturally-improved grassland, often with drainage ditches","description":"Humid intensive pastures, often scored with drainage ditches, and capable of harbouring breeding waders or wintering waterfowl, in particular, geese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.63","name":"Turf sports fields","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.64","name":"Park lawns","description":"Grasslands, usually mowed, composed of native or sometimes exotic grasses, constituting elements of urban parks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E2.65","name":"Small-scale lawns","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.7","name":"Unmanaged mesic grassland","description":"Mesic grassland that is not currently mown or used for pasture, excluding abandoned pastures (E2.13)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E2.8","name":"Trampled mesophilous grasslands with annuals","description":"Low annuals on mesophilous trampled localities, for example the community [Saginion procumbentis] with [Sagina procumbens], [Sagina apetala], [Spergularia rubra], [Juncus bufonius], [Poa supina], [Veronica serpyllifolia]; in sub-mountain and mountain locations the vegetation may consist of [Alchemillo-Poion supinae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E3","name":"Seasonally wet and wet grasslands","description":"Unimproved or lightly improved wet meadows and tall herb communities of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid, steppic and mediterranean zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E3.1","name":"Mediterranean tall humid grassland","description":"Mediterranean humid grasslands of tall grasses and rushes with [Scirpus holoschoenus] ([Holoschoenus vulgaris]), [Agrostis stolonifera], [Agrostis reuteri], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Galium debile], [Molinia caerulea], [Briza minor], [Melica cupanii], [Cyperus longus], [Linum tenue], [Trifolium resupinatum], [Schoenus nigricans], [Peucedanum hispanicum], [Carex mairii], [Juncus maritimus], [Juncus acutus], [Asteriscus aquaticus], [Hypericum tomentosum], [Hypericum tetrapterum], [Inula viscosa], [Oenanthe pimpinelloides], [Oenanthe lachenalii], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Pulicaria dysenterica], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Orchis laxiflora], [Dactylorhiza elata], [Succisa pratensis], [Sonchus maritimus ssp. aquatilis], [Silaum silaus], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Serratula tinctoria], [Genista tinctoria], [Cirsium monspessulanum], [Cirsium pyrenaicum], [Senecio doria], [Dorycnium rectum], [Erica terminalis], [Euphorbia pubescens], [Lysimachia ephemerum], widespread in the entire Mediterranean basin, extending, along the coasts of the Black Sea, in particular in dune systems, north to the Dobrogea and the Danube Delta, and, in valleys of the Balkan peninsula, north to the Banat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.11","name":"Mediterranean tall humid grassland of lowlands","description":"These meadows can be eutrophic and have hygro-nitrophilous vegetation dominated by [Lolium multiflorum] and [Rumex conglomeratus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.111","name":"[Serapias] grassland","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of crystalline Provence, with [Carex divisa ssp. chaetophylla], often dominant, [Briza minor], [Oenanthe lachenalii] and numerous [Serapias] species ([Serapias lingua], [Serapias neglecta], [Serapias vomeracea])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.12","name":"Mediterranean tall humid grassland of mountains","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.121","name":"Peat grasslands of Troodos","description":"[Calamagrostis epipejeos] tall (c. 1m) meadows developing at an altitude of  around 1650 m on seasonally inundated depressions, on serpentinised substrate with basic pH. The meadows are inundated from October-November until June-July, depending on the rainfall but even in summer the soil is wet and muddy. The vegetation cover is thick and the dominant graminoids [C. epipejeos] and [Juncus littoralis] and other herbs form a continuous mat on the soil. The floristic structure is characterised by species which occur only or mainly at this habitat in Cyprus, such as [C. epipejeos] and [Poa pratensis], and by a few endemic species occuring only at the high altitude damp places in the  Troodos mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E3.2","name":"Mediterranean short humid grassland","description":"Very short grasslands of impermeable compact soils or marls, wet for a large part of the year, and desiccated in summer, characteristic of the Mediterranean basin, with irradiations north to the Illyrian zone of the northwestern Balkan peninsula, with [Deschampsia media], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Lotus tenuis], [Trifolium lappaceum], [Prunella hyssopifolia], [Plantago maritima ssp. serpentina], [Centaurea timbali]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E3.3","name":"Sub-mediterranean humid meadows","description":"Humid meadows rich in clover ([Trifolium] spp.) of sub- and supramediterranean regions remote from Atlantic influence, in particular, of the Balkan peninsula, of the Apennines and of Mediterranean Anatolia, mostly developed above the lowlands but below the montane level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.31","name":"Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of river flood plains and other high water-table sites of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular of Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece, with outposts in the Croatian coastlands, formed by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis] ([Festuca elatior]) or [Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola] ([Poa sylvicola]), and by numerous [Trifolium] spp., [Medicago hispida ssp. apiculata], [Lotus corniculatus var. hirsutus], [Hordeum murinum], [Ranunculus marginatus], [Ranunculus velutinus], [Cirsium canum var. macedonicum], [Oenanthe stenoloba], [Moenchia mantica], [Lychnis flos-cuculi ssp. subintegra], [Teucrium scordioides], [Podospermum canum], [Narcissus poeticus], [Leucojum aestivum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.32","name":"Apennine humid meadows","description":"Permanent humid grasslands of Apennine karstic basins, with [Ranunculus velutinus], [Bromus racemosus], [Hordeum secalinum], [Trifolium dubium], [Trifolium resupinatum], [Trifolium micranthum], [Trifolium patens], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Trifolium pratense], [Trifolium repens], [Carex distans], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Centaurea jacea], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Orchis laxiflora], [Colchicum lusitanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.33","name":"Dalmatian riverine and humid meadows","description":"Humid meadows of Illyrian Istria and Dalmatia, developed in a mild semihumid to semiarid climate, of pronounced sub-Mediterranean affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.34","name":"Illyrio-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows","description":"Floodplain meadows of southern sub-Pannonic regions, within the eastern [Carpinion illyricum], the [Quercion frainetto] and the [Fagion moesiacum] zones of Bosnia, Serbia, Oltenia and northwestern Bulgaria, under semihumid to semiarid climates, mostly dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Alopecurus pratensis] or [Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola], with [Trifolium pallidum], [Trifolium patens], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Trifolium cinctum], [Ranunculus stevenii], [Lathyrus nissolia], [Medicago arabica], [Clematis integrifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.35","name":"Anatolian supra-Mediterranean humid grassland","description":"Humid meadows rich in clover of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of Mediterranean Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E3.4","name":"Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland","description":"Wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grasslands and flood meadows of the boreal and nemoral zones, dominated by grasses [Poaceae], rushes [Juncus] spp. or club-rush [Scirpus sylvaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.41","name":"Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows","description":"Lightly managed hay meadows and pastures on both basicline and acidocline, nutrient-rich permanently or temporarily humid soils of middle European lowlands, hills and low mountains under Atlantic or sub-Atlantic climatic conditions, from the British Isles and northwestern Iberia east to the Baltic States, the western Carpathians and Illyrian region. Among the characteristic plant components of the highly diverse communities forming this unit are [Caltha palustris], [Cirsium palustre], [Cirsium rivulare], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Carduus personata], [Telekia speciosa], [Epilobium parviflorum], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Mentha aquatica], [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Stachys palustris], [Bromus racemosus], [Crepis paludosa], [Fritillaria meleagris], [Geum rivale], [Polygonum bistorta], [Senecio aquaticus], [Trollius europaeus], [Lotus uliginosus], [Trifolium dubium], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum telmateia], [Myosotis palustris], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Angelica sylvestris], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Gratiola officinalis], [Inula salicina], [Succisella inflexa], [Dactylorhiza majalis], [Ranunculus acris], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Festuca gigantea], [Juncus effusus], [Juncus filiformis] and [Carex cespitosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.411","name":"Cabbage thistle meadows","description":"Tall-herb rich wet meadows dominated by, or with an abundance of, [Cirsium oleraceum], distributed in Western and Central Europe from Denmark, locally Scania, northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, northwestern Spain, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian basin, Austria, best developed in the submontane level of the Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the pre-Alps on base-rich loams of river and brook floodplains and lakesides; [Cirsium oleraceum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Ranunculus acris], [Polygonum bistorta], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Poa trivialis] are characteristic of their cortège; in northern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the communities are enriched in [Polygonum bistorta] and lack several characteristics of their middle Hercynian cortège, in particular [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Colchicum autumnale], [Silaum silaus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.412","name":"Globe flower-brook thistle meadows","description":"Wet meadows of montane areas of the higher Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine piedmont rich in [Trollius europaeus] and [Cirsium rivulare], replacing the cabbage thistle meadows of unit E3.412 at higher altitudes. Their cortège includes [Cirsium oleraceum], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Myosotis palustris], [Geum rivale], [Festuca pratensis], [Galium album], [Ranunculus acris], [Holcus lanatus] and, sometimes, in particular in the Swiss Jura, [Fritillaria meleagris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.413","name":"Western tufted hairgrass meadows","description":"Coarse humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist soils submitted to periodical inundation, favoured by grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4131","name":"Atlantic tufted hairgrass meadows","description":"Coarse grasslands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Western, Northern and, locally, western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, overwhelmingly dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist, gleyed and periodically inundated near-neutral soils, with a highly variable, usually species-poor, complement of species that includes the grasses [Holcus lanatus], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Agrostis capillaris], [Poa trivialis], [Poa pratensis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Lolium perenne], [Alopecurus pratensis], sometimes forming closely grazed swards around the tussocks of the less palatable [Deschampsia], as well as, among others, [Juncus affinis], [Juncus inflexus], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cardamine pratensis], [Angelica sylvestris], [Achillea ptarmica], [Ranunculus acris], [Ranunculus repens], [Cirsium arvense], [Rumex acetosa], [Cerastium fontanum], [Plantago lanceolata], [Lathyrus pratensis], [Centaurea nigra], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii]. They are particularly well characterized in the English lowlands and in Fennoscandia, but occur locally farther east and south, notably in the Netherlands, in Belgium, in the Campine, the loess region and the peri-Hercynian calcareous regions, in northern Germany, in the Bohemian basin, in Austria, particularly under the influence of grazing. Grassland communities dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa] of regions of more continental climates of eastern and southeastern Europe belong to the inundation communities of units E3.43 and E3.463."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4132","name":"Boreal tufted hairgrass meadows","description":"Wet meadows of the middle boreal, northern boreal, oceanic boreal, arctoalpine zones of Fennoscandia and of Iceland, where they colonize moist stoney slopes and land slips on mountainsides as well as valley bottom allluvions, dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex nigra], [Ranunculus acris] and, in Fennoscandia, [Cirsium helenioides], with, in particular, [Bartsia alpina], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rumex acetosa]; the cortège of Fennoscandian communities includes [Rubus arcticus], [Saussurea alpina], [Trollius europaeus], [Viola epipsila], that of Icelandic communities [Agrostis canina], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Cardamine pratensis], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum pratense], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Festuca vivipara], [Juncus balticus], [Trifolium repens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.414","name":"Marsh ragwort meadows","description":"Wet meadows and water-meadows of the lowlands of Britain, northern Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and northwestern Spain, developed on nutrient-rich, acidocline alluvions of rivers and brooks with a fluctuating water regime in which [Senecio aquaticus] and [Bromus racemosus] are usually prominent, accompanied by a variable cortège; [Potentilla palustris] and [Menyanthes trifoliata] characterize mesotrophic stands, [Ranunculus auricomus] and [Primula elatior] somewhat more base-rich ones. [Carex disticha] is usually present and sometimes abundant, marking a transition towards [Magnocaricion] communities of unit D5.211. At higher altitudes, above 250 m, on base-poor soils, these communities evolve towards [Polygonum bistorta]-dominated communities of unit E3.415."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.415","name":"Bistort meadows","description":"Wet and humid meadows of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe dominated by, or very rich in, [Polygonum bistorta], most characteristic of montane or submontane regions of the Hercynian ranges and neighbouring regions. They include distinctive acidocline Hercynian communities in which [Polygonum bistorta] is associated with [Deschampsia cespitosa] or [Juncus filiformis], [Polygonum bistorta]-enriched submontane or montane variants of thistle or ragwort lowland communities of units E3.411 or E3.414, of the montane thistle-globeflower communities of unit E3.412, of the clubrush communities of unit E3.419, peri-Hercynian submontane and lowland thermophilous communities of the Danube basin, and montane communities of the Iberian peninsula. They constitute the principal habitat of the threatened fritillary [Proclossiana eunomia], and, at least locally, an important habitat for other threatened butterflies, in particular, the copper [Palaeochrysophanus (Lycaena) hippothoe]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.416","name":"Thread rush meadows","description":"Humid and wet meadows of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by or rich in [Juncus filiformis], or, in Iceland, [Juncus balticus] ([Juncus arcticus]), often accompanied by [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Molinia caerulea], [Potentilla erecta], mostly developed on lime-poor soils, of strong boreal affinities, most characteristic of Fennoscandia, Iceland, the northern Germano-Baltic plain and the neighbouring Hercynian ranges, rare farther south, limited to small surfaces in cold-pocket areas of the greater Hercynian ranges and the pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.417","name":"Soft rush meadows","description":"Wet and humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by the tall tussock-forming [Juncus effusus] or [Juncus inflexus], with a usually species-poor accompanying flora, characteristic of relatively nutrient-rich, acidocline to basicline, permanently moist soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.418","name":"Blunt-flowered rush meadows","description":"Calciphile wet meadows of Western Europe, Central Europe and northwestern Eastern Europe, northeast at least to Estonia, dominated by or rich in [Juncus subnodulosus], characteristic of very wet calcareous soils or soils flushed by calcareous waters, transitional to the small sedge fens of the [Caricion davallianae] (unit D4.1), surviving mostly in the British Isles, in the Alpine foothills, in the moraine land of northern Germany, in chalk hills of northwestern Germany, in northern Jutland, on Fyn, in southern and central Scania, on Åland, in wet dune slacks of the Atlantic and North Sea seaboard of the continent of Europe; many formations are rather oligotrophic and could equally be listed under unit E3.5. Typical of these communities are the [Juncus subnodulosus]-[Cirsium palustre] fen-meadows, widespread in the southern British lowlands, particularly in East Anglia, north Buckinghamshire and Angelsey, rich in [Juncus subnodulosus], [Cirsium palustre], [Equisetum palustre], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Holcus lanatus], [Lotus uliginosus], [Mentha aquatica], [Caliergon cuspidatum]; a characteristically variable species-rich cortège, influenced by the various grazing and mowing routines the meadows are subjected to, may include, among others, [Trifolium] spp., [Briza media], [Carex elata], [Iris pseudacorus], [Molinia caerulea], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Dactylorhiza praetermissa], [Dactylorhiza incarnata]. Also particularly characteristic are the [Juncus subnodulosus] formations that succeed fen communities of unit D4.1 in the colonization of coastal wet dune slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.419","name":"Wood clubrush meadows","description":"Lowland to montane wet grassland of sub-Atlantic Europe, east to Lithuania, the Bohemian basin and Austria, developed on waterlogged siliceous loams or peats, dominated, often overwhelmingly so, by [Scirpus sylvaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41A","name":"Brook thistle meadows","description":"Eutrophic wet meadows of the Carpathian region dominated by [Cirsium rivulare], eastern vicariant of the communities of unit E3.411, characteristically developed on loams, gleys or pseudogleys, often with anmoor (mineral soils, which have a very high portion of undecomposed organic mass) characteristics, in higher, cooler elevations of the montane level. They extend to lowland and hill pre-Pannonic areas, to the pre-Alps of Styria, to the eastern Hercynian ranges, and to the eastern Germano-Baltic plain, northeast, as rare communities, to Lithuania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41B","name":"Crested dog's tail-rush meadows","description":"Humid grasslands of sub-Atlantic Europe submitted to a mixed regime of haycutting and grazing, in particular, single early-summer cutting followed by later prolonged grazing, occupied by a mixture of species of mesophile pastures, notably [Cynosurus cristatus], [Lolium perenne], [Trifolium repens], and [Molinietalia] species resistant to changes in the exploitation regime, such as [Juncus effusus], [Juncus inflexus], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Cirsium palustre]. These grasslands constitute transitions between mesophile grasslands of unit E2 and humid grasslands of E3.41, particularly of unit E3.414; they are also closely related to formations of unit E3.417."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41C","name":"Marsh thistle meadows","description":"Sub-Atlantic wet grasslands of brook banks and soggy slopes of rainy granitic and cristaline hills and low mountains of middle Europe, most characteristic of the eastern Hercynian ranges and the northern pre-Alps, extending west to the Hercynian ranges of sub-Atlantic western Europe, dominated by [Cirsium palustre], accompanied by [Angelica sylvestris] at the lower altitudes, [Polygonum bistorta] at the higher altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41D","name":"Melancholy thistle meadows","description":"Humid meadows of the montane level of the siliceous eastern Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Cirsium helenioides] ([Cirsium heterophyllum]) and [Cirsium palustre], accompanied by [Polygonum bistorta], [Crepis mollis], [Deschampsia cespitosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41E","name":"Chervil wet meadows","description":"Montane brook meadows of the higher mid-German Hercynian hills, and very locally, of the northern pre-Alps, developed on clayey siliceous alluvions, with [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Ranunculus aconitifolius], [Caltha palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Myosotis palustris], [Polygonum bistorta], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Angelica sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.41F","name":"Calcareous dunal small reed fens","description":"Communities of calcareous wet dune slacks dominated by [Calamagrostis epigejos], in particular, [Calamagrostis epigejos]-dominated facies and evolution stages of the [Juncus subnodulosus] formations of unit E3.418, characteristic of northern French and Belgian dunes and rare fen formations of the Dutch North Sea Islands formed by [Carex hartmanii], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Carex trinervis], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Salix repens], evolution stage with light sand covering of the fen communities of unit D4.1H."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.42","name":"Sharp-flowered rush meadows","description":"Humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus acutiflorus]. They are floristically and phytosociologically very varied and many are as related to the oligotrophic [Molinion] communities of unit E3.5 as to the more eutrophic [Calthion] ones of unit E3.41. Sharp-flowered rush meadows are particularly characteristic of the oceanic and suboceanic regions of the western seaboard of Europe from northwestern Iberia to the Low Countries, extending locally in Hercynian ranges to the Harz and the Bohemian Quadrangle and in small sub-Atlantic enclaves of the Germano-Baltic plains to eastern Germany and Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.43","name":"Subcontinental riverine meadows","description":"Meadows of the valleys of great rivers of continental or subcontinental climate regions of Central Europe, submitted to repeated inundation periods in the year, characteristic of the Elbe, the Saale, the Main valleys of Germany and Bohemia, occuring also in Moravia, Austria, Slovakia, Croatia and Serbia, with a disjunct outpost in the arid Rhine graben. They are usually dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa] or [Alopecurus pratensis], [Poa palustris], [Poa pratensis], [Carex] and [Juncus] species. Characteristic species include [Cnidium dubium] ([Cnidium venosum]), [Viola persicifolia], [Allium angulosum], [Clematis integrifolia], [Iris sibirica], [Oenanthe lachenalii], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Gratiola officinalis], [Juncus atratus], [Leucojum aestivum], [Carex praecox var. suzae], [Carex melanostachya], [Serratula tinctoria], [Lythrum virgatum]. Because of universal river control schemes, these communities, dependent on natural or near natural flow regemes, are extremely threatened. Vegetation of alliance [Cnidion venosi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.44","name":"Flood swards and related communities","description":"Grasslands of occasionally flooded river and lake banks, of depressions where rain water collects, of disturbed humid areas and of humid pastures submitted to intensive grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.441","name":"Tall rush pastures","description":"Rush ([Juncus effusus], [Juncus conglomeratus], [Juncus inflexus]) colonies of intensively grazed pastures, in part an extreme facies of [Juncus effusus] humid grasslands of unit E3.41, but also of other wet grasslands of unit E3.4 and of more mesophile grasslands of unit E2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.442","name":"Flood swards","description":"Flood swards of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, developed on ground submitted to periodical or occasional inundation and subsequent drying under relatively maritime climates, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Carex hirta], [Festuca arundinacea], [Juncus inflexus], [Alopecurus geniculatus], [Rumex crispus], [Mentha longifolia], [Mentha pulegium], [Potentilla anserina], [Potentilla reptans], [Ranunculus repens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4421","name":"Marsh foxtail flood swards","description":"Flood swards dominated by [Alopecurus geniculatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4422","name":"Creeping bent flood swards","description":"Flood swards dominated by [Agrostis stolonifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4423","name":"Tall fescue flood swards","description":"Flood swards dominated by [Festuca arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4424","name":"Common couch flood swards","description":"Flood swards dominated by [Elymus repens] ([Agropyron repens])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4425","name":"Rhenish [Deschampsia media] flood swards","description":"Local flood swards of the Rhine valley dominated by [Deschampsia media]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.443","name":"Small rush swards","description":"Grasslands of occasionally flooded river and lake banks, of depressions where rain water collects, of disturbed humid areas and of humid pastures submitted to intensive grazing dominated by small rushes, in particular [Juncus compressus] or [Juncus tenuis] ([Juncus macer])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.45","name":"Recently abandoned hay meadows","description":"Recently abandoned hay meadows with invasion of [Polygonum bistorta], [Filipendula ulmaria] or [Phragmites communis], in a successional state between E3.41 and communities of unit E5.4 or of woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.46","name":"Continental humid meadows","description":"Meadows of moderately to very nutrient-rich, alluvial or fertilised, non-saline, wet or damp soils in the steppe and wooded steppe zones of Eurasia and their areas of influence. They are widespread in southeastern Central Europe, in Eastern Europe and southern Siberia, extending west to the Pannonic plain and to areas of Pannonic or Pontic influence in southern Moravia, sub-Carpathian hills and the Balkans. Depending on the degree of wetness and substrate type dominants in wet sites are [Molinia caerulea] or [Carex gracilis]; physiognomy of hygromesophile meadows is formed especially by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Juncus inflexus] and [Mentha longifolia]; in mesophile and moderately moist conditions on alluvial sediments [Agropyron repens] or [Festuca pratensis] dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.461","name":"Sub-Pannonic ashy thistle humid meadows","description":"Humid grasslands of pre-Pannonic hills of Austria, Moravia, Hungary, Slovakia and Transylvania, rich in [Cirsium canum], usually dominated by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], with [Polygonum bistorta], [Angelica sylvestris], [Scirpus sylvaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.462","name":"Peri-Pannonic humid meadows","description":"Humid meadows of river valleys of the eastern Carpathian ranges, their foothills and associated plateaux, of the southern pre-Pannonic foothills of the western Carpathians and of the Central Hungarian Range, similar to the sub-Atlantic meadows of the [Calthion palustris] and, like them, dominated by species such as [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Juncus effusus], [Cirsium rivulare], [Caltha palustris] ([Caltha laeta]), but developed under more subcontinental climatic conditions and accompanied by regional species, in particular [Valeriana simplicifolia], [Pedicularis limnogena], [Ligularia sibirica] and [Telekia speciosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4621","name":"Eastern Carpathian globe flower-cabbage thistle meadows","description":"Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system rich in [Cirsium oleraceum] and [Trollius europaeus], with [Angelica sylvestris], [Equisetum palustre], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4622","name":"Peri-Pannonic bistort meadows","description":"Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills rich in [Polygonum bistorta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4623","name":"Eastern Carpathian thread rush meadows","description":"Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system dominated by [Juncus filiformis], often accompanied by [Carex pyrenaica] and [Deschampsia cespitosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4624","name":"Eastern Carpathian soft rush meadows","description":"[Juncus effusus]-dominated humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system, with [Epilobium palustre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4625","name":"Peri-Pannonic wood clubrush meadows","description":"Humid grasslands of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills dominated by [Scirpus sylvaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E3.4626","name":"Peri-Pannonic brook thistle meadows","description":"Humid grasslands of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills rich in [Cirsium rivulare], accompanied by montane boreal species, in particular [Trollius europaeus] and [Ligularia glauca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.463","name":"Illyrio-Pannonic riverine and humid meadows","description":"Floodplain meadows of the great rivers of the Alföld and the Little Alföld, of the Pannonic Danube basin, of the Drava and Sava basins of Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia, of the Leitha and Danube basins of eastern Lower Austria and the Burgenland, of Transylvania and Oltenia, of the Illyrian oak and beech zones of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, subject to repeated flooding in the course of the year; wet or damp, non-saline meadows of moderately to very nutrient-rich, alluvial or fertilised soils of the same regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.464","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic humid meadows","description":"Floodplain and humid meadows of the Ponto-Caspian basin and of the steppe and nemoral Russian plateaux and plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.47","name":"Northern boreal alluvial meadows","description":"Meadows along large rivers with placid river sections which are frozen every winter, are affected by flooding in spring. The traditional management as hay meadows has usually ceased. They are not yet severely overgrown with trees and bushes. Distributed in Finland, Sweden. Includes several vegetation types which vary according to the moisture (flooding) gradient: alluvial meadows dominated by [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex acuta], [Carex aquatilis], [Calamagrostis], [Phalaris], [Deschampsia cespitosa], or tall-herbs, and dry alluvial meadows. Other species: [Convallaria majalis], [Elymus fibrosus], [Elymus mutabilis], [Festuca ovina], [Galium boreale], [Molinia caerulea], [Nardus stricta], [Salix triandra], [Solidago virgaurea], [Thalictrum simplex ssp. boreale] and [Trollius europaeus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E3.5","name":"Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland","description":"Grasslands on wet, nutrient-poor, often peaty soils, of the boreal, nemoral and steppe zones. Includes coarse acid grassland dominated by [Molinia caerulea] and shorter wet heathy grasslands with [Juncus squarrosus], [Nardus stricta] and [Scirpus cespitosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.51","name":"Purple moorgrass ([Molinia]) meadows and related communities","description":"Humid grasslands of soils poor in nutrients, unfertilised and with a fluctuating water level, of Western Europe, south to northwestern Iberia, of Northern Europe, of Central Europe, locally of western Eastern Europe, dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Succisa pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Potentilla erecta], [Allium angulosum], [Allium suaveolens], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium dissectum], [Cirsium tuberosum], [Dianthus superbus], [Trollius europaeus], [Galium boreale], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Gladiolus palustris], [Silaum silaus], [Selinum carvifolia], [Inula salicina], [Iris sibirica], [Laserpitium prutenicum], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Serratula tinctoria], [Carex tomentosa], [Carex panicea], [Carex pallescens], [Parnassia palustris], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Festuca arundinacea], [Festuca rubra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.511","name":"Calcicline purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Species-rich humid grasslands of oligotrophic calcareous or calcicline soils of middle Europe, southern Fennoscandia and northwestern Iberia, with [Silaum silaus], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Selinum carvifolia], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium tuberosum], [Carex tomentosa], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Galium boreale], [Serratula tinctoria], [Inula salicina], [Dianthus superbus] and abundant [Colchicum autumnale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.512","name":"Acidocline purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Relatively species-poor humid grasslands of oligotrophic acid moist gley soils, sometimes with stagnant water and peat formation, of middle Europe north to the southern boreal approaches in Fennoscandia and the Faeroe Islands, and south to northwestern Iberia, with [Succisa pratensis], [Potentilla erecta], [Potentilla anglica], [Viola persicifolia], [Viola palustris], [Galium uliginosum], [Cirsium dissectum], [Crepis paludosa], [Luzula multiflora], [Juncus conglomeratus] ([Juncus subuliflorus]), [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Inula britannica], [Lotus uliginosus], [Dianthus deltoides], [Carex pallescens], [Carex demissa], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.513","name":"Giant moorgrass swards","description":"Very tall [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea] ([Molinia arundinacea])-dominated humid meadows of southern Central Europe, in particular, of the Illyrian zone, the peri-Pannonic and peri-Bohemian regions, the Danube, Lech and Isar basins, the upper Rhine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E3.514","name":"Boreal purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Acidocline oligotrophic wet, often inundated, grasslands of boreal Fennoscandia dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Achillea millefolium], [Bartsia alpina], [Galium boreale], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Parnassia palustris], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Trientalis europaea], [Viola epipsila], [Carex acuta], [Carex aquatilis], [Juncus filiformis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Nardus stricta], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Hypnum lindbergii], [Mnium rugicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.52","name":"Heath rush meadows and humid mat-grass swards","description":"Humid, often peaty or semi-peaty swards of middle Europe, southwest to northwestern Iberia and east to Lithuania and southeast Europe, with [Nardus stricta], [Juncus squarrosus], [Festuca ovina], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Scirpus cespitosus] and sometimes [Sphagnum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E3.53","name":"Continental oligotrophic humid grassland","description":"Nutrient-poor humid grasslands of the northern steppe zone of central Eurasia, eastern vicariants of the [Molinion] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E4","name":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands","description":"Primary and secondary grass- or sedge- dominated formations of the alpine and subalpine levels of boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, warm-temperate humid and Anatolian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E4.1","name":"Vegetated snow-patch","description":"Vegetated areas that retain late-lying snow. Dominants may be mosses, liverworts, macrolichens, graminoids, ferns and small herbs. Snow patches are well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands; they are well represented, though of much smaller extent, above the tree limit in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus. They are found very locally in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini, Abruzzi, Scottish Highlands and Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.11","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats","description":"Snow patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians (e.g. alliances [Salicion herbaceae] and [Festucion picturatae]), the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the herbs e.g. [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Salix herbacea], [Ligusticum mutellina]; mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens. Also snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.111","name":"Alpic acid moss snow-patch communities","description":"Moss snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.112","name":"Alpic acid cudweed snow-patch communities","description":"Communities of areas covered by snow for six to eight months, with [Carex foetida], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]) (including [Omalotheca supina var. pusilla]), [Lepidium stylatum], [Alchemilla pentaphyllea], [Mucizonia sedoides], ([Umbilicus sedoides], [Sedum candollei]), [Sedum alpestre], [Cardamine alpina], [Carex pyrenaica], of the Alps, the eastern Carpathian system, the ranges of the Balkan peninsula, the Pyrenees; they extend to the subalpine level and include the isolated cryoro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.113","name":"[Luzula spadicea] snow patch communities","description":"[Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula spadicea])-dominated snow patch communities of moderate slopes of the Alps and the Carpathians submitted to prolonged snow cover, ecological variant of the [Luzula spadicea] scree communities of H2.313, more prevalent in the central and eastern Alps, the Tatras and the eastern Carpathians, characterized by an important representation of species of the [Salicetea herbaceae], among which [Poa granitica], [Ranunculus montanus], [Oligotrichum hercynicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.114","name":"Hercynian acid snow patch communities","description":"Acidophilous snow patch communities of the higher Hercynian ranges, in particular the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Vosges, with [Nardus stricta], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Plantago atrata], [Salix herbacea], [Polytrichum gracile], [Polytrichum norvegicum], or with [Luzula desvauxii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.115","name":"Boreal moss snowbed communities","description":"Snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.116","name":"Boreo-alpine [Deschampsia]-[Anthoxanthum] communities","description":"Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by coarse tussocky grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa], sometimes associated with large hypnaceous mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.117","name":"Boreo-alpine herb-rich acid snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous or acidocline snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland, the Faeroes and the Scottish Highlands forming a low, often open, turf of mat- and cushion-forming herbs, short tufted grasses and bryophyte patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.118","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline sedge and rush snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous snowbed communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains and subarctic lowlands of Scandinavia and Iceland, mostly developed in areas of long snowcover, dominated by Cyperaceae or Juncaceae, usually with a prominent bryophyte or lichen ground layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.12","name":"Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of calcareous soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea] and other calciphile snowfield, snowbed and snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains formed by small herbs, grasses or mosses. Dwarf, underground-stemmed willows may also be present but not dominant (c.f. unit F2.12)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.121","name":"Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of carbonated soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.1211","name":"[Arabis-Gnaphalium] snow-patch communities","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of humid, carbonated soils, of the Alps and the Pyrenees, under snow for long periods, with [Ranunculus alpestris], [Arabis caerulea], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Potentilla brauniana] ([Potentilla minima]), [Soldanella alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.1212","name":"Carpathian saxifrage snow-patch communities","description":"Endemic snow patch community of the high Tatras and nearby Carpathian ranges, characteristic of sites with very long snow cover, with the western Carpathian endemic [Saxifraga wahlenbergii] ([Saxifraga perdurans]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Bucegia romanica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.1213","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonide calciphile herbaceous snow-patch communities","description":"Uncommon, isolated herbaceous snow-patch swards of the southern Dinarides and the Pelagonides, on carbonated soils under snow for long periods, generally associated with dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.122","name":"[Distichium capillaceum] snowbed communities","description":"Moss dominated snowbed communities of calcareous gravel and stonefields, or moraine, of Scandinavian mountains, with, in particular, [Distichium capillaceum], [Pohlia albicans], [Pohlia drummondii], often pioneering on \"new ground\". Individual vascular plants, growing widely separated, include, notably, [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Saxifraga oppositifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.123","name":"Snow buttercup snowbed communities","description":"Open snowbed communities of the alpine level of the boreal and arcto-alpine zones of Scandinavian mountains forming on level calcareous substrates often waterlogged the whole year, in the proximity of melting snow or cold springs, on north-facing slopes, with prolonged snow-lie. Vascular plants are characteristically scattered, with great variation in the ground layer, with an often broken moss carpet, bare patches of gravel and stones. Characteristic species, often hygrophilous, include [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Salix herbacea], [Arabis alpina], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium cerastoides], [Minuartia biflora], [Oxyria digyna], [Taraxacum croceum], [Viola biflora], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga nivalis], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Saussurea alpina], [Sibbaldia procumbens], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.124","name":"Snow grass snowbed communities","description":"Sparse communities of the alpine level of northern boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia and of Iceland dominated by the grass [Phippsia algida], with, notably, [Salix herbacea], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Oxyria digyna], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Carex lachenalii], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina f. vivipara], [Deschampsia alpina], [Sagina saginoides], with a fragmentary moss cover and no lichens, located on gravelly, sandy, sometimes totally waterlogged soils, calcareous in Scandinavia, with prolonged snow-cover. Snow grass communities frequently occur as pioneer vegetation on small surfaces, very common in the central part of southern Norway and in Sweden from Jamtland northwards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.125","name":"Arctic woodrush snowbed communities","description":"Open, herb-rich, snowbed communities of the middle to high alpine level of the boreal and southern arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, developed on level or gently sloping moist calcareous ground with solifluction tongues separated by gravelly expanses with a thin but prolonged snow cover, dominated by [Luzula arctica]. [Luzula confusa], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Cerastium] spp. and [Draba crassifolia] are characteristic of the species cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.126","name":"Boreal herb-rich calcicline snowbed communities","description":"Herb-rich and often mosaic patterned snow-patch or near snow-patch communities of alpine levels of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, of the lower alpine belt of Iceland, of the Scottish Highlands and of the English Lake District, with many moss species and few lichens, occurring on calcareous, nutrient-rich, humid substrates. Characteristic species include [Ranunculus acris], [Poa alpina], [Poa arctica], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Silene acaulis], [Oxyria digyna], [Potentilla crantzii], [Cerastium alpinum], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Saussurea alpina], [Primula stricta], [Viola biflora], [Carex norvegica], [Minuartia biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.127","name":"Subarctic small-herb snowbed communities","description":"Chionophilous communities of stony and gravelly ground of the islands of the polar basin developed in conditions of shorter snow cover than the polar willow communities, with a species cortège that includes [Trisetum spicatum], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Oxyria digyna], [Lidia biflora], [Poa arctica], [Potentilla hyparctica], [Carex lachenalii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.13","name":"Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch grassland","description":"Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.14","name":"Boreo-alpine fern snowbed grassland","description":"Acidophilous snowbed communities of alpine and arcto-alpine levels of the Fennoscandian mountains, of Iceland and of the Scottish Highlands dominated by ferns, characteristic of screes with prolonged snow cover, related to the tall-herb communities of unit E5.5. [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]), [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris expansa] ([Dryopteris assimilis]) or [Dryopteris filix-mas] can dominate the communities. [Galium saxatile], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Barbilophozia floerkii], [Polytrichum alpinum] are among the associates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E4.2","name":"Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes","description":"Includes fjell fields in which mosses and lichens are dominant, often with low cover of [Carex bigelowii]. Fjell fields are best developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.21","name":"Oroboreal [Carex bigelowii]-[Racomitrium] moss-heaths","description":"Carpets of mosses of genus [Racomitrium], often thick, closed and extensive, sometimes fragmented with much bare ground, associated with usually scattered vascular plants, among which [Carex bigelowii] is often prominent, characteristic of wind-exposed, cloud-bound, relatively snowfree summital regions of the Scandinavian mountains and of Scotland, northern England and northern Wales, of Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Spitzbergen. For the most part they constitute habitats physiognomically dominated by bryophytes, c.f. equivalents with lower ground cover in units H3.5 or H6.24."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.22","name":"Rock pavement lichen communities","description":"More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense lichen mats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.23","name":"Rock pavement, plateau and summital moss heaths","description":"More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed or shattered by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense moss carpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.24","name":"Icelandic lava flow moss heaths","description":"Lava flows and lava fields of Iceland covered by continuous carpets of [Racomitrium lanuginosum] (c.f. unit E4.21), forming thick mantles that cover very large surfaces over all parts of the relief, engulfing asperities, bridging gaps, draping protruding rocks with large cushions, or else, in less evolved complexes, forming preferentially in the depressions and concavities where some organic matter accumulates. These moss heaths constitute a particularly original landscape of Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.25","name":"Moss and lichen fjell fields","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E4.3","name":"Acid alpine and subalpine grassland","description":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands developed over crystalline rocks and other lime-deficient substrates or on decalcified soils of mountains. On boreal mountains, [Carex bigelowii] and [Juncus trifidus] often dominate. The acid alpine grasslands of central Europe are more mixed, with [Armeria alpina], [Armeria alliacea] ([Armeria montana]), [Euphrasia minima], [Gentiana alpina], [Geum montanum], [Juncus trifidus], [Lychnis alpina], [Pedicularis pyrenaica], [Phyteuma hemisphaericum], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. sulphurea], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Sempervivum montanum], [Botrychium lunaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.31","name":"Alpic mat-grass swards and related communities","description":"Closed grasslands of deep, acid soils of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the higher Hercynian ranges, the northern and central Dinarides, developed mostly and abundantly in the subalpine level and included in the alliance [Nardion], dominated or co-dominated by [Nardus stricta], [Festuca eskia], [Festuca nigrescens], [Festuca rubra], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Carex sempervirens], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hieracium alpinum], [Trommsdorfia uniflora], [Potentilla aurea]. Similar [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Moesian region of the Balkan peninsula, distributed at high elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, as southern extensions of the Alpigenous communities or as grazing-induced facies of the more varied communities of unit E4.39."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.311","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine mesophile mat-grass swards","description":"Subalpine and lower alpine mesophile grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta], of the Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif, the Jura and the northern Apennines; for the most part, they are heavily grazed grasslands with much reduced species diversity and overwhelming dominance of mat-grass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.312","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile mat-grass swards","description":"Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous [Nardus stricta] swards of depressions and humid flats around lakes and marshes, where snow melts slowly."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.313","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile foxtail swards","description":"Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous grasslands of depressions with prolonged snow cover dominated by [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Trifolium alpinum]; they constitute a transition between siliceous grasslands and snow-patch communities, which they often ring."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.314","name":"Pyrenean closed [Festuca eskia] grassland","description":"Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile [Festuca eskia] grasslands of north-facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with [Arnica montana], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Trifolium alpinum], [Campanula barbata], [Gentiana punctata], [Leucorchis albida], [Phyteuma betonicifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.315","name":"Pyrenean [Poa violacea] swards","description":"Subalpine [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea])-dominated grasslands of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.316","name":"Hercynian summital mat-grass swards","description":"Summital swards of the greater Hercynian ranges dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3161","name":"Hautes Chaumes summital mat-grass swards","description":"Formations of the Hautes Chaumes (high Vosges), with [Nardus stricta], [Gentiana lutea], [Arnica montana], [Pulsatilla alba], [Viola lutea ssp. elegans], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Leontodon pyrenaicus], [Hieracium vogesiacum], [Hieracium olivaceum], [Hieracium alpinum] and abundant ericoid shrubs, [Erica tetralix], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3162","name":"Black Forest summital mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3163","name":"Harz summital mat-grass swards","description":"Formations of the Harz dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3164","name":"Bohemian Forest summital mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Bayerischer Wald and of the central Bohemian Forest (Sumava)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3165","name":"Sudeten summital mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Sudeten mountains (Krkonose, Hruby Jesenik), with [Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida] ([Carex rigida], [Carex fyllae]), [Hieracium alpinum], [Primula minima], [Potentilla aurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Lycopodium alpinum], and, in some formations, [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Polytrichum strictum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.317","name":"Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"Grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta] of the Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3171","name":"Western Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus] grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians, with [Carex pilulifera], [Hieracium vulgatum], [Hypochoeris uniflora], [Crepis conyzifolia], [Gentiana punctata], [Homogyne alpina], [Potentilla aurea], [Pulsatilla alpina], of western Carpathian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3172","name":"Eastern Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"Grasslands rich in, or dominated by, [Nardus stricta], with [Festuca nigricans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa media] and regional species [Viola declinata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda] ([Potentilla ternata]), [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], of flats and gentle slopes of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.318","name":"Oro-Moesian mat-grass swards","description":"Acidophilous grasslands dominated by [Nardus stricta] of higher, mostly subalpine, sometimes alpine, elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.319","name":"Dinaride mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Dinaride system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.32","name":"Oroboreal acidocline grassland","description":"Grass, sedge, rush, bryophyte and lichen acidophile or acidocline communities of the higher summits of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, southwest to the Highlands of Scotland, the Lake District, northern England and northern Wales, submitted to diverse, though generally moderate, levels of snow cover and wind exposure, with resulting affinities to both the fairly chionophilous grasslands of the Alps [Caricetea curvulae] assembled in unit E4.31 and to the snowfield communities of unit E4.11; [Juncus trifidus] and [Carex bigelowii] are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.33","name":"Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland","description":"Subalpine thermophile formations on often skeletal soils of the southern Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif and the Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.331","name":"Thermo-Alpigenous [Festuca paniculata] swards","description":"Thermophile, luxuriant, relatively closed grasslands formed by the very tall, bluegrey [Festuca paniculata] ([Festuca spadicea]) on south-facing slopes (adrets) of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, the southern Alps and, locally, the Central Massif and the Abruzzi; characteristic and often abundant accompanying species include [Centaurea uniflora], [Silene nutans], [Trifolium montanum], [Hieracium peleteranum], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Potentilla grandiflora], [Lilium martagon], [Eryngium alpinum], [Luzula pediformis], [Meum athamanticum], [Nigritella nigra], [Helictotrichon parlatorei], [Asphodelus albus], [Iris xiphioides], [Paradisea liliastrum], [Dianthus monspessulanus], [Carduus defloratus]. Many have been traditionally treated as hay meadows and are of extraordinary floristic richness; they are nowadays increasingly abandoned or left to grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.332","name":"Pyrenean [Festuca eskia] garland-grasslands","description":"Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands organized in ribbons retaining stony, almost bare steps  of the sunny slopes (adrets) of the upper subalpine and lower alpine zones in the Pyrenees, formed by the hard, sharp-pointed, slippery, bright green, tufted [Festuca eskia], sometimes associated with [Carex sempervirens] s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.333","name":"Arverno-Alpine varicoloured fescue garland-grasslands","description":"Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands of the  sunny slopes (adrets) of the (mostly) southern Alps and Central Massif, formed by calcifuge species of the hard, sharp-pointed [Festuca varia] group ([Festuca varia], [Festuca scabriculmis]), often associated with [Carex sempervirens] s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.34","name":"Alpigenous acidophilous grassland","description":"Mostly closed [Carex curvula], [Festuca] spp., [Oreochloa] spp. or [Juncus trifidus] grasslands on siliceous soils of the alpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Pyrenees, with very local outposts in the great Hercynian ranges and the Cantabrian Range. [Androsace obtusifolia], [Androsace carnea ssp. laggeri], [Campanula barbata], [Juncus jacquinii], [Juncus trifidus], [Silene exscapa], [Gentiana alpina], [Achillea erba-rotta], [Euphrasia minima], [Luzula lutea], [Luzula spicata], [Luzula hispanica], [Lychnis alpina], [Minuartia recurva], [Minuartia sedoides], [Pedicularis kerneri], [Pedicularis pyrenaica], [Phyteuma globulariifolium], [Phyteuma hemisphaericum], [Potentilla frigida], [Armeria alpina], [Senecio incanus], [Trifolium alpinum], [Veronica bellidioides], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus] are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.341","name":"Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands","description":"Formations of the Alps, of the Pyrenees and of the Carpathians, to which the dominance of the crooked sedge, [Carex curvula], with twisted leaves whithering early at the tip, gives a highly distinctive texture and yellow-brown hue."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3411","name":"Alpine [Carex curvula] grasslands","description":"[Carex curvula] formations of the upper and middle alpine levels of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3412","name":"Pyrenean [Carex curvula] grasslands","description":"[Carex curvula] formations of the upper alpine level of the eastern Pyrenees and of the alpine level of the central and western Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3413","name":"Carpathian [Carex curvula] grasslands","description":"Formations dominated by [Carex curvula] accompanied by [Juncus trifidus], [Oreochloa disticha], [Festuca airoides], [Primula minima] and characterized by regional species [Poa media], [Senecio carpathicus], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], of the middle alpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.342","name":"Alpigenous [Festuca halleri] grasslands","description":"Formations of flats and gentle slopes of the lower alpine level of the Alps, dominated by [Festuca halleri] and [Juncus trifidus], particularly widespread in the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.343","name":"Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands","description":"[Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina])-dominated swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees, the Northern Carpathians, the Eastern Carpathians and the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3431","name":"Pyrenean [Festuca airoides] grasslands","description":"Low, fairly dry swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Carex ericetorum], [Avenula versicolor], [Silene ciliata], [Lychnis alpina], [Arenaria grandiflora], [Jasione humilis], [Hieracium breviscapum] ([Hieracium pumilum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3432","name":"Carpathian [Festuca airoides] grasslands","description":"Swards of the alpine zone of the Northern and Eastern Carpathians, dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Juncus trifidus], [Cerastium alpinum], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3433","name":"Hercynian [Festuca airoides] grasslands","description":"Swards of the alpine zone of the Sudeten dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.344","name":"Pyrenean [Festuca borderi] swards","description":"Subnival formations of the Pyrenees with [Potentilla frigida], [Erigeron uniflorus], [Carex rupestris] and many cushion plants such as [Saxifraga bryoides], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Minuartia sedoides], [Silene acaulis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.345","name":"Alpigenous [Oreochloa disticha] swards","description":"Alpine grasslands of the Alps and the Carpathians dominated by [Oreochloa disticha]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3451","name":"Alpine [Oreochloa disticha] swards","description":"[Oreochloa disticha]-dominated formations of the Alps, developed in particular in the northern Alps (Allg„u) and northeastern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3452","name":"Carpathian [Oreochloa disticha] grasslands","description":"[Oreochloa disticha] ([Sesleria disticha])-dominated formations of high altitudes on shallow podsolic siliceous soils of windswept crests and shaded slopes of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.346","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Formations of the Carpathians, of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, of the Sudeten and of the eastern Alps, dominated by [Juncus trifidus], with [Agrostis rupestris], [Carex rigida], [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), [Pulsatilla alpina], [Senecio carpathicus], [Hieracium alpinum], [Polytrichum piliferum], [Racomitrium canescens], [Thamnolia vermicularis], [Cetraria cucullata], [Cetraria islandica], [Cetraria nivalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3461","name":"Bohemian Forest [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Formations of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, dominated by [Juncus trifidus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3462","name":"Sudeten [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Formations of the Sudeten dominated by [Juncus trifidus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3463","name":"Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Swards dominated by [Juncus trifidus] of high, windswept exposures of subalpine and alpine levels of the northern and eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.34631","name":"Northern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Widespread, physiognomically striking, [Juncus trifidus]-dominated formations of the high altitudes of the northern Carpathians, with [Oreochloa disticha], [Avenula versicolor] ([Avenastrum versicolor]), [Hieracium alpinum], [Pulsatilla alpina], [Senecio carpathicus], [Lycopodium selago f. imbricatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.34632","name":"Eastern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"Communities dominated by [Juncus trifidus] with [Oreochloa disticha], [Festuca airoides], [Agrostis rupestris] of windswept summits, ridges and steep slopes of subalpine and alpine levels of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3464","name":"Alpine [Juncus trifidus] swards","description":"[Juncus trifidus]-dominated swards of the siliceous inner Alps and of lime-free anomalous stations of the calcareous outer Alps, limited to the central and eastern part of the range in Switzerland and Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.347","name":"Cantabrian [Oreochloa blanka] swards","description":"[Oreochloa blanka] and [Juncus trifidus] formations of the alpine level of the Cantabrian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.348","name":"Alpigenous [Agrostis rupestris] swards","description":"[Agrostis rupestris]-dominated siliceous grassland of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.35","name":"Oro-Hellenic closed grassland","description":"Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid and often deep soils over siliceous or calcareous substrates of the higher mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus of Greece and southern Albania, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains; they develop on decalcified colluvions, on damp soils of seeps or poorly drained areas, and in depressions and other situations where snow lingers. Characteristic are [Alopecurus gerardii], [Poa pumila], [Anthoxanthum alpinum], [Phleum alpinum], [Nardus stricta], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Trisetum flavescens], [Trifolium pallescens], [Trifolium parnassi], [Trifolium heldreichianum], [Trifolium alpestre], [Trifolium ottonis], [Omalotheca supina], [Omalotheca hoppeana], [Herniaria parnassica], [Ranunculus sartorianus], [Lotus corniculatus], [Thesium parnassi], [Plantago lanceolata], [Plantago atrata], [Plantago holosteum], [Scleranthus perennis], [Rorippa thracica], [Erigeron epiroticus], [Acinos alpinus], [Luzula pindica], [Crocus veluchensis], [Scilla nivalis], [Corydalis densiflora], [Corydalis parnassica], [Beta nana], [Trinia guicciardii], [Botrychium lunaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.36","name":"Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland","description":"Cryoro- and oro-Mediterranean grasslands of acid substrates in the higher mountain ranges of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.361","name":"Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper slopes and summits of the high Mediterranean mountains of the Iberian peninsula, locally extending into the Euro-Siberian domaine in the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3611","name":"Cantabrian acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"[Festuca indigesta] and [Festuca eskia] grasslands of the oro-Mediterranean, cryoro-Mediterranean and subalpine levels of the Cantabrian mountains and other high mountains of the northwest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3612","name":"Iberian Range acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"[Festuca indigesta] grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3613","name":"Cordilleran [Festuca] stripped grasslands","description":"[Festuca indigesta] and [Festuca summilusitana] grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3614","name":"Cordilleran [Agrostis] stripped grasslands","description":"[Agrostis rupestris] grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3615","name":"Nevadan [Festuca indigesta] stripped grasslands","description":"Psychroxerophile garland grasslands of [Festuca indigesta], [Thymus serpylloides], and [Arenaria tetraquetra var. granatensis], widespread in the oro-Mediterranean level (2000-2900 metres) of the Sierra Nevada (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3616","name":"Nevadan [Agrostis] stripped grasslands","description":"Chionophilous grasslands with [Agrostis nevadensis] and [Armeria splendens] of depressions and sheltered areas within the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, often in contact with, and forming a transition to, the closed mat-grass swards of E4.362."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3617","name":"Nevadan tall fescue stripped grasslands","description":"Pioneer grasslands formed by the robust [Festuca pseudeskia] and [Festuca paniculata] on steep slopes submitted to intense insolation and severe erosion of the oro-Mediterranean and locally cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3618","name":"Nevadan [Festuca clementei] stripped grasslands","description":"Psychroxerophile grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level (above 2900 m) of the Sierra Nevada, formed by [Festuca clementei], [Erigeron frigidus], [Artemisia granatensis], [Ptilotrichum purpureum], [Papaver lapeyrousianum], all, except the last, Sierra Nevada endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3619","name":"Nevadan [Trisetum] stripped grasslands","description":"Communities of wind-beaten crests of the Sierra Nevada, with [Trisetum glaciale] and [Galium pyrenaicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.362","name":"Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards","description":"[Nardus stricta]-dominated and related closed, dense grasslands of oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of high Iberian mountains, characteristic of seeps, poorly drained soils and areas with prolonged snow cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3621","name":"Cantabrio-Cordilleran oro-Mediterranean mat-grass swards","description":"Hygrophile and chionophile, closed grasslands of the oro- and cryoro- Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central and of the high Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, and of the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca iberica], [Juncus squarrosus], [Luzula campestris ssp. carpetana], [Campanula herminii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3622","name":"Nevadan borreguiles","description":"Dense hygrophilous grasslands occupying humid flats around lakes, gullies, glacial basins, depressions at the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca hispanica], [Agrostis nevadensis], [Plantago nivalis], [Carex intricata], [Ranunculus acetosellifolius], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Lotus glareosus], [Leontodon microcephalus], [Galium nevadense], [Gentiana boryi], [Meum nevadense], [Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina], many of which Sierra Nevada endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.37","name":"Oro-Corsican grassland","description":"Grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.38","name":"Oro-Apennine closed grassland","description":"Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on both calcareous and siliceous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.39","name":"Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland","description":"Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid substrates at the 1800-2500 metre level of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, in particular, Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos, the central Rhodope Mountains (Cernatica-Prespa complex) and the Falakron, the central Moeso-Macedonian mountains (Ozogovska Planina), the southern Dinarides, dominated by [Festuca paniculata], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), [Agrostis rupestris] or the Balkan endemics [Festuca valida] and [Sesleria comosa], often associated with [Nardus stricta], which may be abundant or co-dominant; rare species harboured in these communities include [Aquilegia aurea], [Lilium jankae], [Gentiana lutea], [Gentiana punctata], [Viola rhodopeia]. Outside of protected areas these grasslands are usually submitted to pasture regimes. Formations overwhelmingly dominated by [Nardus stricta] have been included in unit E4.318."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.391","name":"Oro-Moesian [Festuca paniculata] grasslands","description":"Extensive, closed, acidophilous tall grasslands dominated by the large [Festuca paniculata] of higher elevations, up to 2400 metres, of the Central Balkan Range, the Rhodope mountains including Rila, Pirin and Vitosha, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Montenegrine Dinarides, mainly on eroded soils of south-facing slopes, with [Festuca nigrescens], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Nardus stricta], [Genista depressa], [Juniperus nana] ([Juniperus sibirica]), [Vaccinium myrtillus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.392","name":"Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula dominated by fescues of the \"[Festuca varia]\" complex, in particular, by [Festuca valida] or [Festuca balcanica] (\"[Festuca cyllenica]\")"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3921","name":"Oro-Moesian [Festuca valida] grasslands","description":"Closed, tall, species-poor acidophile grasslands of the Rhodopide Vitosha, Rila and Pirin mountains, the western Balkan Range and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, occupying usually fresh, little eroded soils, strongly dominated by [Festuca valida], with [Veratrum lobelianum], [Verbascum longifolium], [Campanula epigaea], [Viola tricolor], [Stellaria graminea], [Genista depressa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3922","name":"Balkan [Festuca balcanica] grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the western and central Balkan Range dominated by [Festuca balcanica] (\"[Festuca cyllenica]\")."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3923","name":"Pelagonide [Festuca varia] grasslands","description":"[Festuca varia] s.l.-dominated grasslands of the southern Pelagonides (Pelister), with [Centaurea triumfetti], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca picta], [Geranium cinereum], [Verbascum longifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.393","name":"Oro-Moesian [Poa violacaea] grasslands","description":"Acid grasslands of upper elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide system, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea], [Festuca poaeformis]), with [Nardus stricta], [Linum capitatum], [Antennaria dioica], [Festuca nigrescens], [Thymus] spp.; most often distributed on siliceous terrain, these grasslands also occur on calcareous substrates in the Pirin mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.394","name":"Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands","description":"Open, short, acidophilous grasslands of windswept, shallow, easily desiccated, nutrient-poor soils with little snow cover of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3941","name":"Oro-Moesian crooked sedge grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of Pirin and the Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Korab, Pelister), dominated by [Carex curvula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3942","name":"Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides and the southern Dinarides dominated by fescues of the [Festuca halleri] group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.39421","name":"Rhodopide [Festuca riloensis] grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rila, occupying the highest altitudes, from 2550 metres to 2925 metres, dominated by [Festuca riloensis] and [Carex curvula], with [Minuartia recurva], [Gentiana frigida], [Carex ericetorum], [Silene acaulis], [Luzula spicata], [Dianthus microlepis], [Sesleria comosa], [Sesleria orbelica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.39422","name":"Pelagonide [Festuca scardica] grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the central Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Bistra), dominated by [Festuca halleri ssp. scardica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.39423","name":"Montenegrine [Festuca riloensis] grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Bjelsica mountains of Montenegro, developed on recent volcanic substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3943","name":"Oro-Moesian [Festuca airoides] grasslands","description":"Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Nardus stricta], [Sesleria comosa], [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Juncus trifidus], [Luzula spicata], [Potentilla ternata], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Cerastium banaticum], [Dianthus microlepis], [Campanula alpina], [Jasione laevis ssp. orbiculata], [Hieracium alpicola]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3944","name":"Oro-Moesian [Sesleria comosa] grasslands","description":"Windswept, [Sesleria comosa]-dominated acid grasslands of the upper subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopide system, with [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Avenula versicolor] ([Avena scheuchzeri]), [Festuca airoides], [Festuca riloensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3945","name":"Oro-Moesian [Agrostis rupestris] grasslands","description":"Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, dominated by [Agrostis rupestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3946","name":"Southern Pelagonide aeolian grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of high southern Pelagonides, dominated by [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca kajmakcalana], [Elyna myosuroides] and [Carex ericetorum], [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Plantago holosteum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.3947","name":"Montenegrine aeolian fescue grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Bjelasica mountains in the Montenegrine Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.3A","name":"Western Asian acidophilous alpine grassland","description":"Acidophilous grasslands of the high mountains of western Anatolia and the Levant, developed, in particular, on rankers, in snow-soaked sinks and dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.3B","name":"Illyrian alpine and subalpine acid open grasslands","description":"Open habitats dominated by patches of [Minuartia recurva] and [Scleranthus neglectus], with perimeter from several cm to 80 cm. The total herb cover is often not higher than 20%. They are species-poor, and in addition to the dominants the typical species are [Armeria rumelica], [Poa violacea], [Cardamine pancicii], [Luzula campestris], [Juncus trifidus], [Anthemis carpatica], [Jasione orbiculata], [Rumex acetosella], [Plantago carinata], [Campanula scheuchzeri] and numerous mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E4.4","name":"Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland","description":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands of base-rich soils of the high mountains of the nemoral, submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Characteristic species of the Alps include [Dryas octopetala], [Gentiana nivalis], [Gentiana campestris], [Alchemilla hoppeana], [Alchemilla conjuncta], [Alchemilla flabellata], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Astragalus alpinus], [Aster alpinus], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum], [Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Astrantia major] and [Polygala alpestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.41","name":"Closed calciphile alpine grassland","description":"Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, and, locally, of the Apennines and the Jura. Vegetation typically of alliance [Daphno-Festucetea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.411","name":"Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps and of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle shaded slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nana], [Geranium cinereum], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae], [Salix pyrenaica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4111","name":"Alpine evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus thora], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4112","name":"Pyrenean evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Geranium cinereum], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis campestris], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Salix pyrenaica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.412","name":"Northern rusty sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile, often flower-rich grasslands of the northern Alps, and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, in the Karawanken and the Slovenian Alps, occupying deep soils in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the calcareous ranges, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea] and with [Astragalus alpinus], [Astragalus frigidus], [Hedysarum hedysaroides], [Lathyrus laevigatus], [Astrantia major], [Centaurea montana], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Crepis pyrenaica], [Crepis pontana], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Traunsteinera globosa], [Phleum hirsutum], [Agrostis agrostiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.413","name":"Southern rusty sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile, flower-rich grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the southern and southeastern outer Alps of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, including the Insubrian and Garda Alps, the Dolomites, the Venetian and Carnic Alps, the Karawanken, the Julian and Steiner Alps, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea], [Carex austroalpina] or [Carex sempervirens] with, in particular, [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Pedicularis gyroflexa], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Knautia transalpina], [Astrantia major], [Asphodelus albus], [Traunsteinera globosa] and many composites and peas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.414","name":"Violet fescue swards and related communities","description":"Closed grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Apennines dominated by [Festuca violacea] or [Festuca nigrescens] and [Trifolium thalii], developed on deep, often superficially slightly acidified, soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.415","name":"Cantabrian thrift swards","description":"Chionophilous grasslands of deep soils, somewhat decalcified at the surface, of the subalpine, and locally of the alpine or upper montane, levels of the calcareous Cantabrian Mountains, dominated by [Armeria cantabrica], [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca glacialis] or [Festuca gautieri], associated with [Sesleria albicans], [Poa alpina], [Poa minor], [Festuca burnatii], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Agrostis schleicheri], and with [Anemone baldensis ssp. pavoniana], [Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp. discolor], [Jasione cavanillesii], [Pedicularis pyrenaica ssp. fallax], [Draba aizoides ssp. cantabriae], [Pimpinella siifolia], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Oxytropis halleri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.416","name":"Jura summital swards","description":"Localized mesophile grasslands of the subalpine level of the French, Swiss and Swabian Juras, with [Calamagrostis varia], [Laserpitium siler], [Laserpitium latifolium], [Dryas octopetala], [Eryngium alpinum], and very locally, [Carex ferruginea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.417","name":"Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4171","name":"Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia in the north to Montenegro in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41711","name":"Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of southern Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. bosniaca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41712","name":"Dinaric violet fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina dominated by [Festuca amethystina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41713","name":"Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina developed on deep, somewhat acidified soils, [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca amethystina], [Campanula scheuchzeri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4172","name":"Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pelagonides and the Rhodopide Pirin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41721","name":"Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the western Rhodope Mountains dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] or [Festuca penzesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E4.417211","name":"Pirin fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Pirin formed by the endemic [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] ([Festuca pirinensis]), with [Festuca penzesii], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Androsace villosa], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Centaurea tartarea], [Alyssum cuneifolium], [Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum] ([Cerastium lanatum]), [Linum capitatum], [Gentiana verna]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"E4.417212","name":"Slavianka pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Slavianka-Orvilos, dominated by the regional endemic [Festuca penzesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41722","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous feathergrass grasslands","description":"[Stipa]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41723","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous sesleria grasslands","description":"[Sesleria]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41724","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous fescue grasslands","description":"[Festuca]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4173","name":"Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41731","name":"Balkan closed calcicolous fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile fescue-dominated grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by the regional endemic [Festuca xanthina], associated with [Festuca varia s.s]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41732","name":"Balkan closed erect brome grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by [Bromus erectus], with [Lamium garganicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.41733","name":"Balkan closed evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, formed by [Sesleria nitida], [Carex sempervirens], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Lychnis viscaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.418","name":"Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4181","name":"Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands","description":"[Carex ferruginea]-rich closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4182","name":"Dinaric bellflower grasslands","description":"Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Montenegro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4183","name":"Western Balkanic calcicolous scabious-fescue grasslands","description":"Closed grasslands of deep coluvial soils formed in karst dolines of the western Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina, dominated by [Festuca nigrescens] or [Festuca paniculata], accompanied by a mixed cortège of acidophilous, neutrophilous and basiphilous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.42","name":"Wind edge naked-rush ([Kobresia myosuroides]) swards","description":"Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong winds in the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Oxytropis], [Draba], [Carex] spp. and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.421","name":"Alpine naked-rush swards","description":"Brown swards of Alpine crests and ridges submitted to extreme winds, dominated by [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.422","name":"Pyrenean naked-rush swards","description":"Relatively extensive [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the calcareous ranges of the Pyrenees, where the [Elyna]-[Oxytropis] swards represent the main grassland formation of the alpine level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.423","name":"Cantabrian naked-rush swards","description":"Uncommon [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the high summits of the Picos de Europa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.424","name":"Apennine naked-rush swards","description":"Very local [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the high crests of the Abruzzi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.425","name":"Carpathian naked-rush swards","description":"Very local formations of high summits of the Southern Carpathians (Bucegi Mountain) submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]), [Oxytropis carpatica], [Cerastium lanatum], [Silene acaulis], [Dryas octopetala], [Anthemis carpatica ssp. pyrethriformis], [Minuartia sedoides] and the endemic [Festuca bucegica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.426","name":"Scandinavian naked-rush swards","description":"[Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides])-dominated calcicline communities of exposed ridges of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of Scandinavian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.427","name":"Pirin naked-rush swards","description":"Extremely rare, local, exiguous open formations of ridges and outcrops of the high Pirin, at 2300 metres, submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]), [Oxytropis campestris var. sordida], [Silene acaulis], [Minuartia verna] and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.428","name":"Pelagonide naked-rush swards","description":"Local formations of the high Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka), submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.43","name":"Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland","description":"Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland alpine and sub-alpine grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean mountains, with very local outposts in the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.431","name":"Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Xero-thermophile stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northern and southeastern Alps, and locally, of the Jura, on slopes with shallow soil and snowcover of short duration, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Carex humilis], [Gentiana favratii], [Helianthemum alpestre], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Leontopodium alpinum], [Pedicularis rostratocapitata], [Pedicularis verticillata], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Ranunculus thora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4311","name":"Alpine blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Widespread calciphilous formations of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4312","name":"Jura blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Very local grasslands of the high Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.432","name":"Southern Alpine oatgrass-blue moorgrass swards","description":"Xero-thermophile, open, stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southern Alps, and particularly of the southwestern Alps, similar to those of the previous unit (E4.431), but in which [Carex sempervirens] is less prominent, while various oats, [Helictotrichon sedenense] ([Avena sedenensis]) ([Helictotrichon montanum], [Avena montana]), [Helictotrichon sempervirens], [Helictotrichon parlatorei], [Helictotrichon setaceum], or [Festuca dimorpha] become important components together with [Sesleria albicans], and oro-Mediterranean species such as [Globularia nana], [Hedysarum hedysaroides], [Lilium pomponium], [Centaurea triumfetti], [Ononis cristata] ([Ononis cenisia]), [Ononis striata], [Iberis sempervirens], [Aethionema ovalifolium], [Sempervivum calcareum], [Arenaria cinerea], [Alsine brunati], [Galeopsis reuteri], [Leuzea rhapontica ssp. bicknellii] ([Leuzea rhapontica], [Rhaponticum scariosum]) and the spiny [Astragalus sempervirens] appear; several of these species are local endemics of very restricted distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.433","name":"Cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the Alps, of the Carpathians and the Dinarics, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4331","name":"Alpine cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the southeastern Alps, and, to a lesser extent, of the northeastern Alps, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants among which [Saxifraga caesia], [Gentiana clusii], [Gentiana froelichii], [Gentiana terglouensis], [Crepis jacquinii], [Pedicularis rosea], [Saussurea pygmaea], [Dianthus monspessulanus ssp. sternbergii], [Primula wulfeniana], [Chamorchis alpina], [Sesleria albicans], [Carex mucronata], sometimes in association with mats of [Dryas octopetala]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4332","name":"Western Carpathian cushion sedge carpets","description":"[Carex firma]-dominated formations of high altitudes and dealpine stations of the calcareous northern Carpathians, with [Chamorchis alpina], [Crepis jacquinii], [Helianthemum alpestre], [Saxifraga caesia], [Viola alpina] and [Leontopodium alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4333","name":"Eastern Carpathian cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathians, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and accompanied by other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4334","name":"Dinaric cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the Dinarids of southwestern Slovenia and Croatia composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.434","name":"Pyrenean [Festuca gautieri] grasslands","description":"Open, xeric, stepped, scraped, species-rich grasslands of calcareous sunny slopes (adrets) in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Pyrenees, formed by the smooth, sharp-pointed, often curved-leaved [Festuca gautieri], [Festuca scoparia] and often rich in small cushiony plants; characteristic elements include [Koeleria vallesiana], [Helictotrichon sedenense] ([Avena montana]), [Sesleria albicans], [Sideritis hyssopifolia], [Sideritis endressii], [Helianthemum oelandicum var. hirtum], [Androsace villosa], [Gypsophila repens], [Acinos alpinus], [Paronychia serpyllifolia], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Arenaria grandiflora], [Astragalus sempervirens], [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Eryngium bourgatii], [Fritillaria pyrenaica], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Erigeron pyrenaicus], [Ononis cristata] ([Ononis cenisia]), [Onosma fastigiata], [Saponaria caespitosa], [Jurinea humilis], [Seseli nanum], [Arenaria tetraquetra], [Scorzonera aristata], [Thymelaea nivalis], [Iberis bernardiana], [Serratula nudicaulis], [Asperula cynanchica], [Polygala alpina], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Carex rupestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.435","name":"Oro-Iberian calciphilous stripped grasslands","description":"Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of calcareous upper slopes and summits in the subalpine and oro-Mediterranean levels of the Cantabrian mountains, the Iberian Range and the calcareous Baetic ranges, dominated by [Festuca hystrix], [Festuca burnatii], [Poa ligulata] or [Oreochloa confusa]. They are closely allied to the Iberian fescue frost-grasslands (unit E1.53) of the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of the same mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.436","name":"Apennine stripped grasslands","description":"Open, xerophile, stripped, stepped, scraped and garland grasslands of alpine and subalpine slopes and summits of the central and southern Apennines, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia] ([Sesleria juncifolia]), [Sesleria nitida], [Sesleria italica], [Festuca dimorpha], [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Cesleria laevis])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.437","name":"Helleno-Balkanic stripped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains, dominated by [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca graeca], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Stipa pulcherrima] with [Viola heterophylla ssp. graeca], [Minuartia verna], [Paronychia rechingeri], [Silene ciliata], [Dianthus minutiflorus], [Draba athoa], [Iberis sempervirens], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pulchella], [Acinos alpinus], [Edraianthus graminifolius], [Centaurea pindicola], [Galium anisophyllon], [Morina persica], [Bornmuellera baldaccii], [Bornmuellera tymphaea], [Poa pirinica], [Poa thessala], [Festuca olympica], and a few woody species, in particular [Daphne oleoides] and [Juniperus nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.438","name":"Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Dinarides, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp. including [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria klasterskyi], [Sesleria coerulans], [Sesleria rigida], [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria wettsteinii], [Festuca] spp., [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Dryas octopetala], [Leontopodium alpinum], [Saxifraga] spp., [Draba] spp., [Daphne oleoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4381","name":"Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia to Albania, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia] ([Sesleria juncifolia]), accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4382","name":"Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, submitted to more extreme temperature variations than the more northwestern formations of unit E4.4381, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis] or [Sesleria bielzii], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43821","name":"Pelagonide calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the high summits of the Pelagonides formed by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43822","name":"Rhodopide [Sesleria klasterskyi] grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pirin and the Slavianka, developed at altitudes above 2500 metres, formed by [Sesleria korabensis] ([Sesleria klasterskyi]), [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale], [Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi], [Saxifraga luteoviridis], [Achillea ageratifolia ssp. aizoon], [Draba lasiocarpa var. athoa], [Dryas octopetala]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4383","name":"Balkan Range calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open, calcicolous, dealpine grasslands of the Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, dominated by [Sesleria rigida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4384","name":"Montenegrine [Oxytropis] grasslands","description":"Open alpine grasslands of basic volcanic substrates of the Montenegrine Dinaric Bjelasica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.439","name":"Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the Carpathians, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp., [Festuca] spp., [Carex] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4391","name":"West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Northwestern Carpathians, dominated by, or rich in, [Sesleria tatrae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43911","name":"Tatra sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Species-rich tall open grasslands of calcareous stony and gravelly slopes of the subalpine and montane levels of the Tatras formed by [Sesleria tatrae], [Festuca tatrae], [Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum], with [Allium montanum], [Anthyllis alpestris], [Carduus glaucus], [Dianthus praecox], [Hieracium bifidum], [Hieracium bupleuroides], [Hieracium villosum], [Knautia kitaibelii], [Leontodon incanus], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Sempervivum soboliferum ssp. preissianum], [Thesium alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43912","name":"West Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians dominated by [Festuca versicolor]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43913","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian [Agrostis alpina] grasslands","description":"Open grasslands of the Northwestern Carpathians and the Sudeten formed by [Agrostis alpina] and [Festuca versicolor], intermediate between calciphile and acidophile formations, and between grasslands and rock communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E4.4392","name":"East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians, on slopes with shallow limestone soils, dominated by, or rich in [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Festuca versicolor], [Festuca amethystina], [Festuca saxatilis], [Carex sempervirens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43921","name":"East Carpathian sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands colonizing ledges, sills, crests of limestone rocks in the alpine and subalpine levels of the Eastern and the Southern Carpathians, formed by [Carex sempervirens] and [Sesleria] species, in particular, [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Sesleria heuflerana], or, at the contact with rock formations, by [Festuca saxatilis], [Sesleria] spp., [Carex sempervirens] and [Dianthus tenuifolius], accompanied by saxicolous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43922","name":"East Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands","description":"Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southeastern Carpathians, on shallow rendzinas of crests, summits and ledges, dominated by [Festuca versicolor] and [Carex sempervirens], with [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Cerastium transsilvanicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43923","name":"East Carpathian [Festuca amethystina] grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands of the lower alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians formed by [Festuca amethystina], with [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Carex sempervirens], [Allium ochroleucum], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Biscutella laevigata], [Linum perenne ssp. extraaxillare] ([Linum extraaxillare]), [Festuca saxatilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E4.43924","name":"East Carpathian [Festuca flaccida] grasslands","description":"Xero-mesophile open grasslands of sunny slopes (adrets) of the Rodnei mountains in the Eastern Carpathians dominated by the southeastern Carpathian endemic [Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida] ([Festuca flaccida]), developed on rendzinas overlying limestone substrates, ecologically similar to the Alpine violet fescue grasslands of unit E4.416, though more open."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.43A","name":"Balkan alpine and sub-alpine serpentine grasslands","description":"Habitats with sparse vegetation on stony serpentine soils in high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The dominant species are sedges [Carex humilis] and [Carex laevis], and grasses [Sesleria latifolia], [Sesleria rigida], [Stipa pulcherrima]. The occurrence of endemic and sub-endemic species is typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.44","name":"Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland","description":"High-altitude grass and sedge dominated formations of the Caucasus, of the Pontic Range, of the Elburz and of the Crimean mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.441","name":"Pontic alpine grassland","description":"Grasslands of the humid alpine level of the eastern Pontic Range, with [Campanula tridentata], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Poa alpina], [Festuca ovina] s.l., and of the humid subalpine level, occupied by pastures of [Festuca] spp., with [Luzula spicata], [Carex tristis], [Lotus corniculatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.442","name":"Caucasian alpine grassland","description":"Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of the high Caucasus, with a considerable variety of associations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.443","name":"Crimean alpine grassland","description":"Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E4.444","name":"Hyrcanian alpine grassland","description":"Extrasylvatic grasslands of the Elburz range of northern Iran, of limited extent and insularised, developed under humid alpine conditions, with [Dactylis glomerata], [Alopecurus] spp., [Sesleria phleoides], [Trifolium] spp., [Lotus corniculatus], [Polygonum bistorta], [Primula auriculata], [Pedicularis comosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E4.5","name":"Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland","description":"Enriched pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of mountains. Enriched hay meadows are listed under E2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.51","name":"Subalpine yellow oatgrass hay meadows","description":"[Trisetum flavescens]-dominated grasslands of the subalpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians, Balkans and the Jura. [Alchemilla] spp. dominates very often. Yellow oatgrass hay meadows are typically montane and are described under unit E2.3; these are subalpine equivalents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.52","name":"Rough hawkbit ([Leontodon hispidus]) pastures","description":"Species-poor manured cattle pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the western Alpids and their satellite ranges, with [Agrostis alpina], [Phleum alpinum], [Poa alpina], [Cerastium fontanum], [Crepis aurea], [Leontodon hispidus], [Trifolium badium], [Trifolium thalii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E4.53","name":"Dinaric sub-alpine tall grasslands","description":"High, closed Dinaric grasslands which are quite species-rich (alliance [Pancicion]). Grasses [Festuca fallax], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Nardus stricta] are dominant, together with tall species which give a specific visual aspect: [Pancicia serbica], [Astrantia elatior], [Leucanthemum vulgare] (s.l.), [Rhinanthus rumelicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E5","name":"Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands","description":"Stands of tall herbs or ferns, occuring on disused urban or agricultural land, by watercourses, at the edge of woods, or invading pastures. Stands of shorter herbs forming a distinct zone (seam) at the edge of woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E5.1","name":"Anthropogenic herb stands","description":"Stands of herbs developing on abandoned urban or agricultural land, on land that has been reclaimed, on transport networks, or on land used for waste disposal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.11","name":"Lowland habitats colonised by tall nitrophilous herbs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.12","name":"Weed communities of recently abandoned urban and suburban constructions","description":"Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.13","name":"Weed communities of recently abandoned rural constructions","description":"Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.14","name":"Weed communities of recently abandoned extractive industrial sites","description":"Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.15","name":"Land reclamation forb fields","description":"Expanses occupied by colonies of forbs, notably leguminous species, planted for purposes of soil protection, stabilization, fertilisation or reclamation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E5.2","name":"Thermophile woodland fringes","description":"Woodland edge (seam) vegetation of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral and submediterranean zones, composed of warmth-requiring drought-resistant herbaceous perennials and shrubs, which form a belt between dry or mesophile grasslands and the shrubby forest mantle, on the sunny side, where the nutrient supply is limited, or, sometimes, pioneering the woodland colonization into the grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.21","name":"Xero-thermophile fringes","description":"Hems of xerothermic mixed oak woods of middle Europe and its sub-Mediterranean approaches, mostly belonging to the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] or related groups of communities, extending north to the boreonemoral zone of Fennoscandia, with [Geranium sanguineum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Bupleurum] spp., [Origanum vulgare], [Inula] spp., [Dictamnus albus], [Anthericum ramosum], [Fragaria viridis], [Anemone sylvestris], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Peucedanum] spp., [Laserpitium latifolium], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Trifolium rubens], [Clematis recta], [Coronilla coronata], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Campanula] spp., [Veronica teucrium]. Vegetation of alliance [Geranion sanguinei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.22","name":"Mesophile fringes","description":"Mesophile and xero-acidocline hems of [Carpinion] and [Fagion] woods, developed on deeper soil than those of unit E5.21, or on siliceous substrates, with [Trifolium medium], [Trifolium ochroleucon], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Campanula baumgartenii], [Origanum vulgare], [Melampyrum] spp., [Valeriana wallrothii], [Agrimonia eupatoria], [Vicia] spp., [Lathyrus latifolius] and [Teucrium scorodonia]. Alliances [Trifolion medii], [Melampyrion pratensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E5.3","name":"Bracken fields","description":"Atlantic, sub-Atlantic, sub-Mediterranean and Macaronesian communities dominated by the large fern [Pteridium aquilinum], extensive and often closed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.31","name":"Sub-Atlantic bracken fields","description":"[Pteridium aquilinum] fields appearing as a recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic areas of continental Europe, including the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.32","name":"Macaronesian bracken fields","description":"[Pteridium aquilinum] facies of the heaths of the Atlantic Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.33","name":"Supra-Mediterranean bracken fields","description":"[Pteridium aquilinum] fields of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E5.4","name":"Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows","description":"Tall-herb and fern vegetation of the nemoral and boreal zones, including stands of tall herbs on hills and mountains below the montane level. Tall herbs are often dominant along watercourses, in wet meadows and in shade at the edge of woodlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.41","name":"Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses","description":"Tall herbs fringe communities on banks of runnning waters on gleyic soils with humus horizon. Characteristic species are [Petasites] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Urtica dioica], [Mentha longifolia], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Epilobium hirsutum] and [Geranium palustre]. Vegetation of [Calthion], [Senecionion fluviatilis], and [Petasition officinalis] is found in this unit. Often replaced by neophytes or ruderal plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.411","name":"Watercourse veils (other than of meadowsweet)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.4111","name":"[Angelica archangelica] fluvial communities","description":"[Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis] formations of great northern rivers, presently rare and threatened."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.4112","name":"[Angelica heterocarpa] fluvial communities","description":"[Angelica heterocarpa] formations of tidal estuaries of the Loire, the Charente and the Gironde; the species is a rare and very narrow endemic of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.4113","name":"Marsh mallow screens","description":"[Althaea officinalis] formations of river banks and marsh edges, particularly on somewhat saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.412","name":"Western nemoral river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.413","name":"Boreal river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet","description":"River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by [Filipendula ulmaria], with, among others, [Achillea ptarmica], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Galium uliginosum], [Geum rivale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana sambucifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.414","name":"Continental river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet","description":"River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.42","name":"Tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"Non-ruderal commuties of the alliance [Calthion]. [Filipendula ulmaria] is dominant here, [Crepis paludosa], [Iris sibirica], [Lythrum salicaria] and [Geranium palustre] are also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.421","name":"Western nemoral tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.422","name":"Boreal tall-herb communities of humid depressions","description":"River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by [Filipendula ulmaria], with, among others, [Achillea ptarmica], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Galium uliginosum], [Geum rivale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana sambucifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.423","name":"Continental tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.43","name":"Shady woodland edge fringes","description":"Nitro-hygrophilous communities of usually large-leaved herbs developing along the shaded side of wooded stands and hedges, with [Galium aparine], [Glechoma hederacea], [Geum urbanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Silene dioica], [Carduus crispus], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Lamium album], [Alliaria petiolata], [Lapsana communis], [Geranium robertianum], [Viola alba], [Viola odorata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.44","name":"Mediterranean grasslands on alluvial river banks","description":"Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of Mediterranean permanent or temporary water courses, most characteristic of great Mediterranean rivers, with [Paspalum paspalodes], [Paspalum vaginatum], [Polypogon viridis] ([Agrostis semiverticillata]), [Cyperus fuscus], [Catabrosa aquatica]. Vegetation of alliance [Paspalo-Agrostidion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E5.5","name":"Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands","description":"Luxuriant tall herb formations of deep, humid soils in the montane to alpine, but mostly subalpine, levels of the higher mountains, with [Cicerbita alpina], [Cicerbita alpina plumieri], [Cirsium helenioides], [Cirsium spinosissimum], [Cirsium flavispina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum napellus], [Aconitum nevadense], [Adenostyles alliariae], [Senecio elodes], [Veratrum album], [Trollius europaeus], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Doronicum austriacum], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Eryngium alpinum], [Leuzea rhapontica] ([Centaurea rhapontica]), [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Tozzia alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.51","name":"Alpic tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, the Central Massif and the Apennines. Vegetation of [Adenostylion] with dominant [Adenostyles alliariae] and [Veratrum album], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum] spp. and others also present. In the Carpathians these communities are represented also by alliance [Delphinion elati]. Some habitats are dominated by ferns (e.g. [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris filix-mas])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.511","name":"Alpine tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.512","name":"Jura tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.513","name":"Hercynian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Central Massif and of the great ranges of the Hercynian arc, in particular, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the major ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.514","name":"Carpathian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5141","name":"Carpathian adenostyles communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina] ([Mulgedium alpinum]), [Epilobium alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5142","name":"Carpathian fern communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians dominated by [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5143","name":"Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Aconitum] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E5.51431","name":"North Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the northwestern Carpathians formed by [Aconitum firmum] ([Aconitum callibotryon]), [Archangelica officinalis], [Delphinium oxysepalum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E5.51432","name":"East Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, occupying wet nutrient- and humus-rich colluvions of glacial cirque perimeters dominated by [Aconitum tauricum], with [Saxifraga heucherifolia] and a representation of species of the [Adenostylion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5144","name":"Carpathian butterbur communities","description":"Formations of the Carpathians dominated by [Petasites] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E5.51441","name":"Carpathian white butterbur communities","description":"[Petasites albus]-dominated formations of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Carpathians, with species typical of the [Adenostylion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E5.51442","name":"Carpathian glabrous butterbur communities","description":"[Petasites kablikianus]-dominated formations of shady streamsides of Carpathian mountain valleys, with [Orobanche flava], [Carduus personata], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.515","name":"Dinaric tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.516","name":"Apennine tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.52","name":"Alpic tall grass communities","description":"Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of high and moderately high mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges, dominated by tall grasses, accompanied by a species cortège similar to that of the subalpine tall-herb communities. They are bound to both siliceous and carbonate substrates. Characteristic species: [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. In the Carpathians they are represented by a very high number of associations included in the alliances [Calamagrostion villosae], [Trisetion fusci], [Festucion carpaticae] and [Calamagrostion arundinaceae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.521","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on siliceous substrates","description":"Dominant species are [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Trisetum fuscum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.522","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on carbonate substrates","description":"Dominant species are [Calamagrostis varia], [Festuca carpatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.523","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on drier and warmer slopes","description":"Dominant species are [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Laserpitium latifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.53","name":"Pyreneo-Iberian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, with [Valeriana pyrenaica] and [Adenostyles alliariae ssp. hybrida] ([Adenostyles alliariae ssp. pyrenaica])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.54","name":"Ibero-Mauritanian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of southern Iberian and North African mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.541","name":"Southern Iberian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb communities of the Sierra Nevada and other southern Iberian mountains, with the endemic [Cirsium flavispina], [Aconitum nevadense], [Senecio elodes]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.55","name":"Corsican Toadflax ([Cymbalaria]) tall-herb communities","description":"Tall-herb communities of the subalpine and lower alpine level of Corsica, limited to shady, strongly sloping corridors with prolonged snow cover and often with stabilised scree, formed by [Adenostyles briquetii], [Valeriana rotundifolia], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Cymbalaria hepaticifolia], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Viola biflora], and often several fern species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.56","name":"Corsican leopard's bane ([Doronicum]) tall-herb communities","description":"Tall herb riparian communities of stony and rocky torrents and of dripping rocks of the upper montane, subalpine and alpine levels of Corsica formed by [Doronicum corsicum], [Narthecium reverchonii], [Carex frigida], [Calamagrostris varia ssp. corsica], [Phalaris arundinacea var. rotgesii] ([Typhoides arundinacea ssp. rotgesii])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.57","name":"Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Hellenides and the mountains of Mediterranean Anatolia. Species: [Cirsium appendiculatum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Geum coccineum] from alliances [Cirsion appendiculati] and [Geion coccinei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.571","name":"Hellenic tall herb communities","description":"Riparian and spring-edge vegetation of the montane and subalpine level of the Pindus and the Thessalian mountains south to Giona and Parnassus, with [Cirsium appendiculatum], [Cirsium tymphaeum], [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. pyrenaicum] ([Heracleum pollinianum]), [Stachys alopecuros] ([Betonica jacquinii]), [Scrophularia umbrosa] ([Scrophularia samaritanii]), [Scrophularia scopolii], [Achillea grandifolia], [Campanula trachelium ssp. athoa], [Chaerophyllum aureum], [Epilobium obscurum], [Solidago virgaurea], [Veratrum album], [Geranium asphodeloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.572","name":"Moesian tall herb communities","description":"Montane meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of small splashing mountain torrents, moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. These communities harbour many species of the genus [Alchemilla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5721","name":"Moesian Balkan thistle tall herb communities","description":"[Cirsium appendiculatum] tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. The communities of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopides harbour several species endemic or rare in the region, including [Alchemilla plicatula], [Trollius europaeus], [Pinguicula vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5722","name":"Moesian butterbur tall herb communities","description":"[Petasites albus] or [Petasites hybridus] tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, with [Epilobium montanum], [Alchemilla] spp., [Carex] spp., [Geum coccineum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5723","name":"Moesian hogweed tall herb communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides dominated by [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. verticillatum], or [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. ternatum], extending south to the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodopide mountains of northeastern Greece, in particular, to Belles, Athos, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E5.5724","name":"Moesian scarlet avens tall herb communities","description":"[Geum coccineum] formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, south to the Varnous, Vernon, Vermion and Voras-Tzena groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.58","name":"Alpine dock communities","description":"Alpine and subalpine meso-hygrophile nitrophilous tall herb formations of the Alpine system and the higher Hercynian and Carpathian ranges, in particular, the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Fichtelgebirge, the Dinarides, characteristic of the vicinity of cattle and game resting places, with [Rumex alpinus], [Senecio alpinus], [Cirsium spinosissimum], [Aconitum napellus], [Geranium phaeum], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Urtica dioica], [Phleum alpinum] and, in eastern Carpathian communities, [Senecio subalpinus], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Achillea distans], [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum]. This habitat may have sometimes ruderal character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.59","name":"Oro-boreal tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the boreal mountains and of the Scottish Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.591","name":"Roseroot-cranesbill-woodrush oroboreal communities","description":"Generally species-rich communities of North Atlantic boreal mountains and uplands dominated by forbs of moderate stature, in particular, [Rhodiola rosea], [Alchemilla glabra], [Geranium sylvaticum], associated with [Angelica sylvestris], [Angelica archangelica], grasses, woodrushes or geophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.592","name":"Oroboreal tall forb communities","description":"Communities of the mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the Eurasian continent dominated by tall dicotyledonous herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E5.593","name":"Oroboreal tall grass and fern communities","description":"Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the northern Eurasian continent, dominated by tall grasses of genera [Calamagrostis], [Deschampsia], [Festuca] accompanied by ferns and a dicot species cortège similar to that of the oroboreal tall-herb communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.5A","name":"Ponto-Caucasian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Pontic Range, of the Caucasus, of the Crimean mountains and of the Elburz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E5.5B","name":"Alpine and subalpine fern stands","description":"Fern-dominated facies of the tall herb communities of the alpine and sub-alpine zone, with [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]), [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Dryopteris dilatata]; succession stages are often floristically more related to the small reed communities of E5.52."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E6","name":"Inland salt steppes","description":"Saline land with dominant salt-tolerant grasses and herbs. Excludes saline scrubland, listed under F6.8 xero-halophile scrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E6.1","name":"Mediterranean inland salt steppes","description":"Vegetated saline land of Mediterranean coastal regions and of the fringes of semiarid salt basins that lack drainage to the sea; often dominated by perennial, rosette-forming [Limonium] spp. or esparto grass, [Lygeum spartum]. The soils are temporarily permeated (though not inundated) by saline water and subject to extreme summer drying, with formation of salt efflorescences."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.11","name":"Mediterranean sea-lavender salt steppes","description":"Mediterranean salt steppes dominated by rosette-forming species of [Limonium] and with the presence of [Inula crithmoides], [Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus], [Elymus flaccidifolius], [Centaurium tenuiflorum], [Polypogon maritimus], [Polypogon monspeliensis], [Psilurus incurvus], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Halimione portulacoides], [Parapholis marginata], [Plantago crassifolia] and [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta]. Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarsh formations of [Camphorosma monspeliaca] or [Petrosimonia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.111","name":"Ibero-Tyrrhenian sea-lavender steppes","description":"Communities of salt basins of Iberia and of northwestern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subject to extreme summer drying, dominated by rosette-forming [Limonium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.112","name":"Adriatic sea-lavender steppes","description":"Communities of Adriatic and Ionian coasts dominated by rosette-forming species of [Limonium] or [Goniolimon], developed in coastal basins, coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subjected to extreme summer drying."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.113","name":"Aegeo-Levantine sea-lavender communities","description":"Formations of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by rosette-forming [Limonium] and [Goniolimon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.12","name":"Mediterranean esparto ([Lygeum]) salt steppes","description":"Saltmarsh and saltmarsh fringe formations of [Lygeum spartum] of coastal Crete, coastal and interior Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.13","name":"Mediterranean inland halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic (closed drainage) basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. Vegetation e.g. of [Frankenion pulverulentae]. They are more species-rich or richer in non-Chenopodiaceae than the communities of unit A2.551; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in unit E6.23."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E6.2","name":"Continental inland salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes and their associated salt-tolerant herbaceous communities outside the Mediterranean zone. In Europe they are found in the substeppe and steppe zones eastwards from the Hungarian Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.21","name":"Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"Salt steppes and saltmarsh meadows of the Pannonic plain and its satellite basins. Large expanses of salt steppe form an open landscape of short-grass swards on slightly elevated ground (unit E6.211) and of rills (units E6.213, E6.214), eroded shallow depressions with bare or sparsely vegetated saline soils, dry or moist in spring and prone to white salt efflorescences. Deeper rills, with less ephemeral water, support medium-tall saline meadows (unit E6.212). This unit is represented by the alliance [Beckmannion eruciformis] in the Carpathians and includes small-area fragments. Waterholes that dot the surface harbour brackish aquatic vegetation (unit C1.523) and are fringed by tall emergents (units C3, D5, in particular halophile communities of C3.27); their drying muds, subjected to prolonged immersion, are colonised by pioneer formations of Chenopodiaceae (unit D6.161) or crypsoid grasses (unit E6.23). These ensembles of communities are mainly represented in the central Pannonic plain, east of the Tisza, in the Danube lowlands of the Tisza-Danube interfluve and in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin. Smaller relics persist in the Danube lowlands of Slovakia, in the eastern Pannonic plain and Transylvanian basin of Romania, in the Voivodina and have survived until recently in Moravia, where they may now be extinct. Outside of the Pannonic basin, western outposts of the continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (unit E6.2) are also known from the Bohemian basin and from isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula; the Bohemian communities have long been extinct; the extremely localized Balkanic ones, although equally related to the Pannonic and Pontic formations, have, for convenience, been includedhere, since they share their extreme western location within the Eurasian salt steppe complex. Species composition depends on two gradients – soil moisture and salination. Important species are [Chenopodium chenopodioides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Spergularia salina], [Scirpus pumilus], [Juncus gerardi] and [Melilotus macrorrhizus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.211","name":"Saline puszta","description":"[Festuca pseudovina] swards of the slightly elevated natron shoulders and low benches of the Pannonic puszta, on saline but permanently dry soils with a thin humic layer. Together with the low-lying rills that score them, they constitute the main landscape of the saline Pannonian steppes; the formations of unit E6.2111 constitute the centre group of communities, those of unit E6.2113 mostly compose intermediate belts between these and the bare or sparsely vegetated rills, those of units E6.2112 and E6.2114 are edaphically or geographically limited variants, that of unit E6.2116 is both transitional to rill vegetation and geographically limited. The communities of unit E6.2115 comprise the transitions between the saline pusztas and saline steppe-forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2111","name":"Grassy saline puszta","description":"Dominant salt-steppe communities of dry soils of the Pannonic plain, capable of covering vast surfaces, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Achillea setacea], [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium pallidum], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum], [Lotus tenuis], [Centaurea pannonica], [Scilla autumnalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E6.21111","name":"Northern grassy saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities of the northern and central parts of the Pannonian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E6.21112","name":"Southern grassy saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities of the southern parts of the Pannonian basin, with [Trifolium subterraneum], [Scilla autumnalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"E6.21113","name":"[Agropyron] saline puszta","description":"Rare local salt-steppe formation of the Hortobagy, invaded by the tall, physiognomically dominant [Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus] ([Agropyron ruthenicum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2112","name":"Grassy psammo-saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities developed on sandy soils of the Pannonic plain, usually occupying much smaller surfaces than those of E6.211, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea asplenifolia]. They are locally a refuge for tall grass loess-steppe and sand-steppe species such as [Astragalus varius], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus aster], [Orchis ustulata], [Iris pumila]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2113","name":"[Artemisia] saline puszta","description":"Saline steppe communities of the Pannonic plain, of strong middle Asian affinities, developed on more low-lying surfaces than those of unit E6.2111, often on the periphery of rills, usually inundated in early spring, dominated by sward-forming [Festuca pseudovina] with a variable admixture of emergent [Artemisia], often physiognomically dominant, and patchy mass-occurrences of [Limonium]. Characteristic species include [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Artemisia maritima ssp. maritima], [Festuca pseudovina], [Limonium gmelinii], [Trifolium retusum] ([Trifolium parviflorum]), [Sedum caespitosum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] and the endemic [Plantago schwarzenbergiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2114","name":"East Pannonic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes or semideserts of the Transylvanian basin, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and species of Pontic and middle Asian affinities, such as [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2115","name":"Saline forest-edge meadow-steppe","description":"Medium tall meadow communities of the Pannonic basin characteristic, in particular, of clearings and edges of oak forests on saline soils covered by water in early spring, species-rich and with an admixture of species of mesophile grasslands, dry grasslands and salt steppes, in particular, [Peucedanum officinale], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Vicia narbonensis var. serratifolia], [Aster sedifolius] ([Aster punctatus]), [Aster linosyris], [Artemisia pontica], [Dianthus pontederae], [Rumex pseudonatronatus], [Iris spuria], [Orchis morio], [Festuca pseudovina], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Agrostis stolonifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2116","name":"East Pannonic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes","description":"Communities dominated by [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum], with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, transitional to formations of the [Puccinellion limosae] (unit E6.213)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.212","name":"Pannonic saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, developed on summer-dry carbonate-poor clay soils ([Beckmannion] communities) or on carbonate-rich or sandy soils ([Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] communities) of the Pannonic plain. The [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] formations are well represented in particular in western Pannonia, in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin and in the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2121","name":"Pannonic bent-grass saline meadows","description":"Medium-tall saline meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain, developed on less alkaline soils, poor in halophytic species, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Glyceria fluitans ssp. poiformis], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Sium sisaroideum] and the Pannonic endemic [Cirsium brachycephalum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2122","name":"Pannonic [Beckmannia] saline meadows","description":"Medium tall salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on more alkaline soils, richer in halophytic species but poorer in overall species richness than the communities of unit E6.2121, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Beckmannia eruciformis], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Puccinellia limosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2123","name":"Pannonic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows","description":"Medium-short salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Eleocharis palustris], [Eleocharis uniglumis], [Myosotis palustris], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Alopecurus geniculatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2124","name":"Pannonic saltmarsh rush saline meadows","description":"Pannonic salt-meadow communities of tussock-forming species installed on higher ground and less alkaline soils, subject to brief periods of water cover, with [Scorzonera parviflora], [Juncus gerardi], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Carex distans], [Taraxacum bessarabicum]; [Lotus tenuis], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Blackstonia serotina] are characteristic. They also harbour [Plantago maxima], [Ophrys scolopax], [Iris spuria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2125","name":"Pannonic divided sedge saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of low-lying, mostly long-inundated, areas of the Alföld of Hungary and southern Slovakia, with strongly alkaline soil, dominated by [Carex divisa], accompanied by [Triglochin palustris], [Triglochin maritima], [Orchis coriophora], [Orchis palustris] and, on the highest surfaces, [Ophrys sphegodes]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2126","name":"Dacian saline meadows","description":"Short-grass salt-meadow communities installed on high chloride soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, surrounding endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins) of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, composed of central Asian species such as [Peucedanum latifolium], together with [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Triglochin maritima], [Plantago cornuti], [Agrostis stolonifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.213","name":"Pannonic solonetz hollows","description":"Rill communities, mostly characteristic of the eastern part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-poor sandy or clayey solonetz soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2131","name":"Pannonic [Puccinellia limosa] hollows","description":"Communities of moist rills, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with a 50% to 80% cover, dominated by the small tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Mentha pulegium], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex tatarica], [Kochia prostrata], [Puccinellia distans ssp. distans], [Chenopodium botryodes]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2132","name":"Pannonic [Camphorosma] hollows","description":"Communities of dry rills, sparse and species-poor, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, though extending west to the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto), dominated by [Camphorosma annua], with [Chamomilla recutita], [Matricaria perforata], and, on more silty soils [Spergularia rubra], [Spergularia marina], [Spergularia media]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2133","name":"Pannonic [Bassia sedoides] hollows","description":"Rare formations of dry rills of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2134","name":"Pannonic [Pholiurus-Plantago] hollows","description":"Communities of moist rills, wet until the beginning of summer, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora], [Myosurus minimus] and the blue alga [Nostoc commune]. They reach their western limit at the Neusidlersee (Lake Ferto) where they are extremely rare and endangered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2135","name":"Pannonic barley hollows","description":"Halonitrophile, zooanthropogenous formations of the Pannonic salt steppes dominated by [Hordeum hystrix] ([Hordeum geniculatum]) and [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Elymus repens], [Lotus tenuis] ([Lotus glaber]), [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Scorzonera cana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.214","name":"Pannonic solonchak hollows","description":"Poolside and rill communities, mostly characteristic of the western part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-rich sandy or clayey solonchak soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2141","name":"Pannonic [Lepidium-Puccinellia limosa] hollows","description":"Rill formations of the Alföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, with large tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] surrounding bare low-lying surfaces. Characteristic species include [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Plantago maritima], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus] and the extinct [Puccinellia pannonica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2142","name":"Seewinkel [Puccinellia peisonis] swards","description":"Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, developed along the shores of salt pools on solonchaks that remain wet until the beginning of summer, with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis]), [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Plantago maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2143","name":"Pannonic [Lepidium-Camphorosma] hollows","description":"Sparse communities of hollows of the western Pannonic salt steppes, in particular of the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, of eastern Transdanubia and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, developed on higher, drier ground than those of units E6.2141 and E6.2142."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2144","name":"Seewinkel [Lepidium] swards","description":"Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee basin, developed along the shores of salt ponds, where it occupies higher ground or more landward locations of the solonchak belt than the [Puccinellia] swards of unit E6.2142, and is submitted to more extreme conditions of high saltiness and summer soda efflorescences resulting from a briefer annual period of soaking and less frequent inundations. [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium] dominates alone or in association with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.215","name":"Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes","description":"Interior halophile communities of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, isolated southwestern outlyers of the Ponto-Pannonic formations, developed in the low rainfall areas of the Vardar-upper Morava trough and and of associated or neighbouring small intermontane basins, in particular, within the Pelagonian and Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2151","name":"Pelago-Vardarian saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses of the intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the northern Vardar and Strumica basins in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and from Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2152","name":"Pelago-Vardarian solonetz hollows","description":"Rill communities of interior salt-steppe and saltmarsh complexes of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the Vardar trough of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with [Camphorosma annua], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2153","name":"Pelago-Vardarian [Camphorosma monspeliaca] flats","description":"[Camphorosma monspeliaca]-dominated formations of saline flats of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the Vardar trough in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2154","name":"Central Paeonian salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the central F.Y.R. of Macedonia developed in the Vardar trough between Titov Veles, Stip and Negotino."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.22","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"Salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western and northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the lower Danube, the Prut, the Dniester, the Dnieper, the Don, and of the southern Russian hills, north of the Caspian depression and west of the Volga-Kama trough, associated with the steppes of unit E1.2D. Coastal saltmarshes of the Black Sea and Azov Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.221","name":"Western Pontic saline steppes","description":"Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2211","name":"Western Pontic [Achillea]-[Festuca] steppes","description":"Haloxerophile grassland communities dominated by [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea setacea] accompanied by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum] (Trifolium parviflorum]), of the lower Danube basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2212","name":"Western Pontic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the western Pontic region dominated by [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens] and [Festuca pseudovina], accompanied by [Limonium gmelinii], [Camphorosma annua], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Poa bulbosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2213","name":"Western Pontic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the lower Danube basin, with [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra], [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2214","name":"Western Pontic [Peucedanum]-[Festuca] salt steppes","description":"Communities of weakly saline soils of salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains dominated by [Festuca pseudovina] and [Peucedanum latifolium], accompanied by [Aster sedifolius], [Aster linosyris], [Achillea collina], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Potentilla argentea], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Poa pratensis], [Carex praecox]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2215","name":"Western Pontic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes","description":"Communities of [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum] with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the lower Danube basin and of northern Thrace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.222","name":"Western Pontic saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, sedges or rushes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains, with local representatives in the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2221","name":"Western Pontic [Zingeria] saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Oltenia harbouring the Valacho-Anatolo-Caucasian [Zingeria pisidica] and the sub-Mediterranean [Trifolium resupinatum], [Trifolium michelianum], [Medicago arabica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2222","name":"Western Pontic [Beckmannia] saline meadows","description":"Western Pontic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows, with [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Rorippa kerneri], [Carex melanostachya], [Peplis portula], [Aster tripolium], [Ranunculus lateriflorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2223","name":"Western Pontic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows","description":"Medium-short salt-meadow communities of Muntenia and Oltenia, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Eleocharis palustris], [Alopecurus geniculatus], [Glyceria fluitans], [Cerastium dubium], [Rorippa sylvestris ssp. kerneri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2224","name":"Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of carbonate-rich or sandy soils of the western Black Sea and Danube plains, dominated by or rich in [Juncus gerardi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2225","name":"Western Pontic divided sedge saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Muntenia, Oltenia, the Dobrogea and the Danube delta, occupying moderately saline soils, dominated by [Carex divisa], with [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Cirsium alatum], [Juncus littoralis], [Schoenus maritimus], [Halimione pedunculata], [Spergularia media]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2226","name":"Western Pontic arrow-grass sea-aster saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Muntenia, dominated by [Triglochin palustris] and [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], developed on soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, with [Spergularia marina], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Crypsis aculeata], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Puccinellia distans], [Suaeda maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2227","name":"Western Pontic tall grass and rush saline beds","description":"Formations of western Black Sea saltmarshes and of saline depressions of the western Pontic plains, dominated by tall rushes of the [Juncus maritimus] group or tall grasses, in particular [Phacelurus digitatus] and [Elymus elongatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.223","name":"Western Pontic solonetz hollows","description":"Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes and other inland saline flats subject to inundation and desiccation of the western Black Sea plain, as well as on the higher ground of western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes, with outposts in the lower Danube valley and the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2231","name":"Western Pontic [Puccinellia] solonetz swards","description":"Grassy formations of western Black Sea coastal and inland solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, constituted by [Puccinellia festuciformis] and its subspecies ([Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia]) or [Puccinellia distans] ([Puccinellia limosa]), in monospecific swards or accompanied by other halophytes including [Hordeum hystrix], [Crypsis aculeata], [Suaeda maritima], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Camphorosma annua], [Salicornia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Spergularia] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2232","name":"Western Pontic [Camphorosma annua] hollows","description":"[Camphorosma annua] formations with [Puccinellia limosa], [Aeluropus littoralis], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Bassia sedoides], [Lepidium crassifolium], [Spergularia media], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] of the Black Sea and lower Danube plain of eastern Romania, and of northern Thrace in the middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins, the Studena River valley, the Veliko Tarnovo, Yambol and Burgas districts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2233","name":"Western Pontic [Bassia sedoides] hollows","description":"Rare formations of dry rills of the western Pontic salt steppes of Muntenia, Moldavia and the Danube delta, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2234","name":"Western Pontic [Pholiurus]-[Plantago] hollows","description":"Formations of western Pontic solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, with outposts in the northern Thracian basin, composed by [Pholiurus pannonicus] and/or [Plantago tenuiflora], with [Myosurus minimus], [Puccinellia limosa], [Puccinellia distans], [Matricaria chamomilla], [Lepidium ruderale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2235","name":"Western Pontic [Hordeum hystrix] swards","description":"Grassy solonetz or solonchak-solonetz formations of the western Black Sea coast and lower Danube plain and of the northern Thracian basin, dominated by [Hordeum hystrix], often accompanied by [Poa bulbosa], [Crypsis] spp., [Trifolium neglectum], [Cynodon dactylon], [Lepidium ruderale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.224","name":"Western Pontic solonchak communities","description":"Communities dominated by Ponto-Pannonic perennial grasses and herbs, or by Ponto-Caspian steppe and semidesert zone annuals and perennials, developed on solonchak or solonchak-solonetz soils of the western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of the salt basins of adjacent lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.225","name":"Western Pontic salt scrubs","description":"Scrubby formations of [Halimione verrucifera], [Halocnemum strobilaceum] and [Nitraria schoberi], accompanied by [Artemisia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Petrosimonia] spp., colonizing saltmarshes and salt basins of western Black Sea coastal areas and of the lower Danube valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.226","name":"Sarmatic saline steppes","description":"Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the southern periphery of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian and the Volga plateaux, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains, west to the upper Prut basin and east to the Volga-Kama."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2261","name":"Sarmatic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] salt steppes","description":"Halophilous communities of shady slopes of the Sarmatic steppe region composed of [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], with [Halimione pedunculata], [Aster tripolium], [Bassia sedoides], [Puccinellia distans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2262","name":"Sarmatic [Petrosimonia] salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the Sarmatic region, west to Romanian Moldavia, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia oppositifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2263","name":"Sarmatic [Limonium]-[Festuca] salt steppes","description":"[Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Festuca pseudovina] and [Limonium tomentellum] saline steppes formed on deeply columnar solonetz of loess river terraces of the Ukrainian forest-steppe and steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.227","name":"Sarmatic saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic humid meadow communities of the [Puccinietalia], particularly of the [Beckmannion] and [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii], developed on moderately saline, permanently humid soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2271","name":"Sarmatic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows","description":"Communities occupying small, permanently humid, weakly saline depressions of the Sarmatic salt-steppes and saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2272","name":"Sarmatic [Leuzea altaica] saline meadows","description":"Meso-hygrophile hay meadows of Moldavia, developed on weakly saline soils, with [Leuzea salina], [Peucedanum latifolium], [Iris halophila], [Aster sedifolius], [Scorzonera austriaca var. aucronata], [Lotus tenuis], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Juncus gerardi], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Plantago schwarzenbergiana], [Limonium gmelinii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2273","name":"Sarmatic [Iris halophila] saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic saline meadows formed on alluvial sandy, weakly saline soils, with a high diversity of halophile species, with [Iris halophila], [Camphorosma annua], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia distans], [Atriplex littoralis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2274","name":"Sarmatic [Juncus gerardii] saline meadows","description":"Communities of [Juncus gerardi] with [Aster tripolium], [Puccinellia limosa], [Spergularia media], [Lotus tenuis], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Centaurium pulchellum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"E6.2275","name":"Sarmatic [Carex distans] saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic formations dominated by [Carex distans], of soils with low humidity and very low salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.228","name":"Sarmatic solonetz hollows","description":"Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.229","name":"Sarmatic solonchak hollows","description":"Communities dominated by perennial grasses and herbs or by steppe and semidesert zone annuals, developed on solonchak soils of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.23","name":"Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]","description":"Sparse solonchak formations of annual grasses of genus [Crypsis] ([Heleochloa]), accompanied by [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Spergularia media] ([Spergularia marginata]), [Camphorosma annua], [Spergularia marina] ([Spergularia salina]), [Salicornia] spp., [Lepidium latifolium], [Chenopodium] spp., [Atriplex] spp., colonizing drying muds of humid depressions of the salt steppes and saltmarshes (c.f. unit E6.21) of Eurasia, from Pannonia to the Far East. In some countries it is a very rare habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.231","name":"Ponto-Pannonic [Acorellus] community","description":"Pioneer community of the salt basins of the Pannonic Plain, of Muntenia, the Danube delta, the Dobrogea, the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coastlands and steppes, characteristic of sandy soils, with [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"E6.232","name":"Pontic [Frankenia pulverulenta] communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals dominated by [Frankenia pulverulenta] colonizing salt muds susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying in openings within [Artemisio austriacae-Poetum bulbosae] or [Obionetum pedunculatae] communities of lagoon systems of the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Danube Delta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"E6.24","name":"Central Balkan salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"The flora and vegetation of Central Balkan salt steppes and marshes are intermediate in character, influenced both by Pannonian and Mediterranean salt habitats. The vegetation represents a complex mosaic of diverse herb communities. The most frequently dominant species are [Puccinellia convoluta] or [Puccinellia distans], growing in depressions of saltmarshes, where ephemeral vegetation of annuals [Plantago coronopus], [Myosurus minimus], [Camphorosma monspeliaca] etc. is also typical. On higher parts of the saltmarsh micro-relief [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium nigrescens], [Ranunculus marginatus], [Ranunculus pedatus], [Scilla autumnalis], [Allium guttatum] are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"E7","name":"Sparsely wooded grasslands","description":"Grasslands with a wooded overstorey that normally has less than 10% cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E7.1","name":"Atlantic parkland","description":"Extensive surfaces of Atlantic regions of nemoral Europe occupied by grassland dotted with widely planted trees, characteristic of the British Isles, where they are usually enclosed, used for cattle or deer grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E7.2","name":"Sub-continental parkland","description":"Grassland dotted with widely planted trees, to the east of the Atlantic zone of nemoral Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"E7.3","name":"Dehesa","description":"A characteristic landscape of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula in which crops, pasture land or Mediterranean scrub, in juxtaposition or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to very open canopy of native oaks, [Quercus suber], [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]. It is an important habitat of raptors, including the threatened Iberian endemic eagle [Aquila adalberti], of the crane [Grus grus], of large insects and their predators and of the endangered Iberian lynx [Lynx pardinus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"F","name":"Heathland, scrub and tundra","description":"Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally inundated (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. Tundra is characterised by the presence of permafrost. Heathland and scrub are defined as vegetation dominated by shrubs or dwarf shrubs of species that typically do not exceed 5 m maximum height. Includes shrub orchards, vineyards, hedges (which may have occasional tall trees). Also includes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3 m high, such as occur in extreme alpine conditions. Includes [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes coppice (G5.7) and [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland (G1.4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F1","name":"Tundra","description":"Vegetated land with graminoids, shrubs, mosses or macrolichens overlying permafrost. European tundras are limited to Spitzbergen and northern Russia. Vegetation with the same species also occurs on boreal mountains and in the low arctic remote from the main permafrost region, notably in Fennoscandia and Iceland; these oroboreal and low arctic habitats are listed under alpine and subalpine grassland E4 or arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub F2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F1.1","name":"Shrub tundra","description":"Tundras of the southernmost tundra belt, characterized by an abundance of medium small and small shrubs, including 1-2 m tall [Alnus fruticosa], 0.5-0.8 m tall [Salix lanata], [Betula nana], [Betula exilis], [Salix reptans], [Salix pulchra], and of dwarf shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum decumbens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus]. They extend south to the wooded taiga belt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F1.11","name":"Western shrub tundra","description":"Southern tundras of Europe, comprising Kola tundras in the west, the southern part of the Eastern European tundras from the Kanin peninsula to the Ural piedmont, and the southern part of the Uralo-Vaikatchan tundras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F1.2","name":"Moss and lichen tundra","description":"Tundras of the middle tundra belt, characterized by a thick cover of mosses, formed notably by [Hylocomium splendens], [Aulacomnium turgidum], [Tomentypnum nitens], [Ptilidium ciliare], with dwarf shrubs, particularly [Dryas octopetala], [Cassiope tetragona], [Salix reptans], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], sedges, among which the often dominant [Carex ensifolia]. Drier stands alternate in mosaic fashion with wetter areas dominated by sedges, in particular, [Carex stans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum scheuchzeri], and grasses, notably [Arctophila fulva], [Dupontia fischeri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F1.21","name":"Reindeer moss - espalier willow tundra","description":"Moss and lichen tundras of the northern Kanin peninsula, Kolguiev island, the northeastern European Petchora tundras, the Kara sea tundras, the southern Yamal peninsula, the southern Gyda peninsula, the southern Taimyr peninsula, in the Ienissei and Piasana basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F1.22","name":"Moss tundra","description":"Moss and lichen tundras of the middle Taimyr peninsula, on the southern flanks of the Byrranga Range, and in the Taimyr basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F2","name":"Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub","description":"Scrub occurring north of or above the climatic tree limit, but outside the permafrost zone. Scrub occurring close to but below the climatic tree limit, where trees are suppressed either by late-lying snow or by wind or repeated browsing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F2.1","name":"Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub","description":"[Salix] scrub composed of species that rarely exceed 1.5 m in height. Dwarf willow scrub is well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands. In mountains of the nemoral and warm-temperate zones, stands of dwarf willow scrub are of much smaller extent and are charactistic of late-lying snow patches. They occur in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus, and very locally to the south in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini and Abruzzi. They occur locally in the Scottish Highlands and in the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.11","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch dwarf willow scrub","description":"Acidophile or acidocline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Creeping species dominate, adapted to the short growth season in areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months. Typical species: [Salix herbacea], [Carex firma], [Dryas octopetala], [Salix retusa], [Aster alpinus] and [Carex sempervirens]. Endemic species are also often found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.111","name":"Alpic acid dwarf willow snow-patch communities","description":"Dwarf willow ([Salix herbacea]) snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarids, the Pelagonides, the Pirin and Rila mountains, occupying areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.112","name":"Oroboreal moss-dwarf willow snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by dwarf willows embedded in dense bryophyte carpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.12","name":"Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch dwarf willow scrub","description":"Calciphile or calcicline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Typical species: [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], [Salix polaris], [Salix kitaibeliana], [Poa alpina], [Selaginella selaginoides] and [Polygonum viviparum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.121","name":"Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of calcareous stone fields submitted to relatively long snow-cover of the Alpids and the boreal mountains, with [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.1211","name":"Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of snow-bound calcareous stone fields of the Alpids, with the net-leaved willow, [Salix reticulata], and the retuse-leaved willow, [Salix retusa], or with [Salix kitaibeliana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.12111","name":"Alpide [Salix retusa-reticulata] snowbed communities","description":"[Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] communities of calcareous stone fields with late-lying snow cover, of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains and their associated ranges, with [Gentiana bavarica], [Dryas octopetala], [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria rigida var. haynaldiana], [Carex parviflora], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga sempervivum], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Homogyne discolor], [Veronica alpina], [Veronica aphylla], [Plantago atrata] ([Plantago montana]), [Bartsia alpina], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Achillea schurii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.12112","name":"Carpathian [Salix kitaibeliana] snowbed communities","description":"Distinctive snow patch communities, endemic to the Eastern Carpathians, in particular, to the Rodnei Mountains, formed by the Carpathian endemics [Salix kitaibeliana] and [Soldanella hungarica ssp. hungarica], with [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Polygonum viviparum], [Oreochloa disticha], [Doronicum clusii], and, more sporadically, the Eastern Carpathian endemics [Poa deylii] and [Lychnis nivalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.1212","name":"Scandinavian espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of calcareous stonefields in mountains in heavy-rainfall areas of boreal and arctic Scandinavia dominated by [Salix reticulata], often exclusively, and [Poa alpina], with a sparser participation of, among others, [Salix polaris], [Antennaria alpina], [Pinguicula alpina], [Silene acaulis], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Viola biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Festuca vivipara], [Equisetum variegatum], [Selaginella selaginoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.122","name":"Polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Chionophilous communities of boreal and arcto-alpine Palaearctic mountains and of islands of the polar basin dominated by, or rich in, [Salix polaris], associated with mosses and small forbs, developed, at least in the boreal and arcto-alpine regions, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.1221","name":"Fenno-Scandian polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, characteristic of the edges of snowfields on calcareous often stone-littered soils with near-surface ground water or moisture in early spring and little or no solifluction, constituted by dense carpets of mosses and forbs in which [Salix polaris] dominates, often totally; the species cortège includes [Salix reticulata], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Erigeron uniflora], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Minuartia biflora], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Silene acaulis], [Taraxacum croceum], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Veronica alpina], [Viola biflora], [Carex lachenalii], [Poa alpina f. vivipara] and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.1222","name":"Spitzbergen polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Snowbed communities of islands of the polar basin, in particular, of Spitzbergen with [Salix polaris], [Luzula confusa], [Pedicularis hirsuta], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium arcticum], [Dicranum elongatum], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Gymnomitrion coralloides], [Anthelia juratzkana], [Cetraria delisei], [Stereocolon alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.13","name":"Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch dwarf willow scrub","description":"Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F2.2","name":"Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub","description":"Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub formations of the alpine and subalpine zones of mountains, dominated by ericaceous species, [Dryas octopetala], dwarf junipers, brooms or greenweeds; [Dryas] heaths of the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.21","name":"Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths","description":"Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, [Loiseleuria procumbens], prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. or other prostrate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichens [Cetraria islandica], [Cladonia] spp., of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, with an outpost in the Balkan Peninsula: Šar planina (Kosovo)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.211","name":"Alpide dwarf azalea heaths","description":"Dwarf alpine heaths of the western Alps dominated by [Loiseleuria procumbens], often accompanied by [Vaccinium] spp., and rich in lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.212","name":"Alpide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"Very low, single-stratum, carpets of prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichens, of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, for the most part [Vaccinium]-dominated facies of the trailing azalea communities, in which [Loiseleuria procumbens] often accompanies [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] or [Vaccinium uliginosum], the latter represented, as in F2.211, F2.24 and F2.2A, by the distinctive low, small-leaved, creeping, mat-forming entity variously referred to as [Vaccinium gaultherioides], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], [Vaccinium alpina], [Vaccinium pubescens], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. pubescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2121","name":"Alps dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"Prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2122","name":"Carpathian dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"Very local prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of high windswept summits and peaks, in the lower alpine belt of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Vaccinium gaultherioides] ([Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum]) and [Cetraria islandica] with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Juncus trifidus], [Festuca airoides] and [Cetraria islandica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.213","name":"Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the mountains of the Rhodopide system and of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2131","name":"Rhodopide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the Rila and Pirin mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2132","name":"Balkan Range dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths","description":"[Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichen mats occupying windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Balkan Range, local and fragmented representatives of communities of unit F2.2131 of the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.214","name":"Pontic dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"Prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], or rarely [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], and lichen mats of high windswept localities in the Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.22","name":"Alpide acidocline alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron] spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with dwarf pines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.221","name":"Alpine rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with [Pinus mugo]. They often alternate in mosaic with units F2.231 and F2.24."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.222","name":"Pyrenean rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Pyrenees, often with [Vaccinium] spp. and alternating in mosaic with units  F2.231 and F2.24."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.223","name":"Dinaric rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of the Dinaric alps"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.224","name":"Carpathian Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"Heaths of the subalpine and lower alpine levels (1700-2000 m) of the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains, common and widespread, but occupying small surfaces, dominated by [Rhododendron myrtifolium] ([Rhododendron kotschyi]), [Vaccinium gaultherioides] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with some regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Campanula abietina] and [Campanula serrata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.225","name":"Balkan Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2251","name":"Balkan Range Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2252","name":"Rila Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the eastern Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.226","name":"Pontic alpenrose heaths","description":"Heaths of the Pontic Range, formed, mostly above treeline, by [Rhododendron caucasicum], [Rhododendron smirnovii], [Rhododendron ungernii], [Rhododendron x sochadzeae], sometimes with [Rhododendron ponticum], [Rhododendron luteum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.23","name":"Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf juniper scrub","description":"Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearctic mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.231","name":"Mountain [Juniperus nana] scrub","description":"Thermophile [Juniperus nana]-dominated heaths of the upper levels, mostly of the subalpine or equivalent levels, of the Alps, mostly in the central and southern chains, of the northern and central Apennines, the Corsican and Sardinian mountains, the Forez, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Caucasus, the high mountains of the Iberian and Hellenic peninsulas, the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Himalayan system, the temperate Far Eastern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.232","name":"[Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"[Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia, the Alps, the Apennines, the Tell of North Africa, the southeastern Central European mountains, the Pontic Range, the Anti-Taurus, the western Caucasus, Crimea, the Elburz, the Altai."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2321","name":"Iberian [Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"Oro-Mediterranean [Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia north to the Pyrenees, where they are limited to south-facing slopes in the montane and subalpine belt of the central part of the range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2322","name":"Alpine [Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"[Juniperus sabina] heaths of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys with sporadic fragmentary occurrence in the alti-Mediterranean subalpine level of the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2323","name":"Apennine [Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"[Juniperus sabina] heaths of rare stations in the Marcho-Abruzzian Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2324","name":"Dinarid [Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"[Juniperus sabina] heaths of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2325","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic [Juniperus sabina] scrub","description":"Thermophile [Juniperus sabina]-dominated formation on limestone in the montane belt of the Apuseni Mountains of the southeastern Carpathians, accompanied by regional species [Rhamnus saxatilis ssp. tinctorius] and [Sesleria rigida], [Thymus comosus], and [Rhamnus catharticus]. Sporadic fragmentary [Juniperus sabina] formations of the Balkan Range and the Rila mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.233","name":"[Juniperus hemisphaerica] scrub","description":"[Juniperus hemisphaerica] heaths of Iberia, the southern Apennines, Sicily (Madonie, Nebrodi, Etna), Greece, the Caucasus and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.234","name":"Mountain [Juniperus oxycedrus] scrub","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus] heaths of high mountain slopes of Greece, the Near East and the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.24","name":"Alpigenic high mountain crowberry - heather heaths","description":"Dwarf heaths of alliances [Loiseleurio-Vaccinion] and [Juncion trifidi] dominated by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum] and [Vaccinium] spp., with [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Festuca supina], [Avenula versicolor]; lycopodes ([Huperzia selago], [Diphasiastrum alpinum]), mosses ([Barbilophozia lycopodioides], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus]) and lichens ([Cetraria islandica], [Cladonia] spp., [Peltigera aphthosa]) of the subalpine belt of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, the Sudeten, the Jura, the Northern Apennines, characteristic of relatively windswept, snow-free stations, in frost-exposure situations that are, however, less extreme than those prevailing where communities of unit F2.21 dominate. Unlike the formations of F2.21, those of F2.24 are clearly two-layered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.25","name":"Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths","description":"Alpine and high-montane heaths of the highlands and islands of Scotland and, very locally, of the Lake District and of Ireland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths of Iceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of the Urals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just south of, the limits of the boreal zone, with [Juniperus nana], [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Phyllodoce caerulea], [Betula nana] and elements of alpine flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.251","name":"Hiberno-Scotian dwarf mountain heaths","description":"Prostrate alpine and high-montane [Calluna vulgaris] or [Vaccinium myrtillus] heaths of windswept summits and ridges, with little snow cover, of the Highlands, the Inner Hebrides and, very locally, of the uplands of Ireland, England and Wales, with [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.252","name":"Britannic chionophilous boreo-montane heaths","description":"Low- to very low-growing low alpine and subalpine [Vaccinium myrtillus] heaths of the Highlands of Scotland, Skye, and, locally, the Southern Uplands and northern England, characteristic of somewhat more protected stations with longer snow cover than those of unit F2.251, with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Cornus suecica], [Carex bigelowii], [Racomitrium lanuginosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.253","name":"Scotian juniper heaths","description":"Prostrate [Juniperus nana] mats of the Highlands of Scotland, restricted to a limited number of stations on the west side of mountains in the northwest Highlands and on Skye, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Cladonia uncialis], [Racomitrium lanuginosum] and oceanic hepatics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.254","name":"Fenno-Scandian boreo-alpine heaths","description":"Alpine heaths of the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, with [Juniperus nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Vaccinium] spp., [Arctostaphylos alpinus], dwarf [Salix] spp., [Betula nana] and elements of alpine flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.255","name":"North Atlantic boreo-alpine heaths","description":"Lowland and alpine boreal heaths of Iceland, Spitzbergen and Greenland formed by low, compact or mat-forming shrubs of Ericaceae, [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Betula nana], [Juniperus nana] and [Salix] spp. and alpine flora elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.256","name":"Arctic heaths","description":"Heaths of arctic mountains, coasts and islands of the Palaearctic zone, mostly dominated by or rich in [Cassiope tetragona], often associated with [Dryas] heaths of unit F2.294."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.26","name":"Heaths of spike heath ([Bruckenthalia])","description":"Formations of [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], often accompanied by [Juniperus nana], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and herbaceous alpine grassland species, occupying damp, non-calcareous substrates of high mountains of the Balkan peninsula and northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.261","name":"Rhodopide [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"[Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] heaths of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin, the Slovianka, the Rhodopes, the Vrondous, the Menikion and the Pangeon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.262","name":"Northwestern Hellenide [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"[Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Pelagonian mountains, south to the Varnous, the Vitsi, the Piperitsa, the Voras, the Pinovon, the Tzena, of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Kerkini (Belles range), and of the Pieria in the northern Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.263","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"[Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the Balkan Range, with northern representatives in the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2631","name":"Balkan range [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"[Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2632","name":"Carpathian [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"Sporadically distributed formations in the Apuseni Mountains and the southern Carpathians, dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], accompanied by [Juniperus nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and the endemic or near-endemic [Campanula patula ssp. abietina] ([Campanula abietina]), [Campanula serrata] and [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.264","name":"Anatolian [Bruckenthalia] heaths","description":"Scattered dwarf shrub formations dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], of the alpine and subalpine belt of high mountains of northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.27","name":"Alpide bearberry ([Arctostaphylos]) heaths","description":"Mats of [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] or [Arctostaphylos alpinus] of the alpine, subalpine and locally, montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (including Athos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon and Kajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.28","name":"Alpide hairy alpenrose - [Erica] heaths","description":"Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides, with [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea], often accompanied by [Clematis alpina], [Daphne striata], [Daphne mezereum], [Globularia cordifolia], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]. [Rhododendron hirsutum] and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, [Erica herbacea] are the most frequent dominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. [Arctostaphylos] spp. -dominated facies have, however, been been included in unit F2.27."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.281","name":"Hairy alpenrose heaths","description":"Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats dominated by [Rhododendron hirsutum], of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides. [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea] may participate in the constitution of the heath, often accompanied by [Clematis alpina] and [Daphne mezereum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.282","name":"Alpine erica heaths","description":"Species-rich montane, subalpine and low alpine heaths of calcareous soils of the Alps and the Dinarids, dominated by [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), mostly characteristic of the Austrian northern and southern calcareous Alps, south to the Dolomites and the Karawanken, with [Sesleria albicans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Daphne striata], [Globularia cordifolia], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Polygala chamaebuxus]. Small shrubs other than [Erica herbacea], in particular [Globularia cordifolia], may locally dominate communities. Distinctive formations also exist on siliceous and on serpentine substrates. They are provisionally included in this unit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.29","name":"Mountain avens mats","description":"Dwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody [Dryas octopetala] in high Palaearctic mountains, in arctic and boreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.291","name":"Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats","description":"Mats of [Dryas octopetala] of the high levels of the mountains of the western Alpine system, the Jura and the Central Massif, in calcicolous alpine grasslands and on high mountain rocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2911","name":"Alpine [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Alps, widespread pioneering communities on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2912","name":"Southwestern high moutain [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Pyrenees and Central Massif, relatively uncommon pioneering communities of calcareous substrates distributed in the Corbières (pic d'Ourthizet), in the eastern and central Pyrenees, and, very locally, on high summits of the Cental Massif ranges of Monts-Dore and Cantal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2913","name":"Jura [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the western Jura, mostly above 1300 metres, on, in particular, la D“le, le Reculet, le Creux-du-Van, le Chasseral, le Mont-d'Or, le Suchet, la Dent de Vaulion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2914","name":"Apennine [Dryas] mats","description":"Rare [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Apuan Alps, the Pistoiese Apennines (Mandromini), the Central Apennines (Sibillini, Terminillo, Mount Viglio) and the Abruzzian and Campanian Apennines (Monte Cassino, Monte Cairo)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2915","name":"Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats","description":"Communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala], scattered in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Carpathians and the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.29151","name":"Western Carpathian [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates in the subalpine and alpine belts of the western Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.29152","name":"Southeastern Carpathian [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] communities widespread in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grassland of the Romanian Carpathians, having as endemics [Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii] ([Achillea schurii]), [Oxytropis carpatica], and [Cerastium transsilvanicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.29153","name":"Balkan Range [Dryas] mats","description":"Calciphile communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala] of subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Balkan Range, west to the Gethian mountains of eastern Serbia (Suva Planina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2916","name":"Dinaro-Hellenide [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates of the high levels of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides south to Mount Tzena."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.2917","name":"Rhodopide mountain avens mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] communities of the Rila, the Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos and the Falakron."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.292","name":"Hiberno-Britannic maritime [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] dwarf heaths of the oceanic lowlands of northern Scotland, the Inner Hebrides and western Ireland, associated with Durness, Jurassic or Carboniferous limestone outcroppings and karstic pavements, or with shell sands blown over rocky or peaty headlands, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Thymus praecox], [Carex flacca], [Viola riviniana], [Plantago maritima], [Lotus corniculatus], [Festuca ovina], [Calluna vulgaris], [Carex rupestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.293","name":"Boreo-alpine [Dryas] mats","description":"[Dryas octopetala] heaths of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of northern Palaearctic mountains of Scotland and Fennoscandia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.294","name":"Arctic [Dryas] heaths","description":"Maritime or submaritime [Dryas octopetala] heaths of the arctic lowlands of the Palaearctic continent and of the low arctic and subarctic islands of the North Atlantic and the Northern Ocean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.2A","name":"Alpide high mountain dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"[Vaccinium]-dominated dwarf heaths of the subalpine belt of southern mountains, in particular, of the northern and central Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum] s.l., [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and, locally, [Empetrum nigrum]. They are richer in grassland species than the communities of unit F2.24 and often take the appearance of alpine grassland with dward shrubs. [Vaccinium myrtillus] also plays a much more dominant role, in lieu of [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Empetrum hermaphroditum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2A1","name":"Central Mediterranean subalpine dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"[Vaccinium] dwarf heaths of the subalpine or lower alpine belt of mountains of the Italian peninsula and of the large Tyrrhenian islands formed by [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium uliginosum] s.l., with a large admixture of alpine or subalpine grassland species and sometimes of megaforb elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2A2","name":"Balkano-Hellenic dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"Communities of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and/or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], rich in grass and herb species, of the subalpine level of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2A3","name":"Pontic Range dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"Communities of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and/or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] of the Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.2B","name":"Alpide high mountain greenweed heaths","description":"Low [Genista] spp. or [Chamaecytisus] spp. heaths of the subalpine, low alpine or montane belts of high southern nemoral mountains, in particular of the southern Alps, the Apennines, the Dinarides, the southern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Rhodope Mountains, the Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2B1","name":"Rayed broom heaths","description":"[Genista radiata], [Genista holopetala], [Genista hassertiana] heaths of the montane, subalpine and alpine belts of the southeastern Alps, in particular the Bergamesque Alps, the Dolomites, the Carnic Alps, the Julian Alps, of the Dinarides, with more localized stations in the Novarese Alps, the northern and central Apennines, the southern Carpathians, the Pelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2B2","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide [Chamaecytisus absinthioides] heaths","description":"Low shrub formations dominated by the Balkan peninsula endemic [Chamaecytisus eriocarpus] ([Chamaecytisus absinthioides]) characteristic of the subalpine and montane belts of the Balkan Range, of the Rhodope Mountains (Rila, Pirin, Orvilos, Vrondous, Pangeon, Falakron, Rhodope) and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Belasitza-Kerkini."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.2B3","name":"Helleno-Balkanic [Chamaecytisus hirsutus] heaths","description":"[Chamaecytisus hirsutus] heaths of the mountains of the southern Balkan and Hellenic peninsula, in particular, of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F2.3","name":"Subalpine deciduous scrub","description":"Subalpine scrubs of [Alnus], [Betula], [Salix] and Rosaceae ([Amelanchier], [Potentilla], [Rubus], [Sorbus]), less than 5 m tall, often accompanied by tall herbs that in the absence of scrub would be classified as E5.5. Excludes dwarf [Salix] scrub (F2.1), which is composed of species that rarely exceed 1.5 m in height, and scrub on waterlogged soils (F9.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.31","name":"Mountain alder brush","description":"Dense thickets of bushy alders characteristic of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, Corsica and the mountains of northeastern Asia. Alders (e.g. [Alnus viridis]) are accompanied by shruby willows [Salix waldsteiniana], [Salix appendiculata], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea] etc. and tall herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.311","name":"Green alder brush","description":"Green alder ([Alnus viridis ssp. viridis])-dominated formations of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides and the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, rich in tall herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3111","name":"Alpine green alder scrub","description":"Green alder ([Alnus viridis ssp. viridis])-dominated formations, rich in tall herbs, of the subalpine and lower alpine belts of the Alps, on slopes with a good water-holding capacity, mostly on siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3112","name":"Carpathian green alder scrub","description":"[Alnus viridis]-dominated formations of the Carpathian mountains, with, in some communities, [Pulmonaria filarszkyana], [Cirsium waldsteinii], [Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3113","name":"Dinaric green alder scrub","description":"[Alnus viridis]-dominated formations of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3114","name":"Balkan range green alder brush","description":"[Alnus viridis]-dominated formations, often with [Rumex alpinus], [Ligusticum mutellina], [Salix silesiaca], [Geum coccineum], [Veratrum album], of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3115","name":"Rhodopide green alder brush","description":"[Alnus viridis]-dominated scrub of the subalpine, 1300-2100 metre, level of Vitosha and Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.312","name":"Corsican sweet alder brush","description":"One to three metre-tall brush of the Corsican endemic [Alnus viridis ssp. suaveolens], sometimes accompanied by a few [Sorbus aucuparia], [Acer pseudoplatanus] or [Rhamnus alpinus], limited to the moist, cool, north-facing slopes (ubacs) and, locally, to humid torrent galleries on the south-facing slopes (adrets) of the subalpine (1600-2100 m) belt of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.32","name":"Subalpine and oroboreal willow brush","description":"Willow-dominated communities of higher Eurasian mountains and of the boreal zone, mostly characteristic of the subalpine zone of the higher ranges of the Alpine system and its satellites, where many constitute facies of subalpine shrub and tall herb communities, of the slopes of lesser ranges in the boreal zone, including the Scandinavian mountains, of Iceland and of the northern British Isles (cf. unit E5.5). Vegetation of the alliance [Salicion silesiacae]. Species composition is very variable and endemic species are highly represented here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.321","name":"Alpide willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3211","name":"Alpigenous small willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane  low scrub of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western great Hercynian ranges, dominated by small shrubby, generally 0.5-2 metre tall, [Salix] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3212","name":"Alpine prostrate willow brush","description":"Dwarf shrub heaths and espaliers of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Alps, formed by prostrate or near-prostrate [Salix alpina], [Salix breviserrata], [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], and occasionally very small forms of [Salix] species characteristic of unit F2.3211; snow patch communities dominated by [Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] (unit F2.1211) are excluded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3213","name":"Alpigenous tall willow brush","description":"Tall [Salix]-dominated scrub of the mountains of the subalpine, sometimes alpine and montane, belts of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western greater Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3214","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabric willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3215","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Carpathians and the eastern Hercynian ranges of the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3216","name":"Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the Balkan Range, the Dinarides and the Hellenides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.32161","name":"Dinaride willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated scrubs of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.32162","name":"Balkan Range willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Balkan Range, dominated by [Salix waldsteiniana] or [Salix silesiaca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F2.32163","name":"Rhodopide willow brush","description":"Thickets of shrubby willows of Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope, dominated by [Salix lapponum], [Salix waldsteiniana] or other mountain willows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F2.3217","name":"Ponto-Caucasian mountain willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.322","name":"Oroboreal willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular of the Highlands of Scotland, the mountains of Iceland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, European Russia, Siberia, northern China, Korea and Japan. Mostly characteristic of a suprasylvatic belt in the lower arcto-alpine or oroboreal zone, they may extend into the taiga belt in exposed locations and edaphic enclaves, and ascend locally into the arcto-alpine zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.323","name":"Northern British willow brush","description":"Mixed [Salix aurita], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix repens] and [Salix caprea] scrub, with [Rumex acetosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Dryopteris] spp., [Oxalis acetosella], developed on ungrazed ledges, islands and gullies of Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides and the Northern Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.33","name":"Subalpine mixed brushes","description":"Communities of the subalpine zone, of the tree-limit, and sometimes of the montane zone, of higher nemoral mountains of the western Alpine system and its associated ranges (Carpathians) mainly of alliances [Calamagrostion villosae] and [Trisetion fusci] dominated by tall or medium shrubs, for the most part Rosaceae species (of genera [Rubus], [Sorbus], [Amelanchier], [Potentilla]), [Betula] or tall [Vaccinium], [Salix helvetica], [Salix kitaibeliana] and grasses [Calamagrostis villosa] and [Deschampsia cespitosa] often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit E5.5), or by subalpine heaths, such as the [Juniperus nana]-[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.331","name":"Subalpine [Sorbus] brush","description":"Thickets of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Sorbus ambigua], [Sorbus austriaca] or other shrubby [Sorbus] species, in particular, tree-limit formations with [Betula carpatica], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.332","name":"Subalpine birch brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, usually at the tree-limit, dominated by shrubby or krumholtz birches, in particular, [Betula carpatica], [Betula pubescens], often with [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.333","name":"Subalpine bramble brush","description":"Scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, dominated by [Rubus] spp., in particular, [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.334","name":"Subalpine cherry brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges dominated by shrubby species of genus [Prunus] or related genera, in particular, [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]), often with [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Betula carpatica], [Lonicera nigra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.335","name":"Subalpine ericaceous brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura dominated by large [Vaccinium] shrubs, often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit E5.5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.336","name":"Rhodope [Potentilla fruticosa] thickets","description":"Closed formations dominated by [Potentilla fruticosa] of the 1550 metre level in the [Picea abies] and [Pinus sylvestris] belt of the west Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.34","name":"Oroboreal birch scrub","description":"Very low scrubs formed in exposed situations by otherwise thicket-building birches of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] ([Betula tortuosa], [Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa], [Betula kusmisscheffii]) of Iceland, Greenland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, the Urals. These form dwarf facies of the woods and thickets of unit G1.917."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F2.4","name":"Conifer scrub close to the tree limit","description":"Scrubland with dwarf conifers (krummholz), often with incomplete canopy cover, close to the tree limit. At the arctic tree limit, the trees are of species that can grow to large stature under favourable conditions. However [Pinus mugo] of central and southern Europe is often genetically fixed as a shrub. Excluded are stands of forest conifers with height > 3 m (G3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.41","name":"Inner Alpine dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo] scrub of the dry eastern inner Alps, of local occurrence throughout the area, accompanied by [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Erica herbacea], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus], or, on siliceous ground, [Rhododendron ferrugineum] and [Vaccinium myrtillus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.42","name":"Outer Alpine dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"Main range [Pinus mugo] scrub of well-drained, mostly calcareous, soils of the northern and southeastern outer Alps, usually with [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Lonicera caerulea], [Lonicera alpigena], [Calamagrostis varia], sometimes with [Erica herbacea] or [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and, in acidophilous variants, known in particular from the Karawanken, [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.43","name":"Southwestern dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"Very local [Pinus mugo] scrub of the southwestern Alps (Moyen-Valais, Haute-Roya, Ligurian Alps), with [Juniperus nana], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Daphne striata], [Erica herbacea], [Carex firma] and, in some stations, [Rhododendron hirsutum]; cold-block [Pinus mugo] formations of the Swiss Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.44","name":"Apennine dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"Rare and local Apennine formations of the Parmian Apennines, the Abruzzi and the Campanian Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.45","name":"Hercynian dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo] scrub of the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischerwald, the B”hmerwald, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Salix silesiaca] s.l., [Trientalis europaea], [Homogyne alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.46","name":"Carpathian dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo] scrub of the Carpathians, where they form a separate vegetation altitudinal zone. Additional trees and shrubs are [Pinus cembra], [Ribes petraeum], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix silesiaca], herbs [Homogyne alpina], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Adenostyles alliariae], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Luzula sylvatica] and endemic species, e.g. [Soldanella carpatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.461","name":"Carpathian subalpine mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo] scrub forming an extensive belt in the upper subalpine zone of the higher mountains of the northwestern, eastern and southeastern Carpathians with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Ribes petraeum var. carpaticum], [Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata], [Rosa pendulina], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major] in siliceous stations, with tall herbs in calcareous ones. The southeastern Carpathian formations, particularly those of the Apuseni Mountains, harbour the regional endemic [Campanula patula ssp. abietina] ([Campanula abietina])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F2.462","name":"Carpathian alpenrose mountain pine scrub","description":"Widespread formations of [Pinus mugo] accompanied by the regional endemic [Rhododendron myrtifolium], on shallow-soil slopes of the subalpine level of the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.47","name":"Pelago-Dinaride dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo]-dominated formations of the Dinarides and of neighbouring chains of the Pelagonides, in particular the Jakupica range, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Rubus idaeus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rosa pendulina], [Veratrum album] and [Polygonatum verticillatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F2.48","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide dwarf mountain pine scrub","description":"[Pinus mugo]-dominated formations of the Pirin and the Rila, with remnants in the Balkan Range, including the Suva Planina and Stara Planina. This habitat has been severely reduced by clearance for pastures, and its distribution area regressed; in addition to the ranges where it still forms substantial stands, [Pinus mugo] is recorded from the western Rhodope, the Vitosha and, perhaps, Orvilos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F3","name":"Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub","description":"Shrub communities of nemoral affinities. They include deciduous and evergreen scrubs  of the nemoral zone, and deciduous scrubs of the submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Excluded are heathlands with dominant [Ericaceae] F4, and the typically mediterranean maquis F5, garrigue F6 and phrygana F7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F3.1","name":"Temperate thickets and scrub","description":"Successional and plagioclimax scrub, mostly deciduous, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic or subcontinental affinities, characteristic of the nemoral zone, but also colonizing cool, moist or disturbed stations of the mediterranean evergreen forest zone. Included are thickets of [Buxus sempervirens], [Corylus avellana], [Cytisus scoparius], [Juniperus communis], [Prunus spinosa], [Rubus fruticosus] and [Ulex europaeus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.11","name":"Medio-European rich-soil thickets","description":"Deciduous [Prunetalia] thickets of the Western and the Central Europe formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Rosa] spp., [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Sorbus aria], [Crataegus] spp., [Lonicera xylosteum], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Clematis vitalba], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Viburnum opulus], [Rubus] spp., [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Cotoneaster nebrodensis], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Euonymus europaeus], [Corylus avellana], [Ulmus minor], [Acer campestre], [Acer monspessulanum] and [Carpinus betulus] characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation, developed on soils relatively rich in nutrients, neutral or calcareous. In the herb layer the most common species are [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Fragaria moschata], [Geranium robertianum] and [Tithymalus cyparissias]. The alliances [Berberidion] and [Corylo-Populion tremulae]. They are substitution communities of the [Carpinion betuli] (units G1.A1), [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] (unit G1.71) and [Fagion sylvaticae] (units G1.61-G1.66) and Aremonio-Fagion (unit G1.6C) climax forests. The communities of unit F3.11 extend south to northern Iberia and northern Italy, east to Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, Poland and northern Moravia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.111","name":"Blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"Mesophile, often luxuriant, shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, characteristic of [Carpinion] forest edges and substitution formations with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Sambucus nigra], [Rosa] spp., [Viburnum opulus], [Rubus] spp. Included are species-poor [Prunus spinosa] thickets, such as British [Prunus spinosa]-[Rubus fruticosus] scrub and corresponding mainland formations with [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus elegantispinosus], [Rubus bifrons], [Rubus armeniacus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1111","name":"Sub-Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"[Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Rubus spp]. communities of the Western European and western and northern Central European mainland east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1112","name":"Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"[Prunus spinosa], [Rubus] spp. communities of the British Isles and other areas of strongly Atlantic climates. [Ulex europaeus], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera periclymenum] and [Pteridium aquilinum] are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.112","name":"Blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, developed on the usually calcareous, dry soils with warm exposure characteristic of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] and of xeric, calciphilous forms of the [Carpinion], with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1121","name":"Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, occupying the domaine of the [Carpinion] and northern irradiations of [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.11211","name":"Medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of the mainland of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus] spp., [Carpinus betulus] under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.11212","name":"Atlantic hawthorn-ivy scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of the British Isles and areas of strongly Atlantic climates differing from unit F3.11211 in particular in the scarcity of [Carpinus betulus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1122","name":"Sub-Mediterranean blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Xero-thermophile scrub communities of Western Europe and western Central Europe, occupying the southern part of the west European range of unit F3.112, within the main range of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], as well as a few highly xerothermic central European sites. [Prunus mahaleb] and [Acer monspessulanum] are characteristic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1123","name":"Rock pear scrub","description":"Possibly primary scrub formations of the Hercynian ranges and their vicinity, the Jura, the Alpine periphery and Alpine inner valleys, with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Cotoneaster tomentosus] and [Amelanchier ovalis] developed on very shallow soils between [Xerobromion] grasslands and open xerothermic oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1124","name":"Peri-Alpine sea buckthorn-barberry scrub","description":"Shrub formations characterized by the physiognomically distinctive presence of [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. fluviatilis] or [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. carpatica], rich in xero-thermophile species, colonizing dry shingle terraces, no longer subjected to flooding, of peri-Alpine water courses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1125","name":"Inner Alpine barberry scrub","description":"Thorny heaths of inner Alpine valleys with [Berberis vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.1126","name":"Iberian barberry scrub","description":"Northwestern Iberian montane communities with [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Prunus spinosa], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Taxus baccata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ribes alpinum], [Ribes petraeum], [Rhamnus alpinus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.12","name":"Box thickets","description":"[Buxus sempervirens]-dominated variants of units F3.11, F3.22, F3.23 or F3.24 with for example [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Pteridium aquilinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.13","name":"Atlantic poor soil thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe formed by [Rubus] spp., [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Corylus avellana], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Cytisus scoparius], characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation developed on soils relatively poor in nutrients, usually acid, mostly under climates with strong Atlantic influence. Substitution communities of the [Quercion robori-petraeae] (c.f. units G1.81-G1.86, parts of G1.87 and of G4.71)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.131","name":"Bramble thickets","description":"Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Rubus] spp., including British [Rubus fruticosus]-[Holcus lanatus] underscrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.132","name":"Alder buckthorn, rowan, honeysuckle thickets","description":"Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Lonicera periclymenum] or other shrubs, with the exception of brambles (genus [Rubus]), included in unit F3.13, or of brooms (genus [Cytisus]), gorse ([Ulex europaeus]), hazel ([Corylus avellana]), bracken ([Pteridium aquilinum]), separately covered in units F3.14, F3.15, F3.171, E5.31, respectively."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.14","name":"Temperate broom fields","description":"Expanses of broom ([Cytisus scoparius]), a common recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] in the plains and hills of northern and middle Europe, reaching the montane zone in the higher mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.141","name":"Lowland and hill broom fields","description":"[Cytisus scoparius] fields of the lowlands, hills and low mountains of northern, western and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.142","name":"Alpine broom fields","description":"Montane [Cytisus scoparius] fields of the Alpine system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.143","name":"Central Massif [Cytisus scoparius] fields","description":"Montane beech-level formations of [Cytisus scoparius] of the Central Massif."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.144","name":"Pyrenean [Cytisus scoparius] fields","description":"Montane formations of [Cytisus scoparius] of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.15","name":"Gorse thickets","description":"[Ulex europaeus] thickets of the Atlantic domaine (including British [Ulex europaeus]-[Rubus fruticosus] scrub p.)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.16","name":"Common juniper scrub","description":"Temperate and mediterranean-montane communities dominated by [Juniperus communis], mostly [Juniperus]-dominated variants of units F3.11, F3.13, F3.22-F3.24. [Calluna vulgaris], [Crataegus] spp., [Pinus sylvestris], [Quercus petraea], [Bromus erectus] and [Festuca rupicola] are also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.161","name":"Juniper downs","description":"[Juniperus communis] thickets developed on calcareous substrates of middle Europe, in particular, of southern England, southern Germany, southern Belgium, the periphery of the Paris Basin, the Danish, Swedish and eastern Baltic islands, the Estonian mainland, often as colonization facies of medio-European calcareous grasslands of unit E1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.162","name":"Sub-Atlantic juniper heaths","description":"[Juniperus communis] thickets developed on acidic, often sandy, substrates of middle Europe, including inland dunes, often as colonization facies of heaths and related communities, distributed in particular in southern Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Paris Basin, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Estonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.163","name":"Juniper-wood sorrel woodland","description":"Upland formations of the central highlands of Scotland and of northern England, in which [Juniperus communis] is the most abundant small tree or large shrub, accompanied by ericoids, ferns, grasses, bryophytes and a fairly rich flora of herbaceous dicots."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.164","name":"Sub-Mediterranean common juniper thickets","description":"Collinar and montane communities of sub-Mediterranean levels of southern and southeastern Europe, dominated by [Juniperus communis], mostly [Juniperus]-dominated facies of units F3.22, F3.23 or F3.24, in particular, formations of Bulgaria, Greece and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, such as the [Juniperus communis]-[Pteridium aquilinum] formations on deep soils of the [Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.17","name":"Hazel thickets","description":"Thickets or brush, often very extensive, composed exclusively or predominantly of [Corylus] spp. In associated units F3.11, F3.13, F3.22-F3.24, [Corylus] is mixed with other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.171","name":"Atlantic and sub-Atlantic hazel thickets","description":"[Corylus avellana]-dominated thickets of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones of middle Europe, a frequent facies of units F3.11 and F3.13, particularly in the most Atlantic areas of the British Isles, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian piedmont and northwestern Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.172","name":"Sub-boreal hazel thickets","description":"[Corylus avellana]-dominated thickets of the northern nemoral zone, the boreonemoral zone and the southern boreal zone, in northern England, Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden, southern Finland, northern Poland, with a species-rich cortège that allies species of northern affinities with thermophile species; the field layer includes, in England, [Trollius europaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Melica nutans], [Geranium sanguineum], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Convallaria majalis] or, in Scandinavia, [Geranium sylvaticum], [Anemone nemorosa], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Rubus saxatilis], [Hepatica nobilis], [Lathraea squamaria], [Paris quadrifolia], [Viola mirabilis], [Convallaria majalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.173","name":"Peri-Alpine hazel thickets","description":"Thickets of the Jura, the pre-Alps, the southern German Hercynian ranges and the inner Alps, dominated by [Corylus avellana], with [Clematis vitalba] and [Cornus sanguinea], of particular bio-historical significance as a possible model of the hazel-dominated communities of the Boreal era."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.174","name":"Subcontinental hazel thickets","description":"Thickets or scrub of [Corylus avellana] or [Corylus colurna] of hills and low mountains of the Pannonic basin and its periphery, of the plateaux of southeastern Poland, of the eastern Carpathian system and of the Balkan peninsula, a frequent facies of 31.8B."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.18","name":"Inland dune thickets","description":"Formations of large shrubs colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes. Very rare in central Europe, as developments of the habitat units F4.21 and F4.22."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.181","name":"Inland dune juniper scrubs","description":"[Juniperus communis]-rich scrub of Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes (unit F3.162)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.182","name":"Inland dune mixed thickets","description":"Thickets other than juniper scrubs in Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit F3.1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F3.2","name":"Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes","description":"Successional and plagioclimax scrub, mostly deciduous, of the submediterranean and supramediterranean zones, but also colonizing cool, moist or disturbed stations of the mediterranean evergreen forest zone. Included are some non-leafy scrub, for example [Cytisus purgans] and [Genista aetnensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.21","name":"Montane fields of Pyrenean broom ([Cytisus purgans])","description":"[Cytisus purgans]-dominated formations of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro-mediterranean) of southwestern European and North African mountains, often associated with dwarf juniper scrubs (unit F2.23) or hedgehog-heaths (unit F7.4), and physiognomically reminiscent of the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.211","name":"Cévennes [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Localized formations of the upper levels of the Cévennes (southern France)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.212","name":"Pyrenean [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Upper montane Pyrenean formations appearing on the edge of, or as substitution of, acidophilous pine woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.213","name":"Galicio-Cantabrian [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Galician and oro-Cantabrian upper montane formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.214","name":"Upper Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Alti-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.215","name":"Lower Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Upper supra-Mediterrranean formations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.216","name":"Galicio-Leonese [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Oro-Mediterranean formations of the high southern Galicio-Leonese sierras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.217","name":"Nevadan [Cytisus purgans] fields","description":"Oro-Mediterranean formations of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.22","name":"Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, usually tall and luxuriant, often very rich in lianas, of Mediterranean France, of sub-Mediterranean areas of the Iberian peninsula and of North African mountains, of moist stations in the Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.221","name":"Franco-Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Formations mostly of moist stations within the Mediterranean zone of France, Catalonia, the Balearics and Valencia, with [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Tamus communis], [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna] and, locally, [Coriaria myrtifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.222","name":"Western Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Formations of the western, particularly northwestern, part of the Iberian peninsula, with [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Sambucus nigra], [Euonymus europaeus], brambles, particularly the Mediterranean [Rubus ulmifolius], various roses, notably [Rosa sempervirens] and [Rosa canina] agg., and particularly rich in lianas, [Tamus communis], [Smilax aspera], [Clematis vitalba], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Lonicera etrusca], [Rubia peregrina], [Bryonia cretica], [Vitis vinifera], [Humulus lupulus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.223","name":"Central Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"More continental formations of central Iberia, developed mostly on deep, moist soils in the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Meseta, the Ebro basin, the Cordillera Central, the Southern Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Morena and the western Baetic or sub-Baetic mountains, with [Berberis hispanica], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Lonicera etrusca], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Rhamnus saxatilis], numerous roses of the [Rosa agrestis] and [Rosa canina] aggregates (e.g. [Rosa micrantha], [Rosa pouzinii], [Rosa corymbifera], [Rosa sicula]) and, locally, [Hippophae rhamnoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.224","name":"Oro-Baetic sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of eastern sub-Baetic and Baetic mountains (sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Baza, Magina, Alcaraz and the Sierra Nevada), with [Lonicera arborea], [Lonicera splendida], [Prunus ramburii], [Cotoneaster granatensis], [Berberis hispanica], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rosa] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.225","name":"North African sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of North African mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.23","name":"Tyrrhenian sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, often tall, luxuriant and rich in lianas, of sub-Mediterranean areas and moist stations in mediterranean areas of peninsular Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.24","name":"Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous pre- and postforest formations, forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation of thermophilous deciduous oak forest and steppe forest zones of the Balkan peninsula, of southeastern Europe, of western Asia and of Central Eurasia, in particular, of the [Quercion frainetto] and [Ostryo-Carpinion] zones of the Balkan peninsula, with very local irradiations in Central Europe, extreme northeastern Italy, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Vegetation of alliances [Prunion fruticosae], [Prunion spinosae] and partially [Berberidion] with species [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus mas], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Rhus coriaria], [Rubus discolor] and [Pistacia terebinthus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.241","name":"Central European subcontinental thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with northwestern irradiations in Central Europe, within and around the range of occurrence of white cinquefoil oak woods (units G1.7A111, G1.7A112, G1.7A113), of western tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit G1.7A121) and of Pannonian white oak woods (unit G1.7374)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2411","name":"Northern Central European ground cherry scrub","description":"[Prunus fruticosa] scrub of dry, continental enclaves of Central Europe, in particular of the rain shadow of the Harz in Anhalt and Thuringe, of the xeric left-bank limestone and loess hills of the Palatine upper Rhine, of the Nida Valley and Lublin uplands of southeastern Poland, of dry hills of the Bohemian basin and of Moravia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2412","name":"Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrub of continental affinities of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions including the eastern Alpine periphery, the southern periphery of the Northwestern Carpathians, the Transylvanian plateau and the adjacent foothills and valleys of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin, with irradiations to the lower Danubian plain, to the Moravian plateau, to the Dobrogea and to the hills and valleys of the northern Balkan peninsula southeast to southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24121","name":"Peri-Pannonic ground cherry scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, of Pannonic Austria west to the eastern Waldviertel, of southern Slovakia, central Transylvania, Muntenia and Moldavia, dominated by [Prunus fruticosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24122","name":"Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond scrub","description":"Low deciduous, more or less closed, scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, central Transylvania, the Apuseni mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, the southeastern Weinviertel and northern Bergenland of northern Austria, the southern and southeastern periphery of the Pannonic basin, east to the Chepan, Golo Bardo, Zemenska and Konyiavska hills of western Bulgaria and to the Balkan Range of eastern Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa gallica], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Asparagus officinalis], [Festuca rupicola], [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum] ([Agropyron pectinatum], [Elymus hispidus] ([Agropyron intermedium]), [Poa angustifolia], [Artemisia campestris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Salvia nemorosa], [Stachys recta], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Vinca herbacea]. These forest steppe shrub communities have become greatly reduced throughout their range as a result of changes in land use, in particular, following the expansion of agriculture in the lowlands and low hill regions of the Danube basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24123","name":"Peri-Pannonic burnet rose scrub","description":"Very low deciduous scrub of Pannonic Austria, in particular the Weinviertel, of the Apuseni mountains, of the Balkan Range of Serbia and Bulgaria, dominated by [Rosa pimpinellifolia] ([Rosa spinosissima]), with [Achillea millefolium] agg., [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Teucrium chamaedrys]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24124","name":"Peri-Pannonic spiraea scrub","description":"Very rare low deciduous scrubs on shallow rocky soils of limestone or andesite outcrops of the eastern Hungarian Central Range, of the eastern Alpine periphery of Austria and of Slovakia, dominated by [Spiraea media], with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Prunus fruticosa], [Waldsteinia geoides], [Silene vulgaris], [Carduus collinus], [Doronicum hungaricum], [Carex brevicollis], [Melica altissima], [Melica picta], [Melica ciliata], [Sedum maximum], [Euphorbia cyparissias]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24125","name":"Danubian hawthorn scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrubs dominated by [Crataegus] spp. of the flood plain of the Danube basin in Slovakia, Hungary, Muntenia and Oltenia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2413","name":"Peri-Pannonic thickets","description":"Tall sub-Mediterranean deciduous scrub of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster tomentosus], [Cotoneaster matrensis], [Pyrus nivalis], [Prunus mahaleb], [Spiraea media], [Sorbus graeca], [Fraxinus ornus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.242","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula, substitution communities of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] (unit G1.A1A), [Fagion illyricum] (unit G1.6C) or [Ostryo-Carpinion adriadicum] (units G1.73, G1.74) climax vegetation woodlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2421","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by [Carpinus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2422","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic mixed thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus caesius], [Viburnum lantana], any of which may dominate or codominate, and by [Crataegus monogyna], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa] spp., [Acer campestre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2423","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by [Paliurus spina-christi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.243","name":"Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets","description":"Varied, often species-rich, shrub formations of the temperate and sub-Mediterranean belts of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains and adjacent regions, accompanied by a flora of mostly Moesian affinities, substitution formations of [Quercion frainetto] (unit G1.76), [Fagion moesiacum] (unit G1.69), [Fagion dacicum] (unit G1.6D), [Fagion hellenicum] (unit G1.6A) and, locally, [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] (unit G1.73) climax forests, generally dominated by, or rich in, [Carpinus orientalis], [Syringa vulgaris], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Cotinus coggygria] or [Rhus coriaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2431","name":"Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Shrub communities dominated, or co-dominated, by [Carpinus orientalis], often rich in [Syringa vulgaris], [Cotinus coggygria] and other characteristically Moesian shrubs, of warm foothill slopes of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, and neighbouring regions, within the geographical range of [Quercion frainetto], [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion dacicum], and, locally, [Ostryo-Carpinion] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24311","name":"Thracio-Macedonian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of Epirus, southern Paeonia, Macedonia and Thrace, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus] spp., [Pistacia terebinthus], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Colutea arborescens], [Cotinus coggygria], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Cyclamen hederifolium] ([Cyclamen neapolitanum], [Cyclamen linearifolium]), [Carex hallerana], [Geranium purpureum]. Many of the communities include evergreen shrubs; if these are sufficiently prevalent, the formation belongs to unit F5.31."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24312","name":"Central Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities of Serbia, western Bulgaria and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Acer hyrcanum], [Sorbus domestica], [Pyrus communis], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Coronilla emerus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Colutea arborescens], [Syringa vulgaris], [Cornus mas], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Euonymus verrucosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24313","name":"Peri-Carpathian manna ash oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of the Banat, Muntenia and the Dobrogea, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus mahaleb], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Cornus mas], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana], [Rosa canina], [Paeonia peregrina], [Orchis purpurea], [Carex hallerana], [Cruciata laevipes], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Thalictrum minus], [Viola mirabilis], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24314","name":"Peri-Carpathian wig tree oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of the Banat and Oltenia, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus spinosa], [Crataegus pentagyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Rosa arvensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2432","name":"Moesian lilac thickets","description":"Xerothermic tall shrub communities of the middle and eastern Balkan peninsula, widespread in hills and low mountains of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, within the zone of [Quercion frainetto], the [Fagion moesiacum], the [Fagion dacicum], and, locally, the [Ostryo-Carpinion], rich in continental Moesian species, dominated by, or with a great abundance of, [Syringa vulgaris]. [Cotinus coggygria], [Rhus coriaria], [Genista lydia], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Coronilla emerus], [Colutea arborescens], [Prunus mahaleb], [Prunus cerasifera], [Prunus cocomilia], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus laciniata], [Sorbus domestica], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rosa canina] agg., [Rosa rubiginosa] agg., [Rubus ulmifolius], [Euonymus] spp., [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Clematis vitalba], [Rhamnus saxatilis], [Corylus] spp., [Acer] spp., [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Quercus] spp. may contribute to the shrub layer. [Achillea clypeolata], [Asperula montana], [Asperula tenella], [Asyneuma anthericoides], [Campanula divergens], [Campanula grossekii], [Delphinium fissum], [Dianthus banaticus], [Echinops bannaticus], [Eryngium palmatum], [Ferula heuffelii], [Hypericum rochelii], [Inula candida ssp. aschersoniana], [Jasione dentata], [Piptatherum holciforme] ([Oryzopsis holciformis]), [Paeonia decora], [Salvia ringens], [Scabiosa banatica], [Scutellaria pichleri], [Stachys recta ssp. leucoglossa], [Symphytum ottomanum] are characteristic of the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24321","name":"Central Moesian lilac thickets","description":"[Syringa vulgaris]-dominated or -rich tall scrub of the Balkan Range and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24322","name":"Danubian lilac thickets","description":"Tall [Syringa vulgaris]-dominated brush of hills and low mountains of the Banat, Oltenia, Muntenia, western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, in the vicinity of the Iron Gates and the lower Danube."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24323","name":"Moesio-Hellenic mixed thickets","description":"Varied tall scrub of the [Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum] and [Quercion frainetto] zones of northern Greece, southern Bulgaria, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and adjacent regions, with [Rhus coriaria] and/or [Syringa vulgaris], [Cotinus coggygria], [Carpinus orientalis], [Quercus] spp., [Paliurus spina-christi], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Buxus sempervirens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24324","name":"Spleenwort lilac chasm thickets","description":"Tall scrub of the Moesian region, northeast to the Banat, Oltenia and Transylvania, pioneering on abrupt slopes and in chasms, dominated by [Syringa vulgaris], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Acer monspessulanum], [Coronilla emerus], [Ceterach officinarum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24325","name":"Apuseni [Syringa josikaea] thickets","description":"Shrub formations with the Southern and Eastern Carpathian endemic [Syringa josikaea], of the Apuseni mountains, within the zone of the [Fagion dacicum] at the 800 metre level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2433","name":"Moesian Christ's thorn brush","description":"[Paliurus spina-christi]-dominated thickets, usually dense and sometimes tall, often monodominated, with a Moesian subcontinental accompanying flora, of the hills of the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, and more locally, of the extreme southeastern Dinarides, of the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.244","name":"Aegean deciduous thickets","description":"Southern and eastern Aegean formations with [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus azarolus], [Prunus cocomilia], [Prunus webbii], [Prunus prostrata], [Prunus discolor], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rosa sempervirens], [Berberis cretica], [Rhododendron flavum], [Acer sempervirens], [Quercus brachyphylla], [Quercus infectoria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.245","name":"Eastern Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of Cyprus and of the Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean zones of Asia Minor and the Levant, within the regions of occurrence of eastern white oak woods (unit G1.73), hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods (unit G1.74), Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous oak forests (unit G1.76), Macedonian-oak woodland (unit G1.78) and Mediterranean valonia oak woodland (unit G1.79)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.246","name":"Mediterraneo-Euxinian deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of sub-Mediterranean climate enclaves of the Black Sea in southern Crimea and the western Caucasus, within and around the area of occurrence of Euxinian white oak woods (unit G1.738)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.247","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the wooded steppe zone of the Pontic and Sarmatic regions and of adjacent areas, including the Thracian steppe zone, within and around the zone of occurrence of easternmost white cinquefoil oak woods (unit G1.7A114), of tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit G1.7A122) and of sub-Euxinian steppe woods (unit G1.7A13)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2471","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe brush","description":"Low scrub of the steppe and southern wooded steppe zones of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, characteristic in particular of microdepressions, dominated by [Caragana frutex], [Spiraea crenifolia], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa] or [Crataegus monogyna]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2472","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic pre-steppe thorn thickets","description":"Shrub formations of the southern wooded steppe zone of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, in which [Prunus spinosa] often plays a dominant role, constituting, in particular, natural, stable biocoenoses on degraded chernozems, similar, in appearance and bush-layer composition, to the sub-Atlantic European recolonisation thickets but with an herb layer dominated by steppe species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2473","name":"Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub","description":"Thickets and scrubs of the western Ponto-Sarmatic steppe and wooded steppe zone and of the Thracian steppe zone, composed of a mixture of species of continental and Mediterranean affinities, including [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans], [Carpinus orientalis], [Cotinus coggygria], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24731","name":"Western Pontic jasmine christ's thorn scrub","description":"[Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans] and [Crataegus monogyna] scrub of the western Pontic region, characteristic of superficial chernozems on calcareous substrates of the coastal regions of the southern Romanian Dobrogea and the northeastern Bulgarian Dobruja, with [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24732","name":"Thracian christ's thorn scrub","description":"[Paliurus spina-christi] thickets and scrub of the rim and hills of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of eastern and southeastern Bulgaria, remnants of flower-rich bushy steppe communities of specific Thracian character, harbouring species of both sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic or Central Eurasian affinities, including [Jasminum fruticans], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Paeonia peregrina] ([Paeonia decora]), [Paeonia tenuifolia], [Tulipa aureolinea], [Tulipa urumoffii], [Adonis vernalis], [Adonis flammea], [Adonis aestivalis], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Salvia nutans], [Verbascum phoeniceum], [Milium vernale], [Scandix australis], [Phlomis herba-venti ssp. pungens] ([Phlomis pungens]), [Phlomis tuberosa], which still covered vast expanses at the beginning of the century but which may now be largely extinct in their most developed form."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F3.24733","name":"Western Pontic wigtree scrub","description":"Thickets of south-facing slopes of the wooded steppe zone of the Moldova Republic, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria], [Tilia tomentosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Staphylea pinnata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2474","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe-ravine scrub","description":"Scrub formations of the mantle of steppe ravine woods (bairaks) of the central and eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe regions of the Ukraine, with [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex], with [Filipendula vulgaris] ([Filipendula hexapetala]), [Stipa lessingiana], [Verbascum nigrum], [Achillea millefolium], [Melica altissima], [Phleum phleoides], [Stachys recta], [Galium rubioides], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Delphinium elatum], [Asperula glauca], [Coronilla varia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F3.2475","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic pod thickets","description":"Thickets of endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins)  of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppe zone, dominated by [Prunus spinosa], with [Rosa gallica], [Spiraea crenata], [Prunus fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.25","name":"Piornales","description":"[Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Cytisus cantabricus], [Genista florida] and other tall broom fields of the Iberian peninsula, mostly characteristic of the transition between the Atlantic and Mediterranean domaines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.251","name":"White-flowered broom fields","description":"Formations rich in white-flowered [Cytisus multiflorus] of the western Meseta, the (mostly western) Cordillera Central, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon and the western Cantabrian mountains, in which [Cytisus multiflorus] is either the only tall broom or is an important component of broom fields also containing yellow-flowered [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Genista florida ssp. florida], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Cytisus scoparius] and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.252","name":"Northwestern Iberian [Genista florida] fields","description":"Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla] of the oro-Cantabrian region, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon, the Serra da Estrela, the northern Iberian range, with [Cytisus cantabricus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista obtusiramea], [Adenocarpus complicatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.253","name":"Northwestern Iberian [Cytisus] fields","description":"Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus ingramii] of the western Cordillera Central and of Galician hills and plateaux, with [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus] or [Ulex europaeus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.254","name":"Central Iberian [Genista florida] fields","description":"Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. florida] of the Cordillera Central and the Southern Iberian Range with [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Adenocarpus hispanicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.255","name":"Upper Cordilleran [Genista cinerea] fields","description":"Formations dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens] of higher elevations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.256","name":"Central Iberian [Cytisus] fields","description":"Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus scoparius] of the Cordillera Central and the Montes de Toledo with [Genista florida ssp. florida] or [Chamaespartium tridentatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F3.257","name":"Andalusian broom fields","description":"Formations of [Cytisus reverchonii], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Adenocarpus decorticans] of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Andalucian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.26","name":"Tyrrhenian broom fields","description":"Broom fields of peninsular Italy and of the large Tyrrhenian islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.27","name":"[Genista aetnensis] stands","description":"Formations of the very large [Genista aetnensis], endemic to the western Mediterranean and of considerable biogeographical interest, with a distribution limited to Sicily and Sardinia. The species has been introduced on Vesuvio, where it also forms extensive stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.28","name":"Canary Island broom fields","description":"Canary Island formations with [Teline] spp., [Micromeria] spp., [Adenocarpus foliolosus] developed in particular in the humid montane zone where they replace heaths on sunnier exposures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F3.29","name":"Moesian broom fields","description":"Broom formations of the hills of the Balkan peninsula, in regions of transition between Central European and Mediterranean influences."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F4","name":"Temperate shrub heathland","description":"Shrub communities of nemoral affinities, in which [Ericaceae] are dominant or at least prominent. Such heaths are best developed on acid soils in the Atlantic zone and also in sub-Atlantic Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F4.1","name":"Wet heaths","description":"Wet or humid ericoid-shrub dominated heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, developed on peaty or semipeaty soils, waterlogged for at least part of the year, sometimes temporarily inundated, and usually moist even in summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.11","name":"Northern wet heaths","description":"Wet heaths of the northern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine and of boreal enclaves in the southern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine. They mostly comprise wet and humid heaths of anmoors, gleypodsols and thin peats of the British Isles, the Germano-Baltic plains and neighbouring Hercynian hills, northern and northwestern France, southern Scandinavia, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Calluna vulgaris], sometimes in association with [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Molinia caerulea], usually accompanied by non-peatbuilding sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum molle], [Sphagnum tenellum]. They also include peaty heaths of more southern regions, in western France, the periphery of the Paris Basin and northwestern Iberia, mostly developed in the central, most humid, part of depressions, often in contact with somewhat less humid formations of unit F4.12."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.12","name":"Southern wet heaths","description":"Humid and meso-hygrophile heaths of gley-podsols and semi-peaty soils of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, Atlantic France, the Paris Basin and its periphery, extreme southern England, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Erica ciliaris], with [Erica scoparia], [Erica ciliaris], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ulex minor], [Ulex gallii] or [Genista anglica]. They may, in particular, form transition belts between peaty heaths of unit F4.11 and dry heaths of unit F4.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.13","name":"Purple moorgrass ([Molinia]) wet heaths","description":"Degraded facies of wet heaths, humid heaths and swamp-heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, dominated by [Molinia caerulea]. Includes heaths on drained open peatlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F4.2","name":"Dry heaths","description":"Heaths on siliceous, podsolic, rarely- or never-waterlogged soils in moist Atlantic and sub-Atlantic climates of the plains and low mountains of Western and Central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.21","name":"Submontane [Vaccinium] - heather heaths","description":"Submontane, or sometimes lowland or coastal, heaths rich in [Vaccinium] spp., usually with [Calluna vulgaris], [Nardus stricta], [Luzula campestris] and [Genista] spp., of the northern and western British Isles, of the North Atlantic islands, of Fennoscandia, of the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica. Secondary stands originating after deforestation of pine and oak acidophilous forests also belong to this unit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.211","name":"North Atlantic [Vaccinium]-[Empetrum]-[Racomitrium] heaths","description":"Low altitude heaths of boreomontane affinities developed under euoceanic climates along the coasts of low Arctic and northern temperate North Atlantic islands and of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, generally characterized by the prominence of [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium uliginosum] or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.212","name":"Sub-boreal [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"[Vaccinium]-dominated, [Vaccinium]-rich and [Empetrum]-rich heaths of boreomontane affinities characteristic of northern and western uplands of Britain and of western and southern Scandinavia, with extensions in the Germano-Baltic plain, particularly in Jutland, Poland, southern Finland and the Baltic States. [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Pleurozium schreberi] and [Hylocomium splendens] are strongly represented among the associates of [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.213","name":"Hercynian [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"Montane or submontane [Calluna]-[Vaccinium] heaths of the Hercynian ranges of northern and middle Western and Central Europe and of their surrounding regions. They mostly include secondary heaths of the beech level of the Vosges, of the Black Forest, of the Ardennes and the Eifel, of the mid-German Hercynian ranges, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, including the Erzgebirge (Metallic Mountains), the Sudeten, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and the Czecho-Moravian Hills, of the Massif Central and, locally, the Morvan, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] and montane lycopodes ([Diphasiastrum] spp.). They also comprise partly primary and sometimes threatened local formations of extrasylvatic areas, in particular the [Calluna vulgaris] heaths enclaved in alpine and subalpine [Pinus mugo] scrub and acidophilous grassland complexes of the high slopes and plateaux of the Giant Mountains (Sudeten), or the [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the Brocken summit in the Harz with [Anemone micrantha] and [Hieracium alpinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.214","name":"Submontane Alpine [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"[Vaccinium] spp. heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Alps with, [Calluna vulgaris], [Artemisia alba], [Silene otites], [Campanula spicata] and other thermophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.215","name":"Submontane Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"[Vaccinium]-rich heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.216","name":"Collinar-montane Carpathian [Vaccinium] heaths","description":"[Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and [Vaccinium]-rich [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2161","name":"Submontane western Carpathian bilberry-cowberry heaths","description":"[Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the western and northern Carpathians of Moravia, Slovakia, Poland, with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2162","name":"Montane eastern Carpathian bilberry-ling heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the beech and spruce levels of the eastern Carpathians, most widespread in the Apuseni mountains, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with [Lycopodium clavatum], [Genista sagittalis], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Viola declinata], [Nardus stricta], [Potentilla erecta], [Hieracium pilosella], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Festuca rubra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.22","name":"Sub-Atlantic heather - [Genista] heaths","description":"Low [Calluna vulgaris] heaths often rich in [Genista] spp., [Armeria vulgaris], [Jasione montana], [Saxifraga granulata], [Teucrium scorodonia] mostly of the Germano-Baltic, but extended south- and eastwards to the Pannonic lowlands. Similar formations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the western Mediterranean basin and high-rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are included. Vegetation of the alliance [Genistion pilosae] is present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.221","name":"Northern [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths","description":"Heaths of the northern Germano-Baltic plain and neighbouring regions, in Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, northern Poland and the Netherlands north of the Rhine, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista pilosa] and, in the west, [Genista anglica], and with a species cortège that reflects boreal influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Empetrum nigrum] or [Vaccinium] spp. These formations have their main area of occurrence in northwestern Germany, Jutland and the Netherlands in Friesland, the Drente, and the Hoge Veluwe, extending northward to northern Jutland and coastal Halland, eastward to the Prignitz and to Poland. Outliers occupy restricted surfaces in the Hercynian upper Rhine hills, the Rhine Valley and middle Franconia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.222","name":"Subcontinental [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths","description":"Relatively thermophile, subcontinental [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of Central Europe, in central and southern Germany, eastern France, the Czech Republic, Austria, with [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]), [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in peri-Alpine habitats, [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Chamaecytisus supinus] ([Cytisus supinus]), [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]. They have their main area of distribution in the Thuringian and Franconian ranges, the Upper Palatinate hills, the Danube-Isar hills, the Swabian Alb, the Baar plateau, the eastern Black Forest, the Rhenano-Burgondian hills, the foothills of the Bayerischer Wald, the hills and low mountains of the Bohemian uplands, in the Bavarian and Austrian Danube basin, in the southeastern foothills of the Alps, in Carinthia and Styria; they irradiate northward, in thermophilous enclaves, in the Elbe basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.223","name":"Campino-Flandrian [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths","description":"Heaths of the southwestern Germano-Baltic plain, in the Netherlands, south of the Rhine, Belgium and northwestern France, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa] and a species cortège that reflects Atlantic influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Erica cinerea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.224","name":"Campino-Flandrian [Erica cinerea] heaths","description":"[Erica cinerea]-dominated heaths of the southern Netherlands and Belgium, facies of the [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths of unit F4.223. They represent a transition to the northern Atlantic heaths of unit F4.25."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.225","name":"Britannic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths","description":"Species-poor [Calluna vulgaris] lowland and hill heaths of England, limited to base-poor substrates in areas of local relative contintality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.226","name":"Montane [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths","description":"Thermophile [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the montane zone (beech forest level) of the Central Massif, the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps, with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, often, [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.227","name":"Southern sub-boreal [Calluna]-[Empetrum] heaths","description":"Sub-boreal heaths of the Netherlands and northern Germany, occupying enclaves within the range of heaths of unit F4.22, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], or in [Empetrum nigrum], characteristic, in particular, of the Hoge Veluwe, Drente and Friesland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.228","name":"Illyrian heaths","description":"Heaths of the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin and the lower montane level of the Dinarides, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Genista germanica ssp. heteracantha], [Genista pilosa], [Juniperus communis], [Prunella laciniata], [Hieracium murorum] ([Hieracium silvaticum]), [Serratula tinctoria], [Nardus stricta], [Carex pilulifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.229","name":"Po basin heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Genista pilosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Cytisus scoparius], [Polygala chamaebuxus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.22A","name":"[Genista sagittalis] heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris]-[Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]) heaths of the southwestern Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Jura, the Bavarian plateau and the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.22B","name":"Central European basicline heaths","description":"Heaths of calcareous or somewhat calcareous substrates, and of low-precipitation continental enclaves, in particular, in Hercynian hills and on Pleistocene inland dunes, of Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, southern Scandinavia, with southern representatives in the northern Dinarides of Croatia, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Cruciata glabra], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Juniperus communis], [Carex caryophyllea], [Carex ericetorum], [Carex humilis], [Koeleria pyramidata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.22C","name":"Pontic ling heaths","description":"Heaths, often extensive, of the Stranja-Istranca mountains and of the coasts of the Sea of Marmora, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica arborea], [Erica manipuliflora], [Cistus incanus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Genista carinalis], [Teucrium polium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.23","name":"Atlantic [Erica] - gorse heaths","description":"Heaths rich in gorse ([Ulex] spp.) of the Atlantic margins of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.231","name":"Maritime gorse heaths","description":"Wind-swept heaths with prostrate, cushiony gorse or broom ([Ulex europaeus f. maritimus], [Ulex gallii f. humilis], [Cytisus scoparius ssp. maritimus]), [Erica vagans], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris], and numerous other maritime ecotypes, of cliff tops of promontories and islands of Brittany, Cotentin, southern Ireland, Cornwall, Wales, the Cantabrian coast and Galicia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.232","name":"Hiberno-Britannic [Calluna vulgaris]-[Ulex gallii] heaths","description":"Oceanic heaths of Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man, the South-West Peninsula and, locally, the Pennines and the coasts of East Anglia, dominated by [Ulex gallii], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Erica cinerea]. Basicline heaths, somewhat homologous to the continental formations of unit F4.22B, may form in zones of transition between some communities of this unit and calcareous grasslands of unit E1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.233","name":"Irish [Erica mackaiana] heaths","description":"Western Irish heaths comprising the northern, isolated, populations of [Erica mackaiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.234","name":"Northern heaths of Cornish heath","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of the coasts and offshore islands of Ireland, Cornwall and Brittany, other than cushiony maritime formations, dominated by or rich in [Erica vagans], constituting isolated northern outposts of occurrence of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.235","name":"Anglo-Armorican [Erica cinerea]-[Ulex gallii] heaths","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula, the South-Western Peninsula and the south coast of Wales, dominated by [Ulex gallii], [Erica cinerea] and [Calluna vulgaris], often rich in grasses, in particular, [Agrostis curtisii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.236","name":"Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica mackaiana]-[E. cinerea] heaths","description":"Heaths with [Ulex gallii], [Erica mackaiana], [Erica cinerea], [Daboecia cantabrica] of well drained soils of the beech level of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian chain and, very locally, of Galicia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.237","name":"Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica vagans]-[E. cinerea] heaths","description":"Heaths with [Ulex gallii], [Erica vagans], [Erica cinerea], sometimes [Erica aragonensis], and [Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium] of the French and Spanish Basque coast and of the beech level of the Atlantic Pyrenees and of the Cantabrian chain, mostly on mildly acid or slightly calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.238","name":"Gallo-Britannic dwarf gorse heaths","description":"Heaths of sub-Atlantic France and of southern and southeastern England formed by [Ulex minor], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Ulex europaeus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.239","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf gorse heaths","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of Aquitaine, Saintonge, Poitou, Sologne and the Loire region formed by [Ulex minor] and [Erica cinerea], sometimes with [Erica scoparia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.24","name":"Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths","description":"Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian heaths with numerous species of heathers (notably [Erica umbellata], [Erica aragonensis]) and brooms, rock-roses and often [Daboecia]. When the rock-roses and other Mediterranean shrubs become dominant they should be classified as maquis or garrigues (units F5 or F6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.241","name":"Biscay heaths","description":"Coastal and collinar [Erica]-[Ulex]-[Cistus] heaths of the periphery of the Bay of Biscay and of the slopes of the Garonne Gap."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2411","name":"Aquitanian [Erica-Cistus] heaths","description":"[Erica cinerea] and [Cistus salvifolius] heaths of the Aquitanian coast, with irradiations in the Landes and to the Montagne noire and Minervois."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2412","name":"Gascony-Sologne arid heaths","description":"Arid [Erica cinerea] heaths of interior sandy hills and dunes of the Landes of Gascony and of Sologne gravels, with [Halimium alyssoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2413","name":"Northern Iberian heaths","description":"Tall, dense heaths of the coasts, hills and lower montane areas of the Atlantic slope of Cantabria, the Asturias and Galicia, formed by [Erica vagans] and [Ulex europaeus], with [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Daboecia cantabrica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.242","name":"Luso-Galician heaths","description":"Atlantic Galician and Portuguese [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata] and [Ulex europaeus] heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2421","name":"Luso-Galician collinar heaths","description":"Coastal and collinar, thermo-Atlantic Galician and northern Portuguese heaths with [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata], [Ulex minor], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex micranthus], [Cistus salvifolius] and [Halimium alyssoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2422","name":"Luso-Galician maritime heaths","description":"Cushiony heaths with [Ulex europaeus ssp. latebracteatus f. humilis] and [Erica cinerea] of cliff tops of Galicia, north and central Portugal (southern vicariant of unit F4.231)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.243","name":"Cabreran heaths","description":"Low [Calluna vulgaris]-rich heaths of interior northwestern mountains, limited to the Sierra de la Cabrera and the neighbouring Sierra Segundera, Pena Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2431","name":"Cabreran dry whin heaths","description":"Open, cushiony formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica umbellata], [Genista sanabrensis], [Halimium umbellatum], [Halimium alyssoides] occupying dry, superficial soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2432","name":"Cabreran mesophile whin heaths","description":"Formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista carpetana], [Genista anglica], [Genista micrantha] and [Thymelaea coridifolia] ([Thymelaea dendryobryum]) of wetter stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.244","name":"Galicio-Leonese heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] or [Erica umbellata] heaths of the interior slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, of interior Galicia and of the Leonese mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2441","name":"Galicio-Leonese [Erica aragonensis] heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean [Erica aragonensis] heaths with [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Halimium alyssoides] of the interior slopes of the Cantabrian Cordillera, eastern Galician ranges, Leon mountains and the Sierra de Cabrera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2442","name":"Galicio-Leonese [Erica umbellata] heaths","description":"Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon dominated by [Erica umbellata] accompanied by [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Halimium alyssoides], [Genista triacanthos], [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2443","name":"Galicio-Leonese [Erica cinerea] heaths","description":"Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon, characteristic of slightly more uniform and humid climates than those of unit F4.2442, dominated by [Erica cinerea], accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium umbellatum] and Mediterranean elements such as [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedunculata], [Thymus mastichina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.245","name":"Oro-Castillan heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Cordillera Central and the summits of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2451","name":"Western Cordilleran [Erica aragonensis] heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela, Sierra de Gata, Sierra de Pena de Francia) with [Erica umbellata], [Halimium alyssoides] and sometimes [Juniperus nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2452","name":"Ayllon [Erica aragonensis] heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] formations of the Sierra de Ayllon with [Halimium viscosum], [Halimium ocymoides], [Genista pilosa] and, sometimes [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2453","name":"Villuercan [Erica aragonensis] heaths","description":"Isolated summital [Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.246","name":"Sorian heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] and [Calluna vulgaris] heath communities of the northern Iberian Range, often with [Genista pilosa] or, on wetter soils, [Genista anglica] and [Genista micrantha]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2461","name":"Sorian summital heaths","description":"[Calluna] heaths of high peaks, with [Viola montcaunica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2462","name":"Sorian [Erica aragonensis] heaths","description":"Beech-zone [Erica aragonensis] heaths with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2463","name":"Sorian [Erica vagans] heaths","description":"Formations of lower beech zone, with [Erica vagans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F4.2464","name":"Sorian collinar heaths","description":"[Erica arborea], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] formations of the acidophilous oak zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.247","name":"Cuencan heaths","description":"[Erica aragonensis] heaths of the southern Iberian Range (Valdemeca, Serrania de Cuenca) with [Thymelaea subrepens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.248","name":"Luso-Extremaduran heaths","description":"Formations rich in [Erica umbellata], or sometimes [Erica aragonensis], of the meso-Mediterranean and occasionally thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western parts of the Iberian peninsula, intermediate between heath and maquis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.249","name":"[Erica andevalensis] heaths","description":"Formations constituted by the local endemic [Erica andevalensis] on soils rich in heavy metals of the rio Odiel basin in western Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.25","name":"Boreo-Atlantic bell heather heaths","description":"Low, open heaths of northern hyper-Atlantic Europe, north of the range of gorses, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Erica cinerea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.26","name":"Inland dune heaths","description":"Heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.261","name":"Dry sandy heaths with crowberry","description":"Crowberry heaths (unit F4.227) of the relict wandering dunes of Drente and southern Friesland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Salix arenaria], [Lophochloa cuspidata], [Pseudoscleropodium purum], [Hylocomium splendens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.262","name":"Dry sandy heaths with heather and [Genista]","description":"Sub-Atlantic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes, other than those of F4.261; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit F4.22."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F4.3","name":"Macaronesian heaths","description":"Heaths of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.31","name":"Canary Island heaths","description":"Low and medium-tall ericaceous formations of the cloud belt of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.311","name":"Canary Island [Erica scoparia] heaths","description":"Humid low heaths of high elevations of Tenerife (Anaga) and La Gomera (Incherada), with [Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F4.312","name":"Canary Island [Erica arborea] heaths","description":"Low and medium-tall stages of the [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya] and [Ilex canariensis] formations (tall forest-like formations are listed as G2.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.32","name":"Madeiran cloud heaths","description":"Sometimes fairly tall, 2-3 metre high, [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Erica scoparia], [Laurus azorica], [Clethra arborea] and [Pteridium aquilinum] heaths of the cloud zone of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.33","name":"Madeiran summital heaths","description":"[Erica cinerea var. maderensis]-dominated heaths of the highest peaks of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.34","name":"Azorean lowland heaths","description":"[Erica azorica], [Myrica faya] and [Laurus azorica] heaths of the lower altitudes of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.35","name":"Upland Azorean [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] heaths","description":"Heath facies of the [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] \"upper woods\" of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F4.36","name":"Azorean summital heaths","description":"[Calluna vulgaris], [Daboecia azorica] and [Thymus caespititius] communities of the highest altitudes of the Azores (1200-1500 m)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F5","name":"Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a closed or nearly closed canopy structure, having nearly 100% cover of shrubs, with few annuals and some vernal geophytes; trees are nearly always present, some of which may be in shrub form. Shrubs, sometimes tall, of [Arbutus], [Cistus], [Cytisus], [Erica], [Genista], [Lavandula], [Myrtus], [Phillyrea], [Pistacia], [Quercus] and [Spartium] are typical. Included is pseudomaquis, in which the dominants are mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F5.1","name":"Arborescent matorral","description":"Successional and plagioclimax evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous vegetation of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid affinities with a more or less dense, broken or low arborescent cover and with a usually thick, high evergreen shrub stratum. Arborescent matorral derives mostly from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2) or is intermediate between them and maquis (F5.2); some derives from thermophilous deciduous (G1.7) or conifer (G3.7) forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.11","name":"Evergreen oak matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean arborescent matorral organized around evergreen oaks. Dense, low, coppice-like Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods of evergreen oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.111","name":"Cork-oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by [Quercus suber]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.112","name":"Acidiphile western Mediterranean holm-oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral of siliceous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], usually with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus unedo]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.113","name":"Calciphile western Mediterranean oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral of calcareous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia] or [Quercus coccifera]. For [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] matorrals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.114","name":"Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral","description":"Evergreen oak arborescent matorral of the Dalmatian coastlands, Montenegro and Albania, of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, of Cyprus, Asia Minor and the Levant, dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]), developed on either siliceous or calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.115","name":"Iberian mixed oak arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral organized around mixed evergreen ([Quercus suber], [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia]) and deciduous ([Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]) oaks of Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.116","name":"Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like formations of evergreen oaks of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1161","name":"[Quercus ilex] and [Quercus rotundifolia] low woods","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with F5.1161 appropriate codes from unit G2.12."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1162","name":"[Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] low woods","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) or [Quercus alnifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with F5.1162 appropriate codes from unit G2.13."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.12","name":"Olive and lentisc matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Pistacia atlantica] or [Myrtus communis], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.121","name":"Olive arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.41."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.122","name":"Carob arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Ceratonia siliqua], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.42."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.123","name":"Lentisc and phillyrea arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Pistacia lentiscus] or [Phillyrea latifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.124","name":"Myrtle arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Myrtus communis], in particular Balearic \"murtedas\" of the [Clematidi-Myrtetum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.125","name":"Canary Island olive-lentisc arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] or [Pistacia atlantica], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.43."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.13","name":"Juniper matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous brush and scrub organized around arborescent junipers of different species ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia], [Juniperus excelsa], [Juniperus foetidissima], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus drupacea] and [Juniperus thurifera], which are classified as subunits)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.131","name":"Prickly juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1311","name":"[Juniperus oxycedrus] arborescent matorral","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus]-dominated formations of dry, rocky slopes and deforested areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1312","name":"[Juniperus macrocarpa] arborescent matorral","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] formations of coastal sands and abrupt shores; many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1313","name":"[Juniperus transtagana] arborescent matorral","description":"[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] formations of maritime sands of southwestern Portugal; they should usually be listed under unit B1.63."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.132","name":"Phoenician and Lycian juniper arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1321","name":"[Juniperus phoenicea] arborescent matorral","description":"[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea]-dominated formations occupying steep rocky slopes of the meso-Mediterranean and, locally, thermo-Mediterranean or lower supra-Mediterranean zones, particularly developed on crests and spurs of the mountains bordering the Ebro depression, in calcareous mountains of Valencia, in the southwestern Alps and Provence, in Sardinia, in Sicily, in Puglia, in southern Greece, in North Africa. Remarkable, generally uncommon, stands of old, tall trees may take on an almost woodland appearance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1322","name":"[Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral","description":"[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia]-dominated formations of coastal sands, alluvions and abrupt shores. Many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.133","name":"Grecian and stinking juniper arborescent matorrals","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or [Juniperus foetidissima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1331","name":"[Juniperus excelsa] arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa], derived from unit G3.93."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.1332","name":"[Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima], derived from unit G3.94."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.134","name":"Common juniper arborescent matorral","description":"Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus communis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.135","name":"Syrian juniper ([Juniperus drupacea]) arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus drupacea], limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor, derived from forests of unit G3.95."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.136","name":"Spanish juniper ([Juniperus thurifera]) arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa, derived from forests of unit G3.92. Geographical divisions can be retained by appending the suffixes of units G3.92 to F5.136."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.14","name":"Pine matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean sclerophyllous brush and scrub dotted by pines. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.141","name":"Mesogean pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.142","name":"Stone pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus pinea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.143","name":"Aleppo pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus halepensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.144","name":"Aegean pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus brutia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.145","name":"Black pine and scots pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by black pines ([Pinus pallasiana], [Pinus salzmannii]) or occasionnally by scots pines ([Pinus sylvestris])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.15","name":"Arbor-vitae ([Tetraclinis ]) matorral","description":"Thermo-mediterranean, meso-mediterranean or sub-mediterranean arborescent matorral of North Africa, the Maltese Islands and southern Spain dominated by [Tetraclinis articulata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.16","name":"Deciduous oak matorral","description":"Tall scrub formations of the Mediterranean basin dominated by semideciduous or deciduous oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.17","name":"Arid zone matorral","description":"Scrub and steppes of the arid Iberian southeast, North Africa, Anatolia, central Cyprus and Palestine, dominated by often scattered tall shrubs and small trees of [Ziziphus lotus], [Ziziphus spina-christi] or [Acacia albida], in part distinctively thermo-mediterranean, in part intermediate between Mediterranean formations and open dry tropical woodland not found in the EUNIS classification area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.171","name":"Iberian arid zone jujube ([Ziziphus]) matorral","description":"Pre-desert brush of [Periploca laevigata], [Lycium intricatum], [Asparagus stipularis], [Asparagus albus], [Withania frutescens] with tall [Ziziphus lotus], confined to the arid Iberian Southeast; similar formations with lower [Ziziphus lotus] bushes are listed in unit F5.551."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.18","name":"European laurel matorral","description":"Humid arborescent matorral with tall laurel ([Laurus nobilis]) developed locally in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania, in particular."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.19","name":"Cypress matorral","description":"Maquis dominated by native (in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean basins; cf. unit G3.91) or planted cypress ([Cupressus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.1A","name":"[Zelkova] matorral","description":"Formations of the mountains of Crete, for the most part hedgehog-heaths, dominated by sparse to moderately closed stands of [Zelkova abelicea], a rare, endemic, declining Tertiary relict of Pontic affinities, often associated with [Acer sempervirens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F5.2","name":"Maquis","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a more or less closed canopy structure, and with few annuals, some geophytes and often scattered trees, some of which may be in shrub form. Unlike arborescent matorral, maquis is typically dominated by species that do not have the potential to grow into tall trees. In high maquis these may be [Arbutus] spp., [Erica arborea], [Erica scoparia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Phillyrea] spp. In low maquis, [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp., [Genista] spp., [Lavandula] spp. may predominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.21","name":"High maquis","description":"Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin with a dominant stratum of [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus] spp. and [Pistacia lentiscus], but no or few emergent oaks, in contrast to unit F5.1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.211","name":"Western Mediterranean high maquis","description":"Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa with [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus ilex], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Phillyrea media], [Viburnum tinus], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Fraxinus ornus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.212","name":"Luso-Extremaduran high maquis","description":"Western Mediterranean maquis with [Erica lusitanica], [Erica arborea], [Erica scoparia], [Cistus psilosepalus], [Cistus populifolius] developed in particular in the vicinity of lauriphyllus formations of ravines and watercourse edges of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.213","name":"Eastern Mediterranean high maquis","description":"Maquis of Greece and the Balkan peninsula, with [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Arbutus andrachne], [Myrtus communis], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Quercus coccifera], [Quercus ilex]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.22","name":"Low ericaceous maquis","description":"Lower (usually less than one metre) western Mediterranean maquis rich in [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica scoparia], [Erica cinerea] or sometimes low [Erica arborea], often accompanied by [Cistus] spp., [Lavandula stoechas] and various brooms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.23","name":"Tall cistus maquis","description":"Meso-, thermo- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean maquis of Iberia, southern France and western Mediterranean North Africa, in which the tall, large-flowered [Cistus ladanifer] is prominent. Included are more or less dense, homogeneous fields of [Cistus ladanifer], which can be identified by addition of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place of any of the subdivisions below, and more varied formations dominated by tall clumps of [Cistus ladanifer], which can be identified by addition of digit 2 in the fourth decimal place of these subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.231","name":"Southwestern Iberian tall cistus maquis","description":"[Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations rich in gorses, spiny brooms or, occasionally, heathers, abundant on usually shallow soils in the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of the southwest of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.232","name":"Central Iberian tall cistus maquis","description":"[Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations with brooms, heathers and lavenders of siliceous soils, generally rather eroded and oligotrophic of the meso- and, locally, supra-Mediterranean zones of the Meseta, the Iberian Range and its satellites, the eastern Cordillera Central and southern Galicia and Leon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.233","name":"Baetic tall cistus maquis","description":"[Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of southern Andalusia, developed in siliceous or peridotite ranges in association with local Baetic floras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.234","name":"Tyrrhenian tall cistus maquis","description":"Localized meso- and thermo-Mediterranean [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of siliceous or decalcified soils and subhumid climates of the Tyrrhenian hinterland (crystalline Provence, Valencia), often with heath elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.24","name":"Low cistus maquis","description":"Western Mediterranean formations of small or medium [Cistus] spp., most characteristic of the siliceous soils of the meso-Mediterranean zone, but also widely occurring in the thermo-Mediterranean zone and in the siliceous supra-Mediterranean zone. Formations dominated by different [Cistus] species are included as subunits, with the exception of: formations of mostly calciphile [Cistus] species (e.g. [Cistus albidus], [Cistus clusii]) and of indifferent species accompanied by strongly calciphile floras are classified as unit F6.1; formations of entirely thermo-Mediterranean species (e.g. [Cistus bourgaeanus], [Cistus palhinhae], [Cistus heterophyllus]) and of widespread species associated with co-dominant thermo-Mediterranean species are classified as unit F5.5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.241","name":"[Cistus monspeliensis] maquis","description":"Formations dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis], widespread in the Mediterranean region; homogeneous fields form in particular after fires."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.242","name":"[Cistus salvifolius] maquis","description":"Formations dominated by [Cistus salvifolius], equally widespread, though less often dominant, in the entire Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.243","name":"[Cistus populifolius] maquis","description":"Formations dominated by [Cistus populifolius], often taller, mainly of cooler, moister, shadier, siliceous or serpentine stations of the meso-Mediterranean zone of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, in particular of Portugal, Extremadura, the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo, the Iberian Range system, the mountains of Andalusia Occidental, entering in several areas into the supra- or thermo-Mediterranean zones and extending north locally to northern Iberia and Languedoc."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.244","name":"[Cistus laurifolius] maquis","description":"Formations dominated by [Cistus laurifolius], often also of medium height, widespread on siliceous or decalcified soils in meso- and supra-Mediterranean Iberia and northwestern Africa, particularly in the [Quercus pyrenaica] realm, extending to the montane zone of the Pyrenees, and locally to sub-mediterranean areas of the southern Central Massif and the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.245","name":"[Cistus psilosepalus] maquis","description":"Formations dominated by [Cistus psilosepalus] of moist, lime-free soils of the western half of the Iberian peninsula, usually associated with southern heath elements, within the Atlantic influence, frequently located in depressions and gullies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.246","name":"[Cistus crispus] maquis","description":"Formations of southern and eastern Iberia, southern France, western Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Cistus crispus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.247","name":"[Cistus incanus] maquis","description":"[Cistus incanus] (including [Cistus incanus ssp. corsicus] and [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus]) formations of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, peninsular Italy and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.248","name":"[Cistus albidus] maquis","description":"Silicicolous formations with [Cistus albidus]. Most [Cistus albidus] formations have a pronounced garrigue character and should be listed under 32.4; however, some may be accompanied by a cortège so typical of silicolous maquis that they are better retained here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.25","name":"Low cistus - French lavender maquis","description":"Usually varied west-Mediterranean maquis rich in [Lavandula stoechas], accompanied by [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp., brooms ([Genista] spp., [Cytisus] spp. i.a.). The subspecies of [Lavandula stoechas] can be used to characterize regional groups of communities otherwise differing by the assembly of accompanying species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.251","name":"Central Mediterranean lavender maquis","description":"Formations with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas] of northeastern Iberia, France, Italy and the west Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.252","name":"Central Iberian lavender maquis","description":"Formations of central Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedemontana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.253","name":"Western Iberian lavender maquis","description":"Formations of western Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri] or [Lavandula stoechas ssp. sampaiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.26","name":"Low sparse maquis","description":"Sparse, low silicicolous western Mediterranean maquis of [Helichrysum] spp., [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp. physiognomically similar to calcicolous garrigues."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.27","name":"Broom-dominated maquis","description":"Low, west-Mediterranean maquis dominated by leguminous shrubs ([Cytisus], [Teline], [Genista], [Adenocarpus], [Calicotome spinosa])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F5.3","name":"Pseudomaquis","description":"Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub thickets of the periphery of the range of Mediterranean sclerophyllous scrublands. They include, in particular, shrub formations of the Balkan and Italian peninsulas intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak (Southeastern sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets), resulting from the degradation of thermophilous deciduous woodland G1.7, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Buxus sempervirens], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Rosa] spp., similar Iberian formations with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium], French and Italian formations with [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex], formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.31","name":"Helleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis","description":"Shrub formations intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak (Southeastern sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets), resulting from the degradation of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] of the Helleno-Balkanic peninsula, distributed in particular in northern Greece, in the Maritsa, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and Vardar valleys of Bulgaria and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Lake Ohrid basin of Albania, along the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria, and in the eastern Adriatic hills of Albania, Yugoslavia and Croatia, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus excelsa], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Pistacia atlantica], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Buxus sempervirens], [Phillyrea media], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus lusitanica], [Laurus nobilis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Jasminum fruticans], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus pycnoloba], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubus ulmifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.32","name":"Italo-French pseudomaquis","description":"French and Italian mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations dominated by [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.33","name":"Iberian pseudomaquis","description":"Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations of Iberia, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.34","name":"Western Asian pseudomaquis","description":"Formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F5.4","name":"Spanish-broom ([Spartium junceum]) fields","description":"Thickets and scrub of Spanish broom, [Spartium junceum], widespread in mediterranean and sub-mediterranean areas of western Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F5.5","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean scrub","description":"Shrub formations characteristic of the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are those formations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate, that reach their greatest extent or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone, typically with abundant [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis], [Phillyrea] spp., [Erica manipuliflora], [Styrax officinalis], [Genista fasselata], [Euphorbia dendroides], [Calicotome villosa] and [Sarcopoterium spinosum]. Also included are the numerous, strongly characterized, thermophile formations endemic to the south of the Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso-Mediterranean; in their great local diversity they are a western counterpart of, and sometimes approach in appearance, the mostly eastern Mediterranean phryganas F7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.51","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues","description":"Lentisc-dominated or lentisc-rich scrub and related formations with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus] spp. and [Rhamnus lycioides] subspecies, [Myrtus communis], [Rubia] spp., [Asparagus] spp., [Phillyrea] spp., [Osyris] spp., [Bupleurum] spp., various oaks ([Quercus ilex], [Quercus coccifera] and other species), [Calicotome] spp., [Laurus nobilis], [Helichrysum italicum] and other species widespread in the whole thermo-Mediterranean zone (except the arid Iberian Southeast: unit F5.55). A few extremely distinctive habitats formed by facies of these formations, distributed throughout large portions of their range, are separated under units F5.52-F5.54. Other characteristic habitats are classified as subunits of this unit according to the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.511","name":"Oleo-lentisc brush","description":"Usually pluri-specific scrub in which [Olea europaea var. sylvestris] accompanied by [Pistacia lentiscus] plays a determinant physiognomic role. Almost entirely restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean zone, they are represented by particularly well-developed, extensive stands in southern Iberia, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and the Levant, North Africa. When the characteristic species increase in height they grade into arborescent matorral (unit F5.12)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.512","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues","description":"Formations dominated by the thermophile, often calciphile, heathers [Erica multiflora] and [Erica manipuliflora], best developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zones of southern and eastern Spain, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, southern Italy, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and coastal Mediterranean North Africa. Western meso-mediterranean formations are listed under unit F6.1B, eastern meso-Mediterranean formations under unit F6.2C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5121","name":"Western [Erica multiflora] heath-garrigues","description":"Usually calciphile [Erica multiflora] formations of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, the large western Mediterranean islands and coastal Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5122","name":"Western [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues","description":"Rare, calciphile [Erica manipuliflora] formations of Puglia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5123","name":"Eastern [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues","description":"[Erica manipuliflora] formations of Greece and its archipelagoes, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.513","name":"Thorny burnet brush","description":"Non-cushion formations dominated by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] of the eastern Mediterranean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.514","name":"Lentisc brush","description":"[Pistacia lentiscus] -dominated or -rich formations, widespread and abundant in thermo-Mediterranean and coastal meso-Mediterranean zones of the entire Mediterranean basin; locally, similar formations may appear in warm inland meso-Mediterranean areas. Often low and sometimes very open, the lentisc scrub can in favourable situations reach a height of several metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit F5.123)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.515","name":"[Calicotome] brush","description":"Thermo-mediterranean formations physiognomically dominated by the brilliantly flowering [Calicotome villosa] or [Calicotome spinosa], widespread in European thermo-mediterranean regions, in the Levant, in particular on sandy plains and in pre-steppic areas, and in North Africa, notably in semi-arid areas of northeastern Tunisia and northeastern Libya."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.516","name":"Laurel thickets","description":"[Laurus nobilis] thickets of humid or fresh stations of thermo-mediterranean regions, low-growing facies of unit F5.18, noted in particular in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.517","name":"Coastal curry plant ([Helichrysum]) garrigues","description":"Low formations of [Helichrysum] ([Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum]) with spurges ([Euphorbia pithyusa], i.a.), [Pistacia lentiscus], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Artemisia densiflora] or [Thymelaea passerina], [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Thymelaea tartonraira] of the immediate vicinity of sea cliffs, forming the transition between cliff vegetations or clifftop phryganas and thermo-Mediterranean scrub; they are particularly characteristic of the large Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5171","name":"Iberian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of southern Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and the Ebro basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5172","name":"Tyrrhenian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Rare [Quercus coccifera] formations of Liguria, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5173","name":"Hellenic thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Greece and its archipelagoes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5174","name":"Anatolian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the periphery of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5175","name":"Cyprian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5176","name":"Levantine thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the eastern Mediterranean coastal fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5177","name":"North African thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.518","name":"Myrtle thickets","description":"[Myrtus communis]-dominated thickets. Particularly noteworthy formations occur in the Balearics ([Clematidi-Myrtetum]), in southern Iberia, in Sardinia, in the Aegean, in the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions, in North Africa. Myrtle thickets can in favourable situations reach a height of a few metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit F5.124)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.519","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brushes","description":"[Quercus coccifera] thickets of the Mediterranean basin rich in thermo-Mediterranean elements, in particular, [Pistacia lentiscus], [Chamaerops humilis], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. lycioides], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Bupleurum gibraltarium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51A","name":"[Phillyrea] thickets","description":"[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea media]-dominated thermo-Mediterranean brushes; they constitute facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean scrub, in particular of the southern Iberian [Asparago-Rhamnion] and of the Aegean [Ceratonio-Rhamnion], notably on Samothrace and Rhodes; they also constitute remarkable coastal formations on Minorca, based on the endemic [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii], and in Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.51A1","name":"Minorcan [lentiscares]","description":"Thickets of [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii] of wind-beaten coastal areas of Minorca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.51A2","name":"Valencian [mata]","description":"Thickets of [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides var. angustifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus] of fixed dunes of Valencia. They are almost extinct, surviving only in the Dehesa de la Albufera. The code should be used in conjunction with unit B1.64."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.51A3","name":"Western [Phillyrea] thickets","description":"[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean thickets of the westerm Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the coastal [Phillyrea] thickets of Minorca and Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.51A4","name":"Eastern [Phillyrea] thickets","description":"[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated formations of the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51B","name":"Buckthorn-asparagus brushes","description":"Thermo-mediterranean formations in which [Asparagus] spp. and/or [Rhamnus] spp., in particular [Rhamnus lycioides], predominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51C","name":"[Osyris] brushes","description":"Formations dominated by [Osyris alba] or [Osyris tripartita]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51D","name":"Storax thickets","description":"[Styrax officinalis]-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51E","name":"[Buxus balearica] box thickets","description":"[Buxus balearica] formations of coastal regions of Andalusia, bordering the Sea of Alboran, and of the Balearics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51F","name":"Dwarf oak scrub","description":"Formations of the semievergreen shrub [Quercus fruticosa] ([Quercus humulus]), endemic of southern and southwestern Iberian and the Moroccan Tang‚rois; they are located in southern Portugal, western Andalusia and in the lower elevations of the western Rif, at around 500 m (j. Kbir, j. Zem-zem, j. Khezana)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51G","name":"Tall spiny broom brush","description":"Scrub dominated by tall, spiny species of [Genista]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51H","name":"Corema brush","description":"[Corema album]-dominated formations of the southwestern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. Most of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64, completed by this code. They often constitute the hem of juniper woodland or thickets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51I","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean juniper brushes","description":"Formations rich in thermo-mediterranean elements dominated by prostrate or low shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea]. Many of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64, completed by this code. See also unit F5.5B."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51J","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean wormwood brushes","description":"[Artemisia arborescens] scrub of the Tyrrhenian islands and peninsular Italy, the Iberian peninsula, Mediterranean North Africa, the southern Balkans, Greece and Crete, Mediterranean Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51K","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean Jupiter's beard brushes","description":"[Anthyllis barba-jovis] scrub of thermo-Mediterranean rocky coastal slopes often associated with coastal phrygana and [Euphorbia dendroides] formations, of eastern Spain, Provence, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, mainland Greece and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.51L","name":"Coastal dwarf leguminous garrigues","description":"Local low thermo-Mediterranean formations of calcareous coasts of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the west Mediterranean mainland of Europe and Africa, dominated by leguminous subshrubs of [Dorycnium] or [Coronilla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.52","name":"Tree-spurge ([Euphorbia dendroides]) formations","description":"Stands of [Euphorbia dendroides], remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occur as a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean scrub of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Islas Eolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northern Catalonia, southeastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably on slopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagoes, Albania and enclaves of the Mediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust stands occur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Very local formations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastal capes and isolated inland sites, in Cyrenaica, northern Tunisia (Ichkeul), and in a narrow coastal strip in northern Algeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.53","name":"Diss ([Ampelodesmos]) -dominated garrigues","description":"Garrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of [Ampelodesmos mauritanica]; typically thermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They are most prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in the Mediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.54","name":"Palmetto brush","description":"[Chamaerops humilis]-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean scrub or garrigues rich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this code and that of the other appropriate subdivision of unit F5.5. Palmetto brushes are best represented in the coastal areas of southwestern, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy. They are apparently extinct in the wild in the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.55","name":"Mediterranean pre-desert scrub","description":"Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (unit F6.824) and the localized gypsum scrubs (unit F6.73), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of southeastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of unique climatological, biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African and endemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbed localities and are gravely at risk. Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterranean arid) zone of North Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagie islands, the Maltese Islands and Pantelleria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.551","name":"Iberian jujube brush","description":"Communities dominated by hummocks of the lotus tree [Ziziphus lotus], usually with [Lycium intricatum], [Withania frutescens], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Rhamnus lycioides], of the arid Iberian Southeast. Very tall stands can be coded as unit F5.17."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.552","name":"Sicilian jujube brush","description":"[Ziziphus lotus] formations of western Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.553","name":"[Maytenus] brushes","description":"More or less dense, spiny scrub limited to very restricted areas of the Almerian and Carthagenian coasts of the arid Iberian Southeast, dominated by the shrub of African affinities [Maytenus senegalensis var. europaeus] with [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. angustifolia] and [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. velutinus], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Asparagus horridus], [Chamaerops humilis] and occasionally [Buxus balearica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.554","name":"Iberian [Periploca] scrubs","description":"Open, sometimes sparse brush dominated by [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia] with [Osyris quadripartita], [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus lycioides] and locally [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia], [Tetraclinis articulata], [Maytenus senegalensis] or [Lycium intricatum], limited to very arid coastal areas of Murcia and Almeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.555","name":"Sicilian Channel [Periploca] scrubs","description":"Summer deciduous shrub formations of [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia], [Lycium intricatum], [Euphorbia dendroides] with [Prasium majus], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Calicotome villosa] of islands of the Sicilian Channel, in particular of the southwestern coast of Pantelleria, of the Maltese Islands and of the Egadi Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.556","name":"Iberian tall arid brushes","description":"Communities essentially endemic to the province of Almeria, constituted by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], [Genista umbellata], [Genista ramosissima], [Genista cinerea ssp. valentina], [Launaea arborescens], [Launaea lanifera], [Lavatera oblongifolia], [Linum suffruticosum], [Salsola webbii], [Salvia candelabrum], [Sideritis foetens], [Thymelaea tartonraira], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. canescens], [Frankenia webbii], [Anthyllis terniflora]. Formations belonging to this alliance dominated by large, non-spiny brooms are listed separately under unit F5.56."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5561","name":"[Salsola webbii] brush","description":"Tall brush communities of arid slopes at the base of coastal mountains with [Salsola webbii], [Launaea arborescens], [Anthyllis terniflora], [Frankenia webbii], [Echium pycnanthum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5562","name":"Sideritis brush","description":"Montane brush of sunny calcareous slopes of the Sierra de Gador and the Sierra de Alhamilla, rich in endemics among which the shrubs [Sideritis foetens] and [Lavandula lanata] and the woody perennials [Salvia candelabrum], [Lavatera oblongifolia] and [Ptilostemon hispanicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5563","name":"Gorse-phlomis scrub","description":"Formation endemic to the base-rich volcanic rocks of the mountains of Cabo de Gata, dominated by the gorse [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], of extraordinarily limited range, accompanied by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi] and numerous elements of thermo-Mediterranean scrub, [Asparagus] spp., [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Chamaerops humilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5564","name":"[Genista umbellata] garrigues","description":"Open scrub rich in dwarf shrubs and dominated by the large cushions of var. [umbellata] of the remarkable, taxonomically widely isolated, southern and southeastern Spanish endemic [Genista umbellata], in association with the also cushion-forming [Thymus capitatus], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], another southern Spanish endemic, and [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis]. This formation, which presents physiognomic similarities with phryganas (unit F7), constitutes a transition between the arid scrub and the thermo-Mediterranean garrigues of section F5.57, in particular those formed by the only other population of [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis]). Many of the accompanying dwarf shrubs, such as [Thymus glandulosus], [Satureja obovata], [Teucrium eriocephalum], however, are Iberian Southeast endemics or preferentials."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.557","name":"Iberian arid garrigues","description":"Low, open garrigues, often of steppic character, occupying mostly skeletal soils of the arid Iberian Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5571","name":"Murcio-Alicantian arid garrigues","description":"Diverse formations of the northern part of the arid Iberian Southeast characterized by various combinations of the dwarf shrubs [Helianthemum caput-felis], [Helianthemum cinereum ssp. cinereum], [Helianthemum pilosum ssp. violaceum], [Hypericum ericoides], [Launaea pumila] and the endemic [Astragalus hispanicus], [Sideritis leucantha ssp. tragoriganum], [Teucrium pumilum ssp. carolipaui], [Thymus longiflorus ssp. moroderi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5572","name":"Almerian arid garrigues","description":"Very open formations limited to the areas of the Iberian Southeast with the most extreme arid conditions, characterized by [Anabasis articulata], [Frankenia webbii], [Haloxylon articulatum], [Launaea lanata], [Limonium album], [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], and an exceptional number of endemics, including [Coris hispanica], [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. almeriana], [Limonium insigne], [Salsola papillosa], [Santolina viscosa], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], [Teucrium eriocephalum], [Teucrium almeriense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F5.55721","name":"[Limonium-Anabasis] arid garrigues","description":"Formations rich in succulent plants of argillous and stony soils of Murcia and Almeria, with [Anabasis articulata] and [Limonium insigne]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F5.55722","name":"Cabo de Gata arid garrigue","description":"Formations of Cabo de Gata (Charidemum Promontorium) with [Teucrium charidemi], [Caralluma europaea var. confusa], [Lapiedra martinezii], [Antirrhinum charidemi], [Dianthus charidemii], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], taxa for the most part endemic to the promontory."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F5.55723","name":"Tabernas arid garrigues","description":"Species-rich formations of the arid depression between the Sierras de Gador, Filabres and Alhamilla, with [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Coris hispanica], [Koelpinia linearis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F5.55724","name":"Coastal Almerian arid garrigues","description":"Coastal Murcio-Almerian formations with [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Teucrium baltasari], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla] and [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], [Launaea nudicaulis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.56","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)","description":"Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas ([Lygos] spp.) or by large, non-spiny thermo-mediterranean brooms of genera [Cytisus] and [Genista], limited to the Iberian peninsula, the Balearics, mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast of Campania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.561","name":"Yellow retama brush","description":"[Lygos sphaerocarpa] formations of the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.562","name":"Ibero-Mauritanian white retama brush","description":"[Lygos monosperma] formations of the southwestern Iberian peninsula and coastal Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.563","name":"[Genista speciosa] broom fields","description":"Tall, open formations dominated by or rich in the endemic [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Chronanthus biflorus], [Ptilostemon hispanicus], and, sometimes, [Lavandula lanata], [Catananche caerulea], [Teucrium polium], [Salvia candelabrum] or [Satureja graeca], of the lower meso-Mediterranean slopes of hills facing the Guadalquivir depression of eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.564","name":"[Genista valentina] broom fields","description":"Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista valentina], accompanied by [Lygos sphaerocarpa] or, in the Sierra de Cartagena area, [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.565","name":"[Genista retamoides] broom fields","description":"Formations of the coast of the Sea of Alboran and of the arid Iberian southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.566","name":"[Genista haenseleri] broom fields","description":"Open formations of abrupt, hot, sunny slopes of the sierras de Ojen, Mijas (Unidad Blanca), southern Andalusia characterized by the presence of the striking, tall endemic broom [Genista haenseleri], associated with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Thymus capitatus], [Teucrium fruticans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.567","name":"[Genista ramosissima] broom fields","description":"Formations characterized by the presence of the usually dominant, non-spiny broom [Genista ramosissima] of southeastern Spain and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.568","name":"Thermo-mediterranean [Lygos raetam] brush","description":"Retama fields formed in coastal regions and on maritime sands of southern Sicily, North Africa and eastern Spain by [Lygos raetam ssp. gussonei], [Lygos raetam ssp. duraiei] and [Lygos raetam ssp. sarcocarpa], close relatives of the widespread retam, [Lygos raetam ssp. raetam], of the desert and subdesert regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.569","name":"Eolian broomfields","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations of volcanic rocks and sands of Stromboli and Vulcano dominated by the very tall Eolian endemic broom [Cytisus aeolicus], with the Tyrrhenian insular endemic [Centaurea aeolica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.56A","name":"[Genista ephedroides] broomfields","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations dominated by the Tyrrhenian endemic [Genista ephedroides], often on steep rocky substrates, restricted to a few localities on western and northern Sardinian headlands, on the island of Zannone, Circeo National Park (Latium), on the north coast of Sicily, on the Eolian and Ponsian islands and along the Cilento coast (Campania)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.56B","name":"Ibiza broomfields","description":"Formations characterized by the remarkable, tall Ibiza endemic [Genista dorycnifolia], accompanied by the eastern Iberian [Chronanthus biflorus] ([Cytisus fontanesii])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.56C","name":"[Genista pseudoretamoides] broom fields","description":"North African scrub formed by the tall [Genista spartioides ssp. pseudoretamoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.57","name":"Mediterranean gorse-heaths","description":"Western Mediterranean formations, for the most part limited to the lower meso-mediterranean and thermo-mediterranean zones of the western Iberian peninsula, with outposts in western Morocco, dominated by gorse ([Ulex] spp., [Stauracanthus] spp.) of thermo-Mediterranean affinities, or by the spiny, globular broom [Genista hirsuta], accompanied by a cortège of plants characteristic of the meso- and thermo-mediterranean cistus maquis (F5.23), thermo-mediterranean scrub (F5.51) or, occasionally, meso-mediterranean garrigues (F6.1). Other thermo-mediterranean gorse formations will be found among the more specialised extreme southern Iberian endemic communities listed under F5.55, F5.58, F5.59, F5.5A-F5.5C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.571","name":"Monchique [Ulex argenteus] gorse-heaths","description":"[Ulex argenteus ssp. argenteus]-dominated or -rich formations of low slopes of the Serra da Monchique and neighbouring areas of Algarve and southwest Alentejo, usually with [Cistus ladanifer]. The gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.572","name":"Lusitanian [Ulex densus] gorse-heaths","description":"Cushion-heaths of [Ulex densus] formed in substitution stages of the [Melico-Cocciferetum] on dry, calcareous coastal hills of the Tejo and Estremadura regions of central-western Portugal; the gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.573","name":"Morena [Ulex eriocladus] gorse heaths","description":"Formations of the western Sierra Morena (Sierra de Aracena, Badajos region, southeastern Portugal) dominated by [Ulex eriocladus], developed mostly in the meso-Mediterranean zone and locally in contact with [Erica umbellata] heaths; the gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.574","name":"[Ulex parviflorus] gorse-heaths","description":"[Ulex parviflorus ssp. parviflorus]-dominated formations of central-western Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and southern France and coastal North Africa, locally distributed on calcareous or siliceous substrates of the thermo-Mediterranean and lower meso-Mediterranean zones, occasionally ascending to higher elevations. Communities including the related [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Ulex baeticus] and [Ulex australis] are listed under units F5.58, F5.5A and F5.5C, clearly meso-Mediterranean formations under unit F6.1H."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.575","name":"[Stauracanthus spectabilis] gorse-heaths","description":"[Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. spectabilis]-dominated formations; the gorse has a very restricted distribution on the coast of Alentejo and in Morocco."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.576","name":"Luso-Extremaduran [Genista hirsuta] gorse-heaths","description":"[Genista hirsuta]-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean Luso-Extremaduran regions, widespread and physiognomically striking by the hemispherical port of the shrub, similar to that of many gorses and of phrygana species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.58","name":"Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Mostly calcicolous, open garrigues of the extreme south of the Iberian peninsula characterized by the abundance of [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Thymus eryanthus], [Thymus capitatus], [Micromeria graeca], [Teucrium polium], [Calicotome villosa], [Asperula hirsuta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.581","name":"Baetic garrigues","description":"Varied calcicolous formations of Baetic hills of southern Spain; they may be dominated by any of a number of characteristic species of the class, and in particular by [Thymus capitatus], [Teucrium polium], [Helianthemum hirtum], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea] or [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii]; they occur locally throughout the entire Baetic area. A few communities, remarkable for the dominance of less widespread, often endemic, usually striking species, and, in many cases, for their adaptation to non-calcareous soils or to outlying areas, have been listed separately."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.582","name":"Ronda [Ononis speciosa] garrigues","description":"Spectacular formations dominated by the endemic shrub [Ononis speciosa] with [Bupleurum gibraltarium], [Thymus capitatus], [Micromeria graeca], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Calicotome villosa], [Satureja obovata], [Ptilostemon hispanicus], locally distributed in calcareous areas of the Serrania de Ronda and satellite ranges in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.583","name":"Guadalquivir [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues","description":"Sub-Baetic formations of calcareous hills lining the Guadalquivir depression of Andalusia with the large cushion-forming [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis] and [Chronanthus biflorus] accompanied by [Thymus capitatus], [Thymus eryanthus] and [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.584","name":"Alboran [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues","description":"Acidophilous formations limited to rare enclaves of the slopes above the Sea of Alboran, with [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Calicotome villosa], [Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas], [Adenocarpus grandiflorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.585","name":"Andalusian magnesium garrigues","description":"[Ulex baeticus]-dominated or -rich formations of ultra-basic dolomites, serpentines and peridotites of the Serrania de Ronda and its peripheral ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5851","name":"Ronda dolomite garrigues","description":"Dolomitic formations with [Ulex baeticus], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Cistus clusii], [Halimium viscosum], [Euphorbia baetica], [Linaria clementei] and, sometimes, [Genista haenseleri] of the Serrania de Ronda, Sierra Blanquilla, de Ojen and surrounding areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5852","name":"Ronda serpentine and peridotite garrigues","description":"Formations of serpentines and peridotites of the Sierra de Carratraca and a few nearby stations of the Serrania de Ronda with [Ulex baeticus] (or sometimes [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis]), [Galium boissieranum], [Staehelina baetica], [Centaurea carratracensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F5.5853","name":"Bermeja [Ulex] garrigues","description":"Formations of the Sierra Bermeja dominated by [Ulex baeticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.586","name":"Bermeja [Halimium] garrigues","description":"Tall [Halimium atriplicifolium] formations of the peridotites of the Sierra Bermeja (Andalucia) with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Genista lanuginosa], [Genista hirsuta], [Lavandula stoechas]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.59","name":"[Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths","description":"Highly distinctive formations, dominated by the endemic gorse [Stauracanthus boivinii], limited to a few locations with siliceous, oligotrophic soils and high precipitation of the thermo- and lower meso-mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.591","name":"Aljibe [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras del Aljibe, Blanquilla, del Nino and de Ojen (Andalucia) with the Gibraltar endemics [Genista tridens] and [Bupleurum foliosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.592","name":"Algarve [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths","description":"Very local formation of the coast of the Algarve, with [Genista triacanthos], [Erica umbellata], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Tuberaria major]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.593","name":"North African [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths","description":"African formations dominated by [Stauracanthus boivinii], distributed in the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.5A","name":"Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Open scrub formed by [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] or [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), highly adapted to the extreme aridity and oligotrophy of fossil dunes and other deep, fixed sands with very low water table of coastal areas of the western Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic, particularly developed in the southwestern Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5A1","name":"Southern Andalusian \"monte blanco\"","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of the coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz, between the estuaries of the rios Guadalete, Guadalquivir and Tinto, particularly characteristic of the Coto Donana (\"monte blanco\"), in which [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] and [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]) are accompanied by, in particular, [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria velutina] and [Thymus tomentosus] and, in the wide transition zone with the \"monte negro\", by [Ulex australis] and [Erica scoparia]. The \"monte blanco\" is an important habitat for several threatened or rare vertebrates, including [Lynx pardellus], [Genetta genetta], [Felis sylvestris], [Dama dama], [Aquila adalberti]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5A2","name":"Guadalquivir xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Somewhat transitional xero-psammitic scrub of inland sands of the Guadalquivir valley with [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Halimium viscosum], [Genista hirsuta], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Cistus crispus] and elements of thermo-Mediterranean brushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5A3","name":"Algarve xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Very local xero-psammitic scrub of the Algarve coast with\r\n[Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria macrophylla] and the extremely narrow endemic [Ulex argenteus ssp. subsericeus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5A4","name":"Lusitanian xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of sands of the Atlantic coast of Portugal with\r\n[Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Helichrysum italicum] and [Corema album]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5A5","name":"Western Mediterranean xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of coastal sands of Tyrrhenian islands and Italy, dominated by [Halimium halimifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.5B","name":"Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes","description":"Low brush and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas of the vicinity of Cape San Vicente, with dwarf [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia], [Cistus palhinhae], [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F5.5C","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean heaths","description":"Closed formations of heather, gorse and halimium constituting the extensive \"monte negro\" of the Coto Doñana; alternating with the xerophile \"monte blanco\" (unit F5.5A1), they occupy deep, sandy, oligotrophic soils with a water table close to the surface; their composition includes an admixture of thermo-Mediterranean and Atlantic heath species together with local endemics. Particularly characteristic in the Guadalquivir area, they are locally represented north to the Sado-Tago river area of coastal Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5C1","name":"Dry Andalusian [monte negro]","description":"Formations of higher ground with the endemic gorse [Ulex australis], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista triacanthos], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium halimifolium], [Cistus salvifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F5.5C2","name":"Humid Andalusian [monte negro]","description":"Formations of semi-peaty edges of freshwater lagoons and depressions where the winter and spring water table reaches the surface, with [Ulex minor var. lusitanicus], [Erica ciliaris], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista anglica], [Molinia caerulea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Cistus salvifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F6","name":"Garrigue","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with an open canopy structure and some bare ground, usually with many winter annuals and vernal geophytes. Low shrubs of [Cistus], [Lavandula], [Rosmarinus] and [Stoechas] are usually present, and there may be some larger shrubs and scattered trees. Garrigue is found mostly in the Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Pontic regions, where it typically derives from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2), but it extends into deciduous forest areas in the supra-Mediterranean zone and sub-Mediterranean zones and into steppe areas in Anatolia. Includes scrubby land with mainly herbaceous vegetation and a large component of unpalatable non-vernal monocots ([Asphodelus], [Urginea]) and thistles, provided that shrub cover exceeds 10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.1","name":"Western garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations, often low, on mostly calcareous soils of the meso-mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy and the large western Mediterranean islands, notably the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta. Included here are those formations that reach their optimal development within the meso-mediterranean zone although they often enter the thermo- or supra-mediterranean levels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.11","name":"Western kermes oak garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by [Quercus coccifera] with no, or little, [Pistacia lentiscus] or other thermo-Mediterranean shrubs, very widespread in the meso-Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula and southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.12","name":"Western rosemary garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively tall, dominated by [Rosmarinus officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.13","name":"Western cistus garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, mostly meso-Mediterranean, but often also thermo- or supra-Mediterranean, dominated by the low, calciphilous [Cistus albidus] or [Cistus clusii], or occasionally by indifferent species, usually accompanied by a more varied flora than that of the silicicolous cistus maquis, though sometimes capable of forming dense cistus fields. These can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.14","name":"Western spurge garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.15","name":"Western prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] or other low, shrubby junipers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.16","name":"Western lavender garrigues","description":"Meso-, or sometimes thermo-, mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin rich in calciphile [Lavandula latifolia] or, occasionally, [Lavandula angustifolia]; almost pure fields of [Lavandula latifolia] may form, in particular, as a facies of calcareous grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.17","name":"Western garrigues dominated by sage and other labiates","description":"Garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Lavandula] and [Rosmarinus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.18","name":"Western genista garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin characterized by the abundance of small, spiny brooms such as [Genista scorpius], [Genista hispanica], [Genista corsica], [Genista lucida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.19","name":"Western calicotome garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Calicotome spinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1A","name":"Western composite garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by members of various genera of the family Asteraceae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1B","name":"Western erica garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by the calciphile heathers [Erica multiflora] or [Erica manipuliflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1C","name":"Western globularia garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Globularia alypum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1D","name":"Western rock-rose and fumana garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera [Helianthemum] (e.g. [Helianthemum asperum], [Helianthemum pilosum], [Helianthemum oelandicum], [Helianthemum marifolium], [Helianthemum cinereum], [Helianthemum lavandulifolium], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Helianthemum caput-felis]) or [Fumana] (e.g. [Fumana ericoides], [Fumana laevipes], [Fumana thymifolia])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1E","name":"[Lithodora fruticosa] garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Lithodora fruticosa], distributed in Spain and southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1F","name":"Western thymelaea garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin rich in shrubs of genus [Thymelaea] (e.g. [Thymelaea tinctoria], [Thymelaea nitida], [Thymelaea pubescens])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1G","name":"Western shrubby hare's ear ([Bupleurum]) garrigues","description":"Often tall, sometimes very tall, dense shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Bupleurum fruticosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1H","name":"Western gorse garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Ulex parviflorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1I","name":"Western shrubby restharrow ([Ononis fruticosa]) garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Ononis fruticosa], limited to Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1J","name":"Western [Anthyllis cytisoides] garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Anthyllis cytisoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.1K","name":"Western burning bush ([Dictamnus]) garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Dictamnus albus] ([Dictamnus hispanicus]), characteristic of stony terrains of eastern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.2","name":"Eastern garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso-, thermo- and occasionally supramediterranean zones of Greece, southern Albania, Cyprus and southern Anatolia. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except those with conspicuous spiny cushion structure (F7), those with abundant thermo-Mediterranean scrub species (F5.5) and high maquis with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp. (F5.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.21","name":"Eastern kermes oak garrigues","description":"Shrub communities of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by [Quercus coccifera] with no, or little, [Pistacia lentiscus] or other thermo-mediterranean shrubs; kermes oak garrigues are by far the most widespread xerophyllous shrub formations in the eastern meso-mediterranean zone. They are also well represented in the supra-Mediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones. Formations pertaining to the latter, when rich in other, more restrictively thermophile shrubs, have been listed as unit F5.5173."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.22","name":"Eastern rosemary garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively tall, dominated by [Rosmarinus officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.23","name":"Eastern cistus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by or rich in [Cistus] species. Dense cistus fields can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.24","name":"Eastern spurge garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.25","name":"Eastern prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus communis] or [Juniperus phoenicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.26","name":"Eastern lavender garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in [Lavandula stoechas] or, occasionally, [Lavandula angustifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.27","name":"Eastern garrigues dominated by sage and other labiates","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Lavandula] and [Rosmarinus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.271","name":"Eastern tree germander garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the tall or very tall [Teucrium fruticans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.272","name":"Jerusalem sage garrigues","description":"Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Phlomis fruticosa]. Very degraded habitats occupied by almost monospecific fields of this species can be listed under E1.C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.273","name":"Eastern [Salvia] and [Stachys] garrigues","description":"Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by shrubs or woody perennials of genera [Salvia] (e.g. [Salvia triloba], [Salvia argentea], [Salvia eichlerana], [Salvia pomifera]), [Stachys] (e.g. [Stachys cretica]) or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.274","name":"Eastern dwarf labiate garrigues","description":"Low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf shrubs or perennials of genera [Thymus] (e.g. [Thymus capitatus], [Thymus teucrioides], [Thymus atticus], [Thymus sibthorpii], [Thymus striatus], [Thymus comptus]), [Teucrium] (e.g. [Teucrium polium]), [Sideritis] (e.g. [Sideritis syriaca], [Sideritis clandestina]), [Micromeria] (e.g. [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria graeca]), [Phlomis] (e.g. [Phlomis cretica], [Phlomis floccosa], [Phlomis lanata]) or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.28","name":"Eastern Christ's thorn garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.29","name":"Eastern broom garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by the abundance of broom-like shrubs of genera [Genista], [Chamaecytisus], [Teline] or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2A","name":"[Ebenus cretica] brushes","description":"Garrigues of Crete dominated by [Ebenus cretica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2B","name":"Eastern curry-plant [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues","description":"Usually low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genera [Helichrysum], [Phagnalon] ([Phagnalon graecum]), [Scorzonera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2C","name":"Eastern [Erica] garrigues","description":"Mesomediterranean garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the heather [Erica manipuliflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2D","name":"Cyprus strawberry tree ([Arbutus]) garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by their richness in low bushes of [Arbutus andrachne]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2E","name":"Eastern shrubby globularia garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Globularia alypum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2F","name":"Eastern rock-rose and fumana garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera [Helianthemum] or [Fumana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2G","name":"Eastern thymelaea garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in shrubs of genus [Thymelaea] (e.g. [Thymelaea tartonraira])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2H","name":"Eastern shrubby hare's ear garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, dense and often tall, sometimes very tall, dominated by [Bupleurum fruticosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.2I","name":"East Mediterranean pre-desert scrub","description":"Low formations of [Ziziphus spina-christi], [Ziziphus lotus], [Acacia albida], [Capparis spinosa], [Rhamnus palaestina], [Rhus tripartita] of the Levant and southern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.3","name":"Illyrian garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean zones of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula from Istria to southern Albania. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.31","name":"Illyrian kermes oak garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Quercus coccifera], of limited distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.32","name":"Illyrian rosemary garrigues","description":"[Rosmarinus officinalis]-dominated communities of the Dalmatian coast and its islands, in particular, Hvar, Brac, Solta, Vis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.33","name":"Illyrian cistus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus monspeliensis] or [Cistus salvifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.331","name":"Illyrian [Cistus incanus] garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.332","name":"Illyrian [Cistus salvifolius] garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus salvifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.333","name":"Illyrian [Cistus monspeliensis] garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.34","name":"Illyrian spurge garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by the spiny cushions of [Euphorbia spinosa] or by non-spiny often woody-stocked, clump-forming species of [Euphorbia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.35","name":"Illyrian prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.36","name":"Illyrian garrigues dominated by sage and other labiates","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Rosmarinus]), in particular [Salvia officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.37","name":"Illyrian Christ's thorn garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi], characteristic, in particular, of Inner Istria, of Ravni Kotari, of the lower reaches of the Neretva and of Herzegovina. [Punica granatum] is a frequent component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.38","name":"Illyrian broom garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by leguminous shrubs, in particular by [Calicotome villosa], [Genista sericea var. rigida], [Genista sylvestris ssp. michelii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.39","name":"Illyrian garrigues dominated by [Helichrysum] and other composites","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genus [Helichrysum] and related genera, in particular, [Scorzonera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.3A","name":"Illyrian [Erica] garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Erica manipuliflora] or sometimes [Erica multiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.4","name":"Black Sea garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the Mediterranean enclaves of the Black Sea coasts, in Crimea, southern Bulgaria, Turkey-in-Europe and northern Anatolia, as well as of the Mediterraneo-steppic zone of southern Thrace. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp. and Phryganas (F7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.41","name":"Crimean garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean southern Crimea, with, in particular, [Cistus incanus ssp. incanus] ([Cistus tauricus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.42","name":"South-Euxinian garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Arbutus andrachne], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Jasminum fruticans], [Myrtus communis], [Laurus nobilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.43","name":"Thracian garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of the Mediterraneo-steppic Evros-Merich-Maritsa and Ergene river basins of southern Thrace and of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of the Stranja and of Turkey-in-Europe, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Jasminum fruticans], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Quercus coccifera], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Anemone pavonina]. They extend northward to Harmanli on the Maritsa, and to Varna on the Black Sea coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.5","name":"Macaronesian garrigues","description":"Low shrub vegetation with an open canopy, of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.6","name":"Supra-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Low shrub formations with pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7) or sometimes of evergreen [Quercus] woodland (G2.1) in the supra-Mediterranean belt of the Mediterranean region. Included here are only those formations that are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level; formations, particularly of the lower supra-Mediterranean, that are closely related to meso-Mediterranean communities have been included under F6.1, F6.2, F6.3 or F6.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.61","name":"Common lavender garrigues","description":"Montane formations dominated by [Lavandula angustifolia] (\"[Lavandula vera]\") with [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], [Buxus sempervirens] (both sometimes co-dominant), [Astragalus purpureus], [Onobrychis supina], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Catananche caerulea], [Aphyllanthes monspeliensis], [Thymus vulgaris] characteristic of great surfaces of the supra-Mediterranean level of southwestern Alps of France, also occurring on the southern flanks of the Pyrenees in northern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.62","name":"[Genista cinerea] garrigues","description":"Supra-Mediterranean garrigues or grasslands of the southwestern Alps, Haute Provence, the southern Central Massif, the Corbières and the eastern Pyrenees dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], including the broom-rich facies of the French lavender garrigues and the White Quercy broom-fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.63","name":"Ibero-Gallic supra-Mediterranean dwarf-shrub garrigues","description":"Low frutescent or suffrutescent formations of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Meseta and its surrounding mountains and of northern Spain and southern France, rich in small labiate shrubs of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Satureja], [Sideritis], [Lavandula], accompanied by leguminous shrubs ([Genista scorpius], [Genista pilosa], [Genista pseudopilosa], [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], [Coronilla minima], [Dorycnium pentaphyllum ssp. pentaphyllum]) and various grasses ([Stipa] spp., [Brachypodium] spp.). In the north they often have an important, sometimes predominant, grass element and their impoverished shrub component is sometimes reduced to an almost monospecific [Thymus] formation; southwards, they become progressively more dominated by a richer constellation of shrub species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.64","name":"Supra-Mediterranean box scrub","description":"[Buxus sempervirens] thickets of the supra-Mediterranean zone, occurring as facies within several formations of southern France such as true-lavender garrigues (unit F6.61) and supra-Mediterranean steppic grassland complexes (unit E1.5), in northeastern Spanish ranges, in isolated stations of the Apennines and in Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.65","name":"Italian supra-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Characteristically supra-Mediterranean garrigues of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands. In the supra-Mediterranean level of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands, the substitution stages of the thermophile deciduous forests are mostly grasslands or shrubby grasslands, hedgehog heaths, deciduous shrubs, semimaquis or occasionally embryonic garrigues that differ little from those of the mesomediterranean level. A few formations, in particular with labiates of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Lavandula] and others, with [Helichrysum] spp. or with [Euphorbia] spp., may warrant separate listing under this heading."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.66","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs or subshrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.661","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean shrub garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs, impoverished irradiations of the communities of units F5.22 and F6.2, in particular unit F6.21. Included are, notably, the [Phillyrea latifolia] and [Quercus coccifera] thickets or scrubs of the middle Struma-Strimon and Mesta-Nestos valleys of Bulgaria, when monodominated by these species, as well as some [Buxus sempervirens]- or [Juniperus oxycedrus]-dominated formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] region of northern Greece, southern Albania and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia; most of the communities that include them also comprise, however, a substantial admixture of deciduous species and thus belong to unit F5.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.662","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean subshrub garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] zone of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of northern Greece and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, dominated by subshrubs associated with supra-Mediterranean dry grassland elements and generally forming a mosaic with such grasslands; they include, notably [Satureja montana] grassy, stony scrubs and [Genista nissana] heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.7","name":"Mediterranean gypsum scrubs","description":"Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and floristically characterised by the presence of numerous gypsophilous species, among which [Gypsophila struthium], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Teucrium libanitis], [Ononis tridentata], [Lepidium subulatum], [Herniaria fruticosa], [Reseda stricta], [Helianthemum squamatum]. They are often rich in thymes ([Thymus]), germanders ([Teucrium]), rockroses ([Helianthemum]), composites ([Centaurea], [Jurinea], [Santolina]), [Frankenia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.71","name":"Central Iberian gypsum scrubs","description":"Low garrigues dotted with occasional tall bushes, developed on gypseous soils which are often covered by a crust of lichens, generally rich in [Centaurea hyssopifolia] and often in [Gypsophila struthium], [Lepidium subulatum], [Thymus zygis] or [Jurinea pinnata]. They are limited to the meseta and eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.711","name":"Meseta gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of the central meseta of Spain dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.712","name":"Eastern Andalusian gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of eastern Andalusia (Armeria, Granada) dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Jurinea pinnata] or [Gypsophila struthium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.713","name":"Dueran gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of the central Duero with [Linum suffruticosum] and [Lepidium subulatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.72","name":"Ebro gypsum scrubs","description":"Open low garrigues of eroded gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, with [Gypsophila hispanica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.721","name":"[Gypsophila hispanica] garrigues","description":"Open formations of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region dominated by, or very rich in, [Gypsophila hispanica], the most widespread northeastern gypsum scrub component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.722","name":"[Helianthemum squamatum] garrigues","description":"Formations of [Helianthemum squamatum] of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, often very homogeneous."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.723","name":"[Ononis tridentata] garrigues","description":"Formations of somewhat deeper calcaro-gypsiferous soils of hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, rich in [Ononis tridentata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.73","name":"Southeastern Iberian gypsum scrubs","description":"Low, open thyme, germander and rockrose garrigues colonizing poorly developed gypsiferous soils of the arid southeast of the Iberian peninsula (Alicante and Murcia). Characteristic elements are [Teucrium libanitis] ([Teucrium verticillatum]), [Teucrium polium], [Teucrium pumilum], [Teucrium carthaginense], [Thymus longiflorus], [Thymus antoninae], [Helianthemum lavandulifolium] ([Helianthemum racemosum]), [Helianthemum squamatum], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Gypsophila struthium], [Astragalus alopecuroides]. Grasses ([Lygeum], [Stipa], [Brachypodium]), wormwood ([Artemisia]) and Chenopodiaceae may be locally prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F6.8","name":"Xero-halophile scrubs","description":"Salt-tolerant shrub formations of dry ground in low-precipitation areas of the mediterranean zone, in particular, the Iberian peninsula and Sicily, and of the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.81","name":"Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs","description":"Shrubby formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Chenoleoides tomentosa], sea-heath, saltworts and seablites of the vicinity of the coasts of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.811","name":"Canary Island coastal scrub","description":"Formations of [Chenoleoides tomentosa], [Suaeda vermiculata], [Frankenia laevis], [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca] and [Limonium] spp. forming a halophile belt in the littoral zone of the larger Canary Islands and, with somewhat modified composition, of the islets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.812","name":"Canary Island [Zygophyllum] dry scrubs","description":"Formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii] of sandy stone fields and black sands of the coastal zone of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.813","name":"Canary Island [Salsola longifolia] dry scrubs","description":"Formations of [Salsola oppositifolia] ([Salsola longifolia]) of dry coastal areas of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.814","name":"Selvagen woody seablite scrubs","description":"Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] of the Selvagens, with [Limonium papillatum var. callibotryum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.82","name":"Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Nitrophilous scrubby formations typically of dry soils and arid climates, often greyish-white and semidesert-like, sometimes including taller, denser scrub. They are most frequent in the eastern Iberian peninsula, where characteristic shrubs include [Peganum harmala], [Artemisia herba-alba], [Lycium intricatum], [Capparis ovata] and the Chenopodiaceae [Salsola vermiculata], [Salsola genistoides], [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Anabasis articulata] and [Haloxylon articulatum]. In the eastern Mediterranean species like [Artemisia arborescens], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Smyrnium apifolium], [Atriplex halimus], [Ruta chelepensis] and [Anagyris foetida] are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.821","name":"Ebro sisallares","description":"Interior, extensive and varied, halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the Ebro basin, comprising both dry ground sisallares proper, as well as various more hygrophile communities of edges of salt lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.822","name":"Manchegan sisallares","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of La Mancha, in the central Iberian peninsula, formed of communities related to those of the Ebro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.823","name":"Catalano-Valencian halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Local halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the coasts of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.824","name":"Southeastern Iberian matojares","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs, matojares and related communities, of the arid zone of southeastern Spain, forming, with pre-desert scrubs (unit F5.55) and localized gypsum scrubs (unit F6.73), the unique vegetation of this highly distinctive region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.825","name":"Sicilian halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of southwestern Sicily, with [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Reaumuria vermiculata], [Capparis ovata] and the endemics [Limonium opulentum] and [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. empedocleana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F6.83","name":"Interior Iberian salt scrubs","description":"Formations of woody glassworts and seablites of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.831","name":"Interior woody seablite scrubs","description":"[Suaeda pruinosa] ([Suaeda fruticosa var. brevifolia]) formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.832","name":"Interior glaucous glasswort scrubs","description":"[Arthrocnemum glaucum] formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F6.833","name":"Interior creeping glasswort scrubs","description":"[Arthrocnemum perenne] formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F7","name":"Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)","description":"Shrublands with dominant low spiny shrubs, widespread in Mediterranean and Anatolian regions with a summer-dry climate, occurring from sea level to high altitudes on dry mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F7.1","name":"West Mediterranean spiny heaths","description":"Spiny shrublands, mainly on coastal cliffs, of the western Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.11","name":"West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana","description":"Rare, extremely local and isolated associations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts of Provence, Cap Corse, the Straits of Bonifacio, Catalonia (Cabo de Creus) and extreme southwestern Portugal, characterized by the presence of [Astragalus massiliensis] or [Anthyllis hermanniae], variously accompanied by [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Helichrysum italicum], [Plantago subulata], [Armeria ruscinonensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.111","name":"Calcareous Provence phrygana","description":"Very rare clifftop cushion formations of the calcareous Marseilles coast of Provence (les Goudes), with [Astragalus massiliensis], [Thymelaea tartonraira] and [Plantago subulata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.112","name":"Crystalline Provence phrygana","description":"Cliff-top communities of the cristalline maritime façade of the Maures and the Esterel (southern France), with [Anthyllis barba-jovis], [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Limonium minutum], [Euphorbia pithyusa], and of Catalonia and Roussillon, with [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Polycarpon polycarpoides], [Plantago subulata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.113","name":"West-Mediterranean [Anthyllis] phrygana","description":"Clifftop cushion formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Anthyllis hermanniae], distributed in particular on Cap Corse and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.114","name":"Straits of Bonifacio phrygana","description":"Formations of the southern tip of Corsica and the extreme northern coast of Sardinia, with [Astragalus massiliensis], accompanied by [Teucrium polium], [Asteriscus maritimus], [Plantago coronopus ssp. humulis], [Artemisia arborescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.115","name":"Cabo de Creus phrygana","description":"Isolated formation of the Cabo de Creus promontory in Catalonia, with [Astragalus massiliensis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Cistus albidus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.116","name":"Cabo de Sao Vicente phrygana","description":"Very isolated formations of the Cabo de Sao Vicente and the Ponta de Sagres (Portugal), with [Astragalus massiliensis] and [Crithmum maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.12","name":"Balearic clifftop phrygana","description":"Formations of the coasts of Mallorca and Minorca dominated by the cushion-forming Balearic endemics [Launaea cervicornis], [Astragalus balearicus], [Centaurea balearica], [Anthyllis fulgurans], [Anthyllis hermanniae ssp. hystrix], [Teucrium subspinosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F7.2","name":"Central Mediterranean spiny heaths","description":"Spiny shrublands, mainly coastal, of the central Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.21","name":"Sardinian [Centaurea horrida] phrygana","description":"Highly threatened formations of the promontories of northern Sardinia, limited to the peninsulas of Stintino and Capo Caccia and the islands of Asinara and Tavola, dominated by the large, silvery-blue, hemispherical cushions of the endemic Tertiary relict [Centaurea horrida], associated with many other endemic or restricted relict species including [Astragalus massiliensis], [Erodium corsicum], [Limonium acutifolium], [Nananthea perpusilla], [Evax rotundata], [Armeria pungens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.22","name":"Sardinian [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana","description":"Very local [Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa]-dominated communities of northwestern Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.23","name":"Corsican and Sardinian genista phrygana","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations of headlands and peninsulas of Corsica and Sardinia dominated by cushion-forming spiny [Genista corsica] or [Genista morisii]. These endemic species participate in the constitution of hedgehog-heaths (unit F7.45) as well as in that of the coastal formations listed here, which assume an evident phrygana appearance; they may also enter in the composition of midelevation formations of less distinctive appearance which can be listed under unit F6.18."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.24","name":"Pantelleria phrygana","description":"Coastal formation of hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria endemics [Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae] and [Matthiola pulchella], vicariant of the west Mediterranean, Balearic and Sardinian clifftop phryganas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.25","name":"Central Mediterranean thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) phrygana","description":"Very local, impoverished [Sarcopoterium spinosum] formations of Capo St. Elia (southern Sardinian coast), of the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria) and of the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.26","name":"[Hypericum aegyptiacum] phrygana","description":"Extremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of [Hypericum aegyptiacum] forming open phryganas on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian islands, western Crete, Sardinia and Lampedusa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F7.3","name":"East Mediterranean phrygana","description":"Spiny shrublands, widespread at low and middle altitudes in the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolian regions. [Sarcopoterium spinosum] is a common dominant in the Aegean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.31","name":"Aegean phrygana","description":"Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone of Aegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia and Crete (up to 1000 m a.s.l.), with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Centaurea spinosa], [Satureja thymbra], [Thymus capitatus], [Genista acanthoclada], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Stachys spinosa], [Ballota pseudodictamnus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Erica manipuliflora], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Lithospermum hispidulum], [Fumana arabica], [Fumana thymifolia], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Teucrium brevifolium], [Teucrium divaricatum], [Teucrium polium], [Calicotome villosa], [Micromeria graeca], [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria nervosa], [Salvia triloba], [Ononis spinosa], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum], [Phagnalon graecum], [Phlomis fruticosa],much more widespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations. The subunits are based on physiognomically significant dominants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.311","name":"Aegean thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) phrygana","description":"[Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated formations, by far the commonest phrygana facies, widespread in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete, with local outposts in peninsular Greece, the Ionian islands and coastal Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.312","name":"Maritime [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana","description":"Rare, relict formations on coastal sands and gravels of Egina, Attica, Euboea, Skyros, Samos, Lesbos, Khios, Kos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Crete, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, western Anatolia, dominated by the large, silvery hemispherical cushions of [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], sometimes accompanied by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] or [Euphorbia acanthoclada]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.313","name":"Lesbian [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana","description":"Phryganas often rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], mixed with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Satureja thymbra], [Ballota acetabulosa] of Lesbos, extending from the coast to the highest hills in the arid western part of the island; covering a relatively vast expanse, they harbour a highly distinctive flora and fauna as well as remnants of fossil forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.314","name":"Cycladian centaurea phrygana","description":"Formations of the Cyclades, rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. cycladum], extending from coastal areas to the highest elevations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.315","name":"Aegean heather phrygana","description":"Phryganas of the Aegean region in which [Erica manipuliflora] plays an important role, often associated with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Genista acanthoclada], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], a facies of the [Sarcopoterium] phrygana developing locally, notably in eastern Crete and the Cyclades."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.316","name":"Aegean thyme phrygana","description":"Phryganas of the Aegean region dominated or formed by [Thymus capitatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.317","name":"Aegean [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana","description":"[Genista acanthoclada] formations of the thermo-Mediterranean zone Aegean islands and coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.318","name":"Aegean savory ([Satureja]) phrygana","description":"Facies of the Aegean phryganas in which [Satureja thymbra] becomes locally dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.319","name":"Aegean spiny spurge ([Euphorbia acanthothamnos]) phrygana","description":"[Euphorbia acanthothamnos]-dominated formations of the Aegean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.31A","name":"Aegean gromwell ([Lithospermum]) phrygana","description":"[Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas, limited to southeastern Aegean islands and adjacent Anatolian peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.31B","name":"Aegean [Anthyllis hermanniae] phrygana","description":"[Anthyllis hermanniae]-dominated or -rich phryganas, widespread, in particular in the northern Aegean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.32","name":"Mid-elevation phrygana of Crete","description":"Varied formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broad contact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (unit F5.3), with [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Berberis cretica], [Phlomis cretica], [Satureja biroi], [Sideritis syriaca], [Hypericum empetrifolium], [Origanum microphyllum], [Micromeria juliana], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Genista acanthoclada] and [Astragalus angustifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.33","name":"Thracian phrygana","description":"Thorny cushion communities of the Thracian wooded steppe zone enclaved between the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean, with [Sarcopoterium spinosum] and [Astragalus thracicus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.331","name":"Thracian thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) phrygana","description":"[Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.332","name":"Northern Thracian collinar [Astragalus thracicus] phrygana","description":"[Astragalus thracicus] phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe, with local representatives in the xerothermic oak belt of the hills and rim of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of southeastern Bulgaria, in particular, in the Bakadzicita hills of the Yambol Tundzja basin and in the foothills of the eastern Rhodopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.34","name":"East Mediterranean bathas","description":"Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Mediterranean areas of the Levant, north and west to the Gulf of Alexandrette, with local outposts in the Gulf of Antalaya and in Cyprus; they occupy large areas in the lowlands, ascending locally into the hills and, in Lebanon, to 1300 m in the mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.341","name":"Cyprian phrygana","description":"Cushion-forming thermo-mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Cyprus, mostly characteristic of the central plains, of semisteppic batha appearance, outpost of the continental formations of units F7.342 to F7.345, and like them of Irano-Turanian affinities, formed by [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), [Lithodora hispidula] ([Lithospermum hispidulum]), [Onosma fruticosum], [Galium suberosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.342","name":"Thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) bathas","description":"Thorny cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] on calcareous substrates, including terra rossa, rendzina or sand, typically on hills near the coast; there is often a significant participation of annuals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.343","name":"Thyme bathas","description":"Cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), typically forming a sparse plant cover poor in annuals, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.344","name":"Sage bathas","description":"Cushion formations of the Levant dominated by labiates, in particular, [Salvia triloba] or [Satureja thymbra], typically developed on calcareous rocky substrates and red soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.345","name":"Gromwell ([Lithospermum]) bathas","description":"[Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas of southeastern Anatolia and the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F7.4","name":"Hedgehog-heaths","description":"Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry mountains of the Mediterranean region and Anatolia, with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, in particular of genera [Acantholimon], [Astragalus], [Erinacea], [Vella], [Bupleurum], [Ptilotrichum], [Genista], [Echinospartum], [Anthyllis], and various composites and labiates; secondary, zoogenic cushion heaths of the same regions, either downslope extensions of the high-altitude formations, and dominated by the same species, or specifically montane or steppic, often [Genista]-dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded are cushion-heaths of thermo-Mediterranean lowlands (F7.1, F7.2 and F7.3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.41","name":"Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Echinospartum horridum] formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Buxus sempervirens], [Ononis fruticosa], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] and [Pinus sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.42","name":"Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of [Echinospartum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.421","name":"Gredos hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Gredos (Spain) dominated by the endemic [Echinospartum lusitanicu ssp. barnadesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.422","name":"Bejar-Peña de Francia hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Bejar and Peña de Francia (central Spain) dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.423","name":"Estrela hedgehog-heaths","description":"Relict heaths of highly xeric upper supra-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean stations of the Serra da Estrela (Portugal) dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.424","name":"Western Cordilleran secondary hedgehog-heaths","description":"Secondary [Echinospartum lusitanicum]-[Genista hystrix] hedgehog-heaths developed on skeletal soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the western Cordillera Central and surrounding areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.43","name":"Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]), [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Genista baetica]. Associated dwarf suffrutescent formations of high slopes and crests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.431","name":"Lower Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean (lower xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 1700-2000 m altitudinal range, often rich in [Bupleurum spinosum], with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Echinospartum boissieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.432","name":"Middle Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean (higher xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2000-2300 m altitudinal range, with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.433","name":"Upper Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Upper oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2300-2600 m altitudinal range, with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Juniperus nana] and [Juniperus sabina ssp. humilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.434","name":"Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Dwarf suffrutescent formations of windswept crests and slopes on very superficial soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4341","name":"Siliceous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of base-rich siliceous soils at 2600-2900 m with [Sideritis glacialis], [Arenaria pungens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4342","name":"Calcareous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of white-tomentose dwarf cushions developed on calcareous soils (Trevenque, Dornajo, Dilar) with [Andryala agardhii], [Erodium boissieri], [Scabiosa pulsatilloides], [Santolina elegans], [Globularia spinosa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus], [Helianthemum pannosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.435","name":"Nevadan [Genista] hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Genista baetica]-dominated hedgehog-heaths, often with [Juniperus nana] and [Genista purgans], of siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.44","name":"Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.441","name":"[Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean [Erinacea]-dominated and related hedgehog-heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4411","name":"Baetic [Erinacea-Vella] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges and of the southern Iberian Range, dominated by [Erinacea anthyllis] and/or by [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], developed in particular in the sierras de Segura, de Cazorla, de Alcaraz, Tejeda, Harana, Magina, de Baza, La Sagra, de Gador, Maria and on a few summits of the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4412","name":"Iberian Range [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Erinacea anthyllis]-dominated hedgehog-heaths of the Iberian Range (Teruel, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Soria), often in altitudinal contact with [Genista pumila] formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4413","name":"Maestrazgo [Erinacea-Genista] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista hispanica ssp. hispanica] and/or [Erinacea anthyllis] of the Maestrazgo, eastern spur of the Iberian Range under maritime influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4414","name":"Southeastern [Erinacea] hedgehog-heath","description":"Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa] of the sub-Baetic Aitana and Mariola ranges in the arid southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4415","name":"Southeastern [Daphne] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations with [Daphne oleoides ssp. hispanica] of the mountains of the arid souteast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.442","name":"Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, and sometimes supra-Mediterranean, formations of dwarf white-tomentose, cushion-forming suffrutescents of the high sub-Baetic and Baetic ranges; characteristic are [Andryala agardhii], [Convolvulus boissieri], [Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus] and [Thymus granatensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4421","name":"Cazorla dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz, Taibilla of the high Guadalquivir basin (Andalucia), with [Erodium cazorlanum], [Scorzonera albicans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4422","name":"Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras Tejeda, Almijara, la Torrecilla, Harana, Baza, la Sagra, Cazulas, Lapeza and of the Serrania de Ronda with [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. argyrophylla], [Anthyllis tejedensis], [Helianthemum viscidulum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4423","name":"Magina dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierra de Magina with [Helianthemum pannosum ssp. frigidulum], [Lithodora nitida] and [Viola cazorlensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4424","name":"Maria-Maimon dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras Maria and Maimon with [Centaurea baetica], [Sideritis stachydioides], [Alyssum cadevallianum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.443","name":"[Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths colonizing superficial, eroded soils and windswept stations of calcareous Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, comprising many cushion plants and generally physiognomically dominated by the large hemispherical shrubs of [Echinospartum boissieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4431","name":"Alcaraz [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierra de Alcaraz, sometimes including [Erinacea anthyllis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4432","name":"Gador [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the 1300-1900 m altitudinal range in the Sierra de Gador, often with [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Ulex parviflorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4433","name":"Baetic [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations developed in the 800-1400 m altitudinal range of other Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, often, in the higher mountains, immediately below [Erinacetalia] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.444","name":"Catalano-Valencian [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Uncommon hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and [Anthyllis montana], and related cushion plant formations, colonizing windswept stations with skeletal soil of the Mediterranean mountains of northeastern Spain (Montsant, Llaveria, Cardo, Maestrazgo septentrional, Beceite; Montserrat; Bergueda, Solsones)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.445","name":"[Genista] cushion-heaths","description":"Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog garrigues and heaths physiognomically dominated by small, hemispherical [Genista] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4451","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion-heaths dominated by [Genista hispanica ssp. occidentalis] or [Genista hystrix ssp. legionensis], often with [Erica vagans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] or [Lithodora diffusa], characteristic of the Pyreneen-Cantabrian system, where they may occur from the collinar to the subalpine level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4452","name":"[Genista sanabrensis] cushion-heaths","description":"Heaths dominated by the cushions of [Genista sanabrensis], with [Erica umbellata] and [Calluna vulgaris], occupying crests of southern Galicio-Leonese mountains at about 1800 m (cf. F4.2431)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4453","name":"[Genista pumila] cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion heaths dominated by [Genista pumila ssp. pumila] of windswept plateaux and crests of the Meseta and of the northern and southern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4454","name":"[Genista scorpius] cushion-heaths","description":"Meseta hedgehog-heaths with [Genista scorpius], rich in cushion-forming small shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4455","name":"[Genista pseudopilosa] cushion-heaths","description":"Unarmed [Genista pseudopilosa]-dominated hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and other cushion plants of the sierras de Alcaraz and Segura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4456","name":"[Genista lobelii] and [G. pulchella] cushion-heaths","description":"[Genista lobelii] and [Genista pulchella] hedgehog-heaths of windswept hilltops of southeastern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.446","name":"Collinar [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Local meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus] formations of the Spanish Meseta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4461","name":"Dueran [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]) formations of pastoral runs of the left bank of the middle Duero (Soria, Segovia) and of the highlands of Atienza (Guadalajara)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4462","name":"Southern Mesetan [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths with [Astragalus clusii] ([Astragalus tumidus]) of the southern Meseta, from La Mancha to the Baetic hills of eastern Andalusia (Orce, Sagra, Baza, Maria), with [Paronychia aretioides], [Genista pumila ssp. mugronensis], [Genista scorpius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.447","name":"Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of high altitudes and wind-exposed plateaux of the Balearics, dominated by [Teucrium subspinosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4471","name":"Mallorcan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of the high altitudes of the Sierra Tramuntana of Mallorca, rich in endemics, among them [Teucrium subspinosum], [Teucrium asiaticum], [Pastinaca lucida], [Thymelaea velutina] and [Paeonia cambessedesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4472","name":"Menorcan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of wind-exposed plateaux and hills of Menorca with [Cistus creticus] and [Teucrium subspinosum var. spinescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.45","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Expanses of small, compact bushes with [Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus], [Rosa serafinii], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Thymus herba-barona], [Cerastium boissieri], [Genista salzmannii], [Genista corsica], [Berberis aetnensis], [Prunus prostrata] and [Daphne oleoides], of Sardinian and Corsican mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.46","name":"Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths","description":"Lava-colonising hedgehog-heaths of Mount Etna formed by cushions of [Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus], with [Berberis aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Genista aetnensis], [Adenocarpus bivonae], [Viola aethnensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.47","name":"Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths formed by [Astragalus] spp. or [Genista] spp., of the mountains of the southern Italian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.48","name":"Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic milk-vetch ([Astragalus]) hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (units F7.49 and F7.4A), mostly dominated by [Astragalus angustifolius], characteristic, in particular, of zoogenous clearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation of Mediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone and Serbia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.481","name":"Southern Hellenic montane hedgehog heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heath facies of mostly secondary grassland-scrubland communities replacing [Abies cephalonica] forests in the 1500-1800 m altitudinal range of Peloponnese mountains, in particular, Taygetos, Parnon and Kyllini, and of southern mainland Greek mountains, including the southern Pindus and the Thessalian mountains, composed of [Stipa pulcherrima] and [Morina persica], with bushes and cushion-shaped perennials including [Astragalus angustifolius], [Daphne oleoides], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Berberis cretica], [Anthemis montana], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Prunus cocomilia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.482","name":"Moesian [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths, mostly secondary, scattered, mostly in the xerothermic oak belt, in the mountains of northern Greece and in regions of Mediterranean influence of the mountains and hills of the central Balkan peninsula, in particular, in the northern Pindus, in the Pelagonides, in the Moeso-Macedonian Ranges, in the Rhodope Mountains and in the foothills of the Balkan Range. [Thymus striatus], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Agropyron pectiniforme], [Rhodax canus], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Teucrium montanum], [Sideritis montana], [Festuca thracica], [Hyacinthella leucophaea], [Sternbergia colchiciflora], [Asphodelus albus], [Adonis flammea] participate in the [Astragalus] communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.49","name":"Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, in the 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies of associated grasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of the same mountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced by distinctive formations, listed under F7.48."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.491","name":"Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of the Taygetos, Kyllini, Chelmos, Parnassus, Vardousia, Giona and calcareous central and northern Pindus, dominated by the large hemispherical tussocks of the tragacanths [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus], and/or [Astragalus parnassi], and with [Marrubium velutinum], [Marrubium cyllenaeum], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Daphne oleoides], [Eryngium amethystinum], [Sideritis clandestina], [Cirsium hypopsilum] ([Cirsium cylleneum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4911","name":"Southern Peloponnese tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of the southern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4912","name":"Kyllini-Chelmos tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus parnassi ssp. cylleneus] and [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of Kyllini and Chelmos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F7.4913","name":"Hellenic mainland tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] and/or [Astragalus parnassi ssp. parnassi] heaths of high mountains of the mainland of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.492","name":"Oro-Hellenic [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus angustifolius] heaths of high Greek mountains, with [Marrubium thessalum] or [Marrubium velutinum ssp. haussknechtii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.493","name":"Hellenic cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion formations of high Greek mountains not dominated by thorny, tussock-forming species of [Astragalus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4A","name":"Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths","description":"Shrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greek mountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonizing the altitudinal range immediately above that occupied by the communities of F7.49, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil, loose screes and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of these communities. Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Astragalus lacteus], [Convolvulus cochlearis], [Rindera graeca], [Aster alpinus], [Globularia stygia], [Minuartia stellata], [Erysimum pusillum], [Thymus teucrioides], [Alyssum kionae], [Paronychia kapela], [Thymus hirsutus], [Anthyllis aurea], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Sideritis scardica], [Linum flavum], [Thymus boissieri] and [Sesleria coerulans] are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4B","name":"Cretan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, with [Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus], [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Atraphaxis billardieri], [Berberis cretica], [Chamaecytisus creticus], [Daphne oleoides], [Prunus prostrata], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Sideritis syriaca], [Satureja spinosa], [Asperula idaea], [Rhamnus prunifolius], [Pimpinella tragium], [Acinos alpinus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4C","name":"Aegean summital hedgehog-heaths","description":"Isolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegean islands and Mount Athos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4D","name":"Southern Hellenic [Genista acanthoclada] hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of [Genista acanthoclada] of the middle levels (about 800-1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4E","name":"[Astragalus sempervirens] hedgehog-heaths","description":"[Astragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. muticus], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. cephalonicus] formations of the southern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between the alpine and subalpine heaths of unit F2.2 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of unit F7.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4F","name":"Canary Island cushion-heaths","description":"Open formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of the Canary Islands, with many endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.4F1","name":"Tenerife cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of Tenerife with [Spartocytisus supranubius], [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus], [Descurainia bourgaena], [Pterocephalus lasiospermus], [Erysimum scoparium], [Scrophularia glabrata], [Nepeta teydea], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium auberianum], [Cheirolophus teydis], [Plantago webbii], [Sideritis cretica], [Argyranthemum teneriffae], [Pimpinella cumbrae], [Arrhenatherum calderae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.4F2","name":"La Palma cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of La Palma with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides], the very rare [Genista benehoavensis] and [Descurainia gilba], [Pterocephalus porphyranthus], [Viola palmensis], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium gentianoides], [Micromeria lasiophylla ssp. palmensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4G","name":"Cyprian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Summital community of the Chionistra, in the Troodos group, developed above the tree limit, at about 1900-1950 m above sealevel, with [Berberis cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Rosa canina ssp. dumalis], [Juniperus foetidissima] and tragacanthic shrubs, in particular, [Astragalus echinus], [Alyssum troodii], [Teucrium cyprium], [Nepeta troodi], [Satureja troodii]. Other highly restricted endemics include [Onosma troodi], [Scorzonera troodea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4H","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Tragacanthic communities of the Taurus, the Antitaurus, the Amanus, the Aegean ranges of western Anatolia, the Lebanon mountains, Mount Hermon, the Jebel Druz and the mountains of northern Sinai, with rich communities dominated by numerous species of genera [Astragalus] and [Acantholimon], acccompanied by, among others, [Berberis cretica], [Daphne oleoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F7.4I","name":"Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of western central Eurasia, west to eastern Bulgaria and central Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.4I1","name":"Northern Thracian tragacanth hedgehog-heath","description":"Endemic [Astragalus aitosensis] ([Astragalus arnacantha], [Astracantha aitosensis]) formation of Bulgaria, restricted to a few sites of the xerothermic oak belt, on steep, south-facing slopes of the Aitoska hills, southeastern spur of the Balkan Range onto the Northern Thracian plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F7.4I2","name":"Central Anatolian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of central Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F8","name":"Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub","description":"Xerophytic scrub formations of the lower slopes of the Canary Islands and Madeira, rich in succulents, in particular cactiform or dendroid spurges [Euphorbia] spp., rosette-forming [Aeonium] spp. and composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F8.1","name":"Canary Island xerophytic scrub","description":"Xerophytic scrub of the Canary Islands. Varied types include stem succulents, leaf succulents and woody sclerophyllous shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.11","name":"Western Canary Island spurge communities","description":"Open, varied formations of arid, stony slopes of the lower, 0-700 m, level of the western and central Canarian islands, characterised by the abundance of fleshy-stemmed, aphyllous, or small-leafed species, in particular [Euphorbia] spp., [Senecio kleinia], [Periploca laevigata], [Cneorum pulverulentum], [Messerschmidia fruticosa], [Echium giganteum], [Convolvulus floridus], [Allagopappus dichotomus], [Rhamnus crenulata], [Rubia fruticosa], [Argyranthemum] spp., [Artemisia canariensis], [Sonchus leptocephalus], [Asparagus arborescens], [Rumex lunaria], [Micromeria] spp., [Paronychia canariensis]. They constitute a Macaronesian representation of the coastal desert formations of northwest Africa (which are outside the scope of this classification)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.111","name":"Cardonales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the cactiform spurge [Euphorbia canariensis] and [Aeonium percarneum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.112","name":"Spurge tabaibales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the tree-like spurges [Euphorbia aphylla], [Euphorbia obtusifolia], [Euphorbia balsamifera], [Euphorbia atropurpurea], [Euphorbia bravoana], [Euphorbia regis-jubae], [Euphorbia bourgaeana], [Euphorbia berthelotii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.113","name":"Kleinia tabaibales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by [Senecio kleinia] ([Kleinia neriifolia]), [Sonchus] spp. or other composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.114","name":"Dragon tree communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands in which the forest relict [Dracaena draco] is present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.115","name":"[Cneorum] cushion communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Neochamaelea pulverulenta] ([Cneorum pulverulentum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.116","name":"[Plocama] communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Plocama pendula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.12","name":"Western Canary Island saxicolous formations","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands colonizing hard rock faces, lava flows and ravine walls within the xerophytic zone of the western and central Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.121","name":"Western Canary Island saxicolous labiate communities","description":"Canary Island communities of small ligneous plants colonizing hard, dry rocks with [Micromeria] spp., [Lavandula canariensis], [Lavandula pinnata], and the fern [Cheilanthes catanensis] ([Cosentinia vellea], [Notholaena vellea])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.122","name":"Cardoncillo communities","description":"Formations colonizing lava flows, with the succulent asclepiad cardoncillos [Ceropegia dichotoma] and [Ceropegia fusca], [Phagnalon purpurascens] and [Sonchus leptocephalus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F8.123","name":"Western Canary Island crassulid communities","description":"Formations of dry, less sunny rocks dominated by succulent crassulids ([Aeonium] spp., [Greenovia] spp.) with [Sonchus gummifer], [Sonchus radiatus], [Picridium ligulatum], [Lavandula abrotanoides], [Asparagus scoparius], [Hypericum reflexum], [Lavatera acerifolia], [Lavatera phoenicea], [Vieraea laevigata] and many lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.13","name":"Eastern Canary Island xerophytic communities","description":"Open formations of semidesertic Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, with high endemism; characteristic of various groupings are [Euphorbia obtusifolia], [Senecio kleinia], [Asparagus pastorianus], [Kickxia heterophylla], [Echium bonnetii], [Caralluma burchardii], the cactiform spurge [Euphorbia handiensis], [Pulicaria burchardii], [Pulicaria canariensis], [Argyranthemum winteri], [Echium handiense], [Bupleurum handiense], [Sideritis massoniana], [Asteriscus sericeus], [Asteriscus schultzii], [Minuartia platiphylla], [Reichardia famarae], [Aichryson tortuosum], [Aeonium lancerottense], [Aeonium balsamiferum], [Limonium bourgaei], [Echium decaisnei ssp. purpuriense], [Argyranthemum ochroleucum], [Helichrysum gossypinum], [Helichrysum monogynum], [Ferula lancerottensis], [Sedum lancerottense], [Thymus origanoides], [Lavandula pinnata], [Echium pitardii], [Limonium puberulum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.14","name":"Canary Island [Launaea] scrub","description":"Steppic grasslands of the Canary Islands invaded and dominated by [Launaea arborescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F8.2","name":"Madeiran xerophytic scrub","description":"Xerophytic scrub of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.21","name":"Madeiran spurge formations","description":"Shrubby formations of the low slopes (0-350 m) of Madeira with [Euphorbia piscatoria], [Globularia salicina], [Phyllis nobla], [Myrtus communis], [Chamaemeles coriacea], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Olea europaea var. maderensis], [Bencomia caudata], [Echium nervosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.22","name":"Madeiran saxicolous formations","description":"Formations colonizing rocks and volcanic ash deposits in the xerophytic zone of Madeira with [Aeonium glutinosum], [Plantago arborescens ssp. maderensis], [Helichrysum] spp., [Sonchus ustulatus], [Phagnalon] spp., [Tolpis fruticosa], [Sedum brissemoretii], [Davallia canariensis] or [Musschia aurea] and [Aeonium glandulosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F8.23","name":"Desertas dry scrub","description":"Formation with Madeiran endemics [Artemisia argentata], [Calendula maderensis], [Andryala glandulosa], [Jasminum odoratissimum] and introduced plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"F9","name":"Riverine and fen scrubs","description":"Riversides, lakesides, fens and marshy floodplains dominated by woody vegetation less than 5 m high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F9.1","name":"Riverine scrub","description":"Scrub of broad-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra], beside rivers. Scrub of [Alnus] spp. and narrow-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix elaeagnos], where these are less than 5 m tall. Riverside scrub of [Hippophae rhamnoides] and [Myricaria germanica]. Excludes riversides dominated by taller narrow-leaved willows [Salix alba], [Salix purpurea], [Salix viminalis] (G1.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.11","name":"Orogenous riverine brush","description":"Riverside brush of fast, pebbly, summer-high rivers originating in the Alps or other major mountain ranges with similar climate cycle, with [Salix] spp., [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Carduus personata], [Myricaria germanica] and [Hippophae rhamnoides]. Vegetation of the alliance [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis] prevails mostly in narrow valleys with powerful erosion-accumulating activity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.111","name":"Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush","description":"Low, prostrate [Myricaria germanica] and [Salix] spp., in particular [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix nigricans], formations of low, silty shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in the Carpathians and the northern Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.112","name":"Pre-Alpine willow and sea-buckthorn brush","description":"Formations of [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix nigricans] and [Hippophae rhamnoides] of higher gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in and around the Carpathians and the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.113","name":"Boreo-alpine willow-tamarisk scrub","description":"Brush of fast, fluctuating, stony or gravelly rivers of the boreal mountains, with [Myricaria germanica], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]), [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix borealis], [Salix daphnoides], sometimes with [Hippophae rhamnoides], and [Racomitrium canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.12","name":"Lowland and collinar riverine willow scrub","description":"Linear shrubby willow ([Salix] spp.) formations of river banks in plains, hills and low mountains of the western nemoral, eastern nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate, mediterranean, steppic and cold desert regions of the Palaearctic, extending to the montane level in the mediterranean region, and to the confines of the subtropical deserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.121","name":"Almond willow-osier scrub","description":"Willow scrub, often dense, lining water courses of western Eurasian nemoral lowlands and hills, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, north to Denmark and nemoral Scandinavia, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia, with [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis], [Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia] ([Salix acutifolia])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.122","name":"Western Mediterranean purple willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub dominated by [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana] and [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia] of water courses of southern France, Italy and Mediterranean eastern Spain south to the Rio Segura basin; [Salix purpurea] and [Salix triandra] scrubs lining watercourses of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean northwest Africa, the first extending south to the Anti-Atlas and Saharan Atlas, the second limited to eastern and middle northern Algeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.123","name":"Balkan riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and Moesian domaines of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece, with [Salix purpurea], [Salix amplexicaulis], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.124","name":"Ibero-montane riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub, up to 2-3 metres tall, lining water courses of the Pyrenees, the Iberian Range, the Sierra Nevada, formed by [Salix purpurea], [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia], [Salix triandra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.125","name":"Cantabrian willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of montane rivers and arroyos of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with the endemic [Salix cantabrica] and with [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.126","name":"Iberian sage-leaved willow scrub","description":"Small or medium-sized willow scrub of meso-Mediterranean and, locally, supra-Mediterranean, zones of central Iberia (Castellano-Leonese sectors, Extremadura), characterized by the presence of the Iberian endemic [Salix salvifolia] and [Salix x secalliana], together with [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix x matritensis], [Salix neotricha], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor]; they line, mostly on siliceous sandy soils, small oligotrophic rivers with strong seasonal amplitude, or form behind the taller curtain of the [Populo nigrae-Salicetum neotrichae] along large water courses of argilous base-rich soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.127","name":"Pedicellated willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of stream courses of extreme southern Europe and the Maghreb, characterized by the presence of the southwestern Mediterranean and North African [Salix pedicellata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1271","name":"Andalusian willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of southwestern Iberian stream courses, fringing, in particular, humid [Quercus canariensis] forests in conjunction with rhododendron-alder galleries (unit G1.132), dominated by [Salix pedicellata] and [Salix salvifolia ssp. australis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1272","name":"Sardinian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"[Salix pedicellata] scrub of stream courses of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1273","name":"Sicilian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"[Salix pedicellata] scrubs of stream courses of Sicily and of the Maltese Islands, where they are represented by a few diminishing, endangered fragments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1274","name":"Calabrian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"[Salix pedicellata] scrub of stream courses of Calabria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.128","name":"Continental riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic or desert mountain ranges, in particular, of the Pannonic basin, of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes, of the Central Eurasian and East Asian steppes, deserts and semideserts, of the Irano-Anatolian steppes and their mediterranean or desert transitions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1281","name":"Pannonic riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pannonic plain, with [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1282","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, with [Salix triandra], [Salix cinerea], [Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia] ([Salix acutifolia]), shrubby [Salix alba], [Salix amygdalina], [Salix gmelini], [Salix purpurea], [Salix australior], and [Hippophae rhamnoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.1283","name":"Central Eurasian riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated riverine scrubs of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kurgan, Ichim, Kulunda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe and wooded steppe regions and of the Kazakho-Dsungarian and Turanian semideserts and deserts. A number of species of willows, up to 12-15 in Turanian desert and semidesert areas, notably, [Salix blakii], [Salix wilhelmsiana], [Salix songarica], [Salix australior], [Salix euapiculata], [Salix flavida], [Salix microstacha], [Salix cheilophila], [Salix caspica], [Salix rosmarinifolia] associated with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Myricaria germanica], [Elaeagnus oxycarpa], [Elaeagnus turkmanica], [Elaeagnus angustifolia], constitute various communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.129","name":"Boreal riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow thickets of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, northern China, Korea and Japan, dominated, in particular, by [Salix triandra], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix viminalis], [Salix pentandra], [Salix cinerea], [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix glauca], [Salix myrsinifolia], colonizing sands, gravels or silts of the banks of torrents, larger rivers, lakes and reservoirs at low or middle altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.13","name":"Montane river gravel low brush","description":"Communities of low shrubby pioneers invading the herbaceous formations of units C3.551 and C3.552 on gravel deposits rich in fine silt of montane and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. [Myricaria germanica], [Chamaerion dodonai] and [Salix] spp. are characteristic. Vegetation may include the alliances [Salicion incanae] and [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.14","name":"Gravel bank thickets and woods","description":"Thickets or woods of, among others, [Salix] spp., [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Alnus] spp., [Betula] spp., on stream gravels of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. Vegetation includes communities of [Salicion elaeagni]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F9.2","name":"Willow carr and fen scrub","description":"Low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by large or medium sized shrubby willows, generally [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix pentandra], alone or in association with [Frangula alnus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Alnus glutinosa] or [Betula pubescens], any of which may dominate the upper canopy. In boreal regions and on cold subboreal plateaux, small shrubs may dominate, e.g. dwarf [Salix] spp. associated with [Betula humilis] or [Betula nana]. Excludes boreal and subalpine lakeside scrub on well drained soils (F2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.21","name":"Grey willow carrs","description":"Mesotrophic or eutrophic low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra], [Salix aurita] or, sometimes, [Salix atrocinerea], alone or in association with [Frangula alnus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Alnus glutinosa] or [Betula pubescens], any of which may, at times, dominate the upper canopy. [Phragmites australis], [Carex elata], [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Menyanthes trifoliata] are typical for the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.211","name":"Western grey willow carrs","description":"Mesotrophic or eutrophic [Salix cinerea], [Salix aurita], or, sometimes, [Salix atrocinerea], and [Alnus glutinosa] scrubs of mires, fens, and water fringes of western Europe and northern Central Europe, within the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.212","name":"Central European grey willow carrs","description":"[Salix cinerea]-dominated scrubs of often relatively eutrophic mires of the warmer lowlands and submontane level of central, southeastern and eastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.213","name":"Intra-Carpathian grey willow carrs","description":"[Salix cinerea] carrs occupying fen margins of the Eastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with [Frangula alnus], [Spiraea salicifolia], [Ribes nigrum], [Euonymus nanus], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Poa trivialis], [Galium palustre], [Myosotis palustris], [Deschampsia cespitosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.22","name":"Sphagnum willow carrs","description":"Oligotrophic [Salix aurita] or [Salix cinerea] and [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] scrubs, rich in sphagnum, of bog edges and acid fens of nemoral Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.23","name":"Bay willow carrs","description":"Medium-tall woods and scrub colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by the relatively large [Salix pentandra], particularly characteristic of boreal, sub-boreal and subcontinental Europe, from northern England through Scandinavia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to Bashkiria in the northeast, to the Bohemian quadrangle, the Alpine piedmont of Bavaria and Hungary in the south, with outposts in the Netherlands, in subcontinental western Europe to the Black Forest and the Baar plateau, in continental southern Europe to Bulgaria. Species [Phragmites australis], [Carex pseudocyperus], [Glyceria maxima], [Equisetum fluviatile] and [Menyanthes trifoliata] are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.24","name":"Dwarf willow mire scrubs","description":"Dwarf [Salix repens], [Salix rosmarinifolia] and [Betula humilis] scrubs of bogs and fens, of eastern nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, with outposts constituting rare glacial relicts in the higher middle German Hercynian ranges and on northern pre-Alpine plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.25","name":"Boreal sedge willow carrs","description":"Low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic dominated by large or medium sized shrubby willows, generally [Salix cinerea] or [Salix aurita], accompanied by [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]) and the boreal [Salix glauca], [Salix lapponum], with sedges, in particular, [Carex aquatilis], [Carex caespitosa], brown mosses and sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.26","name":"Boreo-alpine willow fen scrubs","description":"Willow thickets or scrubs of mires of the mountains of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region, characteristically forming along fen margins, on their hummocks or strings, sometimes in their lawns, with an understorey of dwarf shrubs, herbs, mosses and sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"F9.3","name":"Southern riparian galleries and thickets","description":"Tamarisk, oleander, chaste tree galleries and thickets and similar low woody vegetation of permanent or temporary streams and wetlands of the thermo-Mediterranean zone, southwestern Iberia & Macaronesia"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.31","name":"Oleander, chaste tree ([Vitex agnus-castus]) and tamarisk galleries","description":"Thickets and galleries of [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] or [Tamarix] spp. of the southern parts of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.311","name":"Oleander galleries","description":"[Nerium oleander] cordons and screens, often with [Tamarix] spp., [Vitex agnus-castus], [Dittrichia viscosa], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Rubus ulmifolius], most typical of temporary water courses, but also lining small and sometimes large rivers, marking springs and areas of high water table in southern and eastern Iberia, very locally in eastern Provence, Liguria and Corsica (Saint-Florent), in southern Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, in southern and western Greece, the Aegean and Ionian archipelagoes, in Crete, in Albania, in the eastern Mediterranean, in North Africa, including northern Saharan regions, and in Mesopotamia. They are particularly abundant in the south and east of Iberia, in Sicily, in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean region and in North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.312","name":"Chaste tree thickets","description":"[Vitex agnus-castus] formations of temporary water courses and other humid sites within, mostly, the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They occur, though uncommonly, in Mediterranean southern and eastern Spain and in the Balearics; they are local and rare in eastern Provence, the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, Puglia, the gulf of Taranto, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the Maltese Islands. They are frequent in Greece, particularly along the Ionian coasts, where they can constitute dense thickets, uncommon again in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete. They extend to the southern Balkans, Crimea, Mediterranean Asia Minor, Anatolia and North Africa, including the northern Saharan regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.313","name":"Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], [Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix boveana], associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Mediterranean basin, of the mediterranean coasts of the Black Sea, of the thermo-Atlantic coasts and lowlands of southwestern Europe and of the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.3131","name":"West Mediterranean tamarisk thickets","description":"[Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana] or [Tamarix canariensis] thickets of watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats in Iberia, southern and western France, peninsular Italy, the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands and mediterranean North Africa. The accompanying flora comprises [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Brachypodium phoenicoides], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Equisetum ramosissimum], [Rubia peregrina], [Rubia longifolia], [Rubia angustifolia], [Dittrichia viscosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.3132","name":"Macaronesian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], of the Canary Islands and Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31321","name":"Canary Island tamarisk thickets","description":"[Tamarix canariensis] and [Tamarix africana] galleries and thickets of the lower zone of the Canary Islands, lining the low part of barrancos and occupying the deltas of greater water courses. They are particularly abundant in the eastern desert islands, Lanzarote and, mostly, Fuenteventura, where they constitute one of the principal ligneous habitats for the fauna. They have also important representatives along the north coast of Tenerife and on Gran Canaria (Charca de Maspalomas, La Aldea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31322","name":"Madeiran tamarisk thickets","description":"[Tamarix gallica] thickets of the lowlands of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.3133","name":"East Mediterranean tamarisk thickets","description":"[Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana] and [Tamarix hohenackeri] thickets of lowland watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats of Greece and its islands, of the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, of Albania, of Cyprus, of southern Crimea, of mediterranean Asia Minor and of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.3134","name":"Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands","description":"Thickets of [Tamarix boveana], [Tamarix canariensis] or, sometimes, [Tamarix gallica] of the Mediterranean basin, accompanied by typical salt marsh flora, in particular, [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], [Arthrocnemum glaucum], [Suaeda brevifolia], [Halimione portulacoides], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex hastata], [Limonium lactibracteatum], [Limonium eugeniae], [Limonium cossonianum], [Limonium angustibracteanum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Inula crithmoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31341","name":"Iberian [Tamarix boveana] stands","description":"Rare and vulnerable formations of the Ibero-African [Tamarix boveana], alone or associated with [Tamarix canariensis], characteristic of arid areas of eastern Iberia, limited to a few stations in the Iberian Southeast (Murcia, Almeria, Alicante), the Ebro depression (Salada de Chiprana), the Ebro delta and Mallorca (Alcudia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31342","name":"Saline [Tamarix canariensis] stands","description":"Formations of [Tamarix canariensis], sometimes with [Tamarix gallica], characteristic of strongly saline sites of Iberia and the European shores of the western Mediterranean, in particular, of Iberian interior saline depressions (La Mancha) and of coastal areas of the Iberian Arid Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31343","name":"Saline eastern tamarisk stands","description":"[Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix dalmatica] stands of the strongly saline part of Greek and east Mediterranean coastal marshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"F9.314","name":"Irano-Turanian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix pallasii], [Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix octandra] i.a., associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Irano-Turanian floristic region and its irradiation areas within the steppe and cold desert zones of Eurasia, in particular, of the Pontic basin, of Central Eurasia, of East Asia, of Inner Anatolia, northern Iran and Afghanistan, of northern Mesopotamia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"F9.3141","name":"Pontic tamarisk stands","description":"Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the Pontic steppe region of western Eurasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31411","name":"Western Pontic fresh water [Tamarix smyrnensis] stands","description":"Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] on weakly saline sands of fresh water steppe streamsides of the western Pontic region, including river systems such as those of the lower Danube and the Maritza-Tunja basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31412","name":"Western Pontic coastal [Tamarix smyrensis] stands","description":"Shrub communities of [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix ramosissima] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] occupying weakly saline marine sand dunes of western Black Sea coastal areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"F9.31413","name":"Central and eastern Pontic tamarisk stands","description":"Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the northern and eastern Black Sea lowlands, within the range of central and eastern Pontic steppes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.32","name":"Southwestern Iberian tamujares","description":"Low, spiny, almost monospecific fringes formed by the Ibero-African shrubby spurge [Securinega tinctoria] on the outer edge of temporary or permanent water courses of great seasonal amplitude in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula (Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena, Extremadura, southwestern Andalusia, southern Portugal). Among the few associated plants, are the lianas [Bryonia cretica], [Tamus communis] and the endemic [Clematis campaniflora]. [Pyrus bourgaeana] may transgress from neighbouring communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.33","name":"Lauriphyllous galleries of the Cordillera Oretana","description":"Supra- and upper meso-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), constituted by the lauriphyllous [Prunus lusitanica] and [Viburnum tinus]. They line water courses on the inner edge of alder galleries of unit G1.131, which they sometimes entirely replace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.34","name":"Bog-myrtle - willow scrub of the Cordillera Oretana","description":"Tall scrub of Montes de Toledo streams, with [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix salvifolia] and [Myrica gale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"F9.35","name":"Riparian stands of invasive shrubs","description":"Riparian stands of invasive shrubs, for example [Amorpha fruticosa], recorded from Romania and Croatia, and [Reynoutria japonica] (= [Fallopia japonica]) (Japanese Knotweed), which invades watercourses and roadsides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"FA","name":"Hedgerows","description":"Woody vegetation forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for controlling livestock, marking boundaries or providing shelter. Hedgerows differ from lines of trees (G5.1) in being composed of shrub species, or if composed of tree species then being regularly cut to a height less than 5 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FA.1","name":"Hedgerows of non-native species","description":"Hedges planted with species not native in the vicinity. They may be exotics such as [Ligustrum ovalifolium] or European species outside their native range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FA.2","name":"Highly-managed hedgerows of native species","description":"Regularly clipped hedges composed of native species that were planted as a hedge."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FA.3","name":"Species-rich hedgerows of native species","description":"Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, with on average at least five native woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix]. In western Europe, many such hedges are thought to be medieval in origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FA.4","name":"Species-poor hedgerows of native species","description":"Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, not neatly clipped or obviously planted as a hedge, with on average less than five woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"FB","name":"Shrub plantations","description":"Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers, mostly cultivated for fruit or flower production, either intended to have permanent cover of woody plants when mature, or else for wood or small tree production with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FB.1","name":"Shrub plantations for whole-plant harvesting","description":"Includes shrub nurseries. Excludes tree nurseries and plantations of Christmas trees (G5.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FB.2","name":"Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest","description":"Includes tea [Camellia sinensis] plantations, and osier [Salix viminalis] beds grown for basket-making."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.21","name":"Tea plantations","description":"Plantations of [Camellia sinensis], widespread in southeastern mainland China, Formosa, on Formosa, southern Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, more limited elsewhere in the Palaearctic, in particular, in the eastern Pontic range of Turkey, in the Caucasian periphery of Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, in northern Iran, in the Azores on Sao Miguel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.22","name":"Osier beds","description":"Beds of [Salix viminalis] grown as high quality willows for basket work, and also cultivated beds of other species of willow (e.g. red osier – [Salix rubra])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FB.3","name":"Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards","description":"Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers other than grapevines, cultivated for fruit or flower production. They include, among others, berry-bearing bushes of [Ribes] and [Rubus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.31","name":"Shrub and low-stem tree orchards","description":"Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial ligneous climbers, other than vineyards and tea plantations, cultivated for fruit or flower production, with an avocation of permanent shrubby cover. They include, among others, espaliers of various Rosaceae plantations and berry shrub patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.32","name":"Ornamental shrub plantations","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"FB.4","name":"Vineyards","description":"Plantations of grapevine [Vitis vinifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.41","name":"Traditional vineyards","description":"Vineyards that have preserved their characteristic accompanying flora (often species-rich communities of arable weeds), generally lightly treated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"FB.42","name":"Intensive vineyards","description":"Vineyards usually cleared of their herb layer (ploughed), intensively treated, often covering large areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"G","name":"Woodland, forest and other wooded land","description":"Woodland and recently cleared or burnt land where the dominant vegetation is, or was until very recently, trees with a canopy cover of at least 10%. Trees are defined as woody plants, typically single-stemmed, that can reach a height of 5 m at maturity unless stunted by poor climate or soil. Includes lines of trees, coppices, regularly tilled tree nurseries, tree-crop plantations and fruit and nut tree orchards. Includes [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland and riverine [Salix] woodland. Excludes [Corylus avellana] scrub and [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3m high, such as occur at the arctic or alpine tree limit. Excludes parkland and dehesa with canopy less than 10%, which are listed under sparsely wooded grasslands E7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"G1","name":"Broadleaved deciduous woodland","description":"Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by summer-green non-coniferous trees that lose their leaves in winter. Includes woodland with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved trees, provided that the deciduous cover exceeds that of evergreens. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of conifers exceeds 25%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.1","name":"Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant alder, birch, poplar or willow","description":"Riparian woods of the boreal, boreo-nemoral, nemoral and submediterranean and steppe zones, with one or few dominant species, typically [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]. Includes woods dominated by narrow-leaved willows [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Salix viminalis] in all zones including the mediterranean. Excludes riverine scrub of broad-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.11","name":"Riverine willow woodland","description":"[Salix] spp. scrub or arborescent formations, lining flowing water and submitted to periodic flooding, developed on recently deposited alluvion. Willow brushes are particularly characteristic of rivers originating in major mountain ranges. Shrubby willow formations also constitute an element of lowland and hill riverine successions in all major biomes, often making the belt closest to the water course. Taller arborescent willow formations often constitute the next belt landwards in riverine successions of lowland western nemoral, eastern nemoral and warm-temperate humid forest regions, and a large part of the less diverse riverine systems of the steppic, mediterranean and cold desert zones. Vegetation of alliance [Salicion albae], species [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Phalaroides arundinacea] and [Urtica dioica]. May be affected by the invasive alien species [Solidago canadensis], [Aster novi-belgii], [Aster novi-anglii], [Impatiens glandulifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.111","name":"Middle European white willow forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], with, in the east, [Populus nigra], developed on ground submitted to a regular regime of inundation along western Eurasian nemoral lowland, hill or submontane rivers, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1111","name":"Western European white willow forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic middle Europe, outside of the main native range of [Populus nigra], which may nevertheless appear sporadically, or as a naturalised alien."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1112","name":"Eastern European poplar-willow forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix x rubens], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of nemoral and boreonemoral Eastern Europe and of eastern and southeastern Central Europe, including eastern Germany, the Baltic States, Poland, the Czech Repubic, Slovakia, the nemoral parts of Danubian and Balkan states, nemoral Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to Bashkiria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.112","name":"Mediterranean tall willow galleries","description":"Arborescent willow formations bordering watercourses of mediterranean regions of western Eurasia, willow-dominated belt or facies of the poplar-ash-elm forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1121","name":"Mediterranean white willow galleries","description":"Riparian forests of the Mediterranean basin dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] or their relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11211","name":"Central Iberian [Salix neotricha] galleries","description":"Arborescent willow galleries dominated by [Salix neotricha] accompanied by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Sambucus nigra], [Ulmus] spp., forming as the ligneous vegetation closest to the water along the middle and lower course of large rivers of little seasonal amplitude in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean foothills of the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Iberian Range and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11212","name":"Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries","description":"[Salix alba]-, [Salix fragilis]- or [Salix x rubens]-dominated facies of Mediterranean riverine poplar-ash-elm forests developed along rivers of lowland Iberia, southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Greece, the Mediterranean islands, Cyprus and Mediterranean Asia Minor; the accompanying cortège does not differ from that of poplar- or ash-dominated facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1122","name":"Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods","description":"Woods of arborescent willows, physiognomically dominated by [Salix atrocinerea] or [Salix cinerea], forming, in thermo-, meso- or supra-Mediterranean areas, on the banks of slow water courses; similar woods occupy soggy depressions (F9.2 [Salix] carr and fen scrub)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11221","name":"Iberian olive-leaved willow woods","description":"Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of central and eastern Iberia, with [Salix neotricha], [Salix salvifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Populus tremula], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and many lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11222","name":"Andalusian olive-leaved willow woods","description":"Riparian woods formed almost exclusively by [Salix atrocinerea], with a few [Fraxinus angustifolia], numerous lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.) and an abundance of [Thelypteris palustris] in the undergrowth, characteristic of the southwestern Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11223","name":"Sardinian olive-leaved willow woods","description":"Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11224","name":"Italo-Hellenic ashy willow riparian woods","description":"Riparian woods of [Salix cinerea] of Italy and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.113","name":"Canary Island willow galleries","description":"Riparian communities forming mostly in ravines and gullies within the laurel forest belt of the Canary Islands and characterized by the presence of the tall endemic, [Salix canariensis]. The best preserved are found in the barranco de Los Cernicalos of Gran Canaria, in the caldera de Taburiente of La Palma and in the barranco del Infierne of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.114","name":"Continental willow galleries","description":"Willow-dominated riverine woods of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic and desert mountain ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1141","name":"Pannonic willow and poplar-willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods of the Pannonic basin formed by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and often [Populus alba] or [Populus nigra], which may at times dominate, in particular, in Vojvodina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1142","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11421","name":"Lower Danube willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of the floodplains, valleys and basins of the lower Danube, its tributaries and delta of southern and eastern Romania, northeastern Bulgaria and Moldova, with [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pennsylvanica], accompanied by [Tamus communis], [Amorpha fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lycopus exaltatus], [Polygonum hydropiper]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11422","name":"Northern Thracian willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of the northern Thracian plain of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.11423","name":"Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, reaching a width of three kilometres on the lower Dniepr."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.12","name":"Boreo-alpine riparian galleries","description":"Riverside, lakeside and seaside alder, birch or pine galleries and cordons of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreosteppic zones, of the high mountains of the nemoral zone and of their piedmont influence region, dominated by [Alnus incana] along the montane and submontane rivers of the Alps, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains and neighbouring regions, by [Alnus incana] or [Alnus glutinosa] in boreal Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, by [Betula pendula] or [Pinus sylvestris] in western Siberia. In the herb layer, nitrophilous and hygrophilous species dominate: [Aegopodium podagraria], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Petasites hybridus], [Crepis paludosa] and [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.121","name":"Montane grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana]-dominated formations lining watercourses in mountainous regions of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Apennines and the Bohemian Quadrangle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1211","name":"Alpine grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] formations of the upper reaches of Alpine, particularly inner Alpine, valleys, with outposts in the Dinarides, replacing, colonizing or fringing the pioneer willow scrubs of the [Salicion eleagni] (unit F9.11)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1212","name":"Apennine grey alder galleries","description":"Relictual formations of [Alnus incana] of the northern Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1213","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries of the montane rivers of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, best developed in the 400 to 600 metre altitudinal range, ascending to 900 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.12131","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian sage grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] riverine galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on well drained substrates, in particular on gravel flats and the lower parts of valley slopes, with [Salvia glutinosa], [Thalictrum aquilegifolium], [Matteuccia struthiopteris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.12132","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian caltha grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on damper substrates, with [Caltha palustris] ([Caltha laeta]), [Valeriana simplicifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1214","name":"Eastern Carpathian grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries along the upper reaches of Eastern Carpathian valleys, with regional species [Telekia speciosa], [Petasites kablikianus], [Symphytum cordatum], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], which replace the pioneer willow scrubs of the [Salici purpureae-Myricarietum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1215","name":"Montenegrine grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries of the montane Tara and Lim rivers of Montenegro, with [Aconitum toxicum], [Doronicum austriacum], [Oxalis acetosella] and many species shared with Alpine grey alder galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1216","name":"Balkan Range grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1217","name":"Rhodopide grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana] galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of Vitosha, Rila and the western Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.122","name":"Dealpine grey alder galleries","description":"Alder formations of the middle course of rivers flowing from the Alps, in particular of rivers of the Danube, Rhine and Rhone systems with many species normally found at higher altitudes"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.123","name":"Boreal grey alder galleries","description":"[Alnus incana]-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, southwest to northeastern Poland, developed on nutrient-rich soils of river valleys, lakesides and the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, periodically inundated by snow-melt waters or autumn rains, with [Betula pubescens], [Prunus padus], [Valeriana sambucifolia], [Anemone nemorosa], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Geum rivale], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Paris quadrifolia], [Silene dioica] ([Melandrium rubrum]), [Equisetum pratense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.124","name":"Boreal black alder galleries","description":"[Alnus glutinosa]-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia, developed in narrow cordons along rivers, on lakesides and on the coasts of the Baltic, with [Alnus incana], [Lycopus europaeus], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Equisetum arvense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.125","name":"Western Siberian birch and pine galleries","description":"Riverine woods and scrubs of western Siberian flood plains, dominated by [Betula pendula] or [Pinus sylvestris], with [Populus tremula], [Salix bebbiana], [Rosa majalis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Equisetum sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.126","name":"Eastern boreal riverine galleries","description":"Riverine woods and scrubs of eastern Siberian flood plains, with [Alnus fruticosa], [Populus suaveolens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.127","name":"Ponto-Caucasian montane alder galleries","description":"Riverside and lakeside alder galleries and cordons of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus system, with [Alnus subcordata], [Alnus barbata] or [Alnus incana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.13","name":"Southern alder and birch galleries","description":"Riparian formations of [Alnus glutinosa], locally of [Alnus cordata] or [Betula] spp. of the Mediterranean basin and of western Iberia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Osmunda regalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.131","name":"Southern black alder galleries","description":"Riparian [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated multilayered formations of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian peninsula, the Cévennes, the Italic and Hellenic peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1311","name":"Iberian meso-Mediterranean alder galleries","description":"Meso-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of southern Galicia, Portugal, Extremadura, the western Cordillera Central, western Castilla, with [Betula celtiberica], [Salix atrocinerea], [Frangula alnus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Celtis australis], many lianas, [Clematis campaniflora], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris] and an herb layer comprising [Senecio bayonensis], [Galium broterianum], [Scrophularia scorodonia], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1312","name":"Iberian supra-Mediterranean alder galleries","description":"Supra-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of water courses with moderate seasonal fluctuations, of western Iberia, with [Betula celtiberica], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula] and [Luzula sylvatica ssp. henriquesii], [Paris quadrifolia], [Galium broterianum], [Paradisea lusitanicum], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1313","name":"Western Mediterranean alder and ash-alder galleries","description":"[Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of mainland southern France, mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean peninsular Italy, mediterranean Corsica, Sardinia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.1314","name":"Aegean alder galleries","description":"[Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries along permanent water courses of non-calcareous regions of Greece, in particular, of Thessaly, the sea-facing slopes of the Pelion, the Ossa, the Pierria, the Pindus, Macedonia, Thrace, northern Euboea and the northern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.132","name":"Rhododendron - alder galleries","description":"Highly remarkable, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and of southern Portugal, with [Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum], [Frangula alnus ssp. baetica], [Arisarum proboscideum] and a rich fern community including [Pteris incompleta], [Diplazium caudatum], [Culcita macrocarpa]. They are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid [Quercus canariensis] forests (unit G1.773) and with [Salix pedicellata] formations (unit F9.1271)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.133","name":"Corsican black and cordate alder galleries","description":"Collinar and montane riparian alder galleries of Corsica, dominated by [Alnus cordata] and [Alnus glutinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.134","name":"Relict birch galleries of Cordillera Oretana","description":"Relict [Betula parvibracteata] riparian galleries limited to two stations of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), one in the Sierra de Rio Frio where a unique gallery of about 20 km in length survives, the other at the spring of the Estena. The dominant species, an extremely narrow endemic, is accompanied by [Myrica gale], [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Galium broterianum], [Scilla ramburei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.2","name":"Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland","description":"Mixed riparian forests, sometimes structurally complex and species-rich, of floodplains and of galleries beside slow- and fast-flowing rivers of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral, steppe and submediterranean zones. Gallery woods with [Acer], [Fraxinus], [Prunus] or [Ulmus], together with species listed for G1.1. Floodplain woodland characterized by mixtures of [Alnus], [Fraxinus], [Populus], [Quercus], [Ulmus], [Salix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.21","name":"Riverine ash - alder woodland, wet at high but not at low water","description":"Riparian forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes [Alnus incana], of middle European and northern Iberian lowland or hill watercourses, on soils periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river level, but otherwise well-drained and aerated during low-water; they differ from riparian alder woods within units G1.41 and G1.52 by the strong representation in the dominated layers of forest species not able to grow in permanently waterlogged soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.211","name":"Ash - alder woods of rivulets and springs","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] formations of springs and small streams of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, usually dominated by ashes, with [Carex remota], [Carex pendula], [Carex strigosa], [Equisetum telmateia], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Cardamine amara], [Chrysosplenium oppositifolium], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Ribes rubrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2111","name":"Sedge ash-alder woods","description":"Formations of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa] of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, distributed in western Europe, in northern, Central and Eastern Europe, extending south in Central Europe to the confines of the [Fagion sylvaticum], [Fagion illyricum] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones, with an abundance of [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex pendula], [Carex sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2112","name":"Fontinal ash-alder woods","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with a wetter soil occupied by [Cardamine amara] and [Chrysosplenium] spp., and often by [Impatiens noli-tangere]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2113","name":"Cabbage thistle ash-alder woods","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with an understorey rich in tall herbs, in particular, in sub-Atlantic areas, the tall [Cirsium oleraceum] and [Eupatorium cannabinum] and usually [Carex acutiformis]; these constitute a transition towards unit G1.2132"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2114","name":"Hillside spring ash-alder woods","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, of seeping hillside depressions and of moist peaty ground, with [Ribes rubrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2115","name":"Great horsetail ash-alder woods","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of calcareous inundated substrates adjacent to streams and springs of Great Britain and middle Europe, characterized by an abundant herb layer dominated by [Equisetum telmateia] and rich in mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2116","name":"Dacio-Moesian ash-alder woods","description":"Higrophile, neutrophile gallery woods of low mountain rivers of the [Fagion moesiacum] and [Fagion dacicum] zones, in particular of Serbia and the southern and eastern Carpathians of Rumania, notably the Apuseni mountains, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Alnus incana], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], and [Carex remota] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.212","name":"Ash - alder woods of fast-flowing rivers","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks replacing the peri-Alpine [Alnus incana] galleries in hills of middle Europe away from the direct influence of alpine rivers and north to Denmark and southern Sweden."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2121","name":"Collinar stream ash-alder woods","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of hill and lowland regions of western, northern and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21211","name":"Stitchwort ash-alder woods","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of western, central and northwestern Europe. They are usually codominated by [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Acer pseudoplatanus], accompanied by [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis]. [Prunus padus] is frequent in the undergrowth, shrubs include [Ribes rubrum], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Corylus avellana]; the herb layer comprises [Stellaria nemorum], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Aconitum vulparia], [Allium ursinum], [Geum rivale], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Urtica dioica], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Primula elatior], [Lamium galeobdolon] or [Filipendula ulmaria], [Luzula sylvatica]. The gallery may be enclosed within other forests or reduced to a thin line of alders along rivers traversing pastureland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21212","name":"Northeastern stream spruce-ash-alder woods","description":"Ash-alder-spruce galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks of northeastern Central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2122","name":"Submontane Hercynian stream ash-alder woods","description":"Herb-rich [Alnus glutinosa]- or [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa]- dominated galleries of more montane affinities than those of the [Stellario-Alnetum], paralleling the [Alnetum incanae] in mountainous country away from the Alps and the main Carpathian ranges, in particular in and around the great Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, north to the Silesian lowlands. [Alnus incana] is sometimes present; common in, or characteristic of the undergrowth are [Stellaria nemorum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Crepis paludosa], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Rubus idaeus], and, in some of the local variants, [Astrantia major], [Aruncus sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2123","name":"Pre-Carpathian stream ash-alder woods","description":"Woods of [Alnus glutinosa] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on alluvial soils along the middle and lower course of streams and rivers of pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by [Frangula alnus] and [Ulmus laevis], with [Stellaria nemorum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Carex remota], [Carex brizoides], [Equisetum maximum] and rich in [Fagetalia] and [Querco-Fagetea] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.213","name":"Ash - alder woods of slow rivers","description":"Eastern, central and, locally, western European [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing rivers, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2131","name":"Central European slow river floodplain woods","description":"Central European riverine and floodplain woods of valleys of lowland, often small, slow and even-flowing rivers, usually dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and/or [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Picea abies], [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs. They may extend far into the floodplain, becoming progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species away from the stream or from low-lying areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21311","name":"Central European slow river ash-alder woods","description":"[Alnus glutinosa]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests of large valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing Central European rivers, south to the Illyrian region, often extensive, and capable of occupying floodplains well beyond the riparian gallery, progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species towards the exterior. The undergrowth includes, besides [Prunus padus], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes nigrum], [Ribes rubrum], [Sambucus nigra], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Peucedanum palustre], [Glyceria maxima], [Iris pseudacorus], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex riparia], [Phalaris arundinacea], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Cirsium palustre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21312","name":"Central European spruce-alder woods","description":"[Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana]-[Picea abies] riverine woods developed along streams crossing poorly drained depressions and flats in mountainous regions of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus idaeus], [Frangula alnus], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Caltha palustris], [Viola palustris], [Carex sylvatica], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Oxalis acetosella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21313","name":"Moravian oak-beech-alder riverine woods","description":"Wet [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Alnus glutinosa] woods of the upper Oder basin of northern Moravia, with an undergrowth composed of an admixture of riverine, oak-hornbeam and acidophilous species, among which [Carex brizoides], often dominant, [Festuca gigantea], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Circaea lutetiana], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex remota], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Rubus caesius], [Lamium galeobdolon], [Oxalis acetosella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2132","name":"West European tall herb ash-alder woods","description":"[Alnus glutinosa] or [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa]-[Ulmus] riparian woods on eutrophic, moist soils of alluvial terraces, levees and floodplains of the lower courses of rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the British Isles and the western seaboard of the European mainland, with [Salix cinerea] and [Urtica dioica], often rich in tall herbs, in particular [Cirsium oleraceum], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Epilobium hirsutum], [Dipsacus pilosus], [Symphytum officinale], [Aconitum napellus] and creepers [Humulus lupulus], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium]; [Ribes rubrum], [Iris pseudacorus], [Equisetum telmateia], [Equisetum fluviatile] are locally characteristic; tall sedges, in particular [Carex acutiformis] and [Carex paniculata] dominate some of the wettest communities. Typical sub-communities of British [Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica] woodland are included, as are drier [Sambucus nigra] sub-communities in situations where they are adjacent. Formations of this unit are now rare, having for the most part been replaced by poplar plantations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2133","name":"Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods","description":"Marshy riverine woods of [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Fraxinus pallisiae] of the Pannonic plain, of neighbouring Illyrian hills and mountains, and of the northwestern Black Sea lowlands of the lower Danube, Prut, Dniestr, Dniepr and Don basins, with [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea] in the shrub layer and [Lycopus europaeus], [Oenanthe aquatica], [Carex acutiformis], [Polygonum hydropiper], [Rubus caesius] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2134","name":"Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods","description":"Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central Europe and northwestern Sarmatic Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, in eastern Poland, northern and western Belarus and the Baltic States, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21341","name":"Eastern Baltic enchanter's nightshade ash-alder woods","description":"Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by sometimes very tall [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer platanoides], [Carpinus betulus], [Prunus padus], [Ulmus glabra], [Picea abies] and a luxuriant tall-herb undergrowth including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Circaea alpina], [Lysimachia vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21342","name":"Eastern Baltic slow river spruce-birch-alder woods","description":"Riverine forests of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Picea abies], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia cordata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2135","name":"Sarmatic ash-alder woods","description":"Riverine forests of slow and even-flowing, large or small, lowland streams of Sarmatic Eastern Europe, in the basins of the Dniepr, the Don and the Volga-Kama, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Prunus padus], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs, including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.214","name":"Northern Iberian alder galleries","description":"Riparian alder or ash-alder woods of collinar and montane streams of the northern Iberian peninsula, with a pronounced medio-European influence marked in particular by the presence of [Fraxinus excelsior] (and not [Fraxinus angustifolia]). They are characteristic of streams originating in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Northern Galician mountains and the Catalonian ranges. The canopy may include [Ulmus glabra], [Quercus robur] and tall willows; the undergrowth contains [Sambucus nigra], [Corylus avellana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Carex pendula], [Carex remota], [Festuca gigantea], [Bromus ramosus], [Lathraea clandestina], [Circaea lutetiana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Solanum dulcamara], [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Saxifraga hirsuta], [Galanthus nivalis], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Osmunda regalis], [Equisetum telmateia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2141","name":"Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21411","name":"Eume near-natural alder galleries","description":"Relict near-natural [Alnus glutinosa] galleries of the Eume basin, with the rare ferns [Trichomanes speciosum] ([Vandenboschia speciosa]) and [Culcita macrocarpa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.21412","name":"Semi-natural Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana] and with a cortège that is somewhat impoverished compared to that of the galleries of unit G1.21411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2142","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Eastern Cantabrian and western Pyrenean [Alnus glutinosa] galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2143","name":"Pyreneo-Catalonian alder galleries","description":"Eastern Pyrenean and Catalonian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.22","name":"Mixed oak - elm - ash woodland of great rivers","description":"Diverse riparian forests of the middle courses of great rivers, inundated only by large floods. Hardwood trees with dominant [Fraxinus], [Ulmus] or [Quercus] spp. with a very typical spring herb aspect."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.221","name":"Great medio-European fluvial forests","description":"Fully developed, very tall, multi-layered, highly diverse riparian forests of oaks, ashes, elms, limes, maples, alders, poplars, cherries, apple, willows of the middle and lower courses of large medio-European river systems, in particular, the Rhine, the Danube, the Emst, the Elbe, the Saale, the Weser, the Oder, the Loire, the Rhone-Saone systems. Their highly complex structure is formed of eight strata to which participate up to 50 species of trees and shrubs. The upper arborescent stratum includes [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus glabra], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Populus nigra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Salix alba], [Alnus glutinosa], [Prunus avium], the lower arborescent stratum [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia cordata], the sub-arborescent shrub layer [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus] and [Crataegus monogyna]. There are very varied high and low shrub layers and numerous lianas, [Clematis vitalba], [Tamus communis], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix] and [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris]. Most diverse, structurally, floristically and faunistically, of all European ecosystems, and closest in that respect to tropical communities and to the warm temperate forests of the Pleistocene, the great fluvial forests of Europe are reduced to a few highly vulnerable examples, located mainly within the Rhine, Danube and Elbe systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.222","name":"Residual medio-European fluvial forests","description":"Fragments of oak-elm-ash forests of large medio-European river systems, very altered and with greatly reduced species richness."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.223","name":"Southeast European ash - oak - alder forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of Ponto-Pannonic and sub-Mediterranean regions of southeastern Europe, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2231","name":"Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed hardwood riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins and adjacent areas, within the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] region, dominated by [Quercus robur] or, with longer periods of inundation, [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Alnus glutinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22311","name":"Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Illyrian region, in the Sava and Drava basins, with irradiations in the karst region of northeastern Italy and in the western Balkan peninsula, characteristic of areas with long inundation, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], associated with [Alnus glutinosa] in high groundwater depressions away from the water course. [Quercus robur] and [Ulmus minor] participate in the major tree layer. The undergrowth is characterized by an abundance of [Leucojum aestivum], the presence of [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Urtica radicans] and, in the alder-ash stands, [Frangula alnus], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Valeriana dioica]. Particularly wet areas harbour [Hottonia palustris], [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] and other standing water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22312","name":"Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins characteristic of areas subjected to a shorter inundation period than those of occupied by the forests of unit G1.22311, dominated by [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Leucojum aestivum], [Carex remota] and sometimes large expanses of [Carex brizoides] in pure colonies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22313","name":"Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins developed on the highest ground, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre], [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex brizoides], often in large colonies that may dominate the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2232","name":"Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of Pontic and sub-Mediterranean regions of the Balkan and Hellenic peninsulas, in particular, the Mauries forest of northern Greece, the riverine forests of the Maritsa and the Tundzha, the longos forests of coastal Bulgaria, and riverine forests of the sub-Mediterranean Dinaride system, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22321","name":"Hellenic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Rare mixed riparian forests of northern Greece, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia], represented, in particular, by the remarkable Mouries forest in the Kilkis prefectorate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22322","name":"Coastal Bulgarian longos forests","description":"Regularly inundated forests of Pontic coastal lowland rivers, in particular the Kamchija and the Batova, and of the shores of Lake Arkutino in the Ropotamo Reserve, with [Fraxinus oxycarpa], [Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus foliacea]), [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Carpinus betulus] and lianas [Smilax excelsa], [Periploca graeca], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris], [Calystegia sepium], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22323","name":"Central Balkan ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Inland longos forests of the Maritsa and Tundzha river systems, drier, of poorer species composition and fewer lianas than the coastal longos forests of unit G1.22322; they harbour the rare, local endemic [Colchicum diampolis] and the Pheasant, [Phasianus colchicus], native to this region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22324","name":"Albanian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of the Adriatic façade of Albania, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Quercus robur] and, in some formations [Alnus glutinosa], [Populus alba], [Ulmus minor] or, in others, [Ulmus procera], [Acer campestre], [Carpinus orientalis], [Laurus nobilis], [Quercus coccifera], and with [Calystegia sepium], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Hedera helix], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tamus communis], [Rosa sempervirens], [Smilax aspera], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus nemoralis], constituting species-rich, multi-facies formations of very high biological value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22325","name":"Montenegrine ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine forest of Lake Scutari, with [Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis] and [Periploca graeca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.22326","name":"Istrian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine forest of the Mirna Valley in Istria, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Carpinus betulus], [Frangula alnus], [Acer campestre], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Pyrus pyraster], [Rubus caesius], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Carex remota], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lycopus europaeus], [Cerastium sylvaticum], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Lathyrus vernus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2233","name":"Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine gallery forests of the Pannonic region, characteristic of the Danube basin, north to the lower Morava, of the Tisza basin and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve. They are dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. pannonica], sometimes with [Ulmus laevis], [Alnus glutinosa], [Carpinus betulus] and, in the wettest parts, [Populus alba]. The shrub layer includes [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Corylus avellana], [Ulmus minor]. The herb layer is dominated by [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex riparia], [Urtica dioica], [Urtica kioviensis] in the wetter belt (\"[Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum]\"), by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Veratrum album], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Symphytum officinale] otherwise."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.2234","name":"Getic oak-elm-ash forests","description":"Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Ulmus minor] and [Ulmus effusa] of the great floodplains of the lower Danube, with [Cornus sanguinea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Crataegus monogyna] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea], [Convallaria majalis] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.224","name":"Po oak - ash - alder forests","description":"Relict forests of the alluvial plain of the Po and its main tributaries, remnants of the greatest fluviatile system of Europe. They are formed by meso-hygrophile, mesotrophic, multi-layered, oak-ash-hornbeam-dominated communities ([Carpinion betuli]: [Polygonato multiflorae-Quercetum roboris]), with facies richer in ashes, willows and, mostly, alders, in the wettest areas ([Alno-Padion]). Constituent trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus padus], [Prunus avium], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], the shrub layers are formed, in particular, by [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus laevigata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Sambucus nigra], [Daphne mezereum], [Viburnum lantana], [Mespilus germanica], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Prunus spinosa], [Rosa canina], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus]; lianas are abundant, in particular, [Hedera helix], [Tamus communis], [Rubia peregrina], [Bryonia cretica]; in the herb layer occur, in particular, [Equisetum hyemale], [Symphytum officinale], [Polygonatum multiflorum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Mercurialis perennis], [Primula acaulis], [Asarum europaeum], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Leucojum vernum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pilosa]. These forests are the habitat of the endangered endemic frog [Rana latastei]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.225","name":"Sarmatic riverine oak forests","description":"Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus effusa], [Alnus cordata] of the floodplains of great rivers of the Sarmatic nemoral and nemoro-steppic regions, distributed in the Baltic hinterland, in Polesia, along the rivers of the Podolian plateaux, and along those of the middle Russian plateaux and uplands, including the Belarus hills, the Valday Uplands, the Smolensk Uplands and the Central Russian Uplands, in the Volga-Kama system, in which [Tilia cordata] progressively replaces [Quercus robur] eastwards, extending south into the Pontic region, in particular along the lower Dniepr, and north into the southern boreal taiga zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.3","name":"Mediterranean riparian woodland","description":"Alluvial forests and gallery woods of the mediterranean region. Dominance may be of a single species, of few species or mixed with many species including [Fraxinus], [Liquidambar], [Platanus], [Populus], [Salix], [Ulmus]. Excludes mediterranean [Salix] woods (G1.1) and shrubby riparian vegetation (F9.3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.31","name":"Mediterranean riparian poplar forests","description":"Mediterranean multi-layered riverine forests of base-rich soils submitted to seasonal prolonged inundation with slow drainage, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor], [Salix alba], [Salix] spp., [Alnus] spp., lianas and often species of the [Quercetalia ilicis], distributed in the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, the southern Balkan peninsula, North Africa, and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones. Formations physiognomically dominated by tall [Populus alba] and/or [Populus nigra] are listed here. The poplars may, however, be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and/or [Salix] spp. Such ensembles are listed under units G1.1121 or G1.33. The poplar forests are usually the tall ligneous vegetation belt closest to the water in riverside catenas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.311","name":"Iberian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries on inundatable eutrophic soils with permanent hydromorphy of the Iberian range, the Castilian plateau, the Ebro basin, the Mediterranean Iberian east, the great Baetic rivers, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], arborescent willows ([Salix neotricha], [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix atrocinerea]), [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and [Celtis australis]. The naturalised madder, [Rubia tinctorum], grows in the shade of the eastern and central formations, the Atlantic [Salix atrocinerea] is an important component of the formations of the central Meseta, the Montes de Toledo and western Andalusia, and [Nerium oleander] penetrates the most thermophilous western Andalusian formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.312","name":"Provenço-Languedocian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian gallery forests lining water courses and other water bodies of Provence and Languedoc, in particular the rivers of the Mediterranean periphery of the Pyrenees, the Languedocian rivers draining the Causses and the southern Central Massif, the Rhone and Durance systems, especially the Camargue, the Verdon, the Var, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia] (locally accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior]), [Acer negundo], [Acer campestre], [Acer platanoides], [Celtis australis], [Quercus pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], and an undergrowth with [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Sambucus nigra], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Bryonia cretica], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubia peregrina], [Solanum dulcamara], [Alliaria petiolata], [Cucubalus baccifer], [Saponaria officinalis], [Iris foetidissima], [Arum italicum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula]; [Celtis australis] may form facies locally (e.g. Est‚rel)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.313","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian woods of lower water courses of Corsica and Sardinia, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus cordata] and arborescent willows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.314","name":"Italic poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Italic peninsula, Sicily and the Maltese Islands, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Alnus glutinosa], [Ulmus minor], [Acer campestre], [Viburnum lantana], [Viburnum opulus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubus caesius], [Humulus lupulus], [Clematis vitalba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.315","name":"East Mediterranean poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of peninsular Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3151","name":"Nestos riparian forests","description":"Hodja Orman forest of the Nestos, dominated by [Populus alba], formerly one of the most extensive riparian complexes in the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3152","name":"Hellenic white poplar riparian forests","description":"Riparian [Populus alba]-dominated galleries of rivers and water bodies of Greece, with the exception of the Nestos; the dominant poplar may be accompanied by, in particular, [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3153","name":"Northern Hellenic black poplar riparian forests","description":"[Populus nigra] [s.s].-dominated riparian galleries of northern Greece, in particular, of small valleys of the southeastern Moeso-Macedonian Vertiskos range and of the southern Rhodopide ranges north of Drama."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3154","name":"Hellenic downy poplar riparian forests","description":"[Populus nigra var. pubescens] forests of the Pindus, notably, of the Epirean Sarandaporos and the Thessalian Pinios basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3155","name":"Rhodopide Mediterranean poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar-rich or poplar-dominated galleries of the lower courses of the Maritza, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and other streams cutting through the Rhodopide system and opening to Mediterranean climate regimes, with [Populus alba], [Populus canescens] and/or [Populus nigra] accompanied by [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3156","name":"Paeonian poplar galleries","description":"Poplar galleries of the southern Balkanic hills of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the region of transition between the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] and the [Quercion frainetto]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3157","name":"East Adriatic poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Adriatic façade of the southern Balkan peninsula, dominated by [Populus alba] with [Populus nigra], [Ulmus procera], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix alba], [Quercus robur], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Hedera helix], [Brachypodium sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.32","name":"Mediterranean riparian elm forests","description":"Elm-dominated woodlands forming, on eutrophic soils, at the outer, drier, edge of the Mediterranean riparian or lacustrine galleries, constituted by [Ulmus minor] or, in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Maltese Islands, [Ulmus canescens]. [Populus alba] and [Fraxinus angustifolia] often participate in the tree-layer; [Arum italicum], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Acanthus mollis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Elymus caninus], [Rubus ulmifolius] are characteristic of the undergrowth. Dense and dark in natural form, these woods have been extremely reduced and degraded by human action. The most characteristic examples to remain are probably those of the Iberian peninsula, although fragments are still recorded in France, Italy, the Maltese Islands, Greece, Asia Minor and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.33","name":"Mediterranean riparian ash woods","description":"Riparian galleries of the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, mediterranean North Africa and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones, dominated by tall [Fraxinus angustifolia], mostly characteristic of less eutrophic soils than the elm and poplar galleries, and of drier stations, with shorter inundation periods, than those occupied by poplar woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.331","name":"Iberian supra-Mediterranean ash galleries","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated galleries of supra-Mediterranean watercourses of the Cordillera Central, the Leonese mountains and the Iberian Range, developed on siliceous, sandy soils with temporary hydromorphy (pseudogleys)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.332","name":"Iberian meso-Mediterranean ash galleries","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia] -dominated galleries of western Iberia, developed in meso- and thermo-Mediterranean areas on siliceous sandy, rarely inundated soils; [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Salix atrocinerea], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Osmunda regalis], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Arum italicum] frequently accompany the ashes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.333","name":"Baetic ash-maple galleries","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the siliceous Sierra Nevada formed by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Acer granatense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.334","name":"Tyrrhenian ash-alder galleries","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries, usually with [Alnus glutinosa], of southern France, Tyrrhenian northern and central Italy, Corsica and Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.335","name":"Italic ash galleries","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of the Adriatic slope of the Italic peninsula, the lower Po basin, the plain of Foggia, the Gulf of Taranto and Sicily, with [Ulmus campestris], [Salix alba], [Populus nigra], [Equisetum telmateia], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus ulmifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.336","name":"Hellenic ash galleries","description":"Uncommon [Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of continental Greece, reported in particular from the lower Achelos and Pinios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.34","name":"Mediterranean riparian hop-hornbeam galleries","description":"Meso-hygrophile forests of the southwestern Alps, limited to the edges of small streams in deep ravines and, sometimes, in wider valleys, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Quercus pubescens], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Laurus nobilis], [Tamus communis], [Hedera helix], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica uniflora], [Carex pendula], [Carex digitata] and the rare [Carex grioletii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.35","name":"Mediterraneo-Pontic riverine ash forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Mediterranean enclaves of the southern Black Sea coast and of the Sea of Marmora, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.36","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic mixed poplar riverine forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of the floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes, wooded steppes and southern nemoral forests of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, dominated by or rich in [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens]. They extend west to the sub-Carpathian Getic region; poplar galleries described from the Pannonic margin of Moravia and the Bohemian basin occupy a similar ecological position and are listed with them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.361","name":"Western Pontic poplar galleries","description":"Poplar galleries of the western Pontic steppe region of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova, and of adjacent Getic valleys, dominated by [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], developed along sandy strips of river flood plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3611","name":"Western Pontic white poplar galleries","description":"Galleries of [Populus alba] with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Ulmus laevis] along streams of the western Pontic plain, with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3612","name":"Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries","description":"Galleries along streams of the western Pontic plain dominated by [Populus alba] and [Populus nigra], with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Ulmus laevis], [Quercus robur], with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.362","name":"Danube delta galleries","description":"Galleries of interdunal depressions of the sandy islands of the Danube Delta with [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula] and [Populus canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3621","name":"Danube delta periploca-poplar-oak-ash galleries","description":"Galleries of [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae] and [Alnus glutinosa], of the Danube Delta, in particular of interdunal depressions of sandy islands, with lianas [Periploca graeca], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis sylvestris], [Clematis vitalba], shrubs [Salix cinerea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], and an herb layer of [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Lythrum salicaria], [Carex spicata], [Carex hirta], [Carex acutiformis], [Galium rubioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.3622","name":"Danube delta [Hippophae]-[Populus canescens] galleries","description":"Open-canopied [Populus canescens] galleries of the Danube Delta, with a closed shrub layer of [Hippophae rhamnoides], in particular of sandy island dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.363","name":"Southern Sarmatic poplar and elm galleries","description":"Poplar and elm galleries, mostly formed by [Populus nigra] and [Ulmus laevis], of the Dniepr, Don and Volga-Kama systems within the wooded steppes and adjacent nemoral forests of the valleys of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian plateau, of the Volga plateau, of Orenburg and of Bachkiria, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.364","name":"Central and eastern Pontic poplar forests","description":"Poplar galleries of the Dniepr, Don, Volga-Kama, Kouma and Terek systems, within the steppes and wooded steppes of the northern plains of the Black Sea and of the northwestern and western Caspian Sea, with, in particular, [Populus nigra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.365","name":"Central European poplar galleries","description":"[Populus nigra], [Populus alba], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] galleries occupying, within the riverine forest systems of the Bohemian Elbe and the Morava, locations submitted to great annual fluctuations of the water table and relatively frequent inundation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.37","name":"Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Irano-Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan, of the Koura basin of Transcaucasia and of the Hyrcanian lowlands, of the Hindu-Kuch and western Himalayas, with [Populus nigra], [Populus caspica], [Populus alba], [Populus euphratica], [Populus pruinosa], [Populus transcaucasica], [Juglans regia], [Platanus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.38","name":"Oriental plane woods","description":"Forests of [Platanus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.381","name":"Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests","description":"[Platanus orientalis] gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland of Greece and its archipelagoes, extending north to Albania, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and the valleys of southern Bulgaria, colonizing poorly stabilised alluvions of large rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. The accompanying flora may include [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Celtis australis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Juglans regia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Nerium oleander], [Rubus] spp., [Rosa sempervirens], [Hedera helix], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone blanda], [Aristolochia rotunda], [Saponaria officinalis], [Symphytum bulbosum], [Hypericum hircinum], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Melissa officinalis], [Helleborus cyclophyllus], [Cyclamen hederifolium], [Cyclamen repandum], [Cyclamen creticum], [Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae], [Dracunculus vulgaris], [Arum italicum], [Biarum tenuifolium], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Dactylis glomerata] and may be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which [Pteridium aquilinum] is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly well represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 metres, in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands, such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.382","name":"Hellenic slope plane woods","description":"[Platanus orientalis] woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorly stabilised substrates, of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.383","name":"Sicilian plane tree canyons","description":"Relict [Platanus orientalis]-dominated or -rich galleries of the Cassabile, the Anapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of southeastern Sicily, of the gorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, in particular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods. Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Salix] spp. formations with [Platanus orientalis]; as they grade into each other, and because of the very isolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of [Platanus orientalis] in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greater extension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed on the Alcantara, where the species is now extinct."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.384","name":"Anatolian plane forests","description":"[Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the sub-Mediterranean margin of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.385","name":"Cyprian plane forests","description":"[Platanus orientalis] formations of streams and gorges of Cyprus, in particular, of the Troodos range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.386","name":"Levantine plane forests","description":"[Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the mediterranean plains and hills of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.39","name":"Sweet gum woods","description":"Riverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict [Liquidambar orientalis], with a very limited range in southern Asia Minor and Rhodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.4","name":"Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat","description":"Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat. Includes [Alnus], [Populus], [Quercus] swamp woods. Excludes [Salix] carr, with shrubby willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.41","name":"Alder swamp woods not on acid peat","description":"Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth or with other shrubs, e.g. [Frangula alnus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.411","name":"Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of middle European and western Siberian, nemoral and sub-boreal, marshy depressions, with [Carex elongata], [Thelypteris palustris], [Dryopteris cristata], [Osmunda regalis], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium], [Ribes nigrum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and often, in acidocline variants, [Betula pubescens]. The constancy of [Carex elongata] is characteristic on the continent, less so in Britain. Tall sedges, [Carex paniculata], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], often dominate the herb layer in the most humid types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4111","name":"Atlantic greater tussock-sedge alder woods","description":"Eutrophic and mesotrophic alder woods of Atlantic Europe, distributed in the British Isles, western France, locally, northwestern Germany, poor in [Carex elongata], and harbouring, in particular, [Oenanthe crocata], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex laevigata], [Scutellaria minor]. They include all meso-eutrophic alder swamp woods of the British Isles and western France, as well as the less eutrophic woods of the zone of transition between the main range of this unit and the more continental range of unit G1.4112."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4112","name":"Elongated-sedge swamp alder woods","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental regions of the European continent characterized in particular by the constant presence of [Carex elongata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4113","name":"East European swamp alder woods","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of subcontinental and continental regions of eastern Europe, from Mazuria and Masovia east to Bashkiria, often rich in [Carex elongata], [Ribes nigrum], [Sphagnum] spp., [Dryopteris cristata]; in the Sarmatic region, they may occupy extensive areas of nutrient-rich swamps, in particular in the Pripyat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4114","name":"Sub-boreal swamp alder woods","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana] swamp woods of northeastern Poland, the Baltic states, Fennoscandia, the northern Sarmatic region and Siberia, with [Calamagrostis canescens], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Cardamine amara], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Carex elongata], [Carex remota], [Brachythecium rivulare], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Climacium dendroides], [Thuidium tamariscinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4115","name":"Eastern Carpathian alder swamp woods","description":"Meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of marshy intramontane depressions and floodplains, at the 500-800 m level of foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, the Harghita and Baraolt mountains, with [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex caespitosa], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Calla palustris] and [Ligularia sibirica], most of which may dominate facies of the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.41151","name":"Pre-Carpathian alder swamp woods","description":"[Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the floodplains of southern Romania, developed along water bodies and in microdepressions on alluvial soils covered by stagnant or slowly moving water, with [Thelypteris palustris], [Festuca gigantea], [Lycopus europaeus], [Caltha palustris], [Veronica beccabunga], [Lythrum salicaria], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Sium erectum], [Stellaria aquatica], [Carex acutiformis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.41152","name":"Intra-Carpathian elongated sedge alder swamp woods","description":"Rare [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of peat bogs of central Romania, with [Spiraea salicifolia], [Euonymus nanus], [Frangula alnus], [Ribes nigrum], [Salix cinerea] in the shrub layer and [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Ligularia sibirica], [Thelypteris palustris] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.412","name":"Oligotrophic swamp alder woods","description":"Oligotrophic or meso-oligotrophic, acidocline [Alnus glutinosa] woods of fens and poorly drained banks of brooks or small rivers of western Europe, mostly characteristic of siliceous regions and Atlantic climates, south to Galicia. [Betula pubescens] and [Frangula alnus] often accompany the alders. The ground layer is usually rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and includes [Carex laevigata], [Equisetum sylvaticum] and many ferns, including [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris cristata] and [Dryopteris carthusiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.413","name":"Southern Helleno-Balkanic swamp alder woods","description":"Rare swamp woods of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones of the southern Helleno-Balkanic peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.414","name":"Steppe swamp alder woods","description":"[Alnus glutinosa] mire woods of the steppe zones of Eurasia, west to the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4141","name":"Pannonic swamp alder-ash woods","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.4142","name":"Sarmatic swamp alder woods","description":"Meso-eutrophic alder woods of mires of the east European steppe zone, south of the sub-boreal and nemoral regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.415","name":"Boreal swamp alder woods","description":"Swamp woods of the Scandinavian lowlands dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] with a shrub layer dominated by [Alnus] spp., [Betula pubescens] and various [Salix] spp. The field layer, sometimes very sparse, includes [Filipendula ulmaria], [Epilobium palustre], [Galium palustre], [Iris pseudacorus], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Viola palustris], [Calla palustris], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex canescens], [Carex Elongata], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. The ground layer, of  Sphagnum and other mosses, is very poorly developed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.42","name":"Oak swamp woods","description":"[Quercus robur]-dominated woods of inundatable depressions of the Sarmatic region, west to lowlands of eastern Poland and Slovakia, with an accompanying species cortège composed of elements of the [Alnetalia glutinosae], [Molinietalia], [Phragmitetalia], [Caricetalia fuscae] and, to a lesser extent, [Vaccinio-Piceetea] and [Querco-Fagetea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.43","name":"Aspen swamp woods","description":"[Populus tremula]-dominated swamp woods of the eastern European and western Siberian northern steppe zone subject to continental climate conditions, where they occupy pods, inundated  circular depressions forming closed drainage basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.44","name":"Wet-ground woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas","description":"Most hygrophilous communities of the mixed mesic Euxino-Hyrcanian forests (units G1.A71, G1.A74). They may include, in particular, [Fraxinus angustifolia] galleries, as well as dense [Alnus barbata] forest stands occupying areas of black damp or swampy soils on coastal alluvial plains, with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and an understorey of [Rubus hirtus], [Smilax excelsa] and other climbers and shrubs, notably of Rosaceae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.5","name":"Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat","description":"Broadleaved woodland on wet acid peat, dominated by [Betula pubescens] or rarely [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with an admixture of conifers or shrubby [Salix] species. [Sphagnum] spp. are normally prominent in the ground vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.51","name":"Sphagnum birch woods","description":"Forests of [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] on peaty, humid and very acid soils, colonizing bogs of reduced peat building activity and acid fens of the boreal, sub-boreal and nemoral zones, very locally of the wooded steppe and steppe zones, with [Molinia caerulea], [Vaccinium] spp., [Empetrum nigrum], [Trientalis europaea], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and many sphagna e.g. [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum magellanicum], mosses and liverworts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.511","name":"Cottonsedge sphagnum birch woods","description":"Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral, mostly sub-boreal, western Palaearctic in which bog species, in particular [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Vaccinium oxycoccos], are prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.512","name":"Sedge sphagnum birch woods","description":"Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which [Molinia caerulea] is accompanied by a cortège of acid fen species, in particular, [Carex rostrata], [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Agrostis canina], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and by ericoid shrubs, in particular [Vaccinium uliginosum]. Depending on water level, regime of inundation, history of ligneous colonization and nature of the initial stage, the undergrowth may be dominated by [Molinia caerulea], by sedges [Carex] spp., by rushes [Juncus] spp., by [Scirpus cespitosus] or by ericoid shrubs, resulting in a number of rather distinctive habitats. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal, northeastern nemoral, Hercynian sub-boreal and pre-Alpine communities; [Pinus sylvestris] has its westernmost relict stations in northwestern stands. Fennoscandian formations have a number of northern species, in particular [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.513","name":"Meso-acidophilous birch swamp woods","description":"Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which the presence of species characteristic of subhumid mineral soils indicate a transition towards acidophilous birch and oak woods; [Salix cinerea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Luzula sylvatica], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] may be prominent, next to [Molinia caerulea]. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal and sub-boreal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.52","name":"Alder swamp woods on acid peat","description":"Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs of the Palaearctic region, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.6","name":"Beech woodland","description":"Forests dominated by beech [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe, and [Fagus orientalis] and other [Fagus] species in southeastern Europe and the Pontic region. Many montane formations are mixed beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests, which are listed under G4.6"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.61","name":"Medio-European acidophilous beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domaine of central and northern Central Europe, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Polytrichum formosum] and often [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum] and other species from sub-alliance [Luzulo-Fagenion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.611","name":"Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by spontaneous conifers, and generally with an admixture of [Quercus petraea], or in some cases [Quercus robur], in the canopy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6111","name":"Western Hercynian collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the western lesser Hercynian ranges, of Lorraine and of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, in particular of the Black Forest, forming a western group of communities with a cortège rich in Atlantic species, characterized in particular by the presence of [Teucrium scorodonia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6112","name":"Hercyno-Jurassian collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the Neckar, the Spessart, the Rh”n, the Swabio-Franconian Forest, of the collinar level of the Thüringian Forest and of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, forming a subcontinental ensemble of communities poor in Atlantic species, and characterized, in particular, by the frequent prevalence of [Poa chaixii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6113","name":"Peri-Alpine collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus robur] of the collinar level of the northern Alpine periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6114","name":"Western sub-Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Alpine periphery, in the hills of western Transdanubia, with a canopy that sometimes contains [Castanea sativa], a generally poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Galium rotundifolium] and a moss cover generally rich in [Dicranum scoparium] with an abundance of [Leucobryum glaucum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6115","name":"Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of Pannonic hills, mixed with [Betula pendula] and [Quercus petraea], with a poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Pyrola] spp., and without [Cyclamen purpurascens] or [Galium rotundifolium], a rich moss cover comprising [Polytrichum] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Hylocomium proliferum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.612","name":"Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges, from the Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the Thüringian Forest, of the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6121","name":"Hercyno-Alpine montane woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the eastern greater Hercynian ranges, the Thüringian Forest, the Swabian and Franconian Jura, the Alps, where they are mostly expressed in the eastern Alps, and, in a dry version, in some parts of the western intermediate Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau, including, in particular, the remarkable near-natural montane woodrush beech forests of the Bayerischer Wald."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6122","name":"Western medio-European montane woodrush beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Odenwald, the French and Swiss Jura, accompanied by sub-Atlantic species and characterized in particular by the presence of [Digitalis purpurea], less developed and generally more transformed by exploitation than those of unit G1.6121."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.62","name":"Atlantic acidophilous beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus] spp. forests developed on acid soils of the Atlantic domaine of Western Europe, differing from the forests of unit G1.61 by, in particular, the absence of [Luzula luzuloides] and a greater abundance of [Ilex aquifolium]. They may also contain [Taxus baccata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.621","name":"Germano-Baltic acidophilous beech forests","description":"Fragmented and insularised acidophile [Fagus sylvaticus] forests of the western seaboard of Europe, in Denmark, southern Scandinavia, northern Germany, northern and eastern Poland, the Netherlands, middle Belgium, Picardy, Normandy and southern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.622","name":"Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech forests","description":"Transition forests of the Paris basin, the Morvan, the periphery of the Central Massif, the eastern and central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.623","name":"Armorican acidophilous beech forests","description":"Hyper-Atlantic forests of Brittany with an abundance of epiphytes and an understory of ferns and evergreen bushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.624","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests","description":"Humid forests with luxuriant epiphytism of the western Pyrenees and eastern Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.625","name":"Western Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests","description":"Humid acidophilous beech forests of western Cantabrian and Asturian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.626","name":"Galician acidophilous beech forests","description":"Humid beech forests of high, snowy dolomitic and calcareous sierras of Galicia (Ancares, Cebreiro, Caurel), somewhat intermediate between unit G1.62 and unit G1.63"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.627","name":"Humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests","description":"Humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.628","name":"Hyper-humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests","description":"Hyper-humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.629","name":"Ayllon acidophilous beech forests","description":"Relict acidophilous beech forests of the Sierra de Ayllon (central Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.63","name":"Medio-European neutrophile beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups of [Anemone nemorosa], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Carex pilosa], of [Galium odoratum] and [Melica uniflora] and, in mountains, various [Dentaria] spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layer than in the forests of units G1.61 and G1.62. Vegetation of alliance [Fagion], suballiance [Eu-Fagenion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.631","name":"Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur] forests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, of the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a few localities of the North Sea-Baltic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6311","name":"Medio-European wood barley beech forests","description":"Slightly moist [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed over calcareous bedrock on stony, neutral or weakly acid rendzina or similar humus-carbonate soils, with [Galium odoratum], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Asarum europaeum], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Epipactis helleborine], [Epipactis leptochila], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Circaea lutetiana], [Viola reichenbachiana], distributed locally on the hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, from the Ardenne-Eifel to Moravia, and north to Denmark and southern Sweden, in the entire Jura catena, in Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, in Burgundy, in the Bavarian Alpine piedmont, the Vorarlberg limestone Alps, the Wienerwald. They include the Central European [Fagus]-[Mercurialis perennis] forests, as well as occasional stands exceptionally rich in spring-flowering geophytes, sometimes known as wild garlic-rich beech woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6312","name":"Medio-European woodruff and hairy sedge beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe, north to Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden and Poland, developed on a more or less deep layer of brown loess-loam, less rich in calciphile plants and richer in acid- and drought-tolerant species; [Melica uniflora] (in northern formations) and [Galium odoratum] are usually well represented."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.632","name":"Atlantic neutrophile beech forests","description":"Atlantic beech and beech-oak forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], of southern England, the Boulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins of northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6321","name":"Calcicline bluebell beech forests","description":"Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Quercus] spp. or [Fagus sylvatica-Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on base-rich and calcareous soils, particularly of limestone scarplands, of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Mercurialis perennis] woodland) and neighbouring regions of western France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6322","name":"Neutrocline bluebell beech forests","description":"Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on neutral or slightly acid brown soils of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Rubus fruticosus] woodland) and ajacent regions of the mainland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.633","name":"Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies], or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high-montane levels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the great Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6331","name":"Jura bittercress beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane to high montane level of the western Jura, with outlayers in the upper Rhine and Jura periphery of extreme southwestern Baden-Württenberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6332","name":"Western Alps bittercress beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane and high montane levels of the northwestern pre-Alps, east to the Vorarlberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6333","name":"Austro-Bavarian Alps bittercress beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the northern and northeastern outer Alps of Bavaria, Vorarlberg, northern Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and northern Styria, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]) and [Aposeris foetida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6334","name":"Southeastern Alpine bittercress beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the eastern Noric Alps of Styria, with [Poa stiriaca], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Knautia maxima], [Pulmonaria stiriaca] and elements of the Illyrian beech forests, in particular, [Peltaria alliacea], [Tephroseris longifolia], [Vicia oroboides]. They constitute a transition towards the Illyrian beech forests of the [Aremonio-Fagion] (unit G1.6C)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6335","name":"Vosges bittercress beech forests","description":"Enclaved mesotrophic [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of basicline eruptive substrates of the Vosges, with [Anemone nemorosa], [Mercurialis perennis], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera nigra], [Ribes alpinum], [Dentaria enneaphyllos], [Galium rotundifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6336","name":"Black Forest bittercress beech forests","description":"Enclaved neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6337","name":"Northern Hercynian bittercress beech forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic montane [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and volcanic deposits of the Eifel, the Vogelsberg, and the Rhön, above 560-600 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6338","name":"Bohemian Quadrangle bittercress beech forests","description":"Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring hills, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]) , [Galium odoratum], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Actaea spicata], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Festuca sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6339","name":"Western Carpathian bittercress beech forests","description":"Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the montane zone of the western Carpathians, with [Cardamine glandulosa] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Glechoma hirsuta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.634","name":"Bohemian lime-beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests rich in [Tilia] spp., of the Bohemian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.635","name":"Pannonic neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain and its western periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6351","name":"Sub-Pannonic beech forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of the hills of lower Austria, Styria and western Transdanubia, with [Tilia cordata], [Galium sylvaticum], [Stellaria holostea], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Galium odoratum], [Asarum europaeum ssp. europaeum], [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Lathyrus vernus], [Viola reichenbachiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6352","name":"Pannonic neutrophile collinar beech forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of mid-Pannonic hills, from the Tornaer Karst and the Bükk in the northeast to the Bakony Hills and the Balaton area in the southwest, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], with an herb layer rich in [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Carex pilosa], [Carex brevicollis], [Galium odoratum] ([Asperula odorata]), [Oxalis acetosella], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Viola reichenbachiana] ([Viola sylvestris])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6353","name":"Pannonic neutrophile montane beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level (700-800 metres) of the northeastern mid-Pannonic Sator, Bükk, Matra, and Börzsöny ranges, sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], accompanied by a poorly developed shrub layer with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sambucus racemosa], [Rosa pendulina] and a ground layer comprising many tall herbs such as [Astrantia major], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Aconitum variegatum ssp. gracile], [Cardamine glandulosa], ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Lunaria rediviva]; species characteristic of collinar beech forests, such as [Acer campestre], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Melittis melissophyllum], are absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.64","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the southwestern Central Massif, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, and, very locally, the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.641","name":"Hygrophile Pyrenean beech forests","description":"Humid montane beech and beech-fir (G4.6) forests on neutral soils with mild humus (mull) of the western Pyrenees, characterized by the vernal bloom of [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus] and [Lathraea clandestina] and by a summer cover rich in ferns ([Athyrium filix-femina], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Dryopteris] spp., [Polystichum] spp.) and species of the ecological group of [Melica uniflora] and [Galium odoratum]; they are locally represented in the eastern Pyrenees and the Montes Olositanicos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.642","name":"Mesophile Pyrenean beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous mesophile beech forests of the Pyrenees, the Montes Olositanicos and the northern Montes Catalanidicos, less species-rich than the preceding, characterized by the abundance of [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.643","name":"Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous beech forests of the subhumid montane areas of the Cantabrian mountains and, locally, of the Northern Iberian Range, with [Carex sylvatica], [Galium odoratum], [Lathyrus occidentalis], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Paris quadrifolia], [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.644","name":"Humid Central Massif fir-beech forests","description":"Fir-birch or beech forests of volcanic soils in the 1100-1600 metre range of the central and southern Massif Central, with [Galium odoratum], [Euphorbia hyberna], [Lilium martagon], [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.65","name":"Medio-European subalpine beech woods","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] woods usually composed of low, low-branching trees, with much sycamore ([Acer pseudoplatanus]), situated near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with oceanic climate of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, in particular the Vosges, Black Forest, Rhön, Jura, outer Alps, Central Massif, Pyrenees, the mountains of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and, very locally, the Carpathians. The herb layer is similar to that of the forests of unit G1.63 or locally of unit G1.61 and contains elements of the adjacent open grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.66","name":"Medio-European limestone beech forests","description":"Xero-thermophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed on calcareous, often superficial, soils, usually of steep slopes, of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe (also present in Greece), with a generally abundant herb and shrub undergrowth, characterised by sedges ([Carex] spp.), grasses ([Sesleria albicans], [Brachypodium pinnatum]), orchids ([Cephalanthera] spp., [Neottia nidus-avis], [Epipactis] spp.) of alliance [Cephalanthero-Fagenion] and thermophile species, transgressive of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species ([Ligustrum vulgare], [Berberis vulgaris]) and [Buxus sempervirens] can dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.661","name":"Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests","description":"Middle European sedge and orchid beech woods of slopes with reduced water availability."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6611","name":"Medio-European dry slope sedge beech forests","description":"Beech woods occupying dry limestone slopes and areas of low precipitation of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, south and west to the Charentes and Normandy, of the Jura, the northwestern, northern, eastern and southern pre-Alps, of the Hercynian arc and neighbouring regions and of the western Carpathian hills, with an often rich shrub layer constituted by [Sorbus aria], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Rosa arvensis], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Daphne mezereum], [Berberis vulgaris], [Acer campestre], [Buxus sempervirens], and an herb layer rich in sedges, [Carex digitata], [Carex flacca], [Carex montana], [Carex alba], grasses, [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Bromus benekenii], orchids, [Neottia nidus-avis], [Cephalanthera rubra], [Cephalanthera damasonium], [Epipactis] spp. The unit is composed of many highly distinctive and conservation-significant local variants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6612","name":"Medio-European steep slope yew beech forests","description":"Beech forests of cool steep marl slopes of the Jura, the foothills of the Alps and the Carpathians, in which [Taxus baccata] forms a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6613","name":"Medio-European blue moorgrass beech forests","description":"Beech forests of dry slopes of firm limestone or dolomite of the montane, submontane, and sometimes, collinar or planitiar, levels of the Alps and pre-Alps, of the Jura and, locally, of the Hercynian arc, of the southwestern Western Carpathians (Strazov range) and the Germano-Baltic plain (Rügen), with an often gnarled and open growth of trees and an herb layer dominated by the tussocks of [Sesleria caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6614","name":"Medio-European naked basiphile beech forests","description":"Beech forests on lime or gypsum in areas of dry microclimate, such as the rain shadow of the Harz and inner Bohemia, practically devoid of undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6615","name":"Pannonic limestone beech forests","description":"Low forests of [Fagus sylvatica], not exceeding 12-15 metres in height, on shallow soils, usually of steep slopes, of the mid- and peri-Pannonic Bükk and Pilis hills, with an herb layer characterized by the endemic [Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica], [Calamagrostis varia], [Phyteuma spicatum], and the presence of xerophilous oak forest species, of orchids and rare species, including [Cypripedium calceolus] and [Allium victorialis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.662","name":"Northwestern Iberian xerophile beech woods","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of relatively low precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the Pais Vasco and of superficially dry calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre], [Sesleria argentea ssp. hispanica], [Carex brevicollis], [Carex ornithopoda], [Carex sempervirens], [Carex caudata], [Cephalanthera damasonium], [Cephalanthera longifolia], [Epipactis helleborine], [Epipactis microphylla], [Neottia nidus-avis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.67","name":"Southern medio-European beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the southern flanks of the Alps and the western Mediterranean mountains with an often species-rich herb layer composed of an admixture of medio-European, Mediterranean and local endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.671","name":"Alpino-Apennine acidophilous beech forests","description":"Acidophilous forests with [Luzula nivea] and [Luzula pedemontana] of the Maritime, Ligurian, Insubrian and Illyro-Gardesian Alps and pre-Alps and of the northern and central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.672","name":"Pyreneo-C‚vennian acidophilous beech forest","description":"Acidophilous forests of the eastern Pyrenees and Cévennes, with [Luzula nivea], clearly distinguished from forests of the [Scillo-Fagenion] by their impoverished herb layer, and replacing the more Atlantic forests of the [Ilici-Fagenion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.673","name":"Corsican beech forests","description":"Beech forests of Corsica, acidophilous, with [Luzula pedemontana], [Galium rotundifolium] and insular endemics such as [Helleborus lividus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.674","name":"Alpino-Apennine neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile montane beech forests of the southwestern Alps, the Maritime Alps, the Ligurian Alps, the Insubrian, Gardesian and Illyric southern pre-Alps, the northern and central Apennines, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Geranium nodosum], [Calamintha grandiflora], various [Dentaria] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.675","name":"Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests","description":"Thermophile beech forests often rich in box [Buxus sempervirens] and lavender of the warm, calcareous slopes of the southwestern pre-Alps, Haute Provence, Maritime Alps, of the Causses, the eastern Pyrenees, the Aragonese central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6751","name":"Box beech forests","description":"Beech forests with an undergrowth dominated by [Buxus sempervirens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6752","name":"Androsace beech forests","description":"Beech forests with a more reduced shrub layer and an herb layer characterized by the presence of the restricted southwestern Alpine endemics [Androsace chaixii] and [Fritillaria involucrata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6753","name":"Lavender beech forests","description":"Beech forests with [Lavandula angustifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6754","name":"Sainte-Baume beech forest","description":"Isolated, species-rich beech forest of the Sainte-Baume range of Provence, characterized by the strong representation of evergreen undergrowth, the development of the vegetation strata and the multiple waves of flowering. Among accompanying species are [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Acer opulifolium], [Viburnum lantana], [Coronilla emerus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Mycelis muralis], [Lilium martagon], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Helleborus foetidus], [Digitalis lutea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.676","name":"Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam beech forests","description":"Thermophile calcicolous forests rich in [Ostrya carpinifolia] and [Fraxinus ornus] of the submontane level of the Ligurian and Gardesian southern pre-Alps, mostly reduced to tall coppice, related to the forests of unit G1.6C321, but with a weakened Illyrian character and a strong dealpine element."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.68","name":"Southern Italian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of Italian mountains, south of 42° N. They are highly fragmented and harbour many endemic species. Altidudinal and hygric variants can be distinguished."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.681","name":"Gargano beech forest","description":"Beechwoods of Foresta Umbra, Monte Gargano  (Apulia,Italy) rich in [Taxus baccata], extremely isolated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.682","name":"Campano-Lucanian beech forests","description":"Still relatively extensive beech forests of Campania and Basilicata (Italy) with [Daphne laureola], [Galium odoratum], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Melica uniflora], [Lathyrus venetus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Aquilegia viscosa], [Cardamine bulbifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.683","name":"Pollino beech forests","description":"Extensive calcicolous beech forests of the montane level of the Pollino system (southern Italy), with [Lathyrus venetus], [Daphne laureola], [Melica uniflora], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Doronicum orientale], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Epipactis microphylla], [Epipactis gracilis], [Epipactis pollinensis], [Monotropa hypopitys]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.684","name":"Sila beech forests","description":"Silicicolous beech forests occupying more humid locations of the Sila plateau (Calabria), alternating with forests of [Pinus laricio]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.685","name":"Aspromonte beech forests","description":"Silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with [Taxus baccata], [Populus tremula], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pendula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.686","name":"Northern Sicilian beech forests","description":"Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.687","name":"Etna beech forests","description":"Isolated beech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.69","name":"Moesian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids, the Rhodope, the Thessalian mountains, reaching their southern limits in the Vermion, the Vernon, the border ranges of northern Macedonia, the Chalkidiki, Greek Thrace, the Olympus group, Ossa and Pelion. [Fagus sylvatica] is accompanied, at the higher altitudes and latitudes, by [Abies alba] and [Picea abies]. The forests have, even in the south of their range, a pronounced medio-European character, marked by the frequency of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Quercus petraea], [Fragaria vesca], [Oxalis acetosella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.691","name":"Southwestern Moesian beech forests","description":"Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6911","name":"Southwestern Moesian woodrush-beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of medio-European affinities of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6912","name":"Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, of medio-European affinities, of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69121","name":"Southwestern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower altitudes and southern ranges of the mountains of north eastern Greece, south to the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex and the Vermion massive; neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the Thessalian mountains, in particular, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69122","name":"Southwestern Moesian fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba] forests of the higher altitudes of the montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69123","name":"Southwestern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6913","name":"Southwestern Moesian subalpine beech forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.692","name":"Southeastern Moesian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including, in Bulgaria, the Rhodope Mountains, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka (Orvilos) ranges, as well as the western border mountains west of the Struma, and in Greece all the higher mountains east of the Axios, in particular the Rodhopi, the Orvilos (Slavianka), Boura, Mavro Vouno, Vrondous, Menikion complex, the Falakron system (Boz Dagh of Dhrama), the Pangeon, the Kerkini (Belles, Belasicha), the Krousia-Vertikon-Kerdulia ridge and the mountains of the Chalcidiki peninsula (Chortiatis, Cholomon, Athos)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6921","name":"Southeastern Moesian woodrush-beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6922","name":"Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69221","name":"Southeastern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane level and southern ranges of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69222","name":"Southeastern Moesian fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba], [Picea abies] or [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the higher montane levels of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, south to their Greek slope, the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka ranges as well as the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69223","name":"Southeastern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Rhodope mountains and Moeso-Macedonian hills, fairly widespread and extensive in the northern and central Rhodopes, limited to small surfaces in Rila, Piren, Vitosha and other ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6923","name":"Southeastern Moesian subalpine beech forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6924","name":"Southeastern Moesian [Ostrya]-beech forests","description":"Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopide mountains, well represented, in particular, in the northern Rhodope mountains, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.693","name":"Balkan Range beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, forming an extensive, continuous belt throughout the range, except its eastern extremity, with outliers in satellite chains and some neighbouring hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6931","name":"Balkan Range acidophile beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69311","name":"Balkan Range woodrush-beech forests","description":"Uncommon acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, often low-growing and limited to ridges and south-facing slopes, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Polytrichum attenuatum], [Dicranum scoparium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69312","name":"Balkan Range cherry-laurel beech forests","description":"Highly distinctive [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western and central Balkan Range, developed on acid, deep coluvions of lower slopes and brook valleys, in which the understorey is dominated by the lauriphyllous [Prunus laurocerasus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6932","name":"Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69321","name":"Balkan Range bedstraw-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane levels of the Balkan Range, often very tall, accompanied by a typical [Fagetalia cortège] that includes [Galium odoratum], [Cardamine bulbifera], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Veronica montana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Sanicula europaea], [Lunaria rediviva]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69322","name":"Balkan Range fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Picea abies] forests of the higher montane levels of the Balkan Range, of extremely limited and local distribution in the central part of the chain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69323","name":"Balkan Range beech-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus betulus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the Balkan Range, widespread, though on limited surfaces, in the main chain, in the Anti-Balkan and in neighbouring hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69324","name":"Balkan Range [Festuca drymeja] beech forests","description":"Dry, acidocline forests of [Fagus moesiaca] or [Fagus sylvatica] of the Balkan Range, with an understorey dominated by [Festuca drymeja] and comprising [Galium rotundifolium] and [Luzula luzuloides], together with a reduced representation of [Galium odoratum] and the [Fagion] cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6933","name":"Balkan Range subalpine beech forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6934","name":"Balkan Range thermophile beech forests","description":"[Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, mostly developed on warm slopes or shallow soils in which the beech is accompanied by thermophilous trees or shrubs, often of Illyrian origin, such as [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69341","name":"Balkan Range [Ostrya]-beech forests","description":"Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], limited to a few areas, in particular, of the western Anti-Balkan."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.69342","name":"Moesian Constantinople hazel beech forests","description":"[Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western Balkan Range of eastern Serbia, known at least from the Suva Planina, developed on shallow calcareous soils of sunny slopes, with [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Primula veris], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Helleborus odorus], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Galium mollugo], [Melica uniflora]. These formations have clear affinities with the communities of 41.1D52, included in the Dacian beech forest ensemble of the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.694","name":"South-Dinaric beech forests","description":"Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the southern Dinarides, north of the Metohija depression, in contact with Illyrian beech forests of unit G1.6C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6A","name":"Hellenic beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Pindus north to the Smolikas and the Grammos, and of the Chassia, Olympus and Ossa groups, with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterised by the presence of [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies alba], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Doronicum caucasicum], [Galium laconicum], [Lathyrus venetus] and [Helleborus cyclophyllus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6A1","name":"Pindus Hellenic beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies borisii-regis] forests of reduced medio-European character and high endemism, mostly characteristic of the central Pindus (Noto Pindhos, \"Southern Pindus\"), with local occurrences in the northern Pindus, in particular in the Smolikas and the Grammos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6A2","name":"Olympian Hellenic beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies borisii-regis] forests, characterized like those of unit G1.661 by their reduced medio-European character and high endemism, isolated, west of the main Pindian range of Hellenic beech forests, in mountains of the Chassia and Olympus groups, in particular in the Andichasia, Olympus and Pieria ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6B","name":"Mediterraneo-Moesian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, more thermophile than those of G1.69 and G1.6A, occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of Thrace and Macedonia, characterised by the presence of numerous species of the [Quercion frainetto]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6C","name":"Illyrian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills. In these areas they are in contact with, or interspersed among, medio-European beech forests. Typical herb species are [Dentaria] spp., [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Lamium orvala] and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6C1","name":"Illyrian woodrush-beech forests","description":"Strongly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of weakly expressed Illyrian character, with possible outliers in the southeastern Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6C2","name":"Illyrian neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile, neutrocline, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6C21","name":"Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the collinar level of the Dinarides and pre-Dinarides, of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia, of the southern Transdanubian hills of Hungary and, very locally, of pre-Alpine thermophile hills in valleys of Carinthia and Friuli Venezia Giulia, with [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Anemone trifolia], [Vicia oroboides], [Lathyrus venetus], [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Primula vulgaris], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tilia tomentosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6C22","name":"Illyrian montane fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophile, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level of the Dinarides; related forests of the southeastern Alps, characterized by the presence of a distinctively Illyrian cortège in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C221","name":"Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophile and acidocline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, with [Petasites albus], [Lamiastrum flavidum] and an Illyrian cortège that includes [Lamium orvala] and [Anemone trifolia], associated to acidocline species such as [Oxalis acetosella], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides] and several ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C222","name":"Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Anemone trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Sorbus aria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C223","name":"Illyrian high-montane fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba], [Picea abies] and [Larix decidua] of the upper montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, often low-growing or krummholz, with [Anemone trifolia], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Aposeris foetida], [Cardamine trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Petasites albus], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera alpigena]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6C3","name":"Illyrian thermophile beech forests","description":"Thermophilous and often calcicolous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6C31","name":"Illyrian coastal beech forests","description":"Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests forming, between Mediterranean [Ostrya] forests and montane beech forests, a sublittoral belt, stretching from Istria to Albania, and characterized by the massive occurrence of [Sesleria autumnalis] and the presence of many Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer obtusatum], [Quercus pubescens], [Sorbus aria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6C32","name":"Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of the southeastern pre-Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C321","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and dolomites of the pre-Dinaric hills of Slovenia and of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis] and a species-rich herb-layer comprising numerous [Quercetalia pubescentis] characteristics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C322","name":"Illyrian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the northern Dinarides and pre-Dinarides and of the southern mid-Pannonic or sub-Pannonic hills, north to the Hungarian Mecsek and Tolna hills, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus betulus] in the canopy, [Helleborus odorus], [Tamus communis], [Chaerophyllum aureum], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Potentilla micrantha] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6C323","name":"Illyrian [Acer obtusatum] beech forests","description":"Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the central Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6C4","name":"Illyrian subalpine beech forests","description":"Local [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high Dinarides, with extremely limited outliers in the southeastern Alps, not forming a clear belt, contrary to more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the frequent admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey. [Acer heldreichii], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Salix appendiculata], [Myrrhis odorata], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Petasites albus], [Stellaria nemorum] are noteworthy accompaniers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6D","name":"Dacian beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica], or, locally, [Fagus orientalis], [Fagus moesiaca], [Fagus taurica], forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux. Characteristic species include [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], [Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Moehringia pendula], [Festuca drymeja]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6D1","name":"East Carpathian acidophile beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, developed on acid soils, in particular podsols and brown acid soils, mostly limited to rather small surfaces within the more extensive neutrophilous forest complexes, characterized by a species-poor acidophilous flora that includes [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis hirundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica officinalis], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D11","name":"Dacian woodrush-beech forests","description":"Widely distributed acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, accompanied by a cortège in which the acidophile species characteristic of the [Calamagrostio-Fagenion] clearly predominate over the edaphically less restricted species of the [Symphyto-Fagion]; [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], in particular, are often abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D12","name":"Dacian [Galium kitaibelianum] beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the central zone of the southern Romanian Carpathians, limited to small surfaces, characterized by the presence of thermophilous species such as [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii] and [Potentilla micrantha]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D13","name":"Dacian [Galium rotundifolium] beech forests","description":"Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests, mostly of high mountains in the southwestern Carpathians, with [Galium rotundifolium] and an admixture of acidophilous and neutrophilous [Fagetalia] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6D2","name":"East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with typical [Fagetalia] species, developed on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D21","name":"Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills accompanied by a cortège of typical [Fagetalia] species supplemented by regional Dacian elements, including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Crocus heuffelianus], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], widely distributed in all mountains and high hills of the region on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates. [Fagus orientalis] and [Fagus taurica] may locally enter the canopy in sub-Carpathic ranges of Moldavia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6D211","name":"Dacian [Dentaria glandulosa] beech forests","description":"Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests, sometimes with a small admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Picea abies] and [Abies alba], with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and regionally characteristic Dacian species including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Pulmonaria rubra], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], widespread on rich soils throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, where they form the zonal forests of the lower and middle montane belt, between 600 and 1100 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6D212","name":"Dacian [Pulmonaria rubra] fir-beech forests","description":"Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and Dacian regional species such as [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Symphytum cordatum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Campanula abietina], widely distributed throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, on rich brown, leached or acid soils of steep slopes at altitudes comprised between 700 and 1300 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6D213","name":"Dacian [Leucanthemum] beech forests","description":"Acidocline [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the high southeastern Carpathians, occupying the upper fringe of the montane beech forests, at altitudes between 800 and 1350 metres, on acid brown soils, with [Leucanthemum waldsteinii] and a cortège otherwise typical of the [Symphyto-Fagenion], including [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum cordatum], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D22","name":"Dacian hairy sedge beech-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or sometimes [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus], occasionally of [Fagus sylvatica] without [Carpinus betulus], of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by an eastern [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Tilia cordata], [Prunus avium], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Galium schultesii], [Carex pilosa], [Dactylis glomerata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6D3","name":"East Carpathian subalpine beech forests","description":"Local [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high southern Carpathians, developed where subalpine [Picea abies] forests do not form an uninterrupted zone, less well individualised than more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D31","name":"Dacian subalpine beech-spruce forest","description":"Neutrophile to weakly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies] forests with a mixed cortège composed of [Fagetalia] species, in particular [Symphyto-Fagion] characteristics, and of [Vaccinio-Piceetalia] and [Adenostyletalia] species, of the subalpine or upper montane level of high mountains of the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D32","name":"Dacian subalpine gooseberry beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests with [Acer pseudoplatanus] characterized by the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Glechoma hirsuta], [Lamium maculatum] and [Ulmus glabra], on very damp slopes of the subalpine or upper montane level of the southern and southwestern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6D4","name":"East Carpathian calciphile beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] forests developed on limestones of the eastern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, harbouring a strongly calciphile and thermophile cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6D5","name":"South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests","description":"[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the southwestern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with southern European floristic elements, including [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], [Helleborus odorus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Corylus colurna], of Illyrian or Moesian affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D51","name":"South Carpathian [Aremonia] beech forests","description":"Neutrophile or basicline montane [Fagus sylvatica] forests widespread in the southwestern Carpathians, characterized by the presence of thermophile species of Illyrian affinities, in particular, [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Potentilla micrantha], [Fraxinus ornus], [Tamus communis] and the extreme rarefaction of typical [Symphyto-Fagion] Carpathian species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D52","name":"South Carpathian [Corylus colurna] beech forests","description":"Neutrophile low montane [Fagus moesiaca] forests with [Corylus colurna] and a cortège of southern species, including [Primula columnae], [Fraxinus ornus], [Lathyrus venetus], [Knautia drymeia], [Ruscus hypoglossum], occupying small surfaces in a few localities of the southwestern Carpathians, south to the Rtanj range of eastern Serbia; they are related to Moesian formations of unit G1.69, in particular unit G1.6934."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D53","name":"South Carpathian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests","description":"Neutrophile to weakly acidophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests, of low mountains and hills of the southwestern Romanian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian ranges, with a cortège of southern, in part Illyrian, species, including [Helleborus odorus], [Asperula taurina], [Daphne laureola], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tamus communis], [Tilia tomentosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6D54","name":"South Carpathian [Festuca drymeja] beech forests","description":"Weakly acidophile to acidophile [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the upper part of sunny slopes of the mountains and hills of the southern and southwestern Carpathians, with an herb layer dominated by [Festuca drymeja] and in which [Luzula luzuloides] is always present and the [Symphyto-Fagenion] species poorly represented."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6E","name":"Pontic beech forests","description":"[Fagus orientalis] forests of the Pontic Range and its satellite chains, extending into southeastern Central Europe in the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6E1","name":"Western Pontic beech forests","description":"[Fagus orientalis] forests of the western Pontic Range, the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E11","name":"Eastern Balkan Range oriental beech forests","description":"Beech forests of the eastern Balkan Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] and with an understorey formed in part by a Euxinian cortège, impoverished in comparison to that of more southern and eastern communities, though fairly similar to that of unit G1.6E2, comprising, as most characteristic taxa, [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea], [Primula sibthorpii]), [Trachystemon orientalis] and [Scilla bithynica] and the absence of other southern Euxinian elements that occur in the Stranja."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E12","name":"Stranja oriental beech forests","description":"[Fagus orientalis] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6E121","name":"Stranja bearberry tree-oriental beech forests","description":"Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by [Fagus orientalis], less rich in lauriphyllous shrubs than those of G1.6E122, more similar to those of G1.6E11, although slightly richer in Euxinian elements, with a cortège that includes, locally, [Vaccinium arctostaphylos], otherwise formed primarily by [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea]), [Trachystemon orientalis] and [Scilla bithynica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.6E122","name":"Stranja rhododendron-oriental beech forests","description":"Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by [Fagus orientalis], often accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Quercus polycarpa], [Acer platanoides], [Acer campestre], [Ulmus glabra], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Prunus avium], with an understorey rich in lauriphyllous shrubs of Euxinian affinities, comprising, in particular, [Rhododendron ponticum], [Daphne pontica], [Prunus laurocerasus] ([Laurocerasus officinalis]), [Pyracantha coccinea], [Ilex aquifolium], [Ruscus hypoglossum], and with the Euxinian [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea]), [Trachystemon orientalis], [Teucrium cuneifolium], [Cyclamen coum], [Epimedium pubigerum], [Hypericum calycinum] and [Scilla bithynica] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E13","name":"Western Pontic rhododendron-oriental beech forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis], accompanied by [Quercus iberica], [Acer cappadocium], [Acer trautvetteri], with a lauriphile-rich one- to six-metre high understorey of [Rhododendron ponticum], [Rhododendron flavum] and [Ilex colchica] with [Hedera colchica], [Smilax excelsa], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Daphne pontica], [Vaccinium arctostaphylos], [Crataegus pentagyna], [Aristolochia pontica], forming a massive belt at altitudes extending from sea level to 1100-1200 metres, under precipitations of 1000-2000 mm and on siliceous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E14","name":"Western Pontic calciphile beech forests","description":"Rare forests limited to calcareous outcrops of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] accompanied by [Stephylea pinnata], [Buxus sempervirens], [Taxus baccata], [Euonymus latifolius ssp. caucanus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E15","name":"Western Pontic neutrocline fir-beech forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] accompanied by [Abies bornmuelleriana] occupying sites at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit G1.6E14, accompanied by a similar floral cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.6E16","name":"Western Pontic calciphile fir-beech forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] with [Abies bornmuelleriana] limited to calcareous outcrops within the fir-beech belt formed by the forests of unit G1.6E15, and at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit G1.6E14, with a species-rich cortège characterized by the presence of [Telekia speciosa], [Aristolochia bodamae], [Arum ponticum], [Hieracleum platytaenium], [Campanula lactiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.6E2","name":"Western sub-Pontic beech-oak forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range composed of [Fagus orientalis], often with [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica] or [Quercus iberica], [Carpinus betulus] and a presence of [Abies bornmuelleriana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6F","name":"Dobrogea beech forest","description":"Relict beech forests of the Macin Mountains, of extremely insular distribution, isolated within the steppe climate of the Romanian Dobrogea, far from the main beech regions of the Carpathians, with [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus taurica] ([Fagus taurica var. dobrogica]), [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Carpinus betulus], [Populus tremula], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagetalia] species and southern European species, including [Potentilla micrantha], [Scutellaria altissima], in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6G","name":"Crimean beech forests","description":"Beech forests of the northern slopes of the southernmost mountain range of the Crimean Peninsula at altitudes between 600 m and 1100 m, on Jurassic substrates, under a climate regime of cool temperatures and moderate precipitation; the beeches are in almost pure stands or occasionally mixed with [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], with a poorly developed understorey that may include [Euonymus latifolius], [Taxus baccata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6H","name":"Caucasian beech forests","description":"Beech, beech-hornbeam and beech-fir forests of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6I","name":"Caspian beech forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus orientalis] on north slopes of the Elburz Mountains, at the 1400-1800 metre level, under the climatic influence of the Caspian Sea, with cool temperatures and moderate annual precipitation, typically with abundant snowfall; the beech is either accompanied by [Acer insigne], [Alnus subcordata], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus castaneifolia], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Ulmus glabra], or growing in pure formations, the presence of other tree species diminishing towards the upper altitudinal levels; a luxurient understorey includes [Ilex hyrcanica], [Daphne pontica], [Vaccinium arctostaphylos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.6J","name":"Eastern oro-Mediterranean beech forests","description":"Isolated beech forests of the Taurus system in western and southern Anatolia (Muraldag, Garur Daglari)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.7","name":"Thermophilous deciduous woodland","description":"Forests or woods of submediterranean climate regions and supramediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, dominated by deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia]. Thermophilous deciduous trees may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermomediterranean areas, and occur locally to the north in central and western Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.71","name":"Western white oak woods and related communities","description":"[Quercus pubescens] forests and woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of France, west of the Alpine arc, and of northeastern Spain, with irradiations to southern Germany and Belgium. Low medio-European forests of [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] occupying warm exposures beyond the range of [Quercus pubescens] and linked to the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] by the presence of [Buxus sempervirens] or other thermophile calcicolous plants, including [Limodorum abortivum], [Melittis melissophyllum]. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance [Genisto germanicae-Quercion] with species [Avenella flexuosa], [Calluna vulgaris], [Festuca ovina], [Genista] spp., [Luzula luzuloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.711","name":"Western [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France, and of thermal stations in more northerly locations of Western Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7111","name":"Southwestern [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7112","name":"Northern [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of thermal stations in the nemoral zone of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.712","name":"Sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea-Q. robur] woods","description":"Continental thermophilous [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] woods of Lorraine, the Ardenne periphery, southern Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic outside of the area of dominance of pure [Quercus pubescens] but accompanied by the thermophile, calcicolous, sub-Mediterranean cortège of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], and sometimes including [Quercus pubescens] or hybrids of [Quercus pubescens] with either [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.713","name":"[Quercus palensis] woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens ssp. palensis] forests and woods of the Pyrenees and northeastern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.714","name":"Eu-Mediterranean white oak woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens] forests occupying fresh stations within the mesomediterranean zone, usually on north facing  slopes (ubac) and relatively deep soils, accompanied by [Quercus ilex] and an associated vegetation characteristic of the [Quercion ilicis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.72","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian white oak woods","description":"Woods of Sardinia and Corsica dominated by [Quercus pubescens], sometimes accompanied by [Quercus virgiliana], [Quercus congesta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.73","name":"Eastern white oak woods","description":"Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean (mostly lower supra-Mediterranean), and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, the Black Sea coasts and western Asia, in which [Quercus pubescens] or its allies are the dominant deciduous oaks, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species; white oak ([Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana])-dominated woods, with an [Ostryo-Carpinion] or [Orno-Cotinion] cortège, of thermic sub-Mediterranean enclaves within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones of the Balkan peninsula, Pannonia and the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.731","name":"Northern Italic [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus betulus], and, locally, [Carpinus orientalis], occupying the lower supra-Mediterranean (100-500 metres) level of the central and northern Apennines, the Ligurian ranges and the Alpine foothills of Italy, with local impoverished irradiations to the upper supra-Mediterranean level on calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.732","name":"Italo-Sicilian [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis] of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern Italian peninsula and of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.733","name":"Hellenic [Quercus pubescens] woods","description":"Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Ostrya carpinifolia] of the lower supra-Mediterranean level of Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace, and locally, on calcareous soils, of western Greece and southern Albania, with northward penetration into the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia along the Vardar valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.734","name":"Aegean [Quercus anatolica] woods","description":"Usually open woods formed by [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica], often associated with [Quercus macrolepis], of Lesbos and Samothrace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.735","name":"Aegean [Quercus brachyphylla] woods","description":"Stands of [Quercus brachyphylla], often associated with [Quercus macrolepis] or [Quercus ilex], of the Peloponnese and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.736","name":"Dalmatian white oak woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens]- or [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, Slovenia and the Triestine Karst with [Quercus cerris], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.737","name":"Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods","description":"Azonal white-oak dominated woods with a sub-Mediterranean accompanying flora, occupying thermic oases within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7371","name":"Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens]-[Quercus virgiliana] woods of the Black Sea plains and hills of Turkey in Europe, and of the northern Thracian plain of southern and southeastern Bulgaria, where they are represented by mostly insular patches, particularly in the middle Maritsa and Tundja hills, the eastern and northern Rhodope foothills. The oaks are accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre] or [Tilia tomentosa] and by Mediterranean floral elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7372","name":"Moesian white oak woods","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods of the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range, and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73721","name":"Moesian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Thermophilous sub-Mediterranean oak woods of Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Acer hyrcanum], [Coronilla emerus], [Syringa vulgaris], [Cornus mas], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Arabis hirsuta], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Helleborus odorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73722","name":"Lydian greenweed-white oak woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens] oak woods of dolomites of the Golo Bardo range of western Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73723","name":"Moesian [Paeonia peregrina]-white oak woods","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods of the limestone plateaux of the Romanian Dobrogea, of the Bulgarian Dobrudja and associated plateaux, of the Sredna Gora of central Bulgaria, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and an herb layer rich in [Paeonia peregrina], [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Mercurialis ovata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73724","name":"Moesian [Galium dasypodium]-white oak woods","description":"Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on rendzine soils of the limestone plateaux of the Dobrogea, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus moldavica] in the shrub layer and [Galium dasypodum], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Carex michelii], [Zerna inermis] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73725","name":"Acanthus white oak woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens] woods of steep sunny slopes of the Danubian Iron Gate region, with [Syringa vulgaris], [Echinops bannaticus], [Scutellaria pichleri], [Symphytum ottomanum], [Jansion heldreichii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73726","name":"Moesian [Echinops]-white oak woods","description":"Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on sunny slopes of the Danube Iron Gates region, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus frainetto] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Echinops bannaticus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Lathyrus venetus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7373","name":"Intra-Carpathian insular [Quercus virgiliana] woods","description":"Xerophile, neutrophilous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods distributed in insular patches on steep south-facing slopes of intra-Carpathian hills of Romania, in particular, of the foothills bordering the lower Danubian basin of Romania, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amygdalus nana], [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Carex humilis], [Dictamnus albus], [Geranium sanguineum], [Astragalus austriacus] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7374","name":"Pannonian white oak woods","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean woods of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73741","name":"Pannonian white oak-manna tree woods","description":"Thermophilous oak woods mainly on southern slopes and on calcareous soils of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], with a well-developed species-rich undergrowth composed mainly of sub-Mediterranean elements, including [Viburnum lantana], [Colutea arborescens], [Cornus mas], [Vicia sparsiflora], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Dictamnus albus], [Carex hallerana], [Mercurialis ovata], [Limodorum abortivum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73742","name":"Pannonian karst white oak low woods","description":"Low woods of [Fraxinus ornus] and [Quercus pubescens] on steep southern slopes of calcareous hills of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, with a well-developed shrub layer comprising [Cotinus coggygria], [Coronilla emerus ssp. emeroides], [Euonymus verrucosus] and an understorey including [Geranium sanguineum], [Iris graminea], [Euphorbia polychroma], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Carex humilis], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Tamus communis], [Anthericum ramosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7375","name":"Illyrian white oak woods","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73751","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods","description":"Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens] with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.73752","name":"Illyrian oriental hornbeam white oak woods","description":"[Quercus pubescens]-dominated facies of mixed woods of oriental hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, ashes and oaks of the [Carpinetum orientalis illyricum] of the Drava and Sava basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.738","name":"Euxinian white oak woods","description":"Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica] of the southern Crimean coast, of the western Caucasus and tthe Noworossijsk Black Sea coast and the western Great Caucasus Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.74","name":"Italo-Illyrian hop-hornbeam sub-thermophilous oak woods","description":"Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of northern Italy, the Drava and Sava basin and the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by oaks other than [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus macrolepis], [Quercus trojana] or their allies, and, in particular, by [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and their allies, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.741","name":"Northern Italian [Quercus cerris] woods","description":"Supra-Mediterranean, occasionally mesomediterranean, forests of the northern Italian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris], with [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.742","name":"Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods","description":"Thermophile oak woods of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus petraea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7421","name":"Dalmatian [Quercus cerris] woods","description":"[Quercus cerris]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Quercus pubescens], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria] and a cortège similar to that of the white oak woods of unit G1.736."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7422","name":"Dalmatian [Quercus petraea] woods","description":"[Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Tilia platiphyllos], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria], represented, in particular, by rare and localized [Quercus petraea] forests of the Triestine Karst, Slovenia and Istria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.743","name":"Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7431","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods","description":"[Quercus cerris]- or [Quercus petraea]-dominated facies of the [Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae] hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit G1.73751."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7432","name":"Illyrian black pea sessile oak woods","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, occupying sunny steep slopes, with [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria] and a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] that includes [Lathyrus niger], [Melitis melissophyllum], [Serratula tinctoria], together with [Carex flacca], [Galium sylvaticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.75","name":"Southeastern sub-thermophilous oak woods","description":"Forests of strongly sub-Mediterranean character, dominated by subthermophilous oak species, such as [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto], sometimes [Quercus petraea], [Quercus pseudocerris], [Quercus boissieri], characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern part of the eastern Mediterranean peninsulas and of southern Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.751","name":"Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods","description":"Forest formations of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or, locally, [Quercus petraea], of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and of Monte Gargano."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7511","name":"Southern Italic [Quercus cerris] woods","description":"[Quercus cerris]-dominated forest formations of the supra-Mediterranean, montane and, locally, meso-Mediterranean levels of the Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, with a distribution centreed on the Basilicata, and of Monte Gargano, on siliceous or calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7512","name":"Southern Italic [Quercus frainetto] woods","description":"[Quercus frainetto]-dominated or rich forest formations of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, extending north to Latium, Tuscany and Molise, mostly on siliceous or decarbonated substrates of the supra-Mediterranean level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7513","name":"Southern Italic [Quercus petraea] woods","description":"[Quercus petraea]-dominated forest formations of the Calabrian Apennines and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.752","name":"Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris], by [Quercus frainetto], or both, of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7521","name":"Southern Hellenic [Quercus cerris] woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris] of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7522","name":"Southern Hellenic [Quercus frainetto] woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Quercus frainetto], of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.753","name":"Eastern Mediterranean subthermophilous oak woods","description":"Oak woods of the supra-Mediterranean and mesic mesomediterranean zones of the Taurus, the Amanus, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Palestine, Syria and southern Anatolia, dominated by [Quercus pseudocerris] or [Quercus boissieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.76","name":"Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], of [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, locally of [Quercus pedunculiflora] or [Quercus virgiliana], of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, of the supra-Mediterranean level of continental Greece, except the extreme south, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia. In most of their range they constitute the lowest altitudinal tier of forest vegetation; in Greece and adjacent areas, however, they occur above the forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion]. In western Carpathians they have the northern boundary of occurrence and here are represented by the alliance [Quercion confertae cerris] with species [Lathyrus niger], [Melica picta], [Serratula tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.761","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Extensive [Quercus cerris]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.762","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus frainetto] forests","description":"Extensive [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.763","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus dalechampii] forests.","description":"[Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests of the hills and mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains. They include, in particular, the xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Rhodope and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit G1.A1C3. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in their undergrowth. They also include local formations of the upper supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, mostly of the Pindus and of crystalline or metamorphic ranges of the southern Moeso-Macedonian  and Rhodope mountains, likewise altitudinally inserted between [Quercus frainetto] and beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.764","name":"Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests","description":"Rare forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, dominated by rare, endemic oak species, in particular [Quercus protoroburoides], or by highly disjunct populations of more northern species, in particular [Quercus petraea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7641","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus petraea] forests","description":"Rare [Quercus petraea]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece and of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7642","name":"Rila [Quercus protoroburoides] forests","description":"Endemic [Quercus protoroburoides] forests of the upper montane level of Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.765","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus virgiliana] forests","description":"Local [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece) and of the \"[Querceta frainetti]\" component of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.766","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests","description":"Local [Quercus pedunculiflora]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.767","name":"Helleno-Moesian [Quercus polycarpa] forests","description":"Local [Quercus polycarpa]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.768","name":"Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak and hornbeam-durmast oak belts of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the slopes of the Balkan Range and its associated hills and plateaux; irradiations extend into southern Romania. The associated flora has a marked southeastern European character and includes [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Piptatherum virescens], [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7681","name":"Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests","description":"Oak forests of the lower level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76811","name":"Moesio-Danubian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris] of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the northern and southern slopes of the Balkan Range and their associated hills and plateaux, extending to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region of Romania, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Lychnis coronaria], [Rubus tomentosus], [Lathyrus niger], [Lathyrus venetus], [Helleborus odorus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76812","name":"Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam [Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular of the lower Danube basin and its fringing plateaux, extending north into Romania to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region and of the southwestern Dobrogea, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Piptatherum virescens], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76813","name":"Moesio-Danubian mixed oak [Quercus frainetto] forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile mixed oak forests of [Quercus frainetto], accompanied by some [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] in the shrub layer and many sub-Mediterranean species, including [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Lychnis coronaria], in the herb layer, limited to small insular surfaces in the lower Danube valley of Bulgaria and in the Romanian Dobrogea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7682","name":"Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests","description":"Forests mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l., of the upper level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76821","name":"Central Moesian [Quercus dalechampii]-oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and neighbouring hills, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of 41.2C35. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76822","name":"Moesio-Danubian bedstraw sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophile [Quercus petraea] s.l. forests of the southern and southwestern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Galium pseudaristatum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa nemoralis], [Festuca heterophylla] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7683","name":"Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests","description":"Oak forests of the Romanian Dobrogea dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] or [Quercus pedunculiflora], rich in [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], of mixed Moesian and Pontic affinities, developed in stations ecologically intermediate between those that support [Carpinion betuli] forests of 41.72 and those that harbour steppe forests of 41.7A."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76831","name":"Dobrogean paeonia sessile oak forests","description":"Neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] forests, limited to low hills of the Romanian Dobrogea, accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. excelsior], [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. coriariifolia] ([Fraxinus coriariifolia]), [Fraxinus ornus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis] in the tree layer, with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and [Paeonia peregrina] and other sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76832","name":"Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] and [Quercus polycarpa] forests of the northern Dobrogean plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus coriariifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], accompanied by numerous sub-Mediterranean species including [Nectaroscordum dioscoridis], [Lychnis coronaria], [Digitalis lanata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, such as [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], [Cardamine bulbifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76833","name":"Dobrogean [Quercus pedunculiflora]-lime-oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, neutrophile mixed [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Dobrogea plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, numerous sub-Mediterranean species, including [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Viola jordanii], [Paeonia peregrina], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.769","name":"Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods","description":"Sub-continental thermo-xerophile [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris]-Quercus petraea] forests of the foothills bordering the lower Danube depression of southern Romania, with the continental [Acer tataricum] and lacking typically sub-Mediterranean species such as [Carpinus orientalis] and [Ruscus aculeatus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7691","name":"Getic white cinquefoil [Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], of the plains of southern Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Cornus mas], [Potentilla alba], [Lychnis coronaria], [Viola hirta], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7692","name":"Getic early sedge [Quercus frainetto] forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, acidophile [Quercus frainetto] forests of Muntenia and Oltenia, with [Acer campestre], [Pyrus pyraster], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Carex praecox], [Genista tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa angustifolia], [Lychnis coronaria], [Calamagrostis epigejos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7693","name":"Getic crocus [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus frainetto] of the plains in the southern of Romania, with [Acer campestre] and [Acer tataricum], accompanied by [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crocus flavus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Polygonatum latifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7694","name":"Getic [Q. frainetto]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. petraea] forests","description":"Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern and western pre-Carpathian foothills, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Helleborus odorus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Sedum maximum], [Sedum cepaea], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7695","name":"Getic [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests","description":"Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with a shrub layer composed of [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus mas], and an herb layer of [Carex praecox], [Carex caryophyllea], [Genista tinctoria], [Potentilla micrantha], [Lychnis coronaria], [Galium pseudaristatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7696","name":"Pre-Carpathian [Quercus cerris]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests","description":"Weakly acidophile to neutrophile forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l. and [Quercus cerris] of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Sorbus torminalis], sometimes [Tilia tomentosa], [Cerasus avium], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus ornus], participating in the tree layer, accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Silene viridiflora], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.76A","name":"Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods","description":"Subcontinental thermo-xerophile oak forests of southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey, developed in the Euxinian Stranja-Istranca and eastern Balkan Range and in the peri-Mediterraneo-steppic hills rising from the northern Thracian plain or fringing it."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.76A1","name":"Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests","description":"[Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing Balkan Range, eastern Rhodope or Stranja foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76A11","name":"Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Mostly fragmentary forests of the northern Thracian plain, its isolated hills and the fringing foothills of the Balkan Range, the eastern Rhodopes and the northwestern Stranja dominated by [Quercus frainetto] or sometimes [Quercus cerris], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Crataegus monogyna] and a thermophile, sub-Mediterranean cortège that includes [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Heptaptera triquetra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76A12","name":"Sub-Euxinian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests","description":"Forests of the inner hills and eastern foothills of the Stranja dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], sometimes with [Quercus hartwissiana], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.76A2","name":"Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus virgiliana] forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus virgiliana] of the northern thracian basin, located mainly on relatively dry hills up to 800 metres, and usually accompanied by a species cortège similar to those of G1.76A1, including [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.76A3","name":"Thracian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests","description":"Mesophile [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Thracian plain developed on moist nutrient-rich soils, with [Acer tataricum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cotinus coggygria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria]. They have been submitted to intensive clearing and are now represented only by very fragmentary stands or single trees in a very resricted area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.76A4","name":"Stranja [Quercus polycarpa] forests","description":"[Quercus polycarpa] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range and of high mountains of the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76A41","name":"Stranja [Primula rosea]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests","description":"[Quercus polycarpa]- or [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a cortège comprised of numerous Euxinian elements, rich in [Primula vulgaris ssp. rosea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.76A42","name":"Stranja [Fagus orientalis]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests","description":"[Quercus polycarpa]-[Fagus orientalis] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a species-rich cortège of the [Querceta polycarpae] that includes numerous Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.76A5","name":"Southeastern Thracian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Subcontinental xero-thermophile forests of the Istranca southern spurs, rich in Euxinian and Mediterranean elements, dominated by [Quercus petraea ssp. dschorochense] and [Quercus cerris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.76B","name":"Western Anatolian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods","description":"Sub-continental, supra-Mediterranean, thermo-xerophile oak forests of western Anatolia with [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica], [Quercus dshorochensis], [Castanea sativa], [Tilia tomentosa], [Mespilus germanica], [Geranium asphodeloides], [Aristolochia pallida], [Achillea grandiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.77","name":"Afro-Iberian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Iberian and North African forests and woods dominated by [Quercus faginea], [Quercus canariensis] or [Quercus afares]. The humid formations of southwestern Iberia (units G1.772 and G1.773) are forest types of unique character in Europe and of extreme biological importance; also highly distinctive and vulnerable are the Baetic and Valencian formations listed under subunits G1.7714 and G1.7715."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.771","name":"Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"Xero-mesophile [Quercus faginea] formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of the Spanish Meseta and associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7711","name":"Western Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"[Quercus faginea] forests of the supra-Mediterranean, sub-humid level of the Cantabrian periphery and upper Ebro basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7712","name":"Central Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"[Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range, upper Douro basin and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7713","name":"Eastern Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"[Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Maestrazgo, interior Catalonia and adjacent Aragon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7714","name":"Baetic [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"Southern forests of the sub-humid to humid supra-Mediterranean level of calcareous Baetic ranges, limited to a few enclaves in the Serrania de Ronda and the ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, dominated by [Quercus faginea] associated with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata] and sometimes [Quercus pyrenaica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7715","name":"Valencian [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"[Quercus faginea] forests of north facing  slopes (ubac) of the southern Valencian mountains (Aitana, Montcabrer, Benicadell), with [Acer granatense], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Taxus baccata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.772","name":"Portuguese [Quercus faginea] forests","description":"Humid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict [Quercus faginea] forests of Portugal, restricted to a very few isolated localities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.773","name":"Andalusian [Quercus canariensis] forests","description":"Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant [Quercus canariensis] forests of the sierras of extreme southern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.774","name":"Catalonian [Quercus canariensis] stands","description":"Formations of Catalonia rich in [Quercus canariensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.775","name":"Balearic [Quercus faginea] woods","description":"Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, [Quercus faginea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.78","name":"Trojan oak woodland","description":"Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-mediterranean woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus trojana] or its allies. Other typical species include [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cistus creticus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Helictotrichum convolutum] and [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.781","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woods","description":"Usually low formations dominated by [Quercus trojana], often with junipers or maples, of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Vardar valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.782","name":"Apulian Trojan oak woods","description":"Relict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of [Quercus trojana] and [Quercus pubescens], often with an admixture of [Quercus ilex] and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle, foresta Gaglione)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.79","name":"Mediterranean valonia oak ([Quercus macrolepis]) woodland","description":"Woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus macrolepis], often fairly open, of the mostly meso-Mediterranean zone of Greece, Albania, western Asia, and, very locally, southern Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.791","name":"Hellenic valonia oak woods","description":"[Quercus macrolepis] formations of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, as well as of ajacent Albania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and on Lesbos; more modified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountains bordering the gulf of Arta and in western Etolia, in the northwestern Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, in Thrace, in Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.792","name":"Apulian valonia oak woods","description":"Relict [Quercus macrolepis] formations of Salento (Tricase)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.7A","name":"Steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). Different [Quercus] spp. dominate in the tree layer, which is rich in continental steppic vegetation elements and geophytes of the [Aceri tatarici-Quercion] and [Potentillo albae-Quercion], e.g. [Carex michelii], [Dactylis polygama], [Geum urbanum], [Lathryrus niger], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Convallaria majalis], [Dictamnus albus], [Festuca rupicola] and [Potentilla alba]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7A1","name":"Euro-Siberian steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7A11","name":"White cinquefoil oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of central Europe, Pannonia and the northern approaches to the Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe zone with a flora of moderate thermophily and high continental affinities, mostly characteristic of sandy soil along the edges of the eastern steppeland and of clay soils in northern and western woodland areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A111","name":"Western white cinquefoil sessile oak woods","description":"Cinquefoil oak woods of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula and upper Danube basins, including the northern and central Bohemian Basin and the southern flank of the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians in Moravia, forming the northern and westernmost irradiations of the complex, with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Pinus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Viburnum lantana], [Corylus avellana], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Prunus spinosa], [Juniperus communis], [Carpinus betulus], [Pyrus communis], [Primula veris], [Campanula persicifolia], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Lathyrus niger], [Geranium sanguineum], [Potentilla alba], [Pulmonaria angustifolia], [Ranunculus polyanthemos], [Serratula tinctoria], [Silene nutans], [Veronica officinalis], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Carex montana], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A112","name":"Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak woods","description":"Well-developed woods of the Pannonic basin, in Hungary, southern Slovakia, western Romania and Serbia, installed on deep brown forest soil, between 200 m and 500 m altitude, dominated by [Quercus petraea], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus cerris], with an underdeveloped shrub layer and a grassy understorey composed most frequently of [Festuca heterophylla], [Poa nemoralis], [Melica uniflora], accompanied by [Lychnis coronaria], [Potentilla alba], [Vicia cassubica], [Serratula tinctoria], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Digitalis grandiflora]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A113","name":"Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak woods","description":"Uncommon thermophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the Pannonic basin, developed in Hungary, in particular in the Central Hungarian Range, extending to Lower Austria, southwestern Moravia, southern Slovakia and western Romania, on andesite, granite or slate substrates and slightly acidic soils of south-facing slopes, somewhat transitional to acidophilous oak woods of unit G1.87. [Quercus petraea] is monodominant in the tree layer or associated with [Quercus polycarpa]; the understorey, almost devoid of a shrub layer, is composed of an admixture of oak forest species and siliceous rock sward elements; [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Hieracium bauhinii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Anthericum ramosum], [Sedum sexangulare] are frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A114","name":"Sarmatic cinquefoil oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], of the central Sarmatic regions in Podolia, the central Russian plateaux, Bashkiria and the southern Urals, north of, and along the northern edge of, the Sarmatic wooded steppe zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A115","name":"Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests","description":"Thermophile [Quercus petraea] forests of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania accompanied by a mixed sub-Mediterranean flora including [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Ruscus aculeatus], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Viola reichenbachiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1151","name":"Getic-pre-Carpathic [Festuca drymeia] oak forests","description":"Acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests with an herb layer dominated by [Festuca drymeja], of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1152","name":"Getic-pre-Carpathic [Aremonia] oak forests","description":"Weakly acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests of the southwestern hills and low mountains of Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis] in the tree layer, [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Helleborus odorus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Sedum cepaea], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Silene viridiflora], [Lychnis coronaria], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A116","name":"Moravian serpentine oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of serpentines of the middle Jihlava Valley of southwestern Moravia, dominated by [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] with well developed shrub and field layers; the former comprises, in particular, [Prunus mahaleb] and [Berberis vulgaris], the latter species of thermophilous oak forests and forest edges, species of dry grasslands, in particular, [Carex humilis], [Festuca pallens] and [Koeleria macrantha], serpentinophilous ferns, notably [Asplenium cuneifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7A12","name":"Tartar maple steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods constituting the climax woodland element of the Pannonian and Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe biome, with a flora richer in southern, Euxinian and Sarmatic elements than that of the cinquefoil oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A121","name":"Pannonic steppe oak woods","description":"Oak woods of the geographically isolated Pannonic basin wooded steppe zone, separated from the main Ukraino-Russian belt by the Carpathian arc."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1211","name":"Pannonic loess steppe oak woods","description":"Oak woods on black or brown soils over loess substrates of the Pannonic basin and its hills, dominated by [Quercus cerris], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea]; the upper part of the well-stratified shrub layer is composed mainly of [Acer tataricum] and [Acer campestre], the herb layer of [Festuca rupicola], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica altissima], [Nepeta pannonica], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Pulmonaria mollissima], [Doronicum hungaricum], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]). Formerly extending in the entire Pannonic basin, from Hungary and southern Slovakia to the Srijem area of northeastern Croatia and northwestern Serbia and the Deliblat region of northeastern Serbia, these forests have been reduced to a few dozen remnant stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1212","name":"Pannonic alkali steppe oak woods","description":"Rare oak woods of the Danube basin lowlands developed in the transition zone between inundation areas and loess plateaux, on soils with a higher water table in spring. [Acer tataricum], growing with great vitality, reaches the second tree layer. Characteristic understorey species are [Carex michelii], [Pulmonaria mollissima], [Doronicum hungaricum] accompanying [Alopecurus pratensis], [Melica altissima], [Festuca rupicola], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Geranium robertianum], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Corydalis bulbosa] ([Corydalis cava]), [Ranunculus ficaria], [Viscaria vulgaris]; tall herbs ([Peucedanum officinale], [Galatella punctata]) and other species ([Artemisia pontica], [Limonium gmelinii i.a].) penetrate the wood from the bordering grasslands on alkaline soil. Only a few stands of this community remain, in Hungary and Transsylvania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1213","name":"Pannonic sand steppe oak woods","description":"Oak woods of sandy substrates of the Pannonic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A122","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophilous oak woods of the southern wooded steppe zone, extending from northern Bulgaria and eastern Romania through the Ukraine and southern Russia to the Urals and the lower Volga."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1221","name":"Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods on leached chernozem soils of low hills and plains of southern and southeastern Romania and northeastern Bulgaria, with [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] in the tree layer, [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Pulmonaria mollis], [Thalictrum minus], [Fragaria viridis], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Viola hirta], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]) in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1222","name":"Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus pubescens] steppe woods","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods, on leached chernozem soils, of low hills and plains of eastern and southern Romania, with [Quercus pubescens], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] in the tree layer, [Cotinus coggygria] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Carex michelii], [Thalictrum minus], [Festuca rupicola], [Vicia tenuifolia] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1223","name":"Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile woods of [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Quercus cerris], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] on leached chernozem soils of the plains of southern Romania, with [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Iris variegata], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Fragaria viridis], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Lychnis coronaria] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1224","name":"Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus robur] steppe woods","description":"Continental xerophile woods of [Quercus robur] and [Acer tataricum] on leached chernozems of low hills of northeastern Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Pyrus pyraster], [Prunus avium] in the tree layer, [Prunus spinosa], [Euonymus europaeus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Prunus fruticosa], [Amygdalus nana] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Viola hirta], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Sedum maximum], [Fragaria viridis] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.7A1225","name":"Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. robur]-[Q. petraea] steppe woods","description":"Subcontinental forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Acer tataricum] on grey soils of north-facing low hills of the wooded steppe region of northeastern Romania, with [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Prunus avium], [Acer campestre], in the tree layer, [Cornus sanguinea], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus] in the shrub layer and [Carex pilosa], [Stellaria holostea], [Asarum europaeum], [Mercurialis perennis] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7A123","name":"Getic tartar maple steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of the pre-Carpathian hills fringing the lower Danube and Prut basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7A13","name":"Sub-Euxinian steppe woods","description":"Thermophilous oak woods of the wooded steppe zones of northern Crimea and the northern piedmont of the Caucasus, in the transition region from the Euro-Siberian steppes to the Euxinian montane vegetations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7A2","name":"Irano-Anatolian steppe oak woods","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of the Mediterraneo-steppic transition zone of central and eastern Anatolia and Iran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.7B","name":"Pyrenean oak woodland","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated forests of the Iberian peninsula and, locally, southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7B1","name":"Central Iberian Pyrenean oak forests","description":"Supra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of western Iberia, the Leonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the Sierra Morena."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7B11","name":"Sub-Atlantic Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains and of the western Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B111","name":"Sub-Atlantic sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"Supra- and meso-Mediterranean sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Sierra de Gata complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B112","name":"Sub-Atlantic humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains, the Serra da Estrela and the Sierra de Gata complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7B12","name":"Iberian sub-continental [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the central and eastern Cordillera Central and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B121","name":"Sub-continental sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of Bejar, Gredos, Guadarrama, Ayllon and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B122","name":"Sub-continental humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Sierra de Ayllon, the northern Iberian Range and, very locally, the Castillian flank of the Cantabrian chain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7B13","name":"Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the southern Hercynian ranges, limited to enclaves of the Montes de Toledo system and Sierra Morena satellites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B131","name":"Lower Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the meso-Mediterranean level of the Montes de Toledo and Sierra Morena systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7B132","name":"Upper Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests developed above 1000 metres in the highest ranges of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas, Rocigalgo) and in a few satellites of the Sierra Morena (Sierra Madrona, Sierra Palomera)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7B2","name":"Cantabrian Pyrenean oak forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] formations of medio-European character, of the collinar and montane levels of the Cantabrian chain and its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos de Ancares in Galicia, characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the rain shadow of the coastward ranges or the interior oro-Cantabrian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7B3","name":"Maestrazgan Pyrenean oak forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the sub-Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Maestrazgo and eastern Catalonian ranges, reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa and Prades massifs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7B4","name":"Baetic Pyrenean oak forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of siliceous supra-Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate of the western Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Alfacar, the northern flancs of the Sierra de Cazulas and the Sierra Tejeda; in more humid locations [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Acer granatense] accompany [Quercus pyrenaica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7B5","name":"French Pyrenean oak forests","description":"[Quercus pyrenaica] forests of southwestern France north to the Sologne where they constitute relatively estensive formations on poor soils, with [Betula pendula], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Holcus mollis], [Molinia caerulea], [Teucrium scorodonia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.7C","name":"Mixed thermophilous woodland","description":"Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones of Ostryo-Carpinion alliance, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Tilia] spp. or [Celtis australis]; like the thermophilous oak woods of unit G1.7, they may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermo-Mediterranean areas, and irradiate far north into medio-European or sub-Atlantic regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C1","name":"Hop-hornbeam woods","description":"Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean, sometimes mesomediterranean, climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C11","name":"Mesomediterranean Gallo-Italic hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated ravine forests of the mesomediterranean [Quercus ilex] zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C12","name":"Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, the Dinarides, the Hellenides, the Apennines and the large central Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C121","name":"Southwestern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C122","name":"Southeastern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, in the Gardesano- Dolomitic and Veneto-Julian sectors of Italy and extreme northwestern Slovenia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C123","name":"Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] zone of the Adriatic region of the western Balkan peninsula and of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C124","name":"Apennine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the northern and central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C125","name":"Corsican supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Corsica, limited to the northeastern part of the island."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C126","name":"Southern Tyrrhenian supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Appenines, Sardinia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C13","name":"Montane hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the montane [Fagion medio-europaeum], [Fagion illyricum], [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion dacicum], [Fagion hellenicum], developed at the upper limit of the altitudinal range of the forests of units G1.7C12 or G1.7C14, with an accompanying flora usually formed by a combination of beech forest and thermophilous oak forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C14","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Sava and Drava basin, with irradiations into the southeastern Alps, in particular, in the Karawanken and in the eastern Dinarides, extending from southern Austria to Bosnia-Herzegovina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C141","name":"Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam woods","description":"Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], facies of the [Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae] hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit G1.73751."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C142","name":"Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam woods","description":"[Ostrya carpinifolia] woods of generally steep dolomite or limestone slopes and screes of the [Carpinion illyricum] region of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to Austria in the Drava basin, the Karawanken and, very locally, the middle Inn Valley, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria], [Acer obtusatum], a rich shrub layer formed by [Viburnum lantana], [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris], [Rosa] spp., [Amelanchier ovalis], [Clematis vitalba] and an herb layer dominated by [Sesleria albicans] and [Carex humilis] on rocky slopes, by [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]) on scree slopes; [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus] is often abundant and [Daphne blagayana] is notable in some stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C15","name":"Anatolian hop-hornbeam woods","description":"Uncommon [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Taurus, the Amanus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C2","name":"Oriental hornbeam woods","description":"[Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units G1.73, G1.74, G1.76, particularly abundant in Greece, the middle Balkan peninsula, Anatolia and the Caucasus. Often of secondary nature, they replace oak forests on eroded soil after deforestation, especially on calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C21","name":"Inner Illyrian oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Thermophilous [Carpinus orientalis]-dominated woods of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] and [Fagion illyricum] regions of northern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina, where they occupy sunny calcareous slopes, and of the Sava-Drava interfluve hills, between the Papuk Range and the Fruska Gora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C22","name":"Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods","description":"[Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C221","name":"Helleno-Pelagonide oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Low woods of northern Greece, Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and southwestern Bulgaria, including the northern and eastern foothills of the Rhodopes, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C222","name":"Moesian oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Low woods of Serbia and central Bulgaria, in particular, the foothills of the Balkan Range, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C223","name":"Lilac oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Low woods of eastern Serbia, western Bulgaria and the Banat, Oltenia and Muntenia in southwestern Romania, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], rich in [Syringa vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C224","name":"Oryzopsis oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Low woods of northern Bulgaria, the Banat and Oltenia, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Oryzopsis holciformis], [Oxytropis virescens], [Stachys leucoglossa], [Paeonia peregrina], [Salvia ringens], [Cornus mas], [Quercus pubescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C225","name":"Eastern Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods","description":"Woods of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] region of the western Balkan peninsula, developed in the supra-Mediterranean level of the Triestine Riviera, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Albania, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C23","name":"Anatolio-Caucasian oriental hornbeam woods","description":"[Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Caucasus, the foothills of the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Amanus and Alaouites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C3","name":"Thermophilous maple woods","description":"Supra-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Acer] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C31","name":"Andalusian [Acer granatense] woods","description":"Supra-Mediterranean formations of the mountains of the upper Guadalquivir, with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Quercus faginea], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Daphne laureola], [Paeonia officinalis ssp. humilis]. Vestiges of this type of vegetation also survive in the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C32","name":"Balearic [Acer granatense] woods","description":"Formations, extremely rare if not extinct, of the mountains of Majorca (Puig de Maçanella, Puig Major), dominated by [Acer granatense], with [Quercus faginea], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. comafredensis], [Ilex aquifolium var. balearica], [Helleborus foetidus var. balearicus], [Sorbus aria], [Primula acaulis var. balearica], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Tamus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Hedera helix], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Paeonia cambessedesii], several of which are relict endemic taxa of very limited distribution and low numbers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C33","name":"North African [Acer monspessulanum] forests","description":"Low (eight metres tall) [Acer monspessulanum]-dominated forest of the Djebel Zaghouan in the Tunisian Dorsale, with a dominated stratum of [Quercus ilex]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C34","name":"Moesian thermophilous maple woods","description":"Low [Acer monspessulanum]- or [Acer campestre]-dominated woods of the xerothermic oak belt of the Balkan peninsula, in Albania, the western F.Y.R. of Macedonia, southern Serbia and western and southern Bulgaria, in particular, of the northeastern Rhodope foothills and the northwestern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C4","name":"Thermophilous lime woods","description":"Supra-, sub- or mesomediterranean and Euro-Siberian steppe woods dominated by [Tilia] spp., for the most part, supra-, meso- or sub-Mediterranean [Tilia] spp. -dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units G1.73, G1.74, G1.76,G1.7A."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C41","name":"Silver lime woods","description":"[Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of southern Central Europe and the northern and middle part of the Balkan peninsula, mostly within the [Quercion frainetto] environment, but also locally developed in conjunction with eastern [Carpinion betuli] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C411","name":"Moesian silver lime woods","description":"[Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of Moesian hills of the Balkan peninsula, in particular, [Tilia tomentosa] woods of the sub-Mediterranean hornbeam-durmast oak belt of Bulgaria and Northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C412","name":"Silver lime-hornbeam woods","description":"[Tilia tomentosa] lime forests of the plains of Muntenia, near Bucharest, evolution stages of mixed forests of [Quercus robur] ([Quercus petraea]), [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.7C413","name":"Voivodinian sand steppe lime woods","description":"[Tilia tomentosa] steppe woods of Pannonic affinities developed on dry sands of Deliblat, with [Quercus robur], [Prunus mahaleb], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Viburnum lantana], [Lonicera xylosteum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C42","name":"Oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime woods","description":"Loosely closed forests mainly of [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on shallow soils of exposed crests of limestone mountains (more rarely on andesite rocks) of the Northern Hungarian Range, with an herb layer of [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Galium erectum], [Cruciata glabra], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Erysimum odoratum], [Sisymbrium strictissimum], [Aconitum anthora], accompanied by endemics among which [Hesperis vrabelyiana], [Carduus collinus] and by other regionally rare species with disjunct distribution, such as [Waldsteinia geoides], [Melica altissima], [Carex brevicollis]. They constitute relict forests, most probably of the Boreal era, and are of great biological value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C5","name":"Nettle-tree ([Celtis australis]) woods","description":"Thermophilous woods dominated by, or rich in, [Celtis australis]. Forests dominated by [Celtis australis] may have been an important component of Mediterranean woodland, in particular in North Africa, but appear to have been destroyed almost everywhere and to be represented only by individual trees and small stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C6","name":"Thermophilous ash woods","description":"Nonalluvial, non-ravine meso-, supra- or sub-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus], often mixed with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus pyrenaica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C61","name":"Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woods","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of western Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C62","name":"Iberian narrow-leaved ash woods","description":"[Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C63","name":"Manna tree woods","description":"Thermophilous [Fraxinus ornus] woods, characteristic, in particular, of the Banat hills and the pre-Balkanic plateaux and hills of the lower Danube basin, dominated by [Fraxinus ornus] with [Cornus sanguinea], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus orientalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C7","name":"Pannonic juniper - poplar steppe woods","description":"[Populus alba] woods of sands, in particular sand dunes, of the Danube-Tisza confluence of the Pannonic plain. The shrub layer includes [Juniperus communis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Rubus caesius], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Berberis vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C71","name":"Pannonic privet juniper-poplar steppe woods","description":"Closed [Populus alba] forests of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with a species-rich and strongly developed shrub layer and an herb layer comprising [Lithospermum officinale], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Asparagus officinalis], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Poa angustifolia], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Poa pratensis], [Senecio integrifolius], [Silene nutans], [Verbascum lychnitis] and [Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum], frequently with the mosses [Dicranum scoparium] and [Hypnum cupressiforme]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C72","name":"Pannonic sedge juniper-poplar steppe woods","description":"[Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer dominated by [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Potentilla arenaria], [Thesium ramosum], [Viola rupestris var. arenaria], [Galium verum], [Lithospermum officinale], [Medicago falcata], [Phleum phleoides], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Taraxacum officinale], [Colchicum arenarium], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C73","name":"Pannonic gypsophila juniper-poplar steppe woods","description":"[Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer formed by [Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria], [Stipa capillata], [Ephedra distachya], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Potentilla arenaria], [Scabiosa ochroleuca] and sometimes stands of [Calamagrostis epigejos]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C8","name":"Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods","description":"Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean or supra-Mediterranean regions of the Mediterranean basin, and of the Pannonic plain, formed by [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer] spp., [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp., [Celtis australis] and occasionally, [Fagus] spp., in varied combinations and dominance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C81","name":"Sub-Mediterranean mixed woods","description":"Mixed woods of [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp. and occasionally, [Fagus] spp. of the Mediterranean, supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], [Ostryo-Carpinion] and [Quercion frainetto] zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.7C82","name":"Pannonic mixed karstic woods","description":"Mixed woods of dolomitic substrates of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain, in Hungary, southern Slovakia and Croatia, characterized by the juxtaposition of beech wood and thermophile oak wood species, rich in relict species of disjunct distribution such as [Calamagrostis varia], [Allium victorialis], [Rubus saxatilis], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], and therefore of great biogeographical significance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7C9","name":"Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe woods","description":"Usually open or very open stands of [Pistacia] spp., [Amygdalus] spp., [Malus] spp., [Pyrus] spp., [Prunus] spp., [Juglans regia] and other fruit or nut-bearing trees, often associated with [Acer] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Crataegus] spp., of the steppes and subdesert fringes of eastern Anatolia, Iran, Syria and Afghanistan, with a probable outpost in the central plains of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7CA","name":"Southern Mediterranean chasm woods","description":"Brushy liana-rich woods of deep ravines of Crete, formed by [Ficus carica], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Celtis tournefortii], [Cotinus coggygria], [Rhus coriaria], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Sorbus umbellata], restricted to a few calcareous cliffs. They appear to have affinities with  Irano-Turanian steppe woods and ravine and valley woodlands of Nort Africa and Arabia"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.7D","name":"Chestnut woodland","description":"Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and old established plantations with semi-natural undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D1","name":"Helleno-Balkanic chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the Balkan peninsula, of northern Greece, including the Chalkidike peninsula, with irradiations in the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] zone. They appear to represent the main area of indigenousness of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D2","name":"Aegean chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Peloponnese, the Aegean islands, Crete and western Asia Minor, occupying scattered, relatively rare localities in the supra-Mediterranean level of mountains ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D3","name":"Eastern Adriatic chestnut forests","description":"Sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated acidophilous forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the Balkan peninsula, distributed, in particular, in the Slovenian coastal mountains, in Istria, on the islands of Krk and Cres, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Montenegro, within an area of undoubted indigenousness of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D4","name":"Illyrian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] zone, locally, notably in Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending into the [Fagion illyricum] zone, apparently constituting, with the subthermophilous oak region of the Balkans, a centre of indigenousness of the species. Extensive stands are recorded, in particular, from northwestern Croatia, neighbouring Slovenia, northern, central and eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D5","name":"Liguro-Insubrian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the collinar level of the southern slope of the Alps of Italy and southern Switzerland, with a cortège characteristic of medio-European acidophilous oak forests; resulting from ancient introductions, they are particularly abundant on the margins of the Piedmont plains, where they constitute, in some valleys, an almost continuous forest mantle, extending up to 800 m, sometimes 1000 m, and in the Insubrian region. They occur more sparsely west to the Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D6","name":"Italo-Sicilian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Apennines, of lesser hill ranges of the Italian peninsula and of Sicily, at the 200-800 m level and mostly on siliceous soils, for the most part resulting from ancient introductions, probably indigenous in some areas, in particular, Etna and the Euganean hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D7","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of Corsica and Sardinia, where they may be indigenous and are fairly widespread, particularly in the San Petrone massif of Corsica and in eastern central Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D8","name":"Galloprovincial chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of southeastern France, in particular, of the Maures, the Cévennes and the eastern Pyrenees, where they may be, in part, indigenous and are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level, with a cortège of acidophilous [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7D9","name":"Gallo-Iberian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Iberian peninsula, southwestern and central France, probably entirely resulting from ancient introductions, common in northwestern Iberia, in Catalonia, in the mountains of central and western Iberia, in Andalucia and, mostly as substitutes of southwestern Atlantic medio-European oak forests in the northwestern piedmont of the Pyrenees and southwestern France, fairly rare in the rest of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.7DA","name":"Euxinian chestnut forests","description":"[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the foothills and piedmont of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, characteristic, in particular, of the 100-1100 m level of the Colchidian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.8","name":"Acidophilous oak-dominated woodland","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] on acid soils with an herb layer mostly constituted by the ecological groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Holcus mollis], and of [Maianthemum bifolium], [Convallaria majalis], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Luzula pilosa], and the mosses [Polytrichum formosum] and [Leucobryum glaucum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.81","name":"Atlantic pedunculate oak - birch woods","description":"Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] and [Betula pubescens], often mixed with [Sorbus aucuparia] and [Populus tremula], on very oligotrophic, often sandy and podsolised or hydromorphic soils; the shrub layer, poorly developed, includes [Frangula alnus]; the herb layer, formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], always includes [Molinia caerulea] and is often invaded by bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain, from Jutland to Flanders; they occupy more limited edaphic enclaves in the Ardennes and the middle and upper Rhenish ranges, in northwestern France, Normandy, Brittany, the Paris basin, the Morvan and Great Britain. East of the Elbe, in the Baltic lowlands, they are represented, east to Mecklenburg, by stands transitional, to a greater or lesser extent, to those of unit G4.71."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.82","name":"Atlantic acidophilous beech - oak forests","description":"Forests analogous to those of the [Ilici-Fagion] but dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], often accompanied by [Fagus sylvatica]. They differ from unit G1.81 by the representation of the group of [Maianthemum bifolium] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.821","name":"Sub-Atlantic sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests with [Fagus sylvatica] of the Baltic and North Sea plains, north to southern Scandinavia and east to Poland, of Picardy, Normandy, Perche, the Paris region, western Morvan, Argonne, middle Belgium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.822","name":"Armorican acidophile oak forests","description":"[Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests of Brittany, generally richer in epiphytes, mosses and evergreen shrubs than the forests of unit G1.821, transitional to unit G1.83."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.823","name":"Northern dune oak woods","description":"[Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of dunes and dune slacks of the North Sea coasts, of very local and relict occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.83","name":"Atlantic sessile oak woods","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the British Isles, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses, lichens and evergreen bushes; the herb layer is formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.831","name":"Irish sessile oak woods","description":"[Quercus petraea] woods of Ireland, particularly rich in evergreen bushes, including [Arbutus unedo]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.832","name":"British sessile oak woods","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Cumbria, Wales and southwestern England, with a few outliers in northern England, in particular in Yorkshire."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.84","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian oak forests on podsols","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] and, sporadically [Quercus pyrenaica] or hybrids, on podsols of southwestern France, with an herb layer constituted by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Peucedanum gallicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.85","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian oak forests on leached or acid soils","description":"Silicicolous thermocline forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Pyrus communis], [Malus acerba], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica] with an undergrowth of [Ruscus aculeatus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Melica uniflora] and the [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Convallaria majalis] groups of the [Quercion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.86","name":"Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous oak forests","description":"Forests or tall coppice of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, with an often species-poor herb layer formed by the groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Hypericum pulchrum], by [Ruscus aculeatus] and often various ericaceous plants including [Daboecia cantabrica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.861","name":"Pyrenean acidophilous oak forests","description":"[Quercus petraea] forests of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, often with [Tilia platyphyllos], [Prunus avium], [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula], [Sorbus torminalis], [Castanea sativa] and with [Rhamnus frangula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica], [Corylus avellana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus montanus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula forsteri], [Deschampsia flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.862","name":"Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Cantabrian and peri-Cantabrian acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] forests, sometimes rich in [Betula celtiberica], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa], with [Teucrium scorodonia], [Blechnum spicant], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Stellaria holostea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris aemula], [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Polypodium vulgare], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex gallii], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Daboecia cantabrica], [Erica cinerea], [Erica vagans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8621","name":"Eastern Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Cantabro-Euskaldian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8622","name":"Western Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galicio-Asturian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests, richer in western Iberian species such as [Linaria triornitophora], [Omphalodes nitida], [Saxifraga spathularis], than the forests of unit G1.8621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8623","name":"Oro-Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Oro-Cantabrian montane [Quercus petraea] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.863","name":"Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galician and northern Portuguese collinar [Quercus robur] forests, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Frangula alnus], [Pyrus communis], [Laurus nobilis], [Crataegus monogyna]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8631","name":"Mesophile Luso-Galician collinar oak forests","description":"Mesophile collinar [Quercus robur] forests, widely distributed in Galicia and northern Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8632","name":"Humid Luso-Galician collinar oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile [Quercus robur] forests, limited to valley situations in contact with riparian forests, of Galicia and northern Portugual, accompanied by a cortège rich in ferns, with [Betula celtiberica] and the northwestern Iberian endemic [Narcissus cyclamineus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.864","name":"Luso-Galician montane acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galician and extreme northern Portuguese (Serra do Gerez) montane [Quercus robur] forests, characterized by the presence of [Betula celtiberica], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Saxifraga spathularis], [Melampyrum pratense] and the absence of thermophile, in particular lauriphyllous, species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.87","name":"Medio-European acidophilous oak forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes of [Quercus robur], or of either or both oaks and [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by a cortège of sub-Atlantic and submeridional acidophile species (e.g. [Pinus sylvestris], [Carpinus betulus]), developed in central and southern-central Europe, outside of the main Atlantic-influenced range of the [Quercion]. [Quercus]-dominated acidophilous forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed in more Atlantic conditions as substitution forests of the [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests have been associated with them because of a shared contingent of sub-Atlantic accompanying species and similarities in overall appearance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.871","name":"Woodrush oak forests","description":"Mesophile, meso-xerophile or meso-hygrophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], of central European or northwestern medio-European affinities, usually with [Luzula luzuloides], distributed in the Western and Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8711","name":"Western Hercynian woodrush-hawksbeard oak forests","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed on dry, sandy or stony shallow soils, or as substitution forests of [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests, in the collinar and submontane level of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Palatinate hills, the Kraischgau and Neckar hills, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhenish Schist Ranges including the Ardenne-Eifel, the hills of Westphalia and southern Lower Saxony, the hills and plateaux of Lorraine, Champagne and Burgundy, the eastern Morvan, with a shrub layer comprising [Sorbus aucuparia], [Frangula alnus], often [Ilex aquifolium], and an herb layer that includes [Luzula luzuloides], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium laevigatum], [Hieracium lachenalii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Hieracium glaucinum], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus linifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8712","name":"Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Mesophile or meso-xerophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], mixed in some parts of the range with [Pinus sylvestris] and sometimes [Castanea sativa], of central European affinities, with a cortège of acidophilous species accompanied by thermophile elements, and usually with [Luzula luzuloides] and [Genista tinctoria], distributed in the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and eastern Alpine periphery, in particular, in Bavaria, lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Carinthia, and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87121","name":"Central Hercynian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the collinar and submontane levels of siliceous slopes of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, of the Swabo-Bavarian and Franconian plateaux, of the southern German Hercynian hills, east of the Black Forest-Spessart line and west of the Bayerischerwald, and of the hills of Upper Austria, forming a western group of communities within the dyer's greenweed forest complex, characterized, in particular, by the importance in the herb layer of sub-Atlantic indicators, among which [Lathyrus linifolius], [Hypericum pulchrum], various [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum pratense] or [Teucrium scorodonia], [Holcus mollis]. [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Campanula persicifolia] are characteristic or abundant constituents of the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87122","name":"Peri-Bohemian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with [Castanea sativa] or [Abies alba], developed on siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian Quadrangle, its piedmont and associated plateaux and ranges of southern Poland, Saxony, Saxe-Anhalt, Thuringe, the upper Palatinate, of the northeastern Alpine periphery in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Carinthia, of the sub-Pannonic hills of Slovenia, western Transdanubia and the Central Hungarian Range, of the Western and Northern Carpathian foothills, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Hieracium murorum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87123","name":"Dacian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Mesophile or meso-xerophile [Quercus petraea]-dominated acidophilous oak forests of the foothills of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, of the western and southern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, and of the Transylvanian Plateau, accompanied by the cortège of Central European acidophilous species mixed with thermophile elements typical of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae], in particular, [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Galium vernum], [Lychnis viscaria] ([Viscaria vulgaris]), [Hieracium racemosum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium umbellatum] supplemented by Dacian species, such as [Melampyrum bihariense], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Lathyrus venetus], [Galium pseudaristatum],\r\n [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Crocus banaticus], and usually with distributed Melin the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8713","name":"Pre-Carpathian beech-sessile oak forests","description":"Mesophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Fagus sylvatica], widespread within the range of eastern and central greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular on high foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, mostly as transition communities to the beech-hornbeam forests, with a sparse herb layer that includes many mesophile species characteristic of the [Fagetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8714","name":"Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests characteristic of the central and eastern range of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae] s.l. greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular within and around the Bohemian Quadrangle and on peri-Pannonic or pre-Carpathian plateaux and low hills of the eastern Carpathian system, with an herb layer often dominated by monospecific swards of social gramineous species, in particular, [Molinia arundinacea] or [Carex brizoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87141","name":"Peri-Bohemian giant moorgrass sessile oak forest","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of Bohemia, Styria, the Burgenland, Transdanubia, the Slovakian Zahory and southern Poland, with [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea]. Some communities, in particular in Styria, the Burgenland, (\"[Pino-Quercetum roboris molinietosum]\") and in the Zahory (\"[Molinio-Pinetum zahoricum]\") are rich in [Pinus sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87142","name":"Pre-Carpathian quaking sedge-pedunculate oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile, [Quercus robur] forests of the plain of the Somes and the Crisul of northwestern Romania, of the basins of the Transylvanian Plateau and of the Getic foothills of Oltenia and Muntenia, developed on old terraces and depressions with argilous substrates, with an herb layer dominated by [Carex brizoides], accompanied by other hygrophile species, including [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87143","name":"Pre-Carpathian purple moorgrass-pedunculate oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus robur] forests of argilous depressions of the Somes basin of northwestern Romania, with an herb layer dominated by [Molinia caerulea], accompanied by [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Achillea ptarmica], [Serratula tinctoria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.872","name":"Western Hercynian thermophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Xerophile [Quercus petraea] woods on sunny escarpments with dry superficial, siliceous, often schistous soils of the Rhine rift and the schistous Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.873","name":"Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Strongly thermophile acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the peri-Pannonic hills and of the Illyrian basins of the Drava and Sava, constituting a transition between the slightly thermophilous submeridional forests of unit G1.87 and the thermophilous oak sub-Mediterranean or steppe forests of unit G1.7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8731","name":"Black broom-oak forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, thermophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests, occupying generally small surfaces on warm, south-facing, steep, siliceous, gneiss, shist or granite slopes of the Danube trough of Upper Austria, the Lower Austrian Waldviertel, the Bohemian basin, the western foothills of the Apuseni mountains, the Olt valley in the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, the southeastern foothills of the Carpathian Curve, with [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]) in the shrub layer and acidophilous species in the subshrub and herb layers, including [Genista tinctoria], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Convallaria majalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8732","name":"Wild service tree-oak forests","description":"Subcontinental acidophilous and xerophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia cordata], [Sorbus torminalis] and occasionally, mostly under the influence of forestry practices, [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of central Bohemia and southwest Moravia, extending to the Waldviertel and Weinviertel of Lower Austria and to Transdanubia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8733","name":"Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Castanea sativa] of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary and the Crisanian pre-Carpathic hills of northwestern Romania, developed on very acid substrates under warm humid climates or microclimates and accompanied by a mixed and regionally variable cortège composed of acidophile [Quercion robori-petraeae] species, mesophile [Carpinion betuli] species and thermophile [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87331","name":"Pre-Carpathian chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"Mesophile, acidophile forests of [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Castanea sativa], [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Tilia cordata], [Betula pendula], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Populus tremula], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sorbus torminalis], limited to small surfaces in low siliceous sub-Pannonic mountains of the eastern Carpathian system, in the Baia Mare and Pocruia area, with an understorey composed of acidophilous species, including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista tinctoria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula luzuloides], together with neutrophilous elements such as [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Bromus benekenii], [Circaea lutetiana], [Salvia glutinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Daphne mezereum], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.87332","name":"Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"[Quercus petraea] forests of extremely acid substrates and warm humid climates of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, including the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary, in which [Castanea sativa] plays an exceptionally important role. Their canopy is extremely mixed, including, in addition to the two species already mentioned, [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Prunus avium], [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Populus tremula]. The understorey comprises a combination of acidophilous, thermophilous and [Fagetalia] species among which [Rubus hirtus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis], [Genista tinctoria], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Aposeris foetida], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.8734","name":"Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests","description":"Acidophilous [Betula pendula]-[Quercus petraea] forests of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Cytisus procumbens], [Helleborus odorus], [Omalotheca sylvatica] ([Gnaphalium sylvaticum]), [Danthonia decumbens], [Carex digitata], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.88","name":"Insubrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea], often mixed with [Castanea sativa], of the southern foothills of the Alps in Liguria, Piedmont and Lombardy. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by [Festuca ovina] (s.l.) and the undergrowth includes, in addition to plants characteristic of the [Quercion], transgressives of the [Fagion] and of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These forests are a western extension of the Illyrian forests of units G1.87332 and G1.8734."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.89","name":"Portuguese pedunculate oak forests","description":"Relict forests of [Quercus robur] of central Portugal, often mixed with [Quercus suber], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa] and with a luxuriant understory rich in lauriphyllous and xerophyllous lustrous-leaved shrubs and small trees such as [Prunus lusitanica], [Arbutus unedo], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Laurus nobilis], [Myrtus communis] and [Ruscus aculeatus], limited to the basins of the Mondego and the Zezere, reduced to a very few, extremely fragile stands of exceptional biological and aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.8A","name":"Continental sessile oak forests","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.9","name":"Non-riverine woodland with birch, aspen or rowan","description":"Forests or woods dominated by [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]. Excludes swamp woods (G1.4), woods on wet peat (G1.5) and riparian woods (G1.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.91","name":"Birch woodland not on marshy terrain","description":"Woods and thickets dominated by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], their allies, or other arborescent [Betula] spp., on non-marshy terrain. [Molinia arundinacea] may dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.911","name":"Atlantic lowland and collinar birch woods","description":"Pioneer and subclimax [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens] formations of the North Sea-Baltic plains, the lower Hercynian slopes, the periphery of the Paris Basin, southwestern France, northwestern Iberia, Insubria and Illyria, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9111","name":"Humid birch woods","description":"Formations usually formed by [Betula pubescens], with [Molinia caerulea] and sometimes [Deschampsia flexuosa], developed on podsolised or hydromorphic soils, as substitution facies of oak and birch woods, or colonization stages, in particular, of [Molinion] grasslands or humid heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91111","name":"Northern humid birch woods","description":"Widespread [Betula pendula]-dominated formations characteristic of the North Sea-Baltic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91112","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian humid birch woods","description":"Southern [Betula pendula] formations common, in particular, in the Sologne and neighbouring areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9112","name":"Medio-European dry acidophilous birch woods","description":"Formations usually formed by [Betula pendula], or, in the British Isles, [Betula pubescens], with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Agrostis capillaris] ([Agrostis tenuis]), [Festuca ovina], [Vaccinium myrtillus], developed notably on sands, gravels, moraines and decalcified alluvions of nemoral northern and middle European plains and hills, as substitution facies of acidophilous oak woods ([Fago-Quercetum], [Blechno-Quercetum petraeae], [Rusco-Quercetum], [Luzulo-Quercetum]), occasionally of oak-hornbeam woods (particularly mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests, [Endymio-Carpinetum]), or colonization stages of dry heaths and decalcified dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9113","name":"Iberian acidophilous birch woods","description":"Medio-European acidophilous birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northwestern Iberia, formed by [Betula pendula] or [Betula celtiberica] as substitution stages of acidophilous oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9114","name":"Insubrian acidophilous birch woods","description":"Birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northern Italy, dispersed in the Alpine foothills where they constitute substitution stages of the Insubrian acidophilous oak woods ([Castaneo-Quercetum] p.), on the fluvioglacial terraces of the Po system, as facies of the acidophilous pine-birch-oak woods, and in the Euganean hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9115","name":"Heavy-metal birch woods","description":"Subclimax birch woods occupying soils intoxicated by heavy metals, with an herb layer that may include metallophytes and habitually calciphile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9116","name":"Dune birch woods","description":"Birch woods formed by [Betula pubescens], [Betula pendula] and [Populus canescens] with [Viola hirta], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Polygonatum odoratum], in calcareous North Sea and Baltic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9117","name":"Illyrian birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula]-dominated woods of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina and of neighbouring regions, in part birch facies of the acidophilous [Betula pendula]-[Quercus petraea] forests of unit G1.8734, in part pioneer formations in forest clearings and other recolonisation areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.912","name":"British sub-boreal birch woods","description":"Birch woods, often extensive and pure, formed by [Betula pubescens] ([Betula odorata], [Betula carpatica]) or [Betula pendula], beyond and above the present range of oak woods in Scotland and northern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.913","name":"Hercynio-Alpine birch woods","description":"Birch stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, mostly subclimax formations of stations with anomalous edaphic and microclimatic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9131","name":"Alpine timberline birch woods","description":"Tree-limit birch stands, of local distribution in the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9132","name":"Birch block forests","description":"Birch stands, mostly of [Betula pubescens] ([Betula carpatica], [Betula tortuosa]), occupying, in the Alps, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, cold stations on cliff-base rocky screes and boulder-falls through which cold air flows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9133","name":"Pyrenean birch woods","description":"Birch-dominated formations of the Pyrenees, locally frequent in all vegetation levels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9134","name":"Apennine birch woods","description":"Isolated birch stations of the Apennines, in the Abruzzi, bosco di Manziana (Latium), monti Alburni, monti Picentini."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9135","name":"Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Dinarides and the northwestern Hellenides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91351","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Balkan Range and the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91352","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonide birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the western Balkan Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9136","name":"Carpathian birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula] woods of montane level of the eastern Carpathian system forming as pioneer stands in felled areas of spruce, beech and mixed beech-fir and beech-fir-spruce forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91361","name":"Carpathian rowan birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula]-dominated woods of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians and the Eastern Carpathians, on superficial brown acid soils of steep slopes in the zone of mixed spruce forests, rich in [Sorbus aucuparia] and accompanied by [Picea abies], [Oxalis acetosella], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Salix silesiaca], [Calamagrostis arundinacea] and some [Fagetalia] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91362","name":"Carpathian aspen birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula]-dominated woods situated on sandy brown weathered soils of steep slopes and hilltops of the lower montane level of the Apuseni mountains, in particular of the Plopis and Gilau mountains, with [Populus tremula] and representatives of the [Epilobion angustifolii], and of the [Fagetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9137","name":"Intra-Carpathian dune oak-birch woods","description":"Woods dominated by [Betula pendula] accompanied by [Quercus robur] with psammophyllous species in the herb layer, characteristic of the inland dunes of the eastern rim of the eastern intra-Carpathian basin of Romania, in the region of St. Gheorghe, at Reci in the Kovasna district."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.914","name":"Corsican birch woods","description":"[Betula pendula] formations of the upper montane level of Corsica, forming extensive subclimax belts on rocky, rapidly eroding soils at the upper forest limit, as well as transition communities in the evolution of laricio pine or beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.915","name":"Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands","description":"Formations of the upper montane and supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberia dominated by the endemic [Betula celtiberica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9151","name":"Cantabrian [Betula celtiberica] woodlands","description":"Climax tree-limit [Betula celtiberica] woods of the Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9152","name":"Western [Betula celtiberica] woodlands","description":"Upper montane and supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela) and the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, limited to tree-limit situations and humid ravines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9153","name":"Sorian and Guadarraman [Betula celtiberica] woodlands","description":"Humid supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the eastern Cordillera Central (Guadarrama) and of the Northern Iberian Range (Sorian mountains), restricted to relict stations on rainy north facing  slopes (ubac) and in humid ravines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.916","name":"Mount Etna birch stands","description":"Endemic [Betula aetnensis] formations of Mount Etna lavas, limited to the 1200-2000 metre level, mostly within the 1600-1750 metre range, at northern to eastern exposures. The accompanying cortège includes [Adenocarpus complicatus], [Genista aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Festuca circummediterranea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.917","name":"Oroboreal birch woods and thickets","description":"Timberline birch woods and thickets dominating the subalpine belt of the mountains of the boreal taiga zone or the transition zone between taiga and tundra or polar deserts in the Atlantic or Pacific influenced extreme western and extreme eastern regions of the northern Palaearctic, formed by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] ([Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa], [Betula kusmisscheffii]) or [Betula ermani]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9171","name":"Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets","description":"Boreal and subarctic [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of Iceland, extreme southwestern Greenland and oceanic western Norway, distributed in lowlands, in valleys and at the foot of mountain slopes, in relatively humid, sheltered situations. In Iceland and Greenland they constitute the only form of boreal woodland. Their stature varies with microclimates, dense low scrubs prevailing along the coasts, in wind-exposed localities and in the most oceanic areas, taller scrub and woods forming further inland and in more continental districts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91711","name":"Boreo-Atlantic crowberry-bog bilberry birch woods","description":"Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and western Norway with an ericoid-dominated undergrowth, formed mainly by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], dominant in Iceland, and [Vaccinium uliginosum], dominant in Norway, accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Betula nana], [Deschampsia flexuosa], mosses and, in Iceland, [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91712","name":"Boreo-Atlantic small fern birch woods","description":"Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and of the oceanic southern boreal and oceanic middle boreal zones of Norway, developed on moist moraine podsols, with a field layer dominated by ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91713","name":"Icelandic bog bilberry-hairgrass birch woods","description":"Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of the lowlands of Iceland, occupying thick, relatively rich soils, with a heath-grassland undergrowth dominated by [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix lanata], [Salix phylicifolia], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Galium verum], [Hierochloe odorata], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum pratense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91714","name":"Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill birch woods","description":"Herb-rich woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] occupying relatively rich mull sandy moraine soils in climatically favourable regions of western Norway and Iceland, with affinities to the oro-Scandinavian calcicline mountain birch woods of unit G1.91725."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.9172","name":"Oro-Scandian birch woods","description":"[Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of the boreo-alpine and arcto-alpine mountains of Fennoscandia, distributed mostly in the subalpine, subfjell belt, which they dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91721","name":"Oro-Scandian crowberry-lichen birch woods","description":"Low (2-3 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of northern, western and inner mountains of Fennoscandia with a lichen-rich ericoid-dominated undergrowth formed by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Phyllodoce caerulea], accompanied by junipers ([Juniperus nana]), dwarf birch ([Betula nana]), willows ([Salix] spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91722","name":"Oro-Scandian bilberry-hairgrass birch woods","description":"Medium-tall (4-7 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of sandy moraine podsols of the subalpine belt of the mountains of Fennoscandia, with a moss-rich grass and heath undergrowth formed by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum] and [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Dicranum fuscescens], [Dicranum scoparium], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]; their cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Linnaea borealis], [Pedicularis lapponica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], and sparse taller shrubs, in particular, of [Juniperus communis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91723","name":"Oro-Scandian bilberry-dwarf cornel birch woods","description":"Low to medium tall (to 6 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the mountains of Norway and northern Finland, extending from the subalpine belt down, in western Norway, to the fjords, developing in somewhat warmer and wetter areas and occupying thick humus layers on weak podsols of sandy more nutrient-rich moraines than those of units G1.91721 and G1.91722, with an undergrowth dominated by [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by taller shrubs, primarily of [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp.; accompanying species include [Linnaea borealis], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Molinia caerulea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum majus], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Cladonia] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91724","name":"Oro-Scandian small-fern birch woods","description":"[Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, often with some spruce or pine, and with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris]; accompanying species include [Dryopteris assimilis], [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], [Cerriphyllum piliferum], [Hylocomium umbratum], [Lophocolea bidentata], in addition to the cortège of the woods of unit G1.91722."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91725","name":"Oro-Scandian cranesbill-stone bramble birch woods","description":"Tall (10-11 m) woods of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by [Salix] spp., [Sorbus] spp., of the subalpine belt of mountains of Fennoscandia, occupying relatively rich mull soils of sand moraines in climatically favourable regions, with a low herb-rich undergrowth dominated by [Geranium sylvaticum] and [Rubus saxatilis]. There is an often well developed understorey of taller shrubs, in particular, [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp. and a poorly developed moss and lichen layer. The species cortège comprises [Campanula rotundifolia], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Cornus suecica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Fragraria vesca], [Galium boreale], [Galium verum], [Geum rivale], [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Poa nemoralis], [Poa pratensis], [Hierochloe odorata], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Melica nutans], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Elymus caninus] ([Roegneria canina]), [Carex bigelowii], [Carex vaginata], [Coeloglossum viride], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Luzula multiflora], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Equisetum arvense], [Equisetum palustre], [Hylocomium splendens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91726","name":"Oro-Scandian tall-herb birch woods","description":"Tall (up to 12 m) woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains dominated by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], with [Salix] spp., [Sorbus aucuparia], [Prunus padus] and an undergrowth dominated by tall herbs, comprising, together with abundant [Geranium sylvaticum], [Trollius europaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cirsium helenioides], [Cicerbita alpina], [Epilobium angustifolium], [Ranunculus platanifolius]. The well-developed taller shrub understorey is dominated by [Juniperus communis], accompanied by [Salix] spp.; dwarf shrubs are often absent and the moss and lichen layer is very poorly developed; ferns are common. The species cortège includes [Alchemilla] spp., [Astragalus alpinus], [Myosotis decumbens], [Paris quadrifolia], [Silene dioica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Valeriana sambucifolia], [Vicia biflora], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Carex vaginata]. These woods occupy well-drained, mull-rich soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.91727","name":"Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch woods","description":"Tall [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, occasionally accompanied by [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus], [Salix] spp., with a fern-rich field layer dominated by [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], accompanied by [Athyrium distentifolium], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Thelypteris limbosperma] and tall herbs; the species cortège includes [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola biflora], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Ribes rubrum], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia cespitosa]; tall-fern hirch woods are developed on sandy moraines with good water supply."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.918","name":"Eurasian boreal birch woods","description":"Birch woods of the taiga belt, of the wooded tundra belt, and of the taiga-nemoral forest transition zone of Eurasia, formed by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] s.l. or [Betula platyphylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.919","name":"Siberian steppe birch woods","description":"Open, often parklike, woods of [Betula pendula], [Betula platyphylla] or [Betula pubescens] s.l. of the transition zone between steppe and taiga of Siberia, east of the range of the nemoral deciduous forests of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.91A","name":"Ponto-Caspian birch woods","description":"Birch forests of the northern Black Sea basin, Anatolia, the Caucasus and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.92","name":"Aspen woodland","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Populus tremula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.921","name":"Inner Alpine aspen woods","description":"Woods of [Populus tremula] and [Corylus avellana], accompanied by a xerophile flora, of dry inner valleys of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.922","name":"Lowland nemoral aspen woods","description":"Pioneer and subclimax [Populus tremula] formations of plains and hills of nemoral Europe, in particular the North Sea-Baltic plain and lower Hercynian slopes, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods, and of the adjacent large alluvial systems, such as that of the Po."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.923","name":"Montane aspen stands","description":"[Populus tremula] formations of the montane level of nemoral and Mediterranean mountains of Europe, occurring, in particular, within the beech belt of high southern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.924","name":"Sub-Mediterranean aspen stands","description":"[Populus tremula] formations occurring within the sub- or supra-Mediterranean environment of the mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests of, in particular, the [Quercion frainetto]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.925","name":"Boreal aspen woods","description":"[Populus tremula] stands of the taiga zone and of the transition zone between taiga and nemoral woods of Fennoscandia and the northern Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.926","name":"Anatolian aspen forests","description":"[Populus tremula] stands, sometimes vast, of the southern slopes of inner Pontic ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.93","name":"Rowan woodland","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic in particular of the Scottish Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.94","name":"Inland dune oak - birch woods","description":"Natural woods, usually birch-oak or, east of the Elbe, [Pinus sylvestris], developing on Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.95","name":"Aspen and birch woods with elder","description":"Open woodlands dominated by [Betula pendula]. The tree and shrub layers are species-poor, with frequent occurrence of [Sambucus racemosa]. The herb layer is usually well developed, relatively species-rich, the most common species are [Poa nemoralis], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Anemone nemorosa], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Luzula luzuloides], [Galium odoratum], [Rosa tomentosa], [Epilobium montanum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.A","name":"Meso- and eutrophic oak, hornbeam, ash, sycamore, lime, elm and related woodland","description":"Woods, typically with mixed canopy composition, on rich and moderately rich soils. Includes woods dominated by [Acer], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Quercus] (especially [Quercus petraea] and [Quercus robur]), [Tilia] and [Ulmus]. Excludes acid [Quercus] woodland (G1.8) and woodland with a large representation of southern species such as [Fraxinus ornus] or [Quercus pubescens] (G1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A1","name":"Oak - ash - hornbeam woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils","description":"Atlantic, medio-European and eastern European forests dominated by [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], on eutrophic or mesotrophic soils, with usually ample and species-rich herb and shrub layers. [Carpinus betulus] is generally present. They occur under climates too dry or on soils too wet or too dry for beech or as a result of forestry practices favouring oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A11","name":"Mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests","description":"Atlantic forests of the British Isles, western Belgium and northwestern France, mostly on more or less water-retaining soils, characterized by a diverse tree layer, dominated by [Quercus robur] and rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], and by an herb layer rich in species of the group of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], in particular [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Gagea spathacea], [Tamus communis], [Primula vulgaris], [Luzula forsteri]. [Allium ursinum], [Primula elatior], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone nemorosa], [Lamium galeobdolon] characterise variants linked to soil acidity and hygromorphy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A12","name":"Aquitanian ash - oak and oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Carpinus betulus] of valley bottoms and cool, damp lower slopes of southwestern France, south to the Pyrenean piedmont, with [Sorbus torminalis], [Ruscus aculeatus] and many thermocline, acidocline and Mediterraneo-Atlantic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A13","name":"Sub-Atlantic oxlip ash - oak forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur], sometimes [Quercus petraea], rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on more or less wet, meso-eutrophic soils, in regions of moderate Atlantic influence, from southern Champagne and Lorraine north to lower Rhenania, Westphalia and Hanover, characterized by the abundance of species of the ecological groups of [Primula elatior], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Anemone nemorosa] and by the absence of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A131","name":"Arum ash-oak forests","description":"Typical neutrocline and acidocline [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests with primrose, developed on silts, marls and clays, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of [Arum maculatum], including [Ranunculus ficaria], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Ribes rubrum], [Glechoma hederacea], [Listera ovata], or of the group of [Galium odoratum], with [Rosa arvensis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora], [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum], or by the abundance of [Lamium galeobdolon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A132","name":"Corydalis ash-oak forests","description":"[Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests occupying damp colluvions at the bottom of slopes in valleys within sub-Atlantic forests, characterized by the presence of the group of [Anemone ranunculoides], [Corydalis solida], [Gagea lutea] and [Lathraea squamaria] or of [Aconitum vulparia], transitional to ravine or alluvial forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A133","name":"Garlic ash-oak forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests rich in [Allium ursinum], of alluvial terraces and adjacent colluvions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A14","name":"Sub-Atlantic stitchwort oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic and medio-European forests of [Quercus robur] and [Quercus petraea], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on meso-oligotrophic soils, less hydromorphic than those occupied by the often sympatric forests of unit G1.A13, characterized by the replacement of the groups of [Primula elatior] and [Lamium galeobdolon], well represented in the forests of unit G1.A13, by those of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Maianthemum bifolium], transgressives from the [Quercion]. They constitute the prevalent oak-hornbeam forests of the Münster basin, the Rhenish and Mosan regions, the northwestern Hercynian lands, Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, Burgundy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A141","name":"Northwestern oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Typical sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of northern Europe, north to southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland, and of the eastern Paris basin and Lorraine, with [Stellaria holostea], [Carex brizoides], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Potentilla sterilis], [Ranunculus nemorosus], [Poa chaixii], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula luzuloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A142","name":"Lorraine marl oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests of Lorraine marls, with [Quercus robur], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Galium odoratum], [Carex umbrosa], [Pulmonaria obscura] and [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A143","name":"Burgundy collinar oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the mesozoic hills and plateaux of northwestern Burgundy (Nivernais, Langres plateau, Barrois, Morvan piedmont)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A144","name":"Burgundy plain oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Saone plain in southern Burgundy and Bresse, of the southern Lyonnais and of the Limagne basin, including the outstanding multicentury-old stands of Côteaux and similar stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A15","name":"Famennian oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic forests of [Quercus robur] and [Quercus petraea], mostly low-canopied, with [Carpinus betulus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Betula pendula], [Populus tremula] in the subcanopy or the understorey, developed on soils with an alternating hydric regime, mostly clays derived from the alteration of Devonian schists, characterized by the abundance of [Carex flacca] and the coexistence of acidocline and calcicline species, typical of the sub-Hercynian Fagne-Famenne depression where they constitute a highly distinctive, almost continuous, forest-belt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A16","name":"Sub-continental oak - hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] forests of eutrophic or mesotrophic soils of subcontinental and continental northern and central Central Europe and of Eastern Europe. [Carpinus betulus] is generally present in their western representatives, widespread in Central Europe and western Eastern Europe. They are richer in lime, [Tilia cordata], than the sub-Atlantic forests of units G1.A13, G1.A14 and 41.25. They are of more northern character in their area of mutual approach than the Balkanic forests of unit G1.A1C. Their southern limit of occurrence follows the Carpathian arc, the northern rim of the Podolian plateaux, and, farther east, the southern limit of nemoral forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A161","name":"Wood bedstraw oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of regions with subcontinental climate within the central European range of [Fagus sylvatica], such as the Upper Rhine plain, the rain shadows of the Harz, Rh”n and Spessart, the Swabian-Franconian basin, the Bavarian plateau and Thuringe, the Austrian northern pre-Alps and the Wienerwald, the Polish central lowlands and adjacent hills of Silesia, Great Poland and Kujawy, dominated by [Quercus petraea] and with [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Acer campestre], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Convallaria majalis], [Carex montana], [Carex umbrosa], [Festuca heterophylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A162","name":"Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Lime-oak forests of Central and Eastern Europe developed in regions of continental climate east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], but within that of [Carpinus betulus], in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Carpinus betulus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A163","name":"Boreonemoral spruce-lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata] forests of northern nemoral or boreonemoral regions of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], north of the range of the forests of unit G1.A162 from which they differ by an admixture of [Picea abies] and other boreal species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A164","name":"Peri-Carpathian lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata] forests of the northern flank of the northern and northeastern Carpathians (Poloninskij Chrebet), west to northern Moravia, differing from those of unit G1.A162 by the presence of [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] in the tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A165","name":"Bohemian oak-hornbeam and oak-lime forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of plains and low hills of the Bohemian basin and adjacent areas of northeastern Lower Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A166","name":"Carpathian hairy sedge oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata]-[Carpinus betulus]-[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the collinar level of the Carpathians, of southern Moravia, of the flysch hills of northeastern Lower Austria, of the Hainburger Berge and Leitha hills of northeastern Burgenland and of the volcanic hills of northern Hungary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A167","name":"Sub-Pannonic primrose oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus]-[Acer campestre] forests of warm hills of the Pannonic domaine, in southern Moravia, southern Slovakia, the eastern Lower-Austrian Weinviertel and Marchfeld, the hills of western Transdanubia and the mid-Pannonic range of central Transdanubia, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], with [Quercus cerris], [Cornus mas], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ulmus minor], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Viola mirabilis], [Viola alba], [Viola suavis], [Primula veris], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Polygonatum multiflorum], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis], [Pulmonaria murinii], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Serratula tinctoria], [Convallaria majalis], [Carex curvata], [Carex michelii], [Melica uniflora], [Poa nemoralis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A168","name":"Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of hills, valleys and plateaux of the southern flank of the eastern section of the Western Carpathian arc, in Slovakia and northern Hungary, within the range of [Fagus sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1681","name":"Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Slovakian-Hungarian karst."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1682","name":"Scorpion-vetch oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of eastern Slovakia, with [Coronilla elegans] ([Coronilla latifolia])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A169","name":"Western boreal mixed deciduous forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Corylus avellana] and sometimes [Fagus sylvatica] and/or [Carpinus betulus], of the southern Fennoscandian and Baltic regions of transition and interdigitation between taiga and nemoral deciduous forests. They usually constitute deciduous forests enclaved in a taiga environment, near the limits of the ranges of [Fagus sylvatica] and/or [Carpinus betulus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A16A","name":"Northern middle Russian oak-lime forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Eastern Europe, with [Tilia cordata] and no [Carpinus betulus]. They are characteristic of the Baltic States, eastern Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of [Carpinus betulus]. They also occur within the geographical range of hornbeam on soils unfavourable to its growth. [Quercus robur] and [Tilia cordata] are accompanied by [Acer platanoides], [Populus tremula], [Picea abies], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Euonymus europaeus], [Daphne mezereum], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa] and boreal herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A17","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Often low, open, xerophile forests dominated by [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], developed on superficial to deep soils associated with calcareous substrates in Hercynian southern central Germany, eastern and southern Belgium, eastern and central France; located within the range of the [Pulmonario-Carpinenion], they offer similarities to the [Galio-Carpinenion] and generally constitute substitution forests of the [Cephalanthero-Fagion], either regressive phases brought about by coppicing or recolonisation phases permitted by abandonment of [Bromion] grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A171","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile privet oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Generally low forests and woods characteristic of superficial calcareous soils on often steep sunny slopes of Hercynian southern central Germany, southern Belgium and eastern France, with [Quercus robur] (usually dominant), [Quercus petraea], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Corylus avellana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus laevigata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Euonymus europaeus], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Daphne laureola], [Primula veris], [Viola hirta], [Mercurialis perennis], [Scilla bifolia], [Orchis mascula], [Carex digitata], [Carex montana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A172","name":"Sub-Atlantic xerophile [Anthericum] oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Low, open forests and woods characteristic of steeep, sunny slopes on slightly calcareous schists in the Ardenne-Eifel periphery, with [Quercus petraea] (dominant), [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Stellaria holostea], [Anemone sylvestris], [Silene nutans], [Silene inflata], [Campanula persicifolia], [Anthericum liliago], [Melica nutans], [Carex montana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A173","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile squill ash-oak forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus excelsior], rich in ligneous species, in particular, [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ulmus glabra] ([Ulmus scabra]), [Taxus baccata], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Pyrus pyraster], [Daphne laureola], characteristic of well-drained, often deep, sometimes rocky, moist or partly dry calcareous soils on gentle slopes of the south Paris basin and adjacent regions, with [Arum italicum], [Asarum europaeum], [Doronicum plantagineum], [Helleborus foetidus], [Hepatica triloba], [Orobanche hederae], [Lilium martagon], [Carex montana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A18","name":"Southern Alpine oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Fragmentary mesophile or meso-hygrophile formations of the Insubrian pre-Alps, the northern Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines, the Esterel and the Tanneron and very locally, the southern French Alps (forˆt du Saou, Dr“me), with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata] and [Carpinus betulus], developed on deep soils in conditions of sufficient atmospheric and edaphic humidity. They represent a transition between the medio-European formations of the [Pulmonario-Carpinenion] and [Galio-Carpinenion] on the one hand, the southeastern formations of the [Carpinion illyricum], and perhaps the southwestern formations of the [Polysticho-Corylenion], on the other hand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A19","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian oak - ash forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Quercus robur], or, in parts of the Pyrenees and in the Oro-Cantabrian interior, [Quercus petraea], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Corylus avellana], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Ulmus glabra], many shrubs and lianas, abundant [Hedera helix], many ferns, such as [Polystichum setiferum], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Asplenium scolopendrium], and with [Arum italicum], [Veronica montana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Primula vulgaris], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Isopyrum thalictroides], [Ajuga reptans], [Carex sylvatica], [Bromus racemosus], [Melica uniflora], of the collinar, submontane and, in a somewhat impoverished form with [Crataegus laevigata], montane levels of the piedmont of the Cordillera Cantabrica, in Navarra, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, Cantabria, Asturias and Castilla-Leon, as well as of the submontane level of the northern slope, and locally in Navarra and Catalonia, the southern slope of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A1A","name":"Illyrian oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], sometimes [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with outliers in south Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, south of Lake Balaton, in southern Carinthia and Styria and in valleys and hills, particularly karst valleys, of the western Balkan peninsula south to Montenegro, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, characterized by higher continentality than in the sub-Mediterranean and by higher temperatures than in middle Europe; they are intermediate between those of central Europe and those of the Balkans and merge northwards into the Pannonic oak woods. Constituting a centre of diversity, they have a much higher species richness than the Central European oak woods. [Acer tataricum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Epimedium alpinum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Knautia drymeia] are characteristic. Outliers of these forests also occur in Frioul and the northern Apennines; they have been included in unit 41.28."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1A1","name":"Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying well-drained ground in the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending to the southern Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, to southern Carinthia and Styria, Frioul and the northern Apennines, and to valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1A11","name":"Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying limestones and rendzinas, often on skeletal soils, in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north to the hills of southwestern Transdanubia and the upper Drava basin of southern Carinthia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1A12","name":"Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying brown soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north and west to Friuli Venezia Giulia and the northern Apennines, southern Styria and southern Hungary, extending south in valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula to Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1A13","name":"Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying well-drained acid soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1A2","name":"Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Illyrian basin, in particular, humid forests of non-carbonated pseudogleys and gleys of valleys of the Drava and Sava basins of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, forming in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], but on somewhat higher ground, vicariants of the Pannonic forests of unit G1.A1A1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1A3","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of sub-Mediterranean regions of the southeastern pre-Alps and karstic reliefs of Slovenia, northwestern Croatia and extreme northeastern Italy, where they occupy north-facing doline slopes and cool vales, much richer in thermophile elements than the forests of unit G1.A1A1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A1B","name":"Pannonic oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] with [Carpinus betulus] occupying anomolous stations, in particular, on humid peri-riverine ground or on acid bedrock, in the hills of the Pannonic plains and their periphery, including Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the western Transdanubian hills, the mid-Transdanubian ridge, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, thus, in the zone of contact between zonal medio-European and Illyrian [Carpinion] communities with both of which they share characteristics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1B1","name":"Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] forests of deep nutrient-rich gley soils of the Pannonic plains and hills of Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the northern Hungarian Sator Range, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, often developed in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], occupying slightly higher ground, Pannonic vicariant of the Illyrian forests of unit G1.A1A2. [Carex brizoides], [Anemone nemorosa], [Corydalis solida], [Galanthus nivalis] are abundant in the herb layer, which is particularly rich in vernal ephemerals, including [Gagea spathacea], [Gagea lutea], [Gladiolus imbricatus], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Crocus neapolitanus], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Anemone ranunculoides], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Scilla vindobonensis], [Leucojum vernum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1B2","name":"Peri-Pannonic acidophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of eastern peri-Alpic regions, western Transdanubia, the Transdanubian mid-Pannonic ridge and adjacent areas of Slovakia, developed on acidic rocks, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Mycelis muralis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A1C","name":"Southeastern European oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus dalechampii], sometimes with [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], of the flanks and piedmont of the eastern and southern Carpathians and of the plateaux of the western Ukraine; azonal, often isolated oak-hornbeam woods of the Moesian [Quercion frainetto] zone, of the eastern Pannonic and western Pontic steppe woods zone and of the pre-Pontic hills of southeastern Europe. They are characterized by an admixture of sub-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] species, and, in the east, of Euxinian species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1C1","name":"Dacian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau, the foothills of the Apuseni Mountains and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana and Maramures, with a [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Prunus avium], [Tilia cordata], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Festuca heterophylla], [Ranunculus auricomus] accompanied by regional differential species such as [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C11","name":"Dacian [Melampyrum biharense] oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on basicline deep brown soils of depressions and gentle slopes, under a weakly sub-Atlantic climate, with a species-rich herb layer formed by [Carpinion betuli] species, including [Melampyrum bihariense], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Lathyrus transsilvanicus], [Aposeris foetida], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Aconitum moldavicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C12","name":"Dacian [Lathyrus hallersteinii] oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the peripherial hills of the Transylvanian plateau, including the western foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, the northern foothills of the Southern Carpathians, the Brasov basin and the eastern foothills of the Apuseni Mountains, locally of the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on acidocline leached brown soils of shady slopes, with [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Stellaria holostea], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Aposeris foetida], [Festuca drymeja], and in the more thermophile communities, [Aristolochia pallida], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Quercus cerris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C13","name":"Dacian tatar maple oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of low hills of the central Transylvanian plateau, with [Prunus avium], [Acer tataricum], [Acer campestre] in the tree layer, [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Staphylea pinnata] in the shrub layer, [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Melittis melissophyllum], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Asarum europaeum] in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1C2","name":"Moldo-Muntenian oak-lime-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], usually with [Tilia tomentosa], of the plateaux and eastern Carpathian foothills of Moldavia, of the Dobrojea plateau, of the plateaux, Southern Carpathian foothills and, locally, plains of Muntenia and Oltenia, west to the western Getic piedmont, characterized by a cortège richer in sub-Mediterranean or sub-Pontic species than that of the forests of unit G1.A1C1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1C3","name":"Moesian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of somewhat humid sites, shady slopes and narrow valleys of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania; they are characterized by a distinctly middle European cortège comprising [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Helleborus odorus], [Cruciata glabra] and [Ranunculus ficaria] to which are associated various sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C31","name":"Moesian mesophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], widespread in the xero-mesophytic durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and its northern and northwestern spurs and satellites of northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, the Anti-Balkan (Sredna Gora) and neighbouring hills, the southeastern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains and the Sakar range of central Thrace, more humid than the [Carpinus orientalis]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit G1.76831, accompanied by a distinctly middle-European cortège, comprising as local characteristics, [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Helleborus odorus], [Stellaria holostea], [Cruciata glabra], [Melica uniflora], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Festuca heterophylla]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C32","name":"Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the Southern Carpathian foothills and valleys of Romania, characterized by a strong representation of thermophile species, in particular, of species of the [Quercion frainetto] constellation, including [Tilia tomentosa], [Sorbus torminalis], [Pyrus pyraster], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus mas], [Nectaroscordum siculum], together with medio-European [Carpenion betuli] or [Fagetalia] species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A1C321","name":"Pre-Moesian [Galium kitaibelianum] oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Olt, Jiu and Cerna valleys of the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, developed on sunny, moderate slopes and slightly acid leached brown soils, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata] and [Fagus sylvatica] sporadically present in the tree layer, and with a cortège that includes the characteristic [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica bachofenii], the acidophile [Luzula luzuloides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and the thermophile [Primula columnae], [Potentilla micrantha], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Lychnis coronaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A1C322","name":"Moesian [Quercus cerris] oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile forests dominated by [Quercus cerris] and [Carpinus betulus] of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the western Romanian pre-Carpathian hills, with an herb layer composed of elements of the [Fagetalia], such as [Stellaria holostea], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Asarum europaeum] and from the [Quercetea pubescenti-petreae] including [Cornus mas], [Campanula persicifolia], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Coronilla varia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A1C4","name":"Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests of plains and plateaux of eastern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians of the Ukraine and northern Romanian Moldavia and of the central and southern parts of the Podolian plateau and its southern extensions in northern Moldavia, the northern Moldova Republic and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr. They may be dominated by oak, usually [Quercus robur], or, in particular, in large portions of their central sector, by hornbeam, [Carpinus betulus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C41","name":"Podolic pedunculated oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of plains, plateaux and pre-Carpathic hills of northeastern Romania, the northern Moldova Republic, Podolia and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr, with [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus minor], [Quercus petraea], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Pyrus pyraster] and a predominantly medio-European field layer that includes [Asarum europaeum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Carex sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A1C42","name":"Moldavian spindle oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidocline forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of humid depressions in river basins and low hills of northern Moldavia and the Moldova Republic, with [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer campestre], sometimes [Acer tataricum], [Euonymus nanus], [Euonymus europaeus], [Asarum europaeum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Geum urbanum], [Carex pilosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A2","name":"Non-riverine ash woodland","description":"Nonalluvial Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and nemoral forests dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior], particularly characteristic of Britain, of the northwestern Iberian peninsula and of the Baltic moraine hills of Mecklenburg, but distributed also in other parts of central and southeast Europe. Pioneer secondary formations on abandoned cultivated land are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A21","name":"Ash - rowan - dog's mercury forests","description":"Forests and woodland of [Fraxinus excelsior], with some [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Quercus petraea], [Betula pubescens], [Sorbus aucuparia] and an understorey dominated by [Corylus avellana], often accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna] or occasionally [Crataegus laevigata], characteristic of submontane climates and moist soils on calcareous bedrocks of the northern and western British Isles, particularly in valley heads of the upland fringes, distributed in Ireland, Scotland, northern England, Wales and locally Devon. Ferns ([Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris] spp., [Blechnum spicant]), grasses ([Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Poa trivialis], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Dactylis glomerata], [Holcus lanatus], [Holcus mollis], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum]), [Oxalis acetosella] are abundant and characteristic in the field layer, often with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], [Mercurialis perennis], tall herbs ([Crepis paludosa], [Crepis mollis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Conopodium majus], [Trollius europaeus]) and an extensive and diverse bryophyte flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A22","name":"British ash - field maple - dog's mercury forests","description":"Forests and woodland of [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Quercus robur] (in the southwest), or [Quercus petraea], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Ulmus glabra] (in the northwest), with an understorey dominated by [Corylus avellana], frequently accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus laevigata], [Acer campestre], [Sambucus nigra], characteristic of often calcareous base-rich soils in relatively warm and dry lowlands of southern Britain, distributed mostly in southern and central England, eastern Wales, southern and eastern Scotland. The field layer comprises [Mercurialis perennis], [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], [Circaea lutetiana], [Geum urbanum], [Arum maculatum], [Viola riviniana], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Sanicula europaea], [Lamium galeobdolon], [Carex sylvatica]; [Primula vulgaris] and [Glechoma hederacea], [Anemone nemorosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Hedera helix], [Geranium robertianum], [Allium ursinum], [Teucrium scorodonia] characterize geographical and edaphic subtypes. In humid northern and western Britain, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and [Carpinus betulus], the separation between this unit and the ravine forests of unit G1.A41, developed on unstable screes and colluvions, is poorly marked."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A23","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian ash forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of the Pyreneo-Cantabrian ash-oak forests (unit G1.A19)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A24","name":"Baltic moschatel ash - sycamore forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior] forests of Baltic moraine hills (Mecklenburg), possibly related to the peri-Alpine slope-foot forests of G1.A43."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A25","name":"Mixed Atlantic bluebell ash forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of the mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests (unit G1.A11), including ash-dominated facies of British oak-bracken-bramble woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A26","name":"Aquitanian ash forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of Aquitanian ash-oak forests (G1.A12)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A27","name":"Sub-Atlantic ash forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of sub-Atlantic oxlip oak forests (unit G1.A13), characteristic, in particular, of forests on imperfectly drained marls and schistoid clays."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A28","name":"Lutetian calciphile ash forests","description":"[Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of calciphile oak-ash forests (unit G1.A173), characteristic of the French Paris basin, particularly on chalk deposits; their affinities are with the southeastern British formations of unit G1.A21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A29","name":"Post-cultural ash woods","description":"Pioneer formations of [Fraxinus excelsior] occupying abandoned agricultural land."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A3","name":"Hornbeam woodland","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A31","name":"Western hornbeam woodland","description":"Woods of Western Europe and northern and central Central Europe, north to southern Denmark, Bornholm and southeastern Sweden, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum] and the [Carpinion betuli], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, uncommon, generally low, habitually secondary. Scandinavian stands, characteristic of diabases, basalts and greenstones, often dominated by tall [Carpinus betulus], have a field layer dominated by abundant [Anemone nemorosa], [Stellaria nemorum] and [Hedera helix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A32","name":"Eastern hornbeam woodland","description":"Forests of southeastern Central Europe and of Eastern Europe, within the range of the [Carpinion illyricum], of the [Fagion moesiacum] and of the [Fagion dacicum], as well as of areas east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, more widespread and developed than those of unit G1.A31, sometimes primary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A321","name":"Illyrian hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the [Carpinion illyricum], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular [Carpinus betulus]-dominated communities of the Carinthian [Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A322","name":"Dacio-Moesian hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile or weakly acidophile forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], the [Fagion dacicum] and, locally, of the [Quercion frainetto], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, with [Carpinion] species in the herb layer; they occur in various conditions on hills and in plains, as substitution for mixed forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus excelsior]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A323","name":"Sarmatic hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Eastern Europe, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular, [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Podolian plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A4","name":"Ravine and slope woodland","description":"Cool, moist forests with a multispecific tree layer (especially maples [Acer] spp., lime [Tilia] spp., ash [Fraxinus] spp. ) of variable dominance, most often on more or less abrupt slopes. They are of considerable biohistorical and biogeographical importance, as examples of the mixed forests of the Atlantic period, preserved in stations inaccessible to beech domination. Vegetation of alliance [Tilio-Acerion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A41","name":"Medio-European ravine forests","description":"Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], [Quercus robur], on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with abundant ferns, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Mercurialis perennis]. They are characteristic of the hills, mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]. Sub-Atlantic forests of calcareous hills of the Paris Basin, of Burgundy, of the Plateau de Langres, somewhat intermediate between these formations and those of unit G1.A45 are included, in view of their restriction to situations of cool microclimates without marked summer drought, in particular, north-facing slopes and the lack of thermophilous species characteristic of the [Tilenion platiphylli]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A411","name":"Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with a very complete ensemble of typical ravine forest species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Actaea spicata], [Lunaria rediviva], [Helleborus viridis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], accompanied by calciphile species and particularly by calciphile ferns. They are characteristic of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4111","name":"Hartstongue ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], of calcareous block screes and rocky slopes, in shady, humid ravines of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Paris Basin, the western, northern and locally eastern and southeastern pre-Alps, the Northern Carpathians, the Vertes, Bakony and Bükk hills of the Pannonic plain, characterized by the dominance in the understorey of [Asplenium scolopendrium] and the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Asplenium viride], [Cystopteris fragilis], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Moehringia muscosa], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Valeriana tripteris], [Adenostyles alpina]; accompanying subdominants are shared with other ravine forests, in particular, [Mercurialis perennis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Galium odoratum], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Ctenidium molluscum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4112","name":"Honesty ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable screes, richer in fine soil than those that support the forests of unit G1.A4111, in ravines, at higher altitudes, on steep slopes of the collinar to montane, but mostly submontane, level of the Vosges, the mid-German and Bohemian Quadrangle Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the northern pre-Alps, the northern Carpathians, the sub-Pannonic Matra and Bükk ranges, with [Anthriscus nitidus], [Campanula latifolia], [Hesperis matronalis ssp. matronalis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Urtica dioica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4113","name":"Corydalis ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on fine soil and humus-rich colluvions of ravines and cool, shady, humid slopes of the submontane level of the Black Forest, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Franconian and Swabian Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, with [Corydalis bulbosa], [Corydalis intermedia], [Corydalis pumila], [Corydalis solida], [Allium ursinum], [Gagea lutea], [Galanthus nivalis], [Leucojum vernum], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Scilla bifolia], [Lathraea squamaria], [Ranunculus ficaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4114","name":"Goatsbeard ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], restricted to small surfaces on erosion-fashioned slope bases in shady ravines and valleys of the submontane level of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the extreme Western Carpathians, the Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, with [Aruncus dioicus] dominant, [Petasites albus], [Veronica montana], [Circaea alpina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis] and the mosses [Blasia pusilla], [Conocephalum conicum], [Fissidens taxifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4115","name":"Alpine hepatica-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of ravines and slopes of the intermediate Middle Alps, known, in particular, from the Swiss Valais."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A412","name":"Acidophile ash-sycamore-lime ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests on siliceous screes and colluvions of the great western Hercynian ranges, the Ardenne-Eifel system, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Harz, the southwestern Bohemian Quadrangle, dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus glabra], with an impoverished cortège that includes, with ravine forest species, acidophilous [Fagetalia] species, including [Luzula luzuloides], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa], and an abundance of acidophile ferns and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A413","name":"Tall herb mixed sycamore forests","description":"Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus excelsior], and an understorey rich in tall herbs, of slopes, ravines and avalanche corridors of the montane to subalpine levels of the northern pre-Alps, the greater Hercynian ranges and the Northern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A42","name":"Hercynian slope forests","description":"Mixed forests of colluvions and screes of humid, shady river valley slopes of the Hercynian ranges and the Western Carpathians, transitional between ravine forests and [Carpinion betuli] communities, formed by [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Fagus sylvatica], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A43","name":"Peri-Alpine mixed ash - sycamore slope forests","description":"Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Ulmus glabra], developed on colluvial deep soils at the foot of very rainy slopes and on rarely inundated river sediments of the submontane to high montane levels of the northern pre-Alps and their piedmont, with [Prunus avium], [Prunus padus], [Alnus incana], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Corylus avellana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Carex pendula], [Equisetum telmateia], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Primula elatior], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex sylvatica], [Paris quadrifolia], [Stachys sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A44","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed elm - oak forests","description":"Mixed forests of [Ulmus glabra], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fagus sylvatica], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Alnus glutinosa], [Pinus sylvestris], [Hedera helix], with an understorey comprising numerous shrubs, such as [Corylus avellana] and [Crataegus monogyna], and a rich and luxuriant herb layer including numerous ferns, characteristic of the bottom colluvions of steep, shaded valleys, canyons and gorges of the collinar to montane levels of the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A45","name":"Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed lime forests","description":"Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica] with [Euonymus latifolius], [Corylus avellana], most typical of the warm valleys of the Alpine system and some peripheral ranges, characterized by [Asperula taurina], [Cyclamen purpurascens] and numerous transgressives of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These remarkable relict forests are particularly characteristic of the föhn valleys of the Insubrian and northern Alps; they occur in similar situations in the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, north to the Harz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A451","name":"Northern Alpine föhn ash-lime forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], sometimes by [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], characteristic of warm, humid föhn valleys of the northern face of the Alps. [Corylus avellana] often dominates the understorey, which also includes [Tamus communis], and an abundance of [Asperula taurina ssp. taurina], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Viola reichenbachiana] and [Cyclamen purpurascens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A452","name":"Dealpine mixed thermophile oak-maple-lime forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Acer pseudoplatanus] and [Tilia platyphyllos] developed on unstable substrates of steep slopes in warm and summer-dry regions and microclimatic stations in the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the northern and northeastern pre-Alps and neighbouring plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A453","name":"Southern Alpine mixed lime forests","description":"Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] of warm valleys with high rainfall of the southern Alps, where, within a context of warmer regional climate, they are associated with relatively cool stations, such as north-facing slopes, in contrast with their warm-exposure linked northern counterparts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A454","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests","description":"Forests of [Tilia platyphyllos], sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], of steep slopes of submontane to high montane levels of the Hungarian Central Range and of adjacent Carpathian hills of middle Slovakia. Forests of the same area, similarly dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], but with the character of steppe forests and developed on exposed crests, have been listed under unit G1.7C42 (oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime forests, [Tilio-Fraxinetum])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4541","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed ash-lime slope forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos ssp. subrubra] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on unstable limestone block slopes with humus rich, deep soils, of submontane regions of the Hungarian Central Range and middle Slovakia, with a well developed shrub layer and and an herb layer characterized by [Waldsteinia geoides], [Scutellaria columnae], [Gagea minima] and the endemic [Hesperis vrabelyiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4542","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed whitebeam-lime forests","description":"Very rare forests of [Tilia platyphyllos] of very steep ravine slopes of higher montane levels of the Northern Hungarian Range, developed in the absence of the Carpathian [Picea abies] subalpine belt, with an understorey comprising numerous locally rare, relict species, including [Viola biflora], [Valeriana tripteris], [Cimicifuga europaea] ([Cimicifuga foetida]), and the endemic [Sorbus austriaca ssp. hazslinszkyana] ([Sorbus hazslinszkyana])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A46","name":"Southeastern European ravine forests","description":"Ravine and steep slope forests of the Dinarides, the Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Moeso-Macedonian, the Rhodope,  Pindus and Thessalian mountains, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion hellenicum], [Fagion dacicum] and [Fagion illyricum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A461","name":"Hellenic ravine and slope forests","description":"Ravine and steep slope forests of the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, of the Pindus, of the Thessalian mountains, within the range of the southern [Fagion moesiacum] and of the [Fagion hellenicum], in areas of strong sub-Mediterranean influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A462","name":"Moesian ravine and slope forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides,  the Moeso-Macedonian and north eastern Greek mountains including the Rhodope mountains,  within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4621","name":"Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] of scree or rock slopes and ravines of the beech and durmast oak belts of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and the Serbian mountains, of predominantly medio-European affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46211","name":"Moesian [Geranium macrorrhizum] ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], of screes, boulder slopes and rock outcrops of the beech forest belt of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and neighbouring mountain systems, with [Geranium macrorrhizum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46212","name":"Moesian beech-hornbeam-ostrya ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ostrya carpinifolia], and sometimes [Carpinus betulus], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], of gorges and ravines of the hornbeam-durmast oak forest belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46213","name":"Moesian ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus moesiaca], [Quercus dalechampii], of deep, moist soil, rocks and screes of slopes and ravines of the Balkan Range, particularly its southern flank, of Rila and of Serbian mountains, with [Acer hyrcanum], [Sambucus nigra], [Clematis vitalba], [Humulus lupulus], [Galium odoratum], [Sanicula europaea], [Arum maculatum], [Alliaria petiolata], [Scutellaria altissima], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Dactylis glomerata ssp. aschersoniana] ([Dactylis polygama])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4622","name":"Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the submontane, montane or high montane levels of the Moesian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46221","name":"Balkan Range horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus glabra], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Juglans regia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer campestre], [Fraxinus ornus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Corylus avellana], [Dactylis glomerata], [Poa nemoralis] of humid and warm valleys of the 250-400 metre upper submontane level of the northern piedmont of the eastern Balkan Range (Derven-Balkan), southeast of Preslav, in an extremely exiguous region that represents a very remarkable outlier of the range of the southeastern European endemic [Aesculus hippocastanum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46222","name":"Pelagonid horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the montane or high montane levels of the mountains of Albania and the northwestern part of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4623","name":"Moesian ash-oak slope forests","description":"Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and southeastern European oaks, in particular [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], accompanied by thermophilous small trees, [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], developed on scree and rock slopes within the durmast oak belt of Moesian mountains, more thermophilous than those of unit G1.A4621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46231","name":"Balkan ash-oak slope forests","description":"Thermophile forests dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the southern flank of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":8,"code":"G1.A46232","name":"Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya slope forests","description":"Thermophile forests of [Quercus dalechampii] and [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the foothills of the Rhodopes and of the sub-Mediterranean Struma and Mesma valleys of southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A463","name":"Illyrian ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Dinarides and of the southeastern Alpine periphery, within the range of the [Fagion illyricum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A464","name":"Eastern Carpathian ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] accompanied by a cortège of hygrophile species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Polystichum lobatum], [Aruncus dioicus], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], on calcareous substrates of narrow humid valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4641","name":"Dacian [Phyllitis] beech ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] and with an herb layer comprising many hygrophile species, such as [Asplenium scolopendrium] ([Phyllitis scolopendrium]), [Polystichum aculeatum], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], installed on calcareous rocks, stony rendzines and lithosoils of shady and half-shaded, often damp, steep slopes and narrow humid valleys of the Eastern Carpathians and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4642","name":"Dacian ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer platanoides], accompanied by an herb layer rich in hygrophile species, such as [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Lunaria rediviva], [Cardamine impatiens], [Polystichum setiferum], [Cystopteris fragilis], on calcareous substrates of humid narrow valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A4643","name":"Dacian [Geranium macrorrhizum] beech ravine forests","description":"Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], and [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, [Corylus avellana] in the scrub layer, [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Arabis procurrens], [Doronicum columnae], [Silene heuffelii], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Asplenium scolopendrium] in the herb layer, on the calcareous screes of gorges of the western Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A47","name":"Euxinian ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus, Crimea, the Hyrcanic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A5","name":"Lime woodland","description":"[Tilia] spp.-dominated forests and woods of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral and boreal zones. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2 and G1.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A51","name":"Western lime forests","description":"Rare [Tilia]-dominated stands of nemoral western and central Europe, within the range of [Fagus sylvatica], often [Tilia]-dominated facies of lime-rich oak-hornbeam forests. They are distributed, in particular, in the Bohemian basin, in southern Scandinavia and in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A52","name":"Sub-boreal lime forests","description":"[Tilia]-dominated forests of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and mostly of [Carpinus betulus]. [Tilia cordata] may be accompanied by [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides], [Populus tremula], [Picea abies], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Euonymus europaeus], [Daphne mezereum], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa] and boreal herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A53","name":"East-European lime forests","description":"[Tilia]-dominated forests of eastern Central Europe and the southern nemoral zone of Russia, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and, for the most part, of that of [Carpinus betulus], and west of the Volga, with [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides] and [Ulmus montana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A54","name":"Trans-Volgan lime forests","description":"Forests of the nemoral zone of Russia, east of the Volga, with an eastward trend of diminishing [Quercus robur] and augmenting [Tilia cordata], and an often luxuriant shrub layer comprizing, in particular, [Corylus avellana]. Many, or most, are dominated by lime and listed here rather than under unit G1.A16 ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A55","name":"Crimean lime forests","description":"[Tilia cordata]-dominated forests of the oak-hornbeam-lime forest complex occupying the central part of the Tauric chain of southern Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A6","name":"Non-riverine elm woodland","description":"Forests and woods dominated by [Ulmus] spp. or [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A61","name":"Small-leaved elm woods","description":"[Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus campestris]) or [Ulmus procera] woods of base- and nutrient-rich, often ruderal, terrain, dispersed along the western seaboard of Western Europe and in warm, dry, subcontinental areas of Central Europe, usually rich in species of southern affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A611","name":"Sweet violet elm woods","description":"Nitrophile [Ulmus minor] or [Ulmus procera] woods of the western seaboard of the European continent, from northern France to Poland, distributed, in particular, in the Paris Basin, in the maritime dunes of the Netherlands and Belgium, on the dikes of the Dutch fluviatile district and on the cretaceous low Meuse hills, sporadically also in suburban forests, parks and green spaces throughout its range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A612","name":"Thermo-Atlantic elm woods","description":"[Ulmus minor] woods of the coasts of Normandy, Brittany and Vend‚e."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A613","name":"British suckering elm woods","description":"Woods of the British Isles, mostly of the [Fraxinus]-[Acer]-[Mercurialis] type, invaded and dominated by suckering elms of the [Ulmus minor] group ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus procera]); postcultural small-leaved elm groves are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A614","name":"Sub-continental field elm woods","description":"[Ulmus minor] woods of dry, warm stations in regions of subcontinental climate of Central Europe, mostly secondary colonists of agricultural land on loess, marls, degraded chernozems or alluvial terrain, distributed in particular in southern German dry enclaves, in peri-Pannonic areas and in Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A62","name":"Wych elm and fluttering elm woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-ravine [Ulmus glabra] or [Ulmus laevis]-dominated formations of northern and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A7","name":"Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests limited mainly to the mountains bordering the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A71","name":"Euxinian mixed mesic forests","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the Pontic Range of northern Anatolia and the Stranja-Istranca of Thrace, with outlyers in the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G1.A711","name":"Western Euxinian mixed forests","description":"Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western Pontic Range and the mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, typically with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G1.A7111","name":"Thracio-Euxinian mixed forests","description":"Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, composed of [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus betulus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fagus orientalis], with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A72","name":"Sub-Euxinian mixed oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Mixed forests of inner slopes of the Pontic Range generally in conditions of lower humidity and temperature than those of the Euxinian mixed forests of unit G1.A71, rich in species of [Quercus] and usually accompanied by [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes with conifers. Characteristic species include [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica], [Quercus iberica], [Quercus macranthera], [Acer cappadocium], [Fagus orientalis], [Abies bornmuelleriana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A73","name":"Caucasian oak - hornbeam forests","description":"Mixed forests rich in hornbeam, oak or beech, of slopes of the Central Caucasus of Georgia, with [Prunus avium], [Pyrus caucasica], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Lathyrus roseus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica nutans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.A74","name":"Hyrcanian mixed mesic forests","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the region bordering the southern periphery of the Caspian Sea, including its coastal plain and the northern slopes of the Elburz system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.A8","name":"Eurosiberian maple woods","description":"Forests and woods dominated by [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone, in particular, maple-dominated, pioneer, young and perturbed stands of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic varied oak-hornbeam and ash forests of units G1.A1 and G1.A2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.B","name":"Non-riverine alder woodland","description":"Nonriparian, nonmarshy woods dominated by [Alnus] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.B1","name":"Woods of Italian alder","description":"[Alnus cordata]-dominated formations of slopes with deep, loose, moist soils, endemic to the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and the Castaniccia and San Petrone ranges of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.B2","name":"Nemoral alder woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the nemoral or boreonemoral zones dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B21","name":"Atlantic [Alnus glutinosa] woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of Atlantic regions of the nemoral zone dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B22","name":"Central European dry alder woods","description":"Dry [Alnus incana] or [Alnus glutinosa] woods of nemoral Central Europe, in particular, great horsetail dry alder woods of Poland, dense alder stands of steep valley slopes of Great Poland, dominated by [Alnus incana] alone or by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] together, with a rich undergrowth composed predominantly of ruderal and riparian species; characteristic or abundant species include [Equisetum telmateia], [Lamium maculatum], [Myosotis sparsiflora], [Corylus avellana], [Chaerophyllum temulentum], [Urtica dioica], [Cardamine amara], [Veronica hederifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B23","name":"Sarmatic dry alder woods","description":"Dry alder woods of the nemoral and boreonemoral regions of Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, in particular, nettle grey alder woods, tall herb-rich dry [Alnus incana] forests on comparatively fertile acid brown forest soils, recorded from the northern part of the Valday Upland and Lithuania, with [Urtica dioica], [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Mnium cuspidatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B24","name":"Rhodopide grey alder woods","description":"[Alnus incana] woods of the subalpine level of the western Rhodopes, substitution facies of [Picea abies] forests, usually developed in wetter stations than those occupied by [Betula pendula] or [Populus tremula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.B3","name":"Boreal and boreonemoral alder woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B31","name":"Boreal [Alnus glutinosa] woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa]. They are related to the alder  woods of unit G1.124 and have a similar composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.B32","name":"Boreal [Alnus incana] woods","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus incana], appearing, in particular, as first recolonisation stage on rich damp soils of central and northern Fennoscandia. They are related to the alder woods of unit G1.123 and have a similar composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.C","name":"Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations","description":"Cultivated deciduous broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.C1","name":"Poplar plantations","description":"Plantations of species, hybrids or cultivars of the deciduous genus [Populus], in particular, [Populus nigra], [Populus nigra var. italica], [Populus deltoides], [Populus x canadensis], [Populus balsamifera], [Populus trichocarpa], [Populus candicans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.C11","name":"Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer","description":"Old poplar plantations with a tall herb-rich undergrowth, substitution habitat for some riparian forest species of plants and animals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G1.C12","name":"Other poplar plantations","description":"Poplar plantations devoid of tall herb-rich undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.C2","name":"Deciduous exotic oak plantations","description":"Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus [Quercus] (e.g. [Quercus rubra]) planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.C3","name":"False acacia ([Robinia]) plantations","description":"Plantations and spontaneous formations of [Robinia pseudacacia]. Vegetation of alliances [Chelidonio-Robinion] and [Balloto nigrae-Robinion]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.C4","name":"Other broadleaved deciduous plantations","description":"Cultivated deciduous broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than [Populus], [Quercus] and [Robinia], planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G1.D","name":"Fruit and nut tree orchards","description":"Stands of trees cultivated for fruit or flower production, providing permanent tree cover once mature. Extensively cultivated and old orchards are habitats supporting rich flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.D1","name":"Chestnut plantations","description":"Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous chestnuts ([Castanea]), of sub-Mediterranean affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.D2","name":"Walnut groves","description":"Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous walnuts ([Juglans]), of temperate affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.D3","name":"Almond groves","description":"Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous almond trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.D4","name":"Fruit orchards","description":"High-stem orchards of apple, pear, plum, apricot, peach, cherry and other [Rosaceae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G1.D5","name":"Other high-stem orchards","description":"Land planted in deciduous trees, other than those of units G1.D1-G1D4, cultivated for fruit, leaves or flowers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"G2","name":"Broadleaved evergreen woodland","description":"Temperate forests dominated by broad-leaved sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous evergreen trees, or by palms. They are characteristic of the Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.1","name":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland","description":"Woodland with dominant evergreen arborescent [Quercus], e.g. [Quercus alnifolia], [Quercus coccifera], [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus suber]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.11","name":"Cork-oak woodland","description":"West-Mediterranean silicicolous forests dominated by [Quercus suber], usually more thermophile and hygrophile than those of unit G2.12."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.111","name":"Tyrrhenian cork-oak forests","description":"Mostly meso-Mediterranean [Quercus suber] forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, France and northeastern Spain. They are most often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit F5.11)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1111","name":"Provençal cork-oak woodland","description":"Formations of crystalline Provence (Maures, Esterel), no longer represented by fully developed, mature stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1112","name":"Corsican cork-oak woodland","description":"Formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica, developed on deep siliceous soils, mostly of the southeastern part of the island; better preserved than on the continent, they are nevertheless almost never represented by fully developed, extensive forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1113","name":"Sardinian cork-oak forests","description":"Extensive, widespread and varied forests of Sardinia, extending from sea level to about 900 m in non-calcareous mountains. [Quercus suber] is sometimes associated with [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus pubescens]. These forests include luxuriant, fully developed, mature formations, by far the best-preserved cork-oak forests in the central Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1114","name":"Central Italian cork-oak forests","description":"Very local, relict coastal forests of Toscany and Latium in which [Quercus ilex] often accompanies [Quercus suber]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1115","name":"Southern Italian cork-oak forests","description":"Very local formations of Calabria, Puglia and of northern and southeastern Sicily (Monte Scorace; Bosco di San Pietro, western Iblei), for the most part very degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1116","name":"Catalan cork-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on the more oligotrophic soils within the meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] zone of Catalonia and the Pyrenean foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1117","name":"Valencian cork-oak woodland","description":"Isolated, relict formations of the Sierra Espadan, Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1118","name":"Balearic cork-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on deep siliceous soils of the thermo-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of Menorca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.112","name":"Southwestern Iberian cork-oak forests","description":"[Quercus suber] forests, often with [Quercus faginea] or [Quercus canariensis], of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1121","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean cork-oak woodland","description":"Subhumid thermo-Mediterranean forests and woodlands of the southwestern Iberian peninsula, occurring in sandy coastal areas of western Andalusia and the Algarve, as well as at lower elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar, immediately below the following formation, and characterized by the presence of [Olea europaea var. sylvestris] and other thermo-Mediterranean elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1122","name":"Aljibian cork-oak forests","description":"Luxuriant, fully developed, humid and hyper-humid meso- to thermo-Mediterranean forests occupying, with the more exiguous and even more umbrophilous [Quercus canariensis] formations, the higher elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and a few enclaves of the Sierra de Ronda, with elements of north African oak forests such as [Teucrium scorodonia ssp. baeticum] and [Ruscus hypophyllum]; they are best represented in the Sierra de Aljibe, and are, next to those of Sardinia, the best-preserved cork-oak forests of the Community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1123","name":"Eastern Andalusian cork-oak woodland","description":"Isolated, relict meso-Mediterranean forest of the Sierra de la Contraviesa, eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1124","name":"Extremaduran cork-oak woodland","description":"Meso-Mediterranean forests of the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo system and lower southern slopes of the Cordillera Central (Extremadura and surrounding regions), only locally well developed, with lauriphyllous undergrowth or mantle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.113","name":"Northwestern Iberian cork-oak woodland","description":"Very local, exiguous [Quercus suber] enclaves in the [Quercus pyrenaica] forest area of the valleys of the Sil and of the Mino (Galicia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.114","name":"Aquitanian cork-oak woodland","description":"Isolated [Quercus suber]-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests or in a very limited area of the eastern Landes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.12","name":"Holm-oak woodland","description":"Forests dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], often, but not necessarily, calcicolous."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.121","name":"Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forests","description":"Rich meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit F5.11), and some of the types listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category G2; they have nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in F5.11, and because restoration may be possible."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1211","name":"Northwestern Iberian holm-oak forests","description":"[Quercus ilex] forests with exuberant undergrowth of Mediterranean, often lauriphyllous, small trees, shrubs, and lianas, including [Laurus nobilis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea media], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Hedera helix], often well-preserved on steep slopes of the calcareous mountains rising above the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1212","name":"Catalo-Provençal lowland holm-oak woodland","description":"Lower meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Catalonia, Languedoc, Provence and the lowlands of Tyrrhenian Italy rich in lauriphyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs and lianas, in particular [Viburnum tinus], [Arbutus unedo], [Smilax aspera], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Rubia peregrina]; they are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral, the few remaining groves of holm oaks with a forest-like canopy being generally heavily modified by intensive human use."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1213","name":"Catalo-Provencal hill holm-oak forest","description":"Humid upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Montseny, Valles, Montserrat, Prades, Ports de Beseit, eastern Pyrenees, high Languedoc, Cévennes, upper Provence and southwestern Alps with an undergrowth poorer in shrubs, especially those of eu-Mediterranean affinities, and richer in often acidocline herbaceous species characteristic of supra-Mediterranean deciduous oak woods. Well-developed stands with full forest characteristics exist in several locations on the slopes of well-watered hills, in particular the tall, dense canopy of Montseny. Sparser, lower formations colonize many rocky hillsides in the entire upper meso-Mediterranean arc of the Gulf of Lions basin, locally ascending into the supra-Mediterranean level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1214","name":"Balearic holm-oak forests","description":"Humid [Quercus ilex] formations, often well developed, of the higher mountains of northern Mallorca, in which the thermo-Mediterranean elements of the [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of lower altitude have given way to more hygrophilous elements such as [Viburnum tinus], [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Cephalanthera] spp.; they are rich in endemics, among which [Cyclamen balearicum], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris], [Paeonia cambessedesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1215","name":"Corsican lowland holm-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus ilex] formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica with [Viburnum tinus], [Erica arborea], [Lonicera implexa], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Clematis flammula], [Smilax aspera], [Rubia peregrina]; generally degraded to arborescent matorral or dense coppice, they still include, mostly above 400 m of altitude, a few better-preserved woodland fragments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1216","name":"Corsican hill holm-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus ilex] formations of the upper meso-Mediterranean level (500-600 m to 1100-1200 m) of Corsica with [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Helleborus lividus], [Cyclamen repandum], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora]; often installed on steep slopes, they include rather more stands with forest characteristics than the lowland formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1217","name":"Sardinian holm-oak forests","description":"Lower and upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests of Sardinia with [Viburnum tinus], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Clematis flammula], [Clematis cirrhosa], [Clematis vitalba], [Rosa sempervirens], [Tamus communis], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Cyclamen repandum], [Carex hallerana], [Carex distachya], [Luzula forsteri], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera implexa] and [Pistacia lentiscus] in more thermo-Mediterranean areas. Extensive, fully developed, mature stands survive in particular in the hinterland of the Golfo di Orosei, around Mount Gennargentu, in the Barbagia, the Iglesiente, the Sarrabus, the Catena di Margine, on Monte Albo. They occupy a wide altitudinal range, grading at the upper limit into the more sub-Mediterranean formations of unit G2.122."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1218","name":"Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests","description":"[Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastal areas of the northern half of the Italian peninsula with [Phillyrea media], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Viburnum tinus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Daphne gnidium], [Fraxinus ornus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Myrtus communis], [Clematis flammula], [Tamus communis], [Carex olbiensis], [Luzula forsteri], [Cyclamen repandum] and often an admixture of [Quercus suber] or of the deciduous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus cerris]; at higher altitude they take on a more montane character with a greater prevalence of sub-Mediterranean elements. Although these formations are, like most other continental holm-oak communities, mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, fully developed forests subsist very locally, in particular in Toscany and Latium and, to a lesser extent, in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1219","name":"Illyrian holm-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus ilex]-dominated forests and woods of the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, restricted to the Dalmatian archipelago and to a narrow coastal belt of the mainland extending from the gulf of Sarand‰ to Istria, with [Pistacia terebinthus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Coronilla emerus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Laurus nobilis], [Viburnum tinus], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera etrusca], [Clematis flammula], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Prunus mahaleb], and, in the most thermic stands, [Myrtus communis] and [Juniperus phoenicea]. They are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice; fully developed forests are recorded very locally in the Dalmatian archipelago, in particular on Rab, Lokrum, Mljet and Brioni."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.121A","name":"Southern Italian holm-oak forests","description":"Mostly upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Calabria and Sicily with [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Teucrium siculum], [Carex distachya], [Cyclamen repandum], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cytisus villosus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Rubia peregrina], [Asplenium onopteris], [Luzula forsteri], [Lonicera etrusca], [Smilax aspera], [Rosa sempervirens] and, in some facies, [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea media], [Arbutus unedo]; like the preceding formations, they are usually degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, but fine stands survive locally, particularly in Sicily, Puglia (e.g. Bosco delle Pianelle) and Calabria (e.g. Boschi di Badolato)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.121B","name":"Pantellerian and Maltese holm-oak woodland","description":"Relictual pockets of [Quercus ilex] woodland of Pantelleria and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.121C","name":"Greek holm-oak woodland","description":"[Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of peninsular Greece and the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes, with the exception of those of Crete; associated with [Quercus ilex] are [Quercus coccifera], [Arbutus andrachne], [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Olea europaea], [Juniperus oxycedrus]; arborescent matorrals (unit F5.1) occur throughout the area, though much less commonly than in the western Mediterranean; reasonably extensive, fully developed, mature forest stands do not appear to remain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.121D","name":"Cretan holm-oak woodland","description":"Uncommon [Quercus ilex] formations of Crete; small stands of arborescent matorral (unit 32.1), in which [Quercus ilex] may be associated with [Quercus coccifera] or [Quercus brachyphylla], occur sporadically, particularly on rocky slopes; orchard-like groves of old [Quercus ilex], [Quercus brachyphylla] and cultivated [Olea europaea] exist in the extreme west of the island; heavily grazed, they may be more akin to dehesa (unit E7.3) than to forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.122","name":"Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak forests","description":"[Quercus ilex] forests of the supra-mediterranean levels of northwestern Mediterranean and Adriatic hills and mountains, often mixed with deciduous oaks, [Acer] spp. or [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.123","name":"Aquitanian holm-oak woodland","description":"Isolated [Quercus ilex]-dominated stands occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.124","name":"Spanish holm-oak woodland","description":"Iberian forest communities formed by [Quercus rotundifolia]. Generally, even in mature state, less tall, less luxuriant and drier than the fully developed forests that can be constituted by the closely related [Quercus ilex], they are, moreover, most often degraded into open woodland or even arborescent matorral. Species characteristic of the undergrowth are [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Rubia peregrina], [Jasminum fruticans], [Smilax aspera], [Lonicera etrusca], [Lonicera implexa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1241","name":"Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying mostly base-rich soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the central and eastern Meseta, the edges of the Ebro basin and of their bordering northern and eastern mountain ranges, under fairly continental, dry climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12411","name":"Meso-Mediterranean continental encinares","description":"[Quercus rotundifolia] formations distributed over a large potential range on the Meseta and its margins, from the upper Ebro to the Valencian hinterland and the cold, dry plateaux of northeastern Andalusia. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the forests on good soils having been replaced by cultivation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12412","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Iberian continental encinares","description":"Basophilous, dry to subhumid woodland widespread in the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Castilian Duero basin, and of the northeastern mountains and plateaux associated with the Iberian Range. They are often rich in [Juniperus thurifera] and associate or alternate with juniper woodland and [Quercus faginea] or [Quercus pyrenaica] deciduous woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12413","name":"Northern supra-Mediterranean continental encinares","description":"[Quercus rotundifolia] woods of superficial calcareous soils of crests, spurs and upper sunny slopes of the upper Ebro basin and southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, locally entering also Euro-Siberian Cantabrian areas, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Rosa agrestis], [Lonicera etrusca], [Spiraea hypericifolia ssp. obovata], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus phoenicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12414","name":"Oro-Cantabrian encinares","description":"Relict, xerophile collinar-montane [Quercus rotundifolia] and [Quercus rotundifolia] x [Quercus ilex] forests developed on mostly calcareous, well-drained shallow soils of steep slopes and gorges in the Cordillera Cantabrica and a very few areas of Galicia, rich in [Cephalanthera] and [Epipactis] orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1242","name":"Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying mostly siliceous soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the western Meseta and neighbouring regions under more Atlantic, though generally dry, climates. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the remaining wooded areas being under dehesa (84.5) regime."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12421","name":"Luso-Extremaduran encinares","description":"Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations widespread on the plains and plateaux of Extremadura, Alentejo and neighbouring regions, and in the Sierra Morena and the Montes de Toledo. It is almost entirely transformed into dehesa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12422","name":"Castilian encinares","description":"More northern, upper meso-Mediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations, poorer in Mediterranean species, of the western plateaux of Old Castile and adjacent southern Leon and Galicia; [Genista hystrix] is a physiognomically striking element. Also essentially eliminated as forest formations, these woodlands constitute, together with the preceding unit, the basis for the western Iberian dehesa, one of the most characteristic landscapes of the peninsula and an importand habitat of larger fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12423","name":"Cordilleran encinares","description":"[Quercus rotundifolia] formations of the Cordillera Central, characteristic of cool meso-Mediterranean and sunny supra-Mediterranean slopes of the sierras de Guadarrama, de Gredos, de Bejar, de Ayllon and neighbouring areas; they extend east to siliceous enclaves of the Iberian Range. Adapted to a more continental climate than the two previous units, they are poorer in shrubs and lianas. They often constitute low, open woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12424","name":"Villuercan encinares","description":"Summital [Quercus rotundifolia] elfin forests of the high elevations of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1243","name":"Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] developed in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Baetic mountains and foothills, and neighbouring interior plains. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12431","name":"Meso-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares","description":"Woodland dominated by [Quercus rotundifolia] with [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Daphne gnidium], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Paeonia coriacea], [Paeonia broteroi], [Endymion hispanicus] that represents the potential, mature vegetation of a great part of Andalusia, in the Guadalquivir basin, coastal areas and Baetic ranges, on base-rich and often silt-laden soils, under meso-Mediterranean conditions. They have been largely replaced by cultivation and, where they subsist, are often very degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12432","name":"Supra-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares","description":"Woodland dominated by [Quercus rotundifolia], with [Quercus faginea], [Acer monspessulanum], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Taxus baccata], [Berberis hispanica], [Crataegus monogyna], [Lonicera arborea], [Daphne laureola], [Rosa] spp., [Polygala boissieri], [Helleborus foetidus] and many orchids, of the supra-Mediterranean level (1400-1900 m) of calcareous Baetic ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12433","name":"Silicicolous Andalusian encinares","description":"[Quercus rotundifolia]-dominated woodland characteristic of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada and of a few siliceous mountain ranges of the arid Iberian southeast. Totally destroyed in the Sierra Nevada, this community is still represented by well-preserved examples in the sierras de Carrascoy and Alhamilla, and to a lesser extent, in the Sierra de Cabrera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1244","name":"Southwestern [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Andalusia and neighbouring areas. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12441","name":"Basophilous southwestern encinares","description":"[Quercus rotundifolia] formations of thermo-Mediterranean calcareous slopes of the Quadalquivir basin and the coastal foothills of Baetic and arid southeastern ranges, with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Smilax aspera], [Asparagus albus], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Quercus coccifera], [Clematis cirrhosa], [Aristolochia baetica], [Bupleurum gibraltarium] and, locally, [Maytenus senegalensis] or [Buxus balearica]. They have almost disappeared in forest form except in a few ranges of the arid Iberian Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G2.12442","name":"Silicicolous southwestern encinares","description":"Formations of [Quercus rotundifolia] with [Myrtus communis], [Pulicaria odora], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea angustifolia] and [Arbutus unedo] occupying the siliceous soil of the thermo-Mediterranean levels of eastern Andalusia between the Sea of Alboran and the coastal Tejeda, Almijara, Alpujarra and Gador ranges, a few granitic outcroppings of the Sierra Morena and limited enclaves of the Badajos region. They have almost entirely disappeared."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1245","name":"Valencian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean, basophilous forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] characteristic of the southeastern maritime façade of the Iberian peninsula in Valencia and Levante, rich in shrubs and lianas, with [Rubia peregrina ssp. longifolia], [Osyris quadripartita], [Chamaerops humilis], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Clematis flammula]. Well-preserved examples survived until recently in, among others, the Sierra del Ave y Cortes de Pallas, in the Pobla Tornesa, in Millares, in Montduver. This community now appears extinct in its full forest form."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G2.1246","name":"Balearic [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland","description":"Forests or woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying deep soils in the dry thermo-Mediterranean areas of the Balearic islands. Reasonably preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.13","name":"Kermes and alder-leaved oak woodland","description":"Forest or woodland formations dominated by arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos], [Quercus pseudococcifera]) or [Quercus alnifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.131","name":"Greek kermes oak forests","description":"Arborescent [Quercus coccifera]-dominated formations of peninsular Greece, of the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes and of Crete. Extensive, fully-developed stands exist in several areas of Crete. The most representative forests occupy valleys in the 700-800 m range of the southern slopes of the Psiloriti mountains; [Acer orientale], [Cephalanthera cucullata] and [Epipactis cretica] are associated. Other forests are found in the Lefka and Lassithi mountains; [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Prunus webbii], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Styrax officinalis] are characteristic of various Cretan stands. Outside of Crete, forest stands are found sporadically, in particular on Ikaria, Samothrace and Mount Athos, where [Quercus coccifera] is associated with [Quercus ilex], and at high elevations of Rhodes, where [Quercus coccifera] forms woodland fragments with arborescent [Phillyrea media]. In many areas remnant tall [Quercus coccifera] may form arborescent matorral, as for instance on Ossa; coppice-like formations of young trees also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.132","name":"Italian kermes oak woodland","description":"Very local [Quercus coccifera] formations of Puglia and southern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.133","name":"Portuguese kermes oak forest","description":"Extremely isolated [Quercus coccifera]-dominated forest of Nazare, Monte de S. Bartolomeu, with [Phillyrea media], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Arbutus unedo], [Viburnum tinus], [Smilax aspera], [Asplenium onopteris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.134","name":"Cyprian kermes oak forest","description":"Arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos])-dominated formations of calcareous or ultra basic substrates of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.135","name":"Anatolian kermes oak forest","description":"Arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos])-dominated forests or steppe-forests of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia, with [Quercus brachyphylla], [Quercus infectoria], [Arbutus andrachne], [Acer syriacum], [Fontanesia philliraeoides], [Aristolochia altissima], [Cyclamen persicum], [Eryngium falcatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.136","name":"Cyprian alder-leaved oak forests","description":"Arborescent [Quercus alnifolia]-dominated formations of Cyprus, installed on basic eruptive substrates of the Troodos range, with [Acer sempervirens], [Teucrium kotschyanum], [Salvia cypria], [Crepis fraasii], [Sedum cyprium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.2","name":"Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland","description":"Lauriphyllous and mixed lauriphyllous-xerophyllous evergreen forests of the Warm-Temperate Humid zones of the Eurasian continent and continental shelf islands and of humid enclaves within the Mediterranean zones. Lauriphyllous forests of the oceanic Macaronesian archipelagoes are listed separately under G2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.21","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic laurel - oak woodland","description":"[Laurus nobilis]-dominated facies of evergreen oak forests characteristic of areas of warm-temperate humid conditions of the southern Atlantic coasts of the European continent and of humid microclimatic enclaves in the Mediterranean region, in particular, of coastal Asturias (cf. G2.1211), of Andalusia, of Istria and the Dalmatian coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.22","name":"Ponto-Hyrcanian sclerophyllous forests","description":"Communities of the Ponto-Caspian warm-temperate humid zone of the southern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, dominated by lauriphyllous or xero-lauriphyllous evergreen tree species, in particular, [Laurus nobilis], [Prunus laurocerasus] ([Laurocerasus officinalis]) and [Buxus hyrcanica], anomalous and often limited to exiguous enclaves within a predominantly deciduous forest environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.3","name":"Macaronesian laurel woodland","description":"Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the cloud belt of the Macaronesian islands, extremely rich in floral and faunal species, among which many are restricted to these communities. Genera such as [Picconia], [Semele], [Gesnouinia], [Lactucosonchus], [Ixanthus] are entirely endemic to these communities, while others, such as [Isoplexis], [Visnea] and [Phyllis] reach in them their maximum development; in addition, each of the formations of the various archipelagoes harbours distinctive endemic species. Laurel forests are the most complex and remarkable relict of the humid sub-tropical vegetation of the Mioceno-Pliocene late Tertiary of southern Europe. Areas of intact forests have been drastically reduced to a level below which the preservation of their elements could not be sustained."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.31","name":"Azorean laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of the Azores, with [Laurus azorica], [Myrica faya], [Frangula azorica], [Ilex perado ssp. azorica], [Juniperus brevifolia], [Picconia azorica], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica], [Euphorbia stygiana], [Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum], [Vaccinium cylindraceum], [Smilax divaricata]. The humid forests of the coastal areas (\"[Myrico-Pittosporietum undulati] p.\") have been totally or almost totally degraded, largely invaded by the introduced Australian [Pittosporum undulatum]. A better representation survives of the hyper-humid forests ([Culcito-Juniperion brevifoliae] p.) of higher elevations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.32","name":"Madeiran laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of Madeira with [Laurus azorica], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Pittosporum coriaceum], [Clethra arborea], [Visnea mocanera], [Picconia excelsa], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa], [Heberdenia excelsa], [Vaccinium padifolium], [Ilex perado ssp. perado], [Ilex canariensis], [Myrica faya], [Erica arborea], [Hedera canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Sambucus lanceolata], [Teline maderensis] ([Cytisus maderensis]), [Sonchus fruticosus], [Senecio auritus] ([Senecio maderensis]), [Ruscus streptophyllus], [Rubus bollei], [Semele androgyna], [Smilax canariensis], [Tamus edulis], [Carex peregrina] and many ferns. These forests, which still occupy a relatively large surface, of the order of 10,000 ha (15% of their former surface), are the habitat of the threatened endemic Madeiran Pigeon, [Columba trocaz]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.33","name":"Canary Island laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands, with [Laurus azorica], [Picconia excelsa], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Visnea mocanera], [Pleiomeris canariensis] ([Myrsine canariensis]), [Ardisia bahamensis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Sambucus palmensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Ixanthus viscosus], [Rubus bollei], [Convolvulus canariensis], [Geranium canariensis], [Hedera canariensis], [Smilax aspera], [Smilax canariensis], [Canarina canariensis], [Semele androgyna], [Sideritis macrostachys], [Sideritis canariensis], [Cryptotaenia elegans], [Rubia peregrina], [Carex canariensis], [Asparagus fallax] and many ferns. They are the habitat of the threatened endemic laurel pigeons [Columba junoniae] and [Columba bollii], now limited to La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. The laurel forests of each island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species of the composite genus [Pericallis], the well-marked races of the chaffinch [Fringilla coelebs] or the carabid faunas. They are thus best listed separately. The total remnant surface of laurel forest for the four islands, La Gomera, Tenerife, La Palma and Hierro, does not exceed 5000 ha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.331","name":"Laurisilvas of La Gomera","description":"Laurel forests of La Gomera, best preserved and most extensive of the archipelago, with large areas of humid [Persea indica] -[Laurus azorica] forests ([Lauro-Perseetum indicae]), particularly in high areas, and good examples of [Ocotea foetens]-dominated forests, hyper-humid and very rich in ferns and epiphytes ([Athyrio-Ocoteetum foetentis])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.332","name":"Laurisilvas of Tenerife","description":"Laurel forests of Tenerife, mostly restricted to the Anaga range and Los Silos, with a few smaller patches in Guimar ravines and at a few north slope sites in the La Esperanza-Agua Garcia area and the Barranco de San Antonio - Icod area. There are good representations of til ([Ocotea foetens]) forests (Anaga), as well as of drier [Picconia excelsa]-[Apollonias barbujana] forests (Los Silos)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.333","name":"Laurisilvas of La Palma","description":"Laurel forests of La Palma essentially restricted to a few large, deep ravines of the northern slope, particularly in the Las Sauces area, including both [Lauro-Perseetum] vinyatigo-laurel and [Athyrio-Ocoteetum] til stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.334","name":"Laurisilvas of Hierro","description":"Laurel forests of Hierro, very small and limited to cliff sides in the Ensenada El Golfo area of the north coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G2.335","name":"Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria","description":"Laurel forests of Gran Canaria, extinct. Very small, but fully expressed, fragments existed until very recently, notably at Los Tiles, but now appear to have been totally degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.4","name":"Olive - carob woodland","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis] or, in the Canary Islands, by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica]. Most formations will be listed as arborescent matorral F5.1, but a few stands have a sufficiently tall, closed canopy to qualify for this unit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.41","name":"Wild olive woodland","description":"[Olea europaea var. sylvestris]-dominated formations. A climax olive forest, with [Ceratonia siliqua] and [Pistacia lentiscus] exists on the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Tunisia. Elsewhere, the communities most resembling olive forest are found in southern Andalusia ([Tamo communis]-[Oleetum sylvestris], extinct?), in Menorca ([Prasio majoris]-[Oleetum sylvestris]), Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.42","name":"Carob woodland","description":"[Ceratonia siliqua]-dominated formations, often with [Olea europae var. sylvestris] and [Pistacia lentiscus]. The most developed examples, some truly forestlike, are to be found in Tunisia, on the slopes of the Djebel Ichkeul, where they constitute carob-dominated facies of the previous unit, in Mallorca ([Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonietum siliquae]), in eastern Sardinia, in southeastern Sicily, in Puglia, in Crete, in northeastern Algeria, in Cyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.43","name":"Canary Island olive woodland","description":"[Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica] formations of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.5","name":"Palm groves","description":"Woods, often riparian, formed by palm trees of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian zones, [Phoenix theophrasti] of Crete and western Anatolia, and [Phoenix canariensis] of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.51","name":"Cretan palm groves","description":"Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of Crete, restricted to damp sandy coastal valleys; they include the extensive forest of Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth rich in [Nerium oleander], and about four other smaller coastal groves, notably on the south coast of the prefectorate of Rethimnon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.52","name":"Canary Island palm groves","description":"Relict [Phoenix canariensis] woods of the Canary Islands, mostly characteristic of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils, below 600 metres. Palm groves are now very rare, but still exist in all the islands, with particularly representative examples at Haria on Lanzarote, Vega del Rio Palmas on Fuerteventura, Fataga, Maspalomas and the Barranco de Tirajana in Gran Canaria, Valle Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Tenerife and Brena Alta in La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.53","name":"Anatolian palm groves","description":"Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of western Anatolia, restricted to a few coastal valleys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.6","name":"Holly woods","description":"Woods dominated by tall arborescent [Ilex aquifolium]. They occur in the supra-Mediterranean level of Sardinia and Corsica and in Atlantic mountains of northwestern Spain, mostly as a facies of relict yew-holly forests G3.9. Other scattered occurrences exist in the nemoral zone of western Europe, as facies of beech forest G1.6 or acidophilous oak forest G1.8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.7","name":"Canary Island heath woodland","description":"Very tall, forest-like, formations dominated by [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Arbutus canariensis] or [Visnea mocanera], occurring naturally in the most wind-exposed and the driest stations within the \"monte verde\" of the Canary Island cloud belt; they also occur extensively as degradation stages of the [Laurus] woodland G2.3 or as secondary colonists."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.71","name":"Canary Island fayal-brezal","description":"Tall [Erica arborea]-dominated formations of Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Myrica faya], [Ilex canariensis], [Rhamnus glandulosa], [Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum], [Cedronella canariensis], [Bystropogon canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Urtica morifolia], [Teline canariensis], [Sonchus abbreviatus], [Hypericum glandulosum], [Gesnouinia arborea] and many species of the genus [Pericallis], including several island or local endemics that characterize several differentiated communities; among these are [Pericallis tussilaginis] ([Pericallis] = [Senecio]), [Pericallis webbii], [Pericallis cruenta], [Pericallis steetzii], [Pericallis murrayi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.72","name":"[Visnea] - [Arbutus] forests","description":"Formations characterized by the abundance of [Arbutus canariensis] and [Visnea mocanera] occurring, in particular, in the Valle de Guimar and Los Silos of Tenerife, and in the Ladera de Jinama of Hierro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.73","name":"Hierran fayal","description":"Tall [Myrica faya] formation of the southern slope of Hierro, almost devoid of [Erica arborea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.8","name":"Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations","description":"Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.81","name":"Eucalyptus plantations","description":"Plantations of trees of the Australian genus [Eucalyptus], in particular, [Eucalyptus globulus], [Eucalyptus camaldulensis], [Eucalyptus cladocalyx], [Eucalyptus delegatensis], [Eucalyptus nitens], [Eucalyptus radiata], [Eucalyptus astringens], [Eucalyptus bicostata], [Eucalyptus brockwayi], [Eucalyptus regnans], [Eucalyptus gomphocephala], [Eucalyptus grandis], [Eucalyptus maidenii], [Eucalyptus cornuta], [Eucalyptus fastigata], [Eucalyptus pauciflora], [Eucalyptus viminalis]. These plantations offer little support for indigenous biological diversity and constitute biological deserts as far as the fauna is concerned."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.82","name":"Evergreen exotic oak plantations","description":"Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus [Quercus] planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.83","name":"Other evergreen broadleaved tree plantations","description":"Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than [Eucalyptus] planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G2.9","name":"Evergreen orchards and groves","description":"In Europe these are mostly olives and citrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.91","name":"Olive groves","description":"Mediterranean formations of [Olea europaea var. europaea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.92","name":"Citrus orchards","description":"Land planted in broad-leaved evergreen citrus trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.93","name":"Palm plantations","description":"Formations dominated by planted or introduced palms, in particular, date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G2.94","name":"Other evergreen orchards","description":"Land planted in evergeen trees, other than those of units G2.91-G2.93, cultivated for fruit, leaves or flowers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"G3","name":"Coniferous woodland","description":"Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by coniferous trees, mainly evergreen ([Abies], [Cedrus], [Picea], [Pinus], [Taxus], Cupressaceae) but also deciduous [Larix]. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of broadleaved trees exceeds 25%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.1","name":"Fir and spruce woodland","description":"Woodland dominated by [Abies] or [Picea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.11","name":"Neutrophile medio-European fir forests","description":"Fir ([Abies alba]) and fir-spruce forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, in association with forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], of the [Fagion illyricum] or of the [Fagion dacicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.111","name":"Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophilous [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on brown soils of the intermediate or inner Alps, outside of the climatic range of the beech ([Fagus sylvatica])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1111","name":"Sorrel fir forests","description":"Typical inner Alpine [Abies alba] forests with a predominance of mull-moder species such as [Veronica urticifolia] ([Veronica latifolia]), [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Luzula nivea]; all fir forests of the intermediate and inner Alps can be included in this category with the exception of those that present clearly acidophilous or calciphilous facies and of the well-characterized local types listed immediately below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1112","name":"Tall herb fir forests","description":"High altitude, upper montane, tall-herb rich inner-Alpine fir forests with [Adenostyles alliariae], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Chaerophyllum villarsii], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Alnus viridis] and [Sorbus aucuparia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1113","name":"Trochischantes fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] forests of the Maritime Alps, distributed in particular in the Quatre-Cantons forest in the Tournairet massif, in the Haute-V‚subie, in the Peira Cava massif, in the middle and high Roya, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Galium sylvaticum], [Luzula pedemontana], [Aquilegia atrata], [Phyteuma halleri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.112","name":"Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1121","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.11211","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile spruce fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] and of the [Piceetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.11212","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile beech fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies] and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units G1.63, G1.64, G1.67."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1122","name":"Illyrian neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.11221","name":"Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] and of the [Piceetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.11222","name":"Illyrian neutrophile beech fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies] and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units G1.63, G1.64, G1.67."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1123","name":"Dacian neutrophile montane fir forests","description":"Neutrophile to acidophile forests of [Abies alba] and [Fagus sylvatica], often with [Picea abies], on very steep slopes of the montane level of the eastern and southern Carpathians, with a cortège of [Fagetalia] and [Symphyto-Fagenion] species, including [Pulmonaria rubra], [Dentaria glandulosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Actaea spicata], [Rubus hirtus], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Athyrium filix-femina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.113","name":"Pyrenean fir forests","description":"Montane [Abies alba] forests of inner valleys of the Pyrenees, and of other stations of relative continentality, unfavourable to beech, more acidophilous than those of units G3.111 and G3.112, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Goodyera repens], [Galium rotundifolium] and a good representation of species of the neutrophilous beech forests, intermediate between this unit and unit G3.13."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.114","name":"East Carpathian high montane fir forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Abies alba] and [Picea abies], accompanied by [Fagus sylvatica] and characterized by the presence of boreal elements in the herb layer, of gentle slopes of the upper montane level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, with [Hieracium rotundatum], [Orthilia secunda], [Moneses uniflora], [Goodyera repens], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.12","name":"Calciphilous silver fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on calcareous soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.121","name":"Inner Alpine calcicolous fir forests","description":"Calcicolous [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the intermediate Alps, with [Carex alba], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica triloba], [Calamagrostis varia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.122","name":"Outer Alpine calcicolous fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] facies of calcicolous [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests of the outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.123","name":"Jurasso-Hercynian calcicolous fir forests","description":"[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] woods of calcareous soils of the eastern Black Forest foothills, the Baar Plateau and the piedmont of the Swabian Alb, rich in sedges and orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.124","name":"Dinaric calcareous block fir forests","description":"[Abies alba]-dominated fir forests of calcareous block slopes of the Dinarides of Slovenia, western Croatia, mostly in the Gorski Kotar, the Velebit and the Pljesevica, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to the Triglav range in the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and south in fragmentary form to the Piva Valley of Montenegro, with [Juniperus nana], [Calamagrostis hirundinacea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Cirsium erisithales], [Clematis alpina], ferns and mosses including [Leucobryum glaucum]. They include primaeval and near-natural forests of considerable biological and aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.13","name":"Acidophilous silver fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on acid soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, within the biogeographical range of beech forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], of the [Fagion illyricum] or of the [Fagion dacicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.131","name":"Inner Alpine acidophile fir forests","description":"Oligotrophic fir and fir-spruce forests of the intermediate or inner Alps, with [Luzula nivea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Festuca flavescens], [Saxifraga cuneifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.132","name":"Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1321","name":"Peri-Alpine acidophile fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, the Pyrenees, locally of other mid-German Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Thüringer Wald, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège combining elements of the [Piceetalia] with those of the [Fagetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1322","name":"Illyrian acidophile fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies] and [Fagus sylvatica], with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] ([Fagion illyricum]) and of the [Piceetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1323","name":"Dacian acidophile beech fir forests","description":"Neutrophile to acidophile [Abies alba] or [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the montane beech-fir belt of the southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with a cortège comprising [Fagetalia] and [Symphyto-Fagenion] species including [Pulmonaria rubra], [Dentaria glandulosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Actaea spicata], [Rubus hirtus], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Athyrium filix-femina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.133","name":"Alpenrose fir forests","description":"High-altitude fir forests characteristic of north facing  slopes (ubac) of the Pyrenees and southwestern Alps, outside of the range of spruce, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Festuca flavescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1331","name":"Pyrenean alpenrose fir forest","description":"Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the Pyrenees, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Homogyne alpina], [Lonicera nigra], [Polystichum lonchitis], [Rosa pendulina] ([Rosa alpina]), [Huperzia selago]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1332","name":"Alpine alpenrose fir forests","description":"Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the western Alps, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Lonicera caerulea], [Festuca flavescens], [Huperzia selago]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1333","name":"Block alpenrose fir forests","description":"Block fir forests of the montane level of the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.134","name":"Holy Cross fir forests","description":"Upland fir, or fir-dominated fir-spruce or fir-pine-oak forests developed on mesotrophic acid soils of Little-Poland, in particular, of the Holy Cross mountains and of sub-Carpathic hills, with an undergrowth rich in ferns, bryophytes and lowland forest species shared with the deciduous forests of the [Tilio-Carpinetum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.135","name":"[Bazzania] fir forests","description":"Fir-dominated [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the German, Swiss and Austrian outer Alps and their piedmont, and of the Carpathians, recorded from the Slovakian Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with [Frangula alnus] and an herb and moss layer rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Bazzania trilobata], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris carthusiana] agg., [Oxalis acetosella], [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Hylocomium splendens], [Polytrichum formosum], [Thuidium tamariscinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.14","name":"Corsican silver fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] woods and forests locally replacing, mostly in cool stations, the acidophilous beech forests of the montane level of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.15","name":"Southern Apennine silver fir forests","description":"Relict [Abies alba] woods associated with the beech forests of the [Geranio versicolori-Fagion] of the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, Sila, Aspromonte)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.16","name":"Moesian silver fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Rhodope Mountains, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonids, within the geographical range of [Fagion moesiacum] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.161","name":"Rhodopide fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Rhodope and the northeastern Greek mountains, Pirin, Rila, Vitosha, within the geographical range of [Fagion moesiacum] forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1611","name":"Falakron silver fir forests","description":"Very local, calciphilous, [Abies alba] forests of Falakron and the southern flank of the Rhodope Mountains of extreme northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1612","name":"Rhodope fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], of the main Rhodope range, within the [Fagion moesiacum] zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1613","name":"Western Rhodopide fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of Pirin, Rila and Vitosha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.162","name":"Moeso-Macedonian fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.163","name":"Balkan Range fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Balkan Range system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.164","name":"Pelagonide silver fir forests","description":"[Abies alba] forests of the the Pelagonid mountains south to extreme northern Greece, including the Varnous system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.17","name":"Balkano-Pontic fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies nordmanniana], [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies bornmuelleriana] of the southern Balkans peninsula, the Pontic range and the Caucasus, often mixed with beech, or adjacent to beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.171","name":"King Boris's fir forests","description":"[Abies borisii-regis]-dominated fir forests of the southern Dinaric Alps, the northern Pindus, the central Pindus, the southern Rhodopes of Bulgaria and Greece, the Slavanka and Belaciza, adjacent to beech and beech-fir forests of the [Fagion hellenicum] or [Fagion moesiacum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.172","name":"Bornmueller's fir forests","description":"[Abies bornmuelleriana]-dominated forests of the Pontic Range and outlying massifs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.173","name":"Nordmann's fir forests","description":"[Abies nordmanniana]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.18","name":"Aegean fir forests","description":"[Abies]-dominated fir or fir-pine forests of the northeastern Mediterranean basin, developed outside of, but in the immediate vicinity of beech [Fagus] spp., by [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies equi-trojani], outlier species of the group of [Abies alba] and [Abies nordmanniana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.181","name":"Grecian fir forests","description":"Endemic [Abies cephalonica] or mixed [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies borisii-regis] forests of the Peloponnese, Cephalonia, Parnassos, the southern Pindus, north to Panetolikon, Timfristos, Vardousia, Iti, Kallidromon and Othris, well outside of the range of beeches, [Fagus spp]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.182","name":"Trojan fir forests","description":"Forests of [Abies equi-trojani] of the higher elevations of the Kaz Dag and of the Mustapha Kemal mountains in extreme western Anatolia, with [Epipogium aphyllum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.19","name":"Forests of Spanish fir ([Abies pinsapo])","description":"Fir or fir-cedar forests dominated by relict species of [Abies], including forests of [Abies pinsapo], [Abies marocana], [Abies numidica], [Abies cilicica] or [Abies nebrodensis], distributed along the rim of the southern Mediterranean basin, well outside the range of beech."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.191","name":"Ronda pinsapo fir forests","description":"Calcicolous forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, limited to the Serrania de Ronda and associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.192","name":"Bermeja pinsapo fir forests","description":"Forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, developed on ultra basic serpentine outcroppings of the Sierra Bermeja and isolated stands of associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1A","name":"Relict Nebrodi fir ([Abies nebrodensis]) stands","description":"Surviving stands of the endangered [Abies nebrodensis] in the Madonie mountains of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1B","name":"Alpine and Carpathian subalpine spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montane level, of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with the montane spruce forests of unit G3.1C. The spruces, often stunted or columnar, are accompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly subalpine affinities. [Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B1","name":"Bilberry spruce forests","description":"Mostly acidophilous, mesophile, subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps, with [Oxalis acetosella], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calamagrostis villosa] and the moss [Hylocomium splendens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B2","name":"Tall herb subalpine spruce forests","description":"Tall-herb rich, hygrophile or meso-hygrophile, [Picea abies] forests of high altitude stations of the Alps, subjected to prolonged snow cover and frequent fogs, with [Adenostyles] spp., [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Ranunculus aconitifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Stellaria nemorum], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1B21","name":"[Adenostyles glabra] subalpine spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Larix decidua] forests of subalpine to high montane slopes of the Alps developed on base-rich and usually lime-rich substrates, in particular, on dolomites, limestones, calcschists, green schists, usually on steep rocky slopes, with an undergrowth dominated by [Adenostyles glabra] ([Adenostyles alpina])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1B22","name":"[Adenostyles alliariae] subalpine spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level of the Alps developed in high precipitation regions on usually calcareous bedrock, sometimes on base-rich siliceous substrates such as flysch, with an undergrowth dominated by dense formations of tall herbs, in particular, [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina], [Rumex alpestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B3","name":"Moist subalpine spruce forests","description":"Sphagnum-rich [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, developed on more or less peaty, humid but not waterlogged substrates, with [Listera cordata], [Sphagnum acutifolium], [Sphagnum quinquefarium], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]. Spruce forests developed in fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs or on waterlogged soils in forests are included in swamp forests of class G3, as unit G3.E5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B4","name":"Xerophile subalpine spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests on dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the northern and northwestern Alps, with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and a small admixture of [Vaccinium myrtillus] on siliceous soils over sandstones and carboniferous schists, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Carex humilis] on lustrous schists, with [berberis vulgaris], [Valeriana montana], [Valeriana tripteris] on stabilised calcareous screes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B5","name":"Cold station spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] woods of anomalous stations at the montane or subalpine level of the Alps, in particular block forests of \"ice cellars\" (shaded rocky screes through which cold air flows), woods developed in valleys and depressions where cold air accumulates on clear nights, woods colonizing stabilised screes and narrow bands of rocks, woods on moist sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1B6","name":"Carpathian spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests, usually unmixed, forming, in most of the Carpathian arc, a lower subalpine belt between beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests of the montane level and the mugo pine upper subalpine zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1B61","name":"Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests","description":"Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B611","name":"Western Carpathian acidophilous spruce forests","description":"Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous soils of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B612","name":"Carpathian holly-fern spruce forests","description":"Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of calcareous ranges in the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia, in particular of the calcareous Tatras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1B62","name":"Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests","description":"Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northern Eastern, the eastern and the southern Carpathians of the Ukraine and Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B621","name":"Carpathian subalpine rhododenron spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level, at 1550-1700 metres, of the Eastern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major] and [Calamagrostis villosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B622","name":"Carpathian subalpine Bruckenthalia spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level (1600-1850m) of the Apuseni Mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Homogyne alpina] and [Calamagrostis villosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B623","name":"Carpathian high montane [Hieracium] spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the upper montane level of the Eastern, Southern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a usually sparse herb layer mostly of acidophilous species including [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Oxalis acetosella], [Campanula abietina], [Luzula luzuloides], [Luzula sylvatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B624","name":"Carpathian high montane [Bazzania] spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forest stands installed on wet, acid, peaty ground of the margins of bogs and marshes within the montane level of the Eastern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a mucinal layer of [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum wulfianum], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Bazzania trilobata]; regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Valeriana simplicifolia], [Salix silesiaca], are characteristic and [Listera cordata] is sometimes present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.1B625","name":"Carpathian [Leucanthemum] high montane spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests frequently installed along streamsides and inner valleys of lower montane levels of the Eastern and western Southern Carpathians, with a cortège including [Adenostyletalia] elements, in particular [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Stellaria nemorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1C","name":"Inner range montane spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climatically unfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous [Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of high continentality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C1","name":"Acidophile montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous crystalline or schistous substrates, with [Calamagrostis villosa] and woodrushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C2","name":"Calciphile montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Calcicolous inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests with [Calamagrostis varia], [Carex flacca], [Sesleria caerulea], [Hieracium trifidum], [Aster bellidiastrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C3","name":"Bedstraw montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Xerophile, more or less mesotrophic inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests, often characterized by an admixture of deciduous trees, in particular [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], and with a species-rich herb layer comprising [Oxalis acetosella], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa], [Doronicum austriacum], [Petasites albus], [Primula elatior], [Fragaria vesca], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex montana] and [Melica nutans]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C4","name":"Tall herb montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Upper montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Berberis vulgaris] and an undergrowth rich in tall herbs, usually dominated by [Adenostyles glabra]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C5","name":"Peatmoss montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of peaty soils, rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and with [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Listera cordata] and [Dryopteris dilatata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1C6","name":"Inner Carpathian spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians, formed along the Proprad River valley between the High Tatras and the Low Tatras and subjected to a climate of high continentality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1D","name":"Hercynian subalpine spruce forests","description":"Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of high ranges of the central and eastern sections of the Hercynian arc, from the Harz to the Bohemian Quadrangle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1D1","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Bayerischer Wald","description":"Acidophilous [Picea abies] forest of the granitic domes of the Bayerischer Wald and the Böhmerwald, with [Abies alba], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella montana], [Calamagrostis villosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1D2","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Harz and Erzgebirge","description":"Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Harz (above 750 m), the Thüringer Wald and the Erzgebirge."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1D3","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Sudeten","description":"Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Sudeten (Krkonose or Riesengebirge, Orlicke Hory, Jeseniky)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1E","name":"Southern European Norway spruce forests","description":"Outlying [Picea abies] formations of the Apennines, the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range and the Rhodope Mountains, at the southern limit of the range of the species and mostly south of its continuous range. [Pinus sylvestris] may be present, and undergrowth species may include [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Urtica dioica], [Rubus idaeus], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Poa nemoralis], [Daphne oleoides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea] and [Fragaria vesca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1E1","name":"Southeastern Moesian spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the  Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope ranges and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1E11","name":"Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce forests","description":"Very local [Picea abies] forests of the Aegean-facing southernmost ridge of the main Rhodope ranges in extreme northern Greece, constituting part of the Kara-Dere Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1E12","name":"Central Rhodopide spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the Rhodope Mountains, forming an extensive subalpine belt on Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes; the isolated forests developed on the Aegean flank of the Iztocni-Rodope are listed in unit G3.1E11."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1E13","name":"Moeso-Macedonian spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the \nOsogovska Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1E2","name":"Apennine spruce forests","description":"Relict woods of spontaneous [Picea abies] of the northern Apennines (Passo del Cerreto, Emilia-Romagna; Foce del Campolino sull'Abetone, Tuscany)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1E3","name":"Montenegrine spruce forests","description":"Isolated subalpine and high montane [Picea abies] forests of the Ljubisnja range of Montenegro, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates, at altitudes comprised between 1150 and 1850 m on  on sunny slopes (adrets) and between 1100 and 1900 m on shaded slopes (ubacs). They are species-rich on limestones with a cortège of medio-European affinities, except for the presence of [Laserpitium marginatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1E4","name":"Pelagonide spruce forests","description":"Very local subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the Pelagonides, particularly of the southern Sar Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with smaller stands farther south in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, and in Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1E5","name":"Balkan Range spruce forests","description":"Rare and local [Picea abies] forests of the western and central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1F","name":"Enclave Norway spruce forests","description":"Spontaneous [Picea abies] formations occupying outlying altitudinal or edaphic enclaves within the range of more predominant vegetation types, in particular the montane levels of the outer Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the subalpine levels of the Jura, the western Hercynian ranges and the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1F1","name":"Subalpine Jura spruce forests","description":"Restricted [Picea abies] forests of subalpine affinities of the Jura, comprising truly subalpine formations of the Haut-Jura, well developed but of small extent because of relatively low altitude and competition with [Pinus uncinata] formations, tall herb spruce forests as well as cold station or \"ice cellar\" formations similar to those of the northern outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1F2","name":"Subalpine Black Forest spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies] forests of the Black Forest, characteristic of the subalpine level and of edaphic enclaves and cold stations, rich in [Bazzania trilobata], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Listera cordata], [Lycopodium annotinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1F3","name":"Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce forests","description":"Edaphic [Picea abies] enclaves of the montane and submontane levels of the pre-Alps and the pre-Alpine plateaux rich in [Bazzania trilobata], in particular, block forests, boulder field forests, frost-pocket forests and woods on moist soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1F4","name":"Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include spruce or fir-spruce forests and spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane beech-fir forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F41","name":"Medio-European montane spruce forests","description":"Spruce and fir-spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc, including spruce facies of fir-beech forests of the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]. Spruce-dominated facies of Alpine beech-fir forests of the range of the [Fagion illyricum] are listed separately in unit G3.1F42."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F42","name":"Illyrio-Alpine montane beech spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies]-dominated facies of montane [Fagion illyricum] beech-fir forests of the southeastern outer Alps. Spruce-dominated forests of the same region replacing the beech-fir forests in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir have been listed in unit G3.1F41."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F43","name":"Dacian beech-spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, within the range of [Fagion dacicum] beech-fir forests, of which they may constitute a facies or a substitute in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1F5","name":"Dinaric spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include subalpine spruce forests, edaphic or microclimatic montane spruce or fir-spruce forests and, occasionally, spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane [Fagion illyricum] and [Fagion moesiacum] beech-fir forests. They extend throughout the range, from the northern edge of the Dinarides in Slovenia south to the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges, immediately to the north of the Metohija depression."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F51","name":"Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies]-dominated forests of montane and subalpine block slopes and of karst-dolines of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F52","name":"Dinaric dolomite spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies]-dominated forests of dolomite rendzina of the Dinarides of Croatia and western Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège that combines raw humus species with calciphile and xerophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F53","name":"Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests","description":"[Picea abies]-dominated forests of acid soils of the montane level of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège characteristic of the [Vaccinio-Piceetalia], often including many ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.1F54","name":"Moeso-Dinaric spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the southern Dinarides of Serbia, developed on both calcareous and siliceous substrates, in particular in the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1G","name":"Omorika spruce forests","description":"[Picea omorika]-dominated forests of the Drina basin of central Serbia, occuring also in Bosnia and Hercegovina. [Picea abies], [Abies alba] and mosses [Dicranum scoparium], [Ctenidium molluscum], [Eurhynchium striatum], [Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus] are usually also present. Other trees and shrubs are represented by [Salix caprea], [Pinus nigra], [Rosa pendulina]. The herb layer is relatively species-poor, the most frequently occuring species being [Valeriana montana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Hieracium transsilvanicum], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Erica carnea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Lathyrus vernus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1H","name":"Oriental spruce forests","description":"[Picea orientalis]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1I","name":"Fir reforestation","description":"Plantations of native firs within or near their area of present or recent natural occurrence. Other plantations of these species and plantations of exotic firs are included under unit G3.F."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1I1","name":"[Abies alba] reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Abies alba] within its area of occurrence or north and west of it."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1I2","name":"[Abies borisii-regis] reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Abies borisii-regis] in Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1I3","name":"[Abies cephalonica] reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Abies cephalonica] in Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1I4","name":"[Abies pinsapo] reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Abies pinsapo] in Andalucia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.1I5","name":"[Abies nebrodensis] reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Abies nebrodensis] in the mountains of northern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1J","name":"Norway spruce reforestation","description":"Plantations of [Picea abies] in or near the present or recent natural range of the species, including all Hercynian and peri-Hercynian formations accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth. Intensive, very dense and out-of-station plantations of [Picea abies] are included under unit G3.F."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.1K","name":"Serpentine silver fir forests\r\n[G3.1K Serpentine [Abies alba] forests\r\nSerpentine [Abies alba] forests","description":"[Abies alba]- and [Picea abies]-dominated forests on serpentines, usually at altitude 1400-1600 m in the Balkan peninsula. [Erica carnea] is also relatively abundant. Other typical species are [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Daphne blagayana], [Thymus montanus], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Valeriana montana], [Doronicum austriacum], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula nemorosa], [Senecio nemorensis], [Melampyrum album], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Hypericum perforatum], [Luzula maxima], [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Pyrola secunda]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.2","name":"Alpine larch - Arolla woodland","description":"Forests of the subalpine and sometimes montane levels of the Alps and the Carpathians, dominated by [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra]; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with [Picea abies] or, in the western Alps, [Pinus uncinata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.21","name":"Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and Arolla forests","description":"Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Pinus cembra], or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an often species-poor undergrowth comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Luzula albida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.22","name":"Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and Arolla forests","description":"Subalpine and montane [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Picea abies], [Pinus cembra] or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, on calcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including [Erica herbacea], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Rhododendron hirsutum] or [Pinus mugo]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.23","name":"Western larch, mountain pine and Arolla forests","description":"Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra], [Larix decidua]-mountain pine, [Pinus cembra] and [Pinus cembra]-mountain pine forests of the western, and mostly southwestern Alps, in regions where [Pinus uncinata] usually associates with [Larix decidua] and/or [Pinus cembra]. Characteristically xeric, open formations, they are best characterized by their understorey."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.24","name":"Alpine secondary larch formations","description":"Formations of [Larix decidua] colonizing abandoned fields and pastures in lower levels of the Alps. Alpine [Larix decidua] plantations; plantations of [Larix decidua] out of range and of other [Larix] spp. or hybrids are included under unit G3.F."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.25","name":"Carpathian larch and Arolla forests","description":"Uncommon [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra] formations of the Carpathians, each occurring as a single dominant, together as codominants, or mixed with spruce ([Picea abies])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.251","name":"Western Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"Timberline silicicolous [Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the Tatras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.252","name":"Inner Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"[Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the dry, inner Carpathian Proprad basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.253","name":"Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"Local mixed forests of [Pinus cembra], [Picea abies] and [Pinus mugo], of the lower subalpine level (1650-1500 m), with regional species [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.2531","name":"Eastern Carpathian larch forests","description":"[Larix decidua] woods on rocky calcareous substrates at the upper limit of the forest zone (1600-1750 metres) of the Southwestern Carpathians, sometimes with [Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies], and with an herb layer formed by [Saxifraga cuneifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Moneses uniflora], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Aquilegia transsilvanica], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Tricetum fuscum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.2532","name":"Eastern Carpathian arolla forests","description":"[Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies]-dominated formations of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, formed at the upper forest limit, with a herb layer dominated by spruce forest species and a shrub layer with [Pinus mugo] and [Juniperus nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.26","name":"[Larix polonica] forests","description":"[Larix decidua ssp. polonica]-dominated facies of the white cinquefoil oak woods (units G1.7A111, G1.7A114) of Poland and the western Ukraine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.3","name":"Mountain pine ([Pinus uncinata]) woodland","description":"Mostly subalpine forests of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Iberian Range, dominated by [Pinus uncinata], usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.31","name":"Rusty alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyrenean north facing  slopes (ubacs), developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominately ericaceous undergrowh comprising [Rhododendron ferrugineum] (dominant), [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Homogyne alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium annotinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.311","name":"Outer Alpine alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests occupying hard limestone plateaux of the outer Alps, in the Chablais, the Aravis, the Bauges, the Chartreuse, the Vercors, the Dévoluy in which the almost pure calcareous bedrock is covered by a thick layer of raw humus supporting an acidophilous undergrowth dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] accompanied by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Lycopodium selago], [Selaginella spinosa], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Homogyne alpina], [Bartsia alpina], [Astrantia minor]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.312","name":"Jura alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"Subalpine [Pinus uncinata] forests of the western Jura, similar to the Alpine formations of unit G3.311."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.313","name":"Pyrenean alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of north facing  slopes (ubacs) of the Pyrenees developed on siliceous soils, or on decalcified soils in the calcareous ranges, in the more humid and snowy parts of the subalpine level, with a ground layer dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum] accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Rosa alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Oxalis acetosella], [Juniperus nana], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dryopteris linneana], [Polystichum spinulosum], [Solidago virgaurea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.32","name":"Xerocline mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which [Rhododendron ferrugineum] is absent or rare, while [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Erica herbacea], [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Daphne striata], [Dryas octopetala] or [Polygala chamaebuxus] may be prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.321","name":"Inner Alpine mountain pine forests","description":"Subalpine or montane [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations of the inner and intermediate Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.322","name":"Outer Alpine juniper-bearberry mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of the calcareous ranges of the western pre-Alps (cf. unit G3.311) and the Jura, on less evolved soils than those of unit G3.311, which do not allow the development of [Rhododendron ferrugineum] heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.323","name":"Ventoux mountain pine woods","description":"Spontaneous subsummital [Pinus uncinata] woods of the Ventoux, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.324","name":"Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata]-dominated forests of sunny slopes (adrets) in the subalpine level of the Pyrenees, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.3241","name":"Speedwell mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of siliceous Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), on schists, granites or gneises, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista pilosa], [Cytisus purgans], [Cotoneaster integerrimus] and a predominantly acidophilous herb layer comprising [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Cruciata glabra], [Festuca eskia], [Veronica officinalis], [Silene rupestris], [Potentilla erecta], [Antennaria dioica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.3242","name":"Pyrenean bearberry mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of calcareous Pyrenean  on sunny slopes (adrets) with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Amelanchier vulgaris], [Dryas octopetala] and a predominantly calciphilous herb layer comprising [Festuca gautieri], [Valeriana montana], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Hepatica nobilis], [Hippocrepis comosa], [Polygala calcarea], [Sesleria caerulea], [Helectotrichon sedenense] ([Avena montana]), [Primula suaveolens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.325","name":"Pasqueflower mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of steep calcareous ubacs (north facing  slopes) of the Pyrenees with very superficial soil and a mostly grassy herb layer comprising [Sesleria caerulea], [Festuca gautieri], [Pulsatilla alpina], [Valeriana montana], [Salix pyrenaica], [Hepatica nobilis], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Pyrola uniflora], [Listera cordata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.326","name":"Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range","description":"Isolated outposts of [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations in the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.3261","name":"Urbion mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Urbion, usually associated with heaths of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Juniperus nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.3262","name":"Gudar mountain pine forests","description":"[Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Gudar, in the Southern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.33","name":"Mountain pine reforestation","description":"[Pinus uncinata] plantations in or near the natural range of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.4","name":"Scots pine woodland south of the taiga","description":"Forests of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris] and [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] of the Nemoral and Mediterranean zones and of their transitions to the Steppe zone. Included are, in particular, the forests of Scotland, of the Alpine system, of the Mediterranean peninsulas, of the lowlands of Central Europe, of the East European Nemoral zone and its adjacent wooded steppes, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], as well as those of Anatolia, of the Caucacus and of Crimea, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata]. Excluded are the formations situated within the range of natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.41","name":"Caledonian forest","description":"Relict, indigenous Scots pine forests of endemic [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica], limited to the central and northeastern Grampians of Scotland. They are mostly open and have a ground layer usually rich in ericaceous species and mosses, in particular, [Hylocomium splendens], and often harbouring, together with abundant [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Goodyera repens], [Listera cordata], [Corallorhiza trifida], [Linnaea borealis], [Trientalis europaea], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]. Accompanying, dominated, tree species include [Juniperus communis], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pubescens], [Betula pendula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.411","name":"Heather Caledonian forest","description":"[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Erica cinerea] and [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.412","name":"Bilberry Caledonian forest","description":"[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.413","name":"Moss Caledonian forest","description":"[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a closed canopy and an understorey formed mostly by mosses, in particular [Scapania gracilis], [Diplophyllum albicans], [Thuidium tamariscinum] and the hepatic [Anastrepta orcadensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.414","name":"Woodrush Caledonian forest","description":"[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a ground cover rich in grass-like species, in particular [Luzula pilosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis canina], [Festuca ovina], together with [Vaccinium] spp. and bryophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.415","name":"Peatmoss Caledonian forest","description":"[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests of damp hollows, with carpets of [Sphagnum] spp., [Molinia caerulea] and [Erica tetralix]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.42","name":"Middle European Scots pine forests","description":"Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the lowlands of nemoral Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, nonalpigenous, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies], of adjacent wooded steppe regions, and of siliceous soils of the montane or collinar levels of the central European Hercynian ranges and the eastern Alpine system. Acidophilous mixed forests with vegetation of the alliance [Dicrano-Pinion] with [Festuca ovina] dominating in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.421","name":"Subcontinental Scots pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] of acid, often podsolised, sands of the plains and hills of middle Europe. Associated trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Betula pendula], [Fagus sylvatica]; [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dicranum undulatum] are usually prominent in the ground layer, [Molinia caerulea] may be abundant in humid stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4211","name":"Central European Scots pine forests","description":"Main-range acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe, where they reach their greatest dominance, and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, in areas of less xericity or continentality than those occupied by the steppe woods of unit G3.423. They are distributed from Franconia and the inner Bohemian basin, through eastern Germany, to western and central Poland, extending, more locally, in areas of greater prevalence of steppe woods, to eastern Poland, Belarus, the northern Ukraine and Russia to the eastern confines of the Nemoral zone of western Eurasia. They are very similar to some taiga formations of which they often represent an outpost beyond the boreal and boreonemoral range of [Picea abies]; their separation from boreo-nemoral taiga pine woods of unit G3.B is generally arbitrary and one of regional convenience."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.42111","name":"Subcontinental moss Scots pine forests","description":"Moss-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Leucobryum glaucum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hypnum cupressiforme]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.42112","name":"Subcontinental lichen Scots pine forests","description":"Lichen-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Cladonia silvatica], [Cladonia gracilis], [Cladonia furcata], [Ptilidium ciliare], [Polytrichum commune], [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.42113","name":"Subcontinental moorgrass Scots pine forests","description":"Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of humid podsols of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Polytrichum commune] and [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"G3.42114","name":"Subcontinental saw-wort Scots pine forests","description":"Strongly pine-dominated facies of the mixed [Pinus sylvestris]-[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea] Central European and Sarmatic forests of unit G4.71, with [Carpinus betulus], [Corylus avellana], [Carex digitata], [Carex montana], [Melica nutans], [Serratula tinctoria], [Scorzonera humilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4212","name":"Western lowland Scots pine forests","description":"Relict woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] of coarse sands in enclaves of cold subcontinental climate west of the main range of the subcontinental pine and pine-oak woodland, as in the Pays de Bitche basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.422","name":"Hercynian Scots pine forests","description":"Montane acidophilous woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forming local, edaphic or microclimatic enclaves, particularly on sandstones, on blocks and in steep valleys in the beech belt of Hercynian ranges, and in sub-Hercynian collinar systems, usually with [Vaccinium myrtillus] or lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4221","name":"Eastern Hercynian Scots pine forests","description":"Indigenous acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] enclave formations, in particular block woods and xeric slope woods, of the montane and submontane levels of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, Sudeten, B”hmer Wald, Thüringer Wald."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4222","name":"Black Forest Scots pine forests","description":"Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4223","name":"Vosges Scots pine forests","description":"Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the mostly dry, acid sandstones of the Vosges, and of sandstone slabs capping rocky outcrops of the the Pays de Bitche."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4224","name":"Luxembourg sandstone Scots pine forests","description":"Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of Luxembourg sandstone outcrops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4225","name":"Pale hawkweed Scots pine forests","description":"Generally light [Pinus sylvestris] woods of deep-cut valleys of the Central Bohemian hills (valleys of the Vltava, the Otava and the Berounka rivers) and of southern Saxony, with the saxicolous [Hieracium pallidum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4226","name":"Lower Austrian block heath pine woods","description":"Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] formations of granite blocks of the pre-Hercynian Waldviertel of Lower Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.423","name":"Western Eurasian steppe pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4231","name":"Rhine steppe pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps, in particular formations with [Pinus sylvestris var. haguenensis] of the Rhine Valley and adjacent hills (Haguenau, Vosges du Nord, southern Rhine Palatinate)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4232","name":"Sarmatic steppe Scots pine forests","description":"Xerophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of the Sarmatic region of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, extending from northeastern and eastern Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, north-central and eastern Poland in the west, through Podolia and the southern Russian plateaux, to Bashkiria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4233","name":"Carpathian steppe Scots pine woods","description":"Local xerophile [Pinus sylvestris] steppe woods of sub-Pannonic low Carpathian spurs of southwestern and southeastern Slovakia and of the Slovakian inner Carpathian basins, with [Cornus mas], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Melica nutans], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea], [Lathyrus niger], [Vicia dumetorum], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Viola collina], [Achillea distans], [Euphorbia epithymoides], [Orchis purpurea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4234","name":"Pannonic steppe Scots pine woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] sand steppe woods of the western Pannonic plain and its satellite basins, in particular, the Zahorie (Marchfeld) and the little Alföld."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.424","name":"Baltic dune Scots pine woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated dune woods of the coasts of the southeastern Baltic, from the mouth of the Oder to the Gulf of Finland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Moneses uniflora], [Linnaea borealis], [Listera cordata], [Goodyera repens], [Erica tetralix], [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.425","name":"Eastern Alpine acidophilous Scots pine woods","description":"Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the collinar and montane levels of the eastern Alps, of the northeastern Dinarides and of adjacent pre-Pannonic and Pannonic hill ranges, mostly subclimactic or anthropogenic, distributed in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Slovenia, the pre-Noric hills and the edge of the Bakony Range in western Hungary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.43","name":"Inner-Alpine restharrow ([Ononis]) steppe forests","description":"Xerophile, often calcicolous, open [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys submitted to extreme continental climate (upper Durance, Ubaye, upper Tin‚e, Val di Susa, Maurienne, Val d'Aoste, Alto Adige (Val Venosta), Upper Engadine, Vintschgau, Virgental), rich in leguminous plants such as [Ononis rotundifolia], [Ononis cenisia], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus purpureus], [Coronilla minima], [Onobrychis saxatilis] and with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris], [Amelanchier ovalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.44","name":"Spring heath Scots pine forests","description":"Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, the inner Alps, the northern and southeastern outer Alps, with outposts in northern peri-Alpine areas, in the Jura and in the Carpathians, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.441","name":"Alpine spring heath Scots pine forests","description":"Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, and, locally, of the inner Alps, the northern, eastern and southeastern outer Alps, the Bavarian plateau, the serpentines of northern Bavaria, Bohemia, the Lake Constance area, the Baar plateau and the Jura, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea], accompanied by [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris], [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Goodyera repens], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Carex alba], [Carex ornithopoda], [Carex humilis], [Carex flacca], [Molinia caerulea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Sesleria albicans]. They include numerous variants, as indicated in part by the associations listed above, most of them with [Erica herbacea], and could be further subdivided. Communities of the intermediate Alps and neighbouring regions form the core of the unit and are adapted to a variety of fairly oligotrophic substrates, mostly calcareous, but occasionally siliceous, with a northern or intermediate exposure. In inner Alpine valleys they occur on less dry sites and usually at higher altitudes than the forests of units G3.43 and G3.45. Isolated, edaphically specialised communities occupy dolomites and serpentines of the northeastern Alps, of adjacent external ranges and of the Bavarian plateau, with or without [Erica herbacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.442","name":"Carpathian relict calcicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Isolated, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the western Carpathians, related to the spring heath Scots pine forests of the Alpine area, limited to a few small enclaves in the Strazov mountains, the Velka Fatra, the Pienini ([Pinus sylvestris]-[Calamagrostis varia] community, [Pinus sylvestris]-[Carex alba] community), the Slovakian inner-Carpathian basins and the Slovakian Erzgebirge. [Erica herbacea] and [Polygala chamaebuxus] are absent; the undergrowth includes a number of species of continental distribution and xerothermic affinities, some, western Carpathian endemics; characteristic are [Linum flavum], [Carex humilis], [Carex alba], [Calamagrostis varia], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Thymus carpathicus], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], [Globularia aphyllanthes], [Campanula carpatica], [Festuca tatrae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.45","name":"Inner Alpine sandwort ([Minuartia]) steppe forests","description":"Xerophile, acidophilous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the montane level of southwestern inner Alpine valleys (Maurienne, Guisane, Dora-Riparia, Chisone) where they replace the formations of the [Ononido-Pinion] on strongly siliceous sunny slopes (adrets), with [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Minuartia laricifolia] dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.46","name":"Pyrenean mesophile Scots pine forests","description":"Montane, mossy [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pyrenees; characteristic of regions with a moderately dry, sunny climate, they occur, at all exposures but mostly on ubacs (north facing  slopes), in a wide belt on the south flank of the range, with limited outposts on the north flank. Characteristic is the abundance of wintergreens ([Pyrola chlorantha], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]) and of mosses ([Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus], [Pleurozium schreberi]); [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula nivea], [Hepatica nobilis] are usually present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.461","name":"Pyrenean calcicolous mesophile Scots pine forests","description":"Calcicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Ribes alpinum], [Prunus mahaleb], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Polygala calcarea], [Helleborus foetidus], [Valeriana montana], [Festuca gautieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.462","name":"Pyrenean siliceous mesophile Scots pine forests","description":"Silicicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Galium rotundifolium], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus linifolius] ([Lathyrus montanus]), [Potentilla erecta], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.47","name":"Central Massif Scots pine forests","description":"Montane [Pinus sylvestris] forests of interior, relatively dry, regions of the Central Massif in the upper Loire basin (Velay and neighbouring regions) and the Causse M‚jean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.48","name":"Southwestern Alpine mesophile Scots pine forests","description":"Mesophile montane forests with wintergreens occupying a broad belt on the southwestern flank of the Alps from the Dauphiné to the Maritime Alps, differentiated from the forests of unit G3.44 by the absence of [Erica herbacea]; the undergrowh usually comprises [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Centaurea scabiosa], [Tolpis staticifolia] ([Hieracium staticifolium]), [Calluna vulgaris], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Goodyera repens], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Neottia nidus-avis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.49","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated facies of the thermophilous, supra-Mediterranean oak woods (unit G1.7), alternated, mixed or imbricated with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus faginea] woods in the southwestern Alpine foothills, on the periphery of the Central Massif, along the southern flank of the Pyrenees and, locally, in the Ligurian and Insubrian Alps, in the western Alps of the northern Dauphiné‚ and Savoie, in the northern Apennines and on the northern flank of the Pyrenees. [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant in the undergrowth; other components of the shrub layer include [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer opalus], [Acer campestre], [Acer monspessulanum], [Euonymus latifolius], [Genista cinerea], [Juniperus communis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4A","name":"Iberian calcareous Scots pine woods","description":"Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Baetic ranges and the southern flank of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4A1","name":"Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Scots pine woods","description":"Woods or prewoods of sunny slopes (adrets) in the montane level of calcareous ranges of the southern flank of the central Pyrenees, with usually low and contorted [Pinus sylvestris] accompanied by a hedgehog-heath (cf. unit F7.4) of [Echinospartum horridum], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus hemisphaerica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4A2","name":"Savin Scots pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range and the Baetic ranges, often fairly open, and with a shrub layer that includes the prostrate [Juniperus sabina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4A21","name":"Iberian-Range calcicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Southern Iberian Range (Maestrazgo: Gudar, Jabalambre, Penyagolosa; serrania de Cuenca: sierra de San Felipe, Montes Universales), with a shrub layer constituted mainly by [Juniperus sabina]; secondary calcicolous Scots pine formations of lower altitude in the Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4A22","name":"Baetic calcicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis] of the Baetic ranges, Sierra Magina, Sierra de Baza, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra del Trevenque (calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada), with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana] accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata], on limestones and dolomites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4B","name":"Iberian silicicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the southern flank of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4B1","name":"Pyrenean xerophile Scots pine forests","description":"Montane and lower subalpine [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the southern flanks of the Pyrenees and of the Val d'Aran, with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cytisus purgans], [Buxus sempervirens] and an herb layer dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by, among others, [Veronica officinalis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4B2","name":"Iberian-Range silicicolous Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4B3","name":"Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4B31","name":"Summital Guadarraman silicicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, summital, silicicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Sierra de Guadarrama, with [Juniperus nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4B32","name":"Lower Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central (Guadarrama, Gredos), forming in particular as a substitution stage of [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland of which they largely retain the accompanying flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4B4","name":"Cantabrian Scots pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Cantabrian mountain system, in the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Montes de Leon and the Serra do Geres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4C","name":"Southeastern European Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern Carpathians and of the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, south to northern Greece, formed by the largely isolated, disjunct, southeastern forms ([Pinus sylvestris var. rhodopaea], [Pinus sylvestris var. illyrica], [Pinus sylvestris var. romanica]) of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], and often limited to azonal edaphic enclaves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C1","name":"Thessalo-Macedonian Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the mountains of northern Greece (Pieria, Olympus, Vermion, Voras, La‹la, Elatia range), often with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Sorbus aucuparia], and sometimes [Fagus sylvatica] or [Picea abies] in the tree layer and with [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Rubus idaeus] in the shrub layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C2","name":"Rhodopide Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin and the Rhodope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C3","name":"Balkan Range Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C4","name":"Southwestern Moesian Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pelagonides and Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria, in particular of ultra-basic trachytes and andesites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4C41","name":"Moeso-Macedonian Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, and of trachytes and andesites of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4C42","name":"Pelagonian Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] forests of trachytes and andesites of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C5","name":"Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests","description":"Thermophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines, dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Aquilegia vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4C51","name":"Dinaric serpentine Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula cervicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy higher elevations and deeper soils than the serpentine [Pinus nigra] woods of unit G3.5212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.4C52","name":"Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat higher elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus nigra] woods of unit G3.5214."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C6","name":"Dinaric calcicole Scots pine forests","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Populus tremula], [Betula pendula], [Juniperus communis], [Cotoneaster nebrodensis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Galium lucidum], [Luzula sylvatica], [Brachypodium pinnatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C7","name":"Dinaric acidophile Scots pine forests","description":"Dry acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Picea abies], [Abies alba], [Betula pendula] and an undergrowth dominated by [Leucobryum glaucum] accompanied by a species cortège characteristic of the [Vacinio-Piceetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C8","name":"East Carpathian [Sesleria] Scots pine forests","description":"Relict, preice age, forests developed on limestone substrates of the montane level of the Apuseni Mountains of the Southwestern Carpathians and of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with numerous calcicolous species such as [Sesleria rigida], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum], [Thymus comosus], [Asperula capitata], [Dianthus spiculifolius], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Sorbus aria] and [Cotoneaster integerrimus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4C9","name":"East Carpathian bilberry Scots pine forests","description":"Montane silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, developed on superficial brown soil or bog soil, with a predominantly acidophilous herb layer including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Dicranum scoparium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.4CA","name":"East Carpathian [Daphne blagayana] Scots pine forests","description":"Relict forests developed on amphibolitic substrates of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular the Cozia mountains, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Betula pendula], accompanied by regional species such as [Daphne blagayana], [Iris ruthenica], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] and [Anthemis carpatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4D","name":"Po terrace Scots pine forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus sylvestris] of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Betula pendula], [Quercus pubescens], [Castanea sativa] and a ground layer with [Cytisus scoparius], [Calluna vulgaris], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Molinia caerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4E","name":"Ponto-Caucasian Scots pine forests","description":"Forests composed of pines of the [Pinus sylvestris] group, mostly included in [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] or its intermediates with [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], sometimes in species [Pinus kochiana], [Pinus hamata] or [Pinus armena], of the Pontic Range, its satellites and inner Anatolian outposts, of the mountains of the Crimea and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4F","name":"European Scots pine reforestation","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] plantations inside or near the present or recent natural nemoral and Mediterranean European range of the species. Other and very artificial [Pinus sylvestris] plantations are included under unit G3.F."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.4G","name":"[Pinus sylvestris] forest on chalk in the steppe zone","description":"Forests with [Pinus sylvestris] var. [cretacea] of the alliance Libanotido intermediae-Pinion sylvestris on the chalk outcrops of the Steppic zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.5","name":"Black pine ([Pinus nigra]) woodland","description":"Forests dominated by pines of the [Pinus nigra] group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.51","name":"Alpino-Apennine black pine forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] sens strictu forests of the eastern Italian, Austrian and Slovenian Alps, of the Apennines and of Adriatic coasts of northern Italy. Distibuted in dry, sunny steep rocky slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.511","name":"Southern Alpine [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] ([Pinus nigra], [Pinus austriaca]) forests of dry, sunny, rocky steep slopes and cliffs of the southeastern pre-Alps (Carnian pre-Alps, Julian pre-Alps, Carso), between 200 and 1200 m altitude, with [Cyclamen purpurascens] and [Aquilegia einseleana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.512","name":"Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"Relict \"Villetta Barrea pine\" ([Pinus nigra ssp. italica]) stations of the Abruzzi (Costa Camosciara, Villetta Barrea), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini), the Pollino system (Orsomarso)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.513","name":"Lower Austrian [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] forests of dry, sunny, often rocky and steep dolomite or sometimes limestone slopes and cliffs of the eastern pre-Alps of Lower Austria, between 300 m and 1200 m altitude, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster] spp., [Berberis vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Daphne cneorum], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Melampyrum angustissimum], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Carex humilis], [Euphorbia saxatilis], [Sesleria albicans], [Calamagrostis varia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.514","name":"Northwestern Adriatic [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. forests of the Adriatic coasts of northern Italy, in the gulf of Venice, apparently indigenous, and of glacial relict character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.52","name":"Western Balkanic Corsican Pine forests","description":"Light, open forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] or [Pinus dalmatica] of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Dalmatian coastal areas. The tree and shrub layer are not dense, therefore the herb layer is quite rich, dominated by [Potentilla opaca], [Euphorbia glabriflora], [Erica carnea], [Sesleria rigida], forming compact \"meadows“ in the forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.521","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5211","name":"Moeso-Hellenic montane [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods of ultra-basic substrates, generally trachytes and andesites, of the mountains of northwestern Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range, as well as of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5212","name":"Illyrian serpentine [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula servicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica], [Helleborus multifidus ssp. serbicus]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy steeper, stonier slopes and lower elevations than the serpentine [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C51."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5213","name":"Illyrian limestone [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, uncommon black pine facies of the calcicole [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C6."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5214","name":"Illyrian dolomite [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat lower elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C52."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5215","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean [Pinus nigra] forests","description":"[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods on dolomites and limestones of the sub-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone of the Dinarides, extending from sea level to about 1400m, and from the Velebit in the north to Montenegro in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.522","name":"[Pinus dalmatica] forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus dalmatica] of Dalmatian coastal areas, limited to the sub-Mediterranean level of the Biokovo range and the Mediterranean zone of the Peljesac peninsula and of the islands of Brac and Hvar."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.53","name":"Salzmann's pine forests","description":"[Pinus salzmannii] ([Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii], [Pinus nigra ssp. clusiana], [Pinus nigra ssp. mauretanica]) forests of Spain, the Causses and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.531","name":"Causses Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. cebennensis] woods of the southern edge of the Causses, with an undergrowth typical of supra-Mediterranean white oak forests at the upper limit and of evergreen oak forests at lower altitudes; [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.532","name":"Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] forests of Pyrenean foothills; they are extensive in the southeastern foothills, with outposts in the central foothills, in Catalonian ranges and, very locally, on the north side of the range (Valley of the Têt, Conflent). The understorey is formed by the cortège of [Quercus ilex] ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Quercus ilex]) at low altitudes, and by that of [Quercus pubescens] ([Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cornus sanguinea], [Lonicera etrusca]) at higher altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.533","name":"Northern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] woods of the northern Iberian Range (Soria)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.534","name":"Cordilleran Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated silicicolous [Pinus salzmannii var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central, limited to small enclaves in the Sierra de Gredos and associated ranges, in the Rio Tietar-Rio Alberche area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.535","name":"Southern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Southern Iberian Range, occupying extensive areas in the Serrania de Cuenca, the Maestrazgo and associated ranges, mostly on limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.536","name":"Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, covering vast expanses, mostly on limestones, in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with outposts in the Sierra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5361","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus salzmannii] accompanied by a cortège similar to that of thermophilous oak forests, including [Quercus rotundifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Lavandula latifolia], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Genista scorpius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Berberis hispanica], [Rosa pouzinii], [Daphne laureola], [Acer granatense], [Paeonia officinalis], of the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, the erra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5362","name":"Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean woods of [Pinus salzmannii], more open than those of 42.6361 and occupying very limited areas in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana], accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.54","name":"Corsican laricio pine forests","description":"[Pinus laricio] forests of the mountains of Corsica. The nuthatch [Sitta whiteheadi] is endemic to these forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.55","name":"Calabrian laricio pine forests","description":"[Pinus laricio var. calabrica] forests of the Sila, the Aspromonte and Etna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.56","name":"Banat and Pallas' pine forests","description":"Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana], or of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]), of the southern Carpathians, the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia and Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.561","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests","description":"Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana] of Greece and the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5611","name":"Taygetos Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests occupying steep rocky slopes of the montane level of the Taygetos mountains of the Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5612","name":"Parnon Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Parnon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5613","name":"Northern Peloponnese Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Killini, Chelmos mountains of the northern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5614","name":"Southern Pindus Pallas' pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of mountains of the southern Pindus complex, in particular of the Giona group, and of outlying ranges in Beotia and Eubaea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5615","name":"Olympian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] occupying slopes and ridges of the 500 metre to 1500 metre belt of the Thessalian Mount Olympus, Pieria and Vourninos, extending from the upper limit of the Mediterranean forest and shrub level to, and into, the beech forest zone, accompanied by species characteristic of both the Mediterranean and montane levels, most extensive on the northern side, constituting the most important forest element of the Olympic system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5616","name":"Central Pindus Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] of the northern and central Pindus system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5617","name":"Pelagonide Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Pelagonides of north-central Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, north to the middle Treska Valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5618","name":"Rhodopide Pallas' pine forests","description":"Scattered [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Rila, Pirin, Slavianka, Rhodopes, Vrondous and Falakron, most widespread in the Rhodope, in part accompanied by [Quercus dalechampii], [Ostrya carpinifolia] (southern Rhodopes), [Abies alba] or [Pinus sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.5619","name":"Balkan Range Pallas' pine forests","description":"Uncommon [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the beech and durmast oak levels of the western and central Balkan Range and its associated southern chains, sometimes accompanied by [Abies alba], by [Quercus dalechampii], or by [Ostrya carpinifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.561A","name":"Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.561B","name":"Aegean Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Aegean islands of Thasos and Samos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.562","name":"Banat pine forests","description":"Relict thermophile forests of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]) developed on calcareous substrates of the montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular, of the Banat, with [Genista radiata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Biscutella laevigata], [Ceterach officinarum], [Festuca xanthina], [Seseli rigidum], [Campanula kladniana], [Centaurea rhenana] and [Campanula divergens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.563","name":"Cyprian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus pallasiana var. caramanica] of the cold, snowy, high altitudes, above 1400 metres, of the Troodos Range, with [Euphorbia cassia] and numerous Cyprian endemics or near-endemics, among which [Platanthera holmboei], [Epipactis troodi], [Thlaspi cyprium] and [Jurinea cypria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.564","name":"Anatolian Pallas' pine forests","description":"[Pinus pallasiana] forests of northwestern, southwestern and southern interior Anatolia, occurring between 1200 and 1800 metres altitude, in areas of only a few months of snow cover, moderate to low precipitation and up to six months of summer drought a year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.57","name":"Black pine reforestation","description":"Plantations of pines of the [Pinus nigra] group, accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth formations. These are usually calciphilous communities when accompanying [Pinus nigra], acidophilous ones when with [Pinus laricio]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.6","name":"Subalpine mediterranean pine woodland","description":"Woods of [Pinus heldreichii], [Pinus leucodermis] or [Pinus peuce]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.61","name":"White-barked pine ([Pinus leucodermis]) forests","description":"Local treeline formations of [Pinus heldreichii] or [Pinus leucodermis] restricted to the southern Balkans, northern Greece and southern Italy, usually open and with an undergrowth formed by stripped grasslands on dry, often stony or rocky soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.611","name":"Italian white-barked pine forests","description":"Rare white-barked pine formations of high southern Italian mountains, limited to the Abruzzian Appenines (Montagna della Maiella), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini) and the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, monti Alpi di Latronico, monte la Spina, monti di Orsomarso, monte Montea, serra delle Ciavole)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.612","name":"Pindus white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pindus, mostly on ophiolites, at altitudes above 1600 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.613","name":"Olympus white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of Mount Olympus, mostly on jurassic and triassic limestones at altitudes above 1350 metres, with an undergrowth including [Juniperus nana], [Daphne laureola], [Daphne mezereum], [Daphne oleoides], [Genista radiata], [Buxus sempervirens], [Cotoneaster integerrimus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.614","name":"Pelagonide white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pelagonides of Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece, south to the Vourinos and the Vermion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.615","name":"South Dinaric white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania, extending from the Prenj range to the Prokletije and other ranges immediately north of the Metohija depression."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.616","name":"Rhodopide white-barked pine forests","description":"[Pinus leucodermis] forests of the Pirin and the Slavianka Mountains, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.62","name":"Macedonian pine ([Pinus peuce]) woods","description":"[Pinus peuce] formations, restricted to the subalpine zone of the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula south to extreme northern Greece (Voras, Varnous, Rhodope)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.621","name":"Pelagonide Macedonian pine woods","description":"[Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the high Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece, recorded, in particular, from the Rudoka, Voras-Nidze and Varnous ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.622","name":"Southern Dinaric Macedonian pine woods","description":"[Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the southern Dinarides of Montenegro and northern Albania, in the Prokleti and Metochi mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.623","name":"Rila and Pirin Macedonian pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by [Pinus peuce] of high altitudes of the Rila and Pirin ranges of Bulgaria, forming a belt of mixed or pure stands within the 1650 to 2100 metre zone and harbouring the largest populations of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.624","name":"Rhodope Macedonian pine woods","description":"[Pinus peuce]-dominated forests of the western Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria and of the Elatia region of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.625","name":"Balkan Macedonian pine woods","description":"[Pinus peuce] forests of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.7","name":"Lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding black pine [Pinus nigra])","description":"Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing as successional stages or plagioclimax replacements of Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved woodland G2.1 or G2.4. Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with an undergrowth basically similar to that of G2.1 and G2.4, are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.71","name":"Maritime pine ([Pinus pinaster]) forests","description":"Forests and plantations of [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] of southwestern France and the western Iberian peninsula not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.711","name":"Charente maritime pine-holm oak forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus ilex], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Rubia peregrina], [Cistus salvifolius], [Daphne gnidium] and, in the more acid stands, [Ulex europaeus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia] or, in more calcareous ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], developed on mostly calcareous inner dunes of the low-rainfall coasts of Vendé, Charente-maritime and northern Gironde, including the islands of Noirmoutier, Yeu, Ré‚ and Oléron."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.712","name":"Aquitanian maritime pine-cork oak forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus suber], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Erica cinerea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Frangula alnus], [Rubia peregrina] and, in the more open stands, [Cistus salvifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris] or, in more closed ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Ilex aquifolium], developed on acidocline inner dunes of the warmer, more humid coasts of the Marensin, between the Eyre and the Adour river mouths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.713","name":"Landes maritime pine plantations","description":"[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] woodland of southwestern France other than the dunal formations listed in units G3.711 and G3.712."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.714","name":"Iberian maritime pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests of Galicia, Portugal and neighbouring areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.72","name":"Mesogean pine forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) of the western Mediterranean, mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, upper meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterranean situations of Spain, Portugal, Corsica, southeastern France, northwestern Italy, Sardinia and Pantelleria not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.721","name":"Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] forests of the Iberian peninsula, appearing mostly as substitution communities of [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus pyrenaica] or, locally, [Quercus suber], [Quercus faginea] woodlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7211","name":"Northern-Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"Very extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Northern Iberian Range and neighbouring areas, occupying siliceous, often sandy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7212","name":"Cordilleran mesogean pine forests","description":"Extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Cordillera Central and neighbouring areas, particularly developed on the southern slope of the range, occupying siliceous substrates, mostly gneiss and granite."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7213","name":"Southern-Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] forests of the Southern Iberian Range and plateaux of eastern New Castile."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7214","name":"Cazorlan mesogean pine forests","description":"Extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz and Sagra, mostly on Mesozoic limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7215","name":"Southern Andalusian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] forests of southern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7216","name":"Leonese mesogean pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus pinaster] woods of Nogarejas and Castrocontrigo in southern Leon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7217","name":"Catalonian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] forests of Catalonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.722","name":"Corbières mesogean pine forests","description":"Isolated [Pinus pinaster]-dominated woods of the Corbières."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.723","name":"Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] forests of siliceous lower meso-Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marls and limestones of the upper meso-Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and the Ligurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.724","name":"Corsican mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster]-dominated forests of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica, mostly on granitic substrates; they are very developed, accompanied by a maquis-like understorey, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, mostly at its upper tier; they occur locally within the supra-Mediterranean zone, on sunny slopes (adrets) and at lower altitudes, as facies of laricio pine forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.725","name":"Sardinian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] formations on granitic substrates of northern Sardinia, with [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus ilex], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Erica arborea], [Genista corsica], [Lavandula stoechas], [Rubia peregrina], [Calicotome spinosa], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Teucrium marum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.726","name":"Pantellerian mesogean pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinaster] woods of Pantelleria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.73","name":"Stone pine forests","description":"Mediterranean forests and old naturalised plantations of [Pinus pinea] not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). Ancient introductions in many areas often makes the distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin difficult. These are thus included, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.731","name":"Iberian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the Iberian peninsula, where they reach their greatest development."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7311","name":"Western Andalusian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the lowlands of western Andalusia and adjacent areas, with [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium rosmarinifolium], [Calicotome villosa], [Cistus salvifolius], [Cistus crispus], [Erica scoparia], [Corema album], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Chamaerops humilis], [Juniperus phoenicea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7312","name":"Lusitanian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the coasts of Portugal, notably the Setubal peninsula, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7313","name":"Castilian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the plateaux of Old Castile in the provinces of Valladolid, Zamora, Avila and Segovia, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth includes [Cistus laurifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Salvia officinalis], [Lavandula latifolia], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus thurifera] and tufts of [Corynephorus canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7314","name":"Cordilleran stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Cordillera Central, particularly in areas between Guadarrama and Gredos, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth, similar to that of evergreen oak forests, includes [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Retama sphaerocarpa], [Cytisus scoparius], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Lavandula pedunculata], [Helichrysum serotinum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7315","name":"Catalonian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of coastal and lowland Catalonia, often natural, and with an abundant shrub layer comprising [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ulex australis], [Calicotome spinosa], [Cistus albidus], [Cistus monspeliensis], [Cistus salvifolius], [Cistus laurifolius]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7316","name":"Morena stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the Sierra Morena, largely represented by plantations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7317","name":"Manchegan stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Southern Iberian Range and the plateaux of La Mancha, also mostly of artificial origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.732","name":"Balearic stone pine woods","description":"[Pinus pinea] formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.733","name":"Provence stone pine woods","description":"[Pinus pinea] formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in the Maures area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.734","name":"Corsican stone pine woods","description":"[Pinus pinea] formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin, in particular on old dunes of the east coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.735","name":"Sardinian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] formations of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.736","name":"Sicilian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] formations of the Monti Peloritani, northwestern Sicily, of probable native origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.737","name":"Italic stone pine forests","description":"Large [Pinus pinea] forests and ancient plantations of the Tyrhenian and Adriatic coasts of the Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romagna (Ravenna) and Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado). At least the forests of the Adriatic coast, between Ravenna and the P“, are of natural origine, with a continuous record since post-glacial times."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.738","name":"Hellenic stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Crete and Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendid example exists, in particular, on Skiathos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.739","name":"Albanian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the southern Adriatic and Otranto Canal coastlands of Albania, where they form, in particular, considerable forests of varied composition on coastal sands between the Shkumbin and Seman rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.73A","name":"Dalmatian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the eastern Adriatic coastlands, distributed, in particular, in Istria and the Gulf of Rijeka and in southern Croatia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.73B","name":"Pontic stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of Mediterranean enclaves on the southern Black Sea coast of Anatolia in extreme eastern Paphlegonia and in western and eastern Lazistan, some, at least, apparently indigenous. In Lazistan, they occur, in particular, on hill slopes, from sea level to the top of the coastal range, on eruptive rocks, with a rich undergrowth including [Cistus creticus], [Pistacia palaestina], [Juniperus oxycedrus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.73C","name":"Mediterranean Anatolian stone pine forests","description":"[Pinus pinea] forests of the Aegean and east Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and of their Mediterranean hinterland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.74","name":"Aleppo pine ([Pinus brutia]) forests","description":"Woods of [Pinus halepensis], a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-mediterranean scrubs not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.741","name":"Iberian Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of their considerable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterranean slope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland in the Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems. They appear to extend north along the coast of the French Golfe du Lion to the region of Agde."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.742","name":"Balearic Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the major islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.743","name":"Provenço-Ligurian Aleppo pine forests","description":"Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean [Pinus halepensis] forests of Provence and of the lower slopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedly native."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.744","name":"Corsican Aleppo pine woods","description":"Rare and local [Pinus halepensis] woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possibly natural."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.745","name":"Sardinian Aleppo pine woods","description":"[Pinus halepensis] formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola di San Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.746","name":"Sicilian Aleppo pine woods","description":"[Pinus halepensis] formations of Sicily and peripheral islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.747","name":"Italic Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partially native ones, are individualised in the subdivisions below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7471","name":"Gargano Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] forests of monte Gargano and the Tremiti islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7472","name":"Metapontine Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] forests of the Gulf of Taranto area, in particular of the Metapontine littoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.7473","name":"Umbrian Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] forests of southern Umbria, in the Narni and Spoleto-Terni areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.748","name":"Hellenic Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread, particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continental Greece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.749","name":"Illyrian Aleppo pine forests","description":"[Pinus halepensis] forests and woods of the southern and central part of the meso-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum illicis] zone of the Balkan peninsula, extending in a narrow coastal and archipelagic band from the Gulf of Sarandë to northern Dalmatia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.74A","name":"East Mediterranean Aleppo pine forests","description":"Forests of [Pinus halepensis] of the Mediterranean coastal regions of the Middle East. Extensive and varied in the southern part of the region, they are represented further north by isolated outposts in the coastal region of Syria and in south central Anatolia, where [Pinus halepensis] occurs in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the Cilician plain, apparently mixed with [Pinus brutia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.75","name":"Aegean pine forests","description":"[Pinus brutia] forests of Crete, the eastern Aegean islands, extreme southeastern continental Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pine forests (unit G3.74), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations. Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasian region ([Pinus pityusa], [Pinus stankewiczii], [Pinus eldarica]) have been included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.8","name":"Canary Island pine ([Pinus canariensis]) woodland","description":"Forests of endemic [Pinus canariensis], of the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 m (locally down to 500 and up to 2500 m) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Adenocarpus foliolosus], [Cistus symphytifolius], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Daphne gnidium], [Juniperus cedrus], [Micromeria] spp.; these forests, of which well-preserved examples have become rare, are the only habitat of [Fringilla teydea], [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and [Dendrocopos major thanneri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.81","name":"Canary pine - rockrose forests","description":"Climax [Pinus canariensis] forests of the main zone of altitudinal occurrence of the species, with an undergrowth characterized and often dominated by [Cistus symphytifolius] and comprising [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Juniperus cedrus], [Bystropogon origanifolius], [Argyranthemum adauctum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.811","name":"Tenerife pine-rockrose forests","description":"[Pinus canariensis] forests of Tenerife, with [Lotus campylocladus], [Chamaecytisus proliferus]; they are the main habitat of the endangered [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and of [Fringilla teydea teydea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.812","name":"La Palma pine-rockrose forests","description":"[Pinus canariensis] forests of La Palma, with [Lotus hillebrandii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.813","name":"Gran Canaria pine-rockrose forests","description":"[Pinus canariensis] forests of Gran Canaria, with [Cistus symphytifolius var. leucophyllus] and [Lotus spartioides]; they are the main habitat of the threatened [Dendrocopos major thanneri] and [Fringilla teydea polatzeki]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.814","name":"Hierro pine-rockrose forests","description":"[Pinus canariensis] forests of Hierro, with [Lotus hillebrandii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.82","name":"Canary pine - dry scrub forests","description":"Forests of dry, south-facing slopes of the Canary islands developed in the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, transitional towards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth often formed by [Cistus monspeliensis], [Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae], [Salvia canariensis], [Micromeria hyssopifolia], [Echium aculeatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.821","name":"Tenerife pine-dry scrub woods","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.822","name":"La Palma pine-dry scrub woods","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.823","name":"Gran Canaria pine-dry scrub woods","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.824","name":"Hierro pine-dry scrub woods","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.83","name":"Canary pine - heath forests","description":"Forests of humid, fogbound north- and northwest-facing slopes in the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, with an abundance of [Erica arborea] and [Myrica faya], and occasionally with [Ilex canariensis] and [Arbutus canariensis]; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are dense carpets of mosses, in particular, [Hypnum cupressiforme]. These woods are the main habitat of [Regulus teneriffae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.831","name":"Tenerife pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.832","name":"La Palma pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.833","name":"Gran Canaria pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria, harbouring the endemic [Micromeria pineolens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.834","name":"Hierro pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro, harbouring the almost extinct [Adenocarpus ombriosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.84","name":"Canary pine - broom ([Adenocarpus viscosus]) woods","description":"Forests of the highest altitudes of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, invaded by species of the supra-Canarian level, in particular [Adenocarpus viscosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.841","name":"Tenerife pine-broom woods","description":"High-altitude pine forests of Tenerife, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.842","name":"La Palma pine-broom woods","description":"High-altitude pine forests of La Palma, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.85","name":"Canary pine - juniper woods","description":"[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes of Tenerife and La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.851","name":"Tenerife pine-juniper woods","description":"[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the edges of Las Canadas del Teide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.852","name":"La Palma pine-juniper woods","description":"[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the summits of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.9","name":"Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]","description":"Woods dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Juniperus] spp. or [Taxus baccata] of the nemoral and Mediterranean mountains and hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.91","name":"Western Palaearctic cypress forests","description":"Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, of the Elburz and of the Sahara dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Cupressus atlantica] or [Cupressus dupreziana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.92","name":"Spanish juniper ([Juniperus thurifera]) woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals, see unit F5.136."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.921","name":"Iberian Spanish juniper forests","description":"[Juniperus thurifera] forests on calcareous substrates in the supra- Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range and neighbouring plateaux, dispersed throughout the entire system, in an arc extending from the province of Burgos to the Serrania de Cuenca and the mountains of Teruel; these constitute the main range of the species. [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus salzmannii] may accompany the juniper; [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Berberis hispanica] may be common in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.922","name":"Guadarraman Spanish juniper woods","description":"Relict [Juniperus thurifera] woods of enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama, occurring both on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.9221","name":"Guadarraman calciphilous Spanish juniper woods","description":"Formations of [Juniperus thurifera] linked to local limestone deposits of the Sierra de Guadarrama area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.9222","name":"Guadarraman silicicolous Spanish juniper woods","description":"Anomalous silicicolous [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the Sierra de Guadarrama area, with [Juniperus oxycedrus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.923","name":"Cantabrian Spanish juniper woods","description":"Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] woodlands of dry, warm, rocky, calcareous southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Viburnum lantana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.924","name":"Monegros Spanish juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus thurifera] woodlands on gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with [Rhamnus lycioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.925","name":"Manchegan Spanish juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus thurifera] woods on La Mancha clay soils of the Campo de Montiel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.926","name":"Baetic Spanish juniper woods","description":"Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the pre-Baetic system in the Sierra Taibilla (Albacete, Murcia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.927","name":"Pyrenean Spanish juniper woods","description":"Relict [Juniperus thurifera] wood of the supra-Mediterranean level of the Montagne de Rie, on the northern flank of the central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.928","name":"Southern Alpine Spanish juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the southwestern Alps, in Dr“me, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200, occasionally 1400, metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.929","name":"Isère Spanish juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps, between 300 and 500 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.92A","name":"Corsican Spanish juniper woods","description":"Open montane forests of [Juniperus thurifera], sometimes mixed with [Pinus laricio], restricted to a few valleys in the interior of Corsica with extreme temperature ranges (Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.93","name":"Grecian juniper ([Juniperus excelsa]) woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or the closely allied [Juniperus macropoda] ([Juniperus polycarpos], [Juniperus seravshanica]) of the Irano-Turanian plateaux and mountains of Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, extending to Lebanon, the Caucasus, Crimea, Cyprus and the Balkanic peninsula, in the periphery of the Pelagonides and Rhodope Mountains. Arborescent matorrals, somewhat more widespread in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions, are included as unit F5.1331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.931","name":"Northern Hellenic Grecian juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the southern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the mountains surrounding Lake Prespa in northern Greece where they occur up to 900-1000 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.932","name":"Peri-Rhodopide Grecian juniper woods","description":"Woods of [Juniperus excelsa], of the western and northern periphery of the Rhodope Mountains, localized in the southwestern Bulgarian Struma trough, and in the northern foothills of the central Rhodope mountains near Krichim and Bachkovo, usually open, with deciduous forest elements including [Fraxinus ornus], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes [Quercus pubescens], and many Mediterranean species, such as [Phillyrea latifolia], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Lonicera etrusca], [Achnatherum bromoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.933","name":"Paeonian Grecian juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the northern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the Vardar and Crna Reka valleys of the northern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, at an altitude of 100-400 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.934","name":"Cyprian Grecian juniper woods","description":"Forests of [Juniperus excelsa] of the Troodos Range, where the species locally (Madari Peak, Papoutsa Peak) replaces [Pinus pallasiana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.935","name":"Anatolian Grecian juniper woods","description":"Pre-steppic, meso-Mediterranean and subalpine [Juniperus excelsa]-dominated forests of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.94","name":"Stinking juniper ([Juniperus foetidissima]) woods","description":"Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima] of the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia, Transcaucasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.95","name":"Syrian juniper ([Juniperus drupacea]) woods","description":"[Juniperus drupacea] woods of Greece and Asia Minor. Similar lower-growing formations take the appearance of arborescent matorral, included as unit F5.135."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.96","name":"Arbor-vitae ([Tetraclinis articulata]) forests","description":"Forests of [Tetraclinis articulata], a species restricted to North Africa, southeastern Spain and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.97","name":"Western Palaearctic yew woods","description":"Woods dominated by [Taxus baccata], often with [Ilex aquifolium], of very local occurrence in plains, hills and mountains of the Western Palaearctic nemoral zone and in the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, with isolated outliers in the southern and eastern Carpathian system and the northern Rhodope Mountains (Mount Vitosha)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.971","name":"Atlantic yew woods","description":"[Taxus baccata] woods with [Sorbus aria] or [Mercurialis perennis] of dry valleys and scarps of the Chalk of southeastern England, and, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone; relict formations of Jutland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.972","name":"Corsican yew woods","description":"Formations of [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Buxus sempervirens], restricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corse mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.973","name":"Sardinian yew woods","description":"[Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] woods of the Catena del Marghine and the Mount Limbara system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.974","name":"Italic yew woods","description":"[Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] of the Macerata region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.975","name":"Iberian yew woods","description":"Occasional pure [Taxus baccata] formations of Spanish mountains, most often on steep shady slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.976","name":"Provence yew woods","description":"[Taxus baccata] formations of southern France, similar to those of unit G3.975."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.977","name":"Alpino-Carpathian yew woods","description":"[Taxus baccata] woods of the Alpine system and of the Carpathians, in part rare facies of the yew-beech formations, in part amphibolite-colonizing woods with [Picea abies] and [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Juniperus sabina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.978","name":"Dinaric yew woods","description":"Yew-dominated forests of the Dinarides, mostly yew-lime steep slope forests of northwestern Croatia, developed between 400 and 800 m on 30°-80° calcareous rock slopes with very shallow rendzina soils, also, locally, block forests within calcicolous fir forests of the Dinaric karst."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.979","name":"Baltic yew woods","description":"Pre-Sarmatic [Taxus baccata] formations of central Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.97A","name":"Vitosha yew woods","description":"Isolated [Taxus baccata] grove of Mount Vitosha, in Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.98","name":"Macaronesian juniper woods","description":"Juniper-dominated formations of the Atlantic islands. All such formations are listed here whether wood-like or scrub-like in physiognomy; ericoid-dominated facies of the same formations are included under unit F4.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.981","name":"Canary Island juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus cedrus] formations of the high altitudes of Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.982","name":"Azorean juniper woods","description":"Endemic [Juniperus brevifolia] formations of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.983","name":"Macaronesian Phoenician juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus phoenicea] formations of Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, Gomera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.99","name":"Prickly juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) woods","description":"Woods dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] (s.l.). Most [Juniperus oxycedrus] formations are thickets, scrubs or, at most, arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.131, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.631. A few, however, qualify as woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.9A","name":"Phoenician juniper woods","description":"[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea] and [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] forests of the Mediterranean and Saharo-Mediterranean regions. Exceptional, tall and dense formations, however, may be more appropriately characterised as woodland and listed in this unit. Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] are scrubs, thickets or arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.132, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.632. Saharo-Mediterranean formations may more often take the appearance of an open or steppe forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.9B","name":"Hyrcanian thuja forests","description":"[Platycladus orientalis] ([Thuja orientalis], [Biota orientalis]) forests scattered in restricted areas of the Hyrcanian zone of the Elburz range of northern Iran, constituting a very isolated occurrence of the species; they develop in the same 2000 to 2500 metre altitudinal level as the [Cupressus sempervirens] formations, or mixed with them; [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus cordata], [Quercus castaneifolia] accompany the thuja."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.9C","name":"Cedar woodland","description":"Eastern Mediterranean and western North African forests dominated by [Cedrus libani], [Cedrus brevifolia] or [Cedrus atlantica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.9C1","name":"Cedar of Lebanon forests","description":"Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Taurus system, of Paphlagonia and of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.9C11","name":"Lycian Taurus cedar of Lebanon forests","description":"Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the western Taurus, pure or mixed with [Acer sempervirens], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus montana], [Populus tremula], developed at between 1500 and 2000 metres on limestones and rendzinas under a cold and snowy climate. The undergrowth includes [Alliaria officinalis], [Oryzopsis holciformis] and the endemics [Paeonia turcica], [Pentapera bocquetii], [Ebenus boissieri], [Campanula michauxioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.9C12","name":"Central Taurus cedar of Lebanon forests","description":"Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Pisidian, Isaurian and Cilician Taurus, of the western Anti-Taurus and of the Amanus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.9C13","name":"Paphlagonian cedar of Lebanon forests","description":"Very local sub-Pontic forests of [Cedrus libani] of northeastern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.9C2","name":"Cyprus cedar forests","description":"Forests of [Cedrus brevifolia], endemic to Cyprus where they are limited to the western summits of the Troodos range, in the 900-1400 metre range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.A","name":"Spruce taiga woodland","description":"Boreal spruce or spruce-pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.B constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.A1","name":"Bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and mosses, developed on mesic moraine ground, on podsols with heavy raw humus. They constitute the most widespread and characteristic type of western spruce taiga in the boreal zone and extend to the boreonemoral zone. Accompanying small tree and shrub species include [Betula pubescens], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Empetrum] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum palustre] (in the north), with a field layer comprising [Linnaea borealis], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Dicranum] spp., [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees may accompany the conifers, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A11","name":"Subcontinental bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A12","name":"Suboceanic bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Betula pubescens], [Cornus suecica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A13","name":"Continental bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A14","name":"Boreo-nemoral bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], accompanied by deciduous trees ([Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula]), of boreonemoral Fennoscandia, boreonemoral Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus]. [Picea abies] is the main tree dominant west of the Oka and Vetluga rivers, [Picea obovata] east of them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.A2","name":"Fern western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. with [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns accompanied by ericaceous shrubs or phanerogamic herbs, by mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A21","name":"Small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], of boreal Fennoscandia, boreal Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, extending into the boreonemoral region, in particular, in Fennoscandia, with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], ericaceous shrubs and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1, with a lower humidity level than the tall fern forests of unit G3.A22 and with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit G3.A3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.A211","name":"Subcontinental small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements. The dominant [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] and [Oxalis acetosella] are accompanied by, in particular, [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], [Anemone nemorosa] and by the mosses [Brachythecium reflexum], [Hylocomium umbratum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.A212","name":"Suboceanic small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Cornus suecica], [Luzula sylvatica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.A213","name":"Continental small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A22","name":"Tall fern western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns, in particular, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], often with two tiers, one of taller ferns, one of medium-sized ferns, with a greater presence of herbs than of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and much [Oxalis acetosella], developing on mesic to moist moraines (podsol-acid brown forest earth). Accompanying species include [Betula pubescens], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rubus saxatilis], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola epipsila], [Paris quadrifolia], [Luzula pilosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa] [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit 42.C1 and of the small fern forests of unit 42.C21, with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit 42.C3 and the tall herb forests of unit 42.C4, and with a higher humidity level than all except the latter. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.A3","name":"Small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, with an understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and a low-growing herb layer, characteristic of calcareous substrates and warm stations, developed on acid brown forest soils with mull, or on weakly podsolised soils, with a preference for low-lying areas with fine sediments and a good water supply, sometimes with a tendency to waterlogging. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1 and of the fern forests of unit G3.A2, and with a lower humidity level than the fern forests and the tall herb forests of unit G3.A4. Accompanying tree and shrub species include a predominance of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], with [Alnus] spp., [Betula] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], a field layer dominated by [Oxalis acetosella], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Thelypteris phegopteris] accompanied by [Linnaea borealis], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Rubus saxatilis], [Viola riviniana], [Hieracium silvaticum] grp., [Pyrola] spp., [Paris quadrifolia], [Melica nutans], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A31","name":"Subcontinental small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of southern boreal and boreonemoral Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, particularly in calcareous regions, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A32","name":"Suboceanic small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A33","name":"Continental small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A34","name":"Boreo-nemoral small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies], accompanied, in a second tree layer by deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], sometimes with [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula] in the canopy, with a low understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and low-growing herbs, of which many are of nemoral affinities, often with a well-developed taller shrub layer that may include much [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic of boreonemoral regions of Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States and northeastern Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.A4","name":"Tall-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], of boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with a species-rich understorey dominated by tall herbs and ferns and with a significant component of deciduous trees, including [Betula pubescens], [Alnus incana], [Sorbus aucuparia]; the species cortège includes an abundance of [Oxalis acetosella] and [Sambucus nigra], [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Viola epipsila], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Trientalis europaea], [Trollius europaeus], [Equisetum pratense], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Dryopteris expansa], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris]. Tall-herb spruce forests occupy low-lying areas, slopes and ravines with fine sediment and good water supply, on calcareous brown forest soils. Their stations have a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1, of the fern forests of unit G3.A2 or of the small herb forests of unit G3.A3. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A41","name":"Northern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of northern Fennoscandia and of northern Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, installed on calcareous substrates, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Alnus incana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A42","name":"Southern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of southern boreal and sub-boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, west of the western Ural piedmont, of Belarus and the Baltic States, developed on calcareous brown forest soils, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sambucus nigra], and ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A43","name":"Oceanic tall-herb birch-spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of calcareous brown soils of western Norway, developed under oceanic climate conditions with much [Betula pubescens] and an understorey harbouring western, oceanic species, sometimes dominated by [Matteuccia struthiopteris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.A44","name":"Continental tall-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb [Picea obovata] forests of boreal and boreonemoral Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, developed under continental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.A5","name":"Pretundra Siberian spruce ([Picea obovata]) taiga","description":"Sparse or patchy, often stunted, [Picea obovata] woods forming the timberline in the wooded tundra zone of eastern Europe, east of the White Sea and west of the Ural piedmont."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.B","name":"Pine taiga woodland","description":"Boreal pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.A constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.B1","name":"Ling - crowberry western taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich or lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B11","name":"Ling-crowberry birch-spruce-pine taiga","description":"Sparse, extensive forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Picea abies], with many birches and an understorey dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in the north, [Vaccinium uliginosum], with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], lichens, notably of genus [Cladonia], mosses ([Dicranum]). They are, in particular, characteristic of cold, low evaporation regions of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish mountains, up to the subalpine belt, occupying heavy raw humus on podsols."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B12","name":"Barbilophozia birch-pine taiga","description":"Sparse woodlands of suboceanic subalpine Scandinavia dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with much [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by some low-growing [Picea abies], with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Empetrum hermaphroditum], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Betula nana], [Cornus suecica], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and thick cushions of lichens and mosses formed by [Cladonia islandica], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica], [Dicranum scoparium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Barbilophozia lycopodioides], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Sphagnum nemoreum]. They are installed on podsols with heavy raw humus in cool, submaritime, moist mostly northern boreal regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B13","name":"Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga","description":"Sparse woods of low-growing [Pinus sylvestris], and some elements of birch, of maritime climate regions of western Norway, at subalpine levels, with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], and with a species cortège characterized by the presence of [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Bazzania trilobata], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Racomitrium lanuginosum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum quinquefarium]; [Picea abies] is absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.B2","name":"Cowberry pine and spruce - pine taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, limited to southern and central Finland, central and northern Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Baltic States, southern boreal and boreonemoral Russia, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], often accompanied by [Picea abies], which may dominate or codominate, with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich and lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] with [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum]. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Goodyera repens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium complanatum], [Cladonia] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. They occur on sandy moraines or calcareous sand sediments in low rainfall areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.B3","name":"Herb-rich and grassy pine taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with a grass-, small herb-, tall herb- or fern-dominated undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.B4","name":"Lichen pine taiga","description":"Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, with a very low, sparse, dwarf-shrub layer and a ground layer dominated by lichens mainly of genus [Cladonia], notably [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis]. Participating species include [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Cetraria islandica], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum spurium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Stereocaulon] spp., installed on podsols with a thin raw humus layer, often on sand sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B41","name":"Maritime lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the maritime climate region of western Norway, rich in [Racomitrium lanuginosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B42","name":"Southern boreal continental lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas of continental climate regions of Fennoscandia, of the Baltic States and of the southern boreal and boreonemoral zones of northern Russia, particularly characteristic of eastern Sweden and Finland. Dominant lichens are [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis] and, in coastal Åstland, [Cladonia uncialis]. Eastern Swedish and southeastern Norwegian stands harbour [Anemone sylvestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B43","name":"Northern boreal lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of northern boreal Russia, the Kola peninsula and extreme northeastern Fennoscandia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.B44","name":"Boreal rock-outcrop pine woodland","description":"Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] colonizing often small, level, glacier-fashioned granite, gneiss or acidic-sediment rock outcrops of southern and middle Fennoscandia, with dense lichen carpets, mostly of [Cladonia rangiferina], or a varied lichen and moss cover, accompanied by small shrubs, grasses and petrophile forbs, sometimes by abundant [Juniperus communis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.C","name":"Larch taiga woodland","description":"Boreal larch, forests of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, occuring in limited, edaphic pockets within the area dominated by G3.A and G3.B."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.C1","name":"Siberian larch ([Larix russica]) taiga","description":"[Larix russica] ([Larix sukaczewii], [Larix sibirica]) forests of the western Eurasian taiga zone of European Russia west of the middle Pechora, middle Kama basins and the western piedmont of the Urals, developed in edaphic pockets of the dark taiga spruce forests and on steep river valley slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.D","name":"Boreal bog conifer woodland","description":"Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the boreal and boreonemoral zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.D1","name":"Boreal Scots pine bog woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of bogs of the boreal regions of western Eurasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D11","name":"Boreal Labrador tea Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Ledum palustre], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaedaphne calyculata] in eastern Finland, or [Betula nana] in the north, with [Eriophorum vaginatum]; the mucinal layer is dominated by [Sphagnum angustifolium] with [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum russowii], [Polytrichum strictum], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Aulacomnium palustre], characteristic of dry mires with relatively low-lying groundwater surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D12","name":"Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by the ericaceous shrubs [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and by [Betula nana], with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Andromeda polifolia], [Empetrum nigrum], [Rubus chamaemorus], and a mucinal layer dominated by [Sphagnum fuscum] and [Pleurozium schreberi], accompanied by [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Cladonia rangiferina]. In Finland, this type of bog woods occupies entire mire areas. This type also occurs on hummocks in concentric raised bogs, on strings in the excentric bogs and aapa mires, and as marginal woodland around concentric raised bogs with treeless plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D121","name":"Boreal ling Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Calluna vulgaris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D122","name":"Boreal cowberry Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Empetrum nigrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D123","name":"Boreal bog rosemary Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Andromeda polifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D13","name":"Boreal cottonsedge Scots pine bog woods","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a 5-7 m high tree layer formed of [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with an important admixture of birch, a field layer dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], and a sphagnum carpet of, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum fuscum], of raised bogs and aapa mire fringes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.D2","name":"Boreal sphagnum Scots pine fen woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with an understorey rich in or dominated by sedges, ericoid shrubs and acidophile or neutrocline sphagnum mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D21","name":"Boreal globe sedge Scots pine fen woods","description":"Scots pine fen woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a tree layer of [Pinus sylvestris], field layer dominated by [Carex globularis], a dwarf-shrub layer sparser than in Scots pine fen woods of unit G3.D22, and a ground layer dominated by the acidophilous sphagna [Sphagnum angustifolium] or [Sphagnum fuscum]. The species cortège comprises [Betula nana], [Andromeda polifolia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Ledum palustre], [Myrica gale], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum magellanicum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D22","name":"Boreal dwarf scrub Scots pine fen woods","description":"Oligotrophic, acidophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of peat-forming fens, fen edges, bog edges, lake shores of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic with an understorey dominated by ericoid shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Ledum palustre], associated with [Betula nana], and accompanied by an abundance of [Eriophorum vaginatum], of acidophilous sphagnum mosses, in particular, [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum russowii], and of lichens of genus [Cladonia]. The species cortège habitually includes [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Molinia caerulea], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune] and, regionally, [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Carex globulosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D222","name":"Boreal leatherleaf Scots pine fen woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of subcontinental regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of Finland and northwestern Russia, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth rich in [Chamaedaphne calyculata] and [Ledum palustre]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D223","name":"Boreal bog bilberry Scots pine fen woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of sub-Atlantic regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of eastern Norway and Sweden, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs of genera [Vaccinium] and [Empetrum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D23","name":"Boreal neutrocline sphagnum Scots pine fen woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] fen woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with a sparse tree layer and an undergrowth comprising a combination of ericoid shrub hummocks and wetter lawns and depressions, constituting a highly varied ensemble that may include neutrophile or even basicline species. Sedges, in particular [Carex lasiocarpa] and [Carex rostrata], may be prominent or dominant; the species cortege includes [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Pedicularis palustris], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum platyphyllum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.D3","name":"Boreal brown moss Scots pine fen woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of rich fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic west to Finland with a brown-moss rich undergrowth formed of herbs, graminids and small shrubs. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]), [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Juniperus communis], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Angelica sylvestris], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Potentilla erecta], [Pedicularis palustris], [Solidago virgaurea], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex vaginata], [Carex dioica], [Carex caespitosa], [Equisetum palustris], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Tomentypnum nitens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.D4","name":"Boreal spruce and spruce - birch fen and bog woods","description":"Woods of bogs and fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey constituted by carpets of sphagnum or brown mosses associated with sedges or small shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D41","name":"Boreal acidophile sphagnum spruce woods","description":"Woods of bogs and acidic fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with a field layer dominated by [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris], and a ground layer dominated by acidophilous sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum recurvum] ([Sphagnum fallax]), [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum riparium]. The variable species cortège includes [Pinus sylvestris], [Salix] spp., [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Carex canescens], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex magellanica], [Carex nigra], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Juncus filiformis], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D42","name":"Boreal neutrocline sphagnum spruce woods","description":"Woods of neutrocline to basicline fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an undergrowth rich in herbs, graminids and sphagna. The species cortège includes [Caltha palustris], [Galium palustre], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pedicularis palustris], [Peucedanum palustre], [Solidago virgaurea], [Agrostis canina], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex vaginata], [Sphagnum centrale], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Calliergon richardsonii], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Helodium blandowii], [Mnium] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D43","name":"Boreal brown moss spruce fen woods","description":"Low, eutrophic fen woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies], accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey rich in herbs, dwarf-shrubs, graminids and brown mosses. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Carex diandra], [Carex dioica], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex vaginata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Equisetum palustre], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla palustris], [Saussurea alpina], [Saxifraga hirculus], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Drepanocladus] spp., [Helodium blandowii], [Hylocomium splendens], [Paludella squarrosa], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Tomentypnum nitens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.D5","name":"Boreal spruce swamp woods","description":"Woods of wet mineral or parapeaty soils of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey formed by tall or short herbs, ferns, horsetails and gramineous species, sometimes associated with ericoid shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D51","name":"Boreal fern spruce swamp woods","description":"Swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey comprising wet woodland species, often dominated by ferns and herbs, notably, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Oxalis acetosella]; the species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Caltha palustris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Galium palustre], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Ranunculus repens], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Carex canescens], [Luzula pilosa], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Equisetum arvense], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Bryum] spp., [Calliergon cordifolium], [Sphagnum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D52","name":"Boreal tall-herb spruce swamp woods","description":"Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey of tall herbs, developed in wet depressions or along watercourses, mire variant of the tall-herb spruce forests of unit G3.A4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D53","name":"Boreal sedge-sphagnum spruce swamp woods","description":"Spruce swamp woods of boreonemoral and boreal regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with a field layer rich in sedges, horsetails, short and tall herbs, developed on nutrient-rich gley substrates with wet fen mull at the surface, and near-surface flowing or stagnant groundwater. [Betula pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus incana] may participate in the tree layer, [Carex] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Equisetum] spp., [Salix] spp., [Calla palustris] may dominate the herb and shrub layer, [Sphagnum] spp. dominate the ground layer; the species cortège includes [Phalaris arundinacea], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Chamaegrostis canescans], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Caltha palustris], [Cardamine amara], [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium myrtillus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.D54","name":"Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods","description":"Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by, or rich in, horsetails ([Equisetum] spp.) or horsetails and ericaceous shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D541","name":"Boreal northern bilberry spruce swamp woods","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer and an understorey dominated by hygrophile ericoid shrubs, [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Vaccinium myrtillus], by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and by sphagnum carpets formed by [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Sphagnum russowii], [Sphagnum angustifolium], developed on oligotrophic, hydromorphic soils with carr-peat or raw humus by lake-shores, on mire margins, in hollows and on slopes. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum fuscum] and, notably in eastern Scandinavia, [Ledum palustre], [Carex globularis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D542","name":"Boreal cloudberry spruce swamp woods","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the boreal western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer, with an understorey dominated by [Rubus chamaemorus] and a species cortège like that of unit G3.D541, developed on oligotrophic soils with a high waterlevel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.D543","name":"Boreal horsetail spruce swamp woods","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and [Sphagnum girgensohnii], accompanied by a species cortège that includes [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Carex vaginata], [Linnaea borealis] and many species in common with that of unit G3.D541."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.E","name":"Nemoral bog conifer woodland","description":"Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the nemoral zone. Conifer-dominated bog woodland occurs mainly in the boreal and boreonemoral zones, but extends into the nemoral, wooded steppe and steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E1","name":"Dwarf mountain pine bog woods","description":"Woods or scrubs formed by erect or prostrate members of the [Pinus mugo] complex, namely the tall, single-stemmed [Pinus uncinata], the multi-stemmed, up to 8m tall, [Pinus rotundata], and the multi-stemmed, up to 2m tall, [Pinus mugo], developing on drier buttes and ridges of raised bogs, acid fens and transition moors of the Alps, the pre-Alpine plateaux and valleys, the Jura, the Carpathians, the higher Hercynian ranges and associated hills and depressions, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Sphagnum] spp. and sometimes [Betula nana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E2","name":"Nemoral Scots pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of sub-boreal and northern nemoral central and eastern Europe, with isolated stations in the Hercynian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E21","name":"Northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of northern Germany, northern Poland and the northern nemoral Sarmatic region, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Andromeda polifolia], [Myrica gale]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.E211","name":"Inland northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of nemoral and boreonemoral eastern Europe and of inland sites in the Baltic lowlands of northern central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G3.E212","name":"Coastal northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] formations of dunal depressions of the southern and southeastern Baltic coasts, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Erica tetralix], [Deschampsia flexuosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E22","name":"Hercynian Scots pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the Hercynian system, best represented in the Bohemian Quadrangle, with rare outposts farther west to the Vosges, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E23","name":"Small reed Scots pine mire woods","description":"Peri-Hercynian [Pinus sylvestris] formations of mires with species-poor undergrowth, comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], usually dominant, [Calamagrostis villosa], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E3","name":"Balkan Scots pine mire woods","description":"Isolated relict Scots pine mire woods of the Balkan peninsula, often with [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens] and a sometimes species-rich cortège of fen, bog or transition mire species, including sphagna and cottonsedges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E31","name":"Illyrian Scots pine mire woods","description":"Scots pine mire wood of the Han-Kram range in southern Bosnia, in the Illyrian beech forest zone, with [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens] and [Salix pentandra], accompanied by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Salix cinerea], [Sphagnum] spp., [Carex] spp., [Molinia caerulea], [Agrostis canina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E32","name":"Moesian Scots pine mire woods","description":"Scots pine mire woods of the western Rhodope of Bulgaria and of western and eastern Serbia, with occasional [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens]; the accompanying cortège is related to that of acid fens and transition mires; [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] characterize constituting communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E4","name":"Steppe Scots pine mire woods","description":"[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated mire woods of the wooded steppe and steppe zones of western Eurasia, in particular of the Ukraine, with [Betula pendula], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Salix] spp., [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E5","name":"Nemoral peatmoss spruce woods","description":"[Picea abies] woods rich in sphagnum and other wetness indicators, occupying fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs, as well as waterlogged soils in acidophilous spruce woods, frequent particularly in the montane and subalpine levels of hills and mountains of the high-precipitation areas of the Alpine periphery and in the lowlands at the edge of the spruce wood region of the boreal zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E51","name":"Peri-Alpine peatmoss spruce woods","description":"Montane and subalpine peaty soils [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, and, very locally, the Dinarides, often dense, carpeted with sphagnum and mosses, accompanied occasionally by [Abies alba], and with an understorey of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Homogyne alpina] and [Listera cordata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.E52","name":"Sub-boreal fen spruce woods","description":"Peaty soils [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Pinus sylvestris] forests of northern central and eastern Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of spruce, with [Listera cordata], [Moneses uniflora], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], and, in drier places, [Maianthemum bifolium], [Oxalis acetosella]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.E6","name":"Nemoral bog spruce woods","description":"[Picea abies] formations colonizing raised bogs of the nemoral region of Eurasia, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum] and other sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G3.F","name":"Highly artificial coniferous plantations","description":"Plantations of exotic conifers or of European conifers out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, typically as monocultures in situations where other species would naturally dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.F1","name":"Native conifer plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in other relevant subdivisions of unit G3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F11","name":"Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix] or [Cedrus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F12","name":"Native pine plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genus [Pinus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F13","name":"Native cypress, juniper, yew plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Cupressus], [Juniperus], [Taxus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G3.F2","name":"Exotic conifer plantations","description":"Plantations of non-Palaearctic species of conifers or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F21","name":"Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus] formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F22","name":"Exotic pine plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genus [Pinus] formed of non-Palaearctic species, or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G3.F23","name":"Other exotic conifer plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genera other than [Pinus], [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus], formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"G4","name":"Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland","description":"Forest and woodland of mixed broad-leaved deciduous or evergreen and coniferous trees of the nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are mostly characteristic of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests, and of the montane level of the major mountain ranges to the south. Neither coniferous, nor broadleaved species account for more than 75% of the crown cover. Deciduous forests with an understorey of conifers or with a small admixture of conifers in the dominant layer are included in unit G1. Conifer forests with an understorey of deciduous trees or with a small admixture of deciduous trees in the dominant layer are included in unit G3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.1","name":"Mixed swamp woodland","description":"Broadleaved swamp woodland (G1.4 or G1.5) in combination with bog conifer woodland (G3.D or G3.E). Includes [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp. mixed with [Betula pubescens], [Alnus], [Populus] or [Quercus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.2","name":"Mixed taiga woodland with birch","description":"Boreal taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of [Betula] woodland (G1.91)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.3","name":"Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous oak","description":"The boreo-nemoral southern fringe of the taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] woodland (G1.8)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G4.31","name":"Boreonemoral lichen-dwarf shrub mixed forests","description":"Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, mostly [Pinus sylvestris], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, usually [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by lichens and dwarf, matted, ericoid shrubs. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of unit G3.B4 or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, or of unit G1.91721."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G4.32","name":"Boreonemoral heath-grass mixed forests","description":"Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], and sometimes, in the extreme southwest of the region, [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs and grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa]. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A1, G3.B1 or G3.B2, or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, of units G1.621, G1.918, or G1.91722."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G4.33","name":"Boreonemoral herb-rich mixed forests","description":"Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth rich in forbs, ferns and mesophile grasses. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A2-G3.A4, G3.B3 or of deciduous woods of units G1.A141, G1.918, G1.91724- G1.91726."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.4","name":"Mixed Scots pine - birch woodland","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Betula] woodland (G1.9)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.5","name":"Mixed Scots pine - beech woodland","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Fagus] woodland (G1.6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.6","name":"Mixed fir - spruce - beech woodland","description":"Forests in which [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe or other [Fagus] species including [Fagus orientalis] in southeastern Europe and Pontic Asia (G1.6), is associated in the main canopy with fir [Abies] spp. and/or spruce [Picea] spp. (G3.1), sometimes with an admixture of other conifers, in particular, pines [Pinus] spp. Characteristic of the montane level of the major European mountains south of the boreal zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.7","name":"Mixed Scots pine - acidophilous oak woodland","description":"[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with acidophilous [Quercus] woodland (G1.8)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G4.71","name":"Subcontinental nemoral pine - oak forests","description":"Acidophilous forests in which [Quercus robur] and/or [Quercus petraea] are associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Erzgebirge, the Vogtland, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, and of siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian quadrangle, the Carpathians, the eastern Alps and their associated plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G4.711","name":"Northeastern pine-oak forests","description":"Acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, most characteristic of diluvial sands in regions of subcontinental climate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G4.7111","name":"Northeastern bilberry-smallreed pine-oak forests","description":"Mesophile acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, northern Poland and Lithuania, characteristic of the more mesotrophic, well-drained sites within the range of the northeastern \"[Pino-Quercetum]\", with [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chimaphila umbellata], [Trientalis europaea], [Melampyrum pratense], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Scorzonera humilis], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Danthonia decumbens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Luzula multiflora], [Luzula pilosa], [Dicranum] spp., [Polytrichum] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"G4.7112","name":"Northeastern aspen pine-oak forests","description":"Mixed forest stands of [Quercus robur], [Populus tremula], [Pinus sylvestris], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], characteristic of podsols and gley soils with high water table, within the range of the \"[Pino-Quercetum]\"; they have an impoverished species composition with little representation of the [Querco-Fagetea] and no thermophilous species; common or characteristic are [Juniperus communis], [Frangula alnus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Trientalis europaea], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Luzula pilosa], [Calamagrostis canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G4.712","name":"Cowberry pine-oak forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Vogtland, Thuringe, the Erzgebirge, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, with an undergrowth of [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Luzula luzuloides]. and sometimes [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Lembotropis nigricans], ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Molinia arundinacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G4.713","name":"Sheep fescue pine-oak forests","description":"Open woods of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on eolian sands of Moravia and the Elbe valley of Bohemia, with an acidophilous or subacidophilous, subxerophilous, subthermophilous species cortège comprising numerous rare or theatened species. Characteristic species include [Corynephorus canescens], [Agrostis vinealis], [Festuca ovina], [Festuca psammophila], [Festuca vaginata], [Carex humilis], [Armeria elongata] and, in Moravia, [Dianthus pontederae], [Achillea collina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G4.72","name":"Continental nemoral pine - oak forests","description":"Forests of the eastern part of the nemoral forest zone of western Eurasia in which [Quercus robur] is associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], distributed in southern Belarus, the northern Ukraine and middle European Russia, most abundant in the upper Dnieper-Pripyat-Berezina Polesian basin, with smaller areas of occurrence on the Central Russian Plateau and the Pre-Volgan Plateau, extending south into the wooded steppe and steppe regions, in particular, along the Donetz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.8","name":"Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous woodland","description":"Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of [Fagus], [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia] (G1.6 or G1.9) together with [Abies] and [Picea] woodland (G3.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.9","name":"Mixed deciduous woodland with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]","description":"Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland (G1.A) together with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.A","name":"Mixed woodland with [Cupressaceae], [Taxaceae] and evergreen oak","description":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.B","name":"Mixed mediterranean pine - thermophilous oak woodland","description":"Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines (G3.7) in combination with deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia] (G1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.C","name":"Mixed Scots pine - thermophilous oak woodland","description":"Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, in which deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species, or sometimes [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], share the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], [Pinus pallasiana], [Pinus salzmannii], [Pinus nigra], thermophilous pines, junipers or cypresses. They constitute pine-oak facies of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.D","name":"Mixed Black pine ([Pinus nigra]) - evergreen oak woodland","description":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Pinus nigra] woodland (G3.5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.E","name":"Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland","description":"Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding woodland with significant [Pinus nigra]) (G3.7)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G4.F","name":"Mixed forestry plantations","description":"Mixed plantations of coniferous and deciduous species where at least one constituent is exotic or outside its natural range, or if composed of native species then planted in clearly unnatural stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"G5","name":"Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice","description":"Stands of trees greater than 5 m in height or with the potential to achieve this height, either in more or less continuous narrow strips or in small (less than about 0.5 ha) plantations or small (less than about 0.5 ha) intensively-managed woods. Woodland and coppice that is temporarily in a successional or non-woodland stage but which can be expected to develop into woodland in the future. Excludes parkland (E7.1, E7.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.1","name":"Lines of trees","description":"More or less continuous lines of trees forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for shelter or shading. Lines of trees differ from hedgerows (FA) in being composed of species that can grow to at least 5 m in height and are not regularly cut down to a height below 5 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.2","name":"Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic woodlands","description":"Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of deciduous broadleaved trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If evergreen broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than deciduous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.3","name":"Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic woodlands","description":"Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of broadleaved evergreen trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If deciduous broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than evergreen species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.4","name":"Small coniferous anthropogenic woodlands","description":"Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of coniferous trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If broadleaved species present, they have canopy cover less than 25%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.5","name":"Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands","description":"Plantations and small intensively-managed woods less than about 0.5 ha in area, with mixed of coniferous and broadleaved trees. The proportion of conifers is in the range 25-75%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.6","name":"Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth","description":"Early stages of woodland regrowth or newly-colonizing woodland composed predominantly of young individuals of high-forest species that are still less than 5 m in height. Includes young native woodland replanted with indigenous trees and naturally-colonizing stands of non-native trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.61","name":"Deciduous scrub woodland","description":"Early stages of deciduous tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.62","name":"Mixed scrub woodland","description":"Early stages of mixed tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.63","name":"Coniferous scrub woodland","description":"Early stages of conifer forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.64","name":"Raised bog pre-woods","description":"Parts of raised bogs colonised by shrubs or small trees of [Pinus rotundata], [Pinus sylvestris var. turfosa], [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], eventually leading to bog woods of units G3.D or G3.E."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.7","name":"Coppice and early-stage plantations","description":"Woodland treated as coppice without standards. Plantations with a dominant canopy of young trees that are still less than 5 m in height. Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small-tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including short-rotation [Salix] beds for biomass production, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.71","name":"Coppice","description":"Regrowth stages of woodland treated in coppice without standards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.72","name":"Early-stage broadleaved deciduous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved deciduous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.73","name":"Early-stage broadleaved evergreen plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved evergreen trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.74","name":"Early-stage coniferous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.75","name":"Early-stage mixed broadleaved and coniferous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.76","name":"Trees planted for early whole-tree harvesting","description":"Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including, among others, osier beds, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"G5.8","name":"Recently felled areas","description":"Land that recently has supported deciduous or coniferous woodland after the trees have been clear-felled or burnt. Includes woodland with successional vegetation dominated by tall herbs, grasses or shrubs, provided that these will soon be overtopped by a tree canopy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.81","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly broadleaved trees","description":"Recently felled broadleaved woods, in lowlands, uplands and mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.82","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees","description":"Recently felled coniferous woods, mostly in mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.83","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees","description":"Recently felled mixed broadleaved and coniferous woods. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.84","name":"Herbaceous clearings","description":"Short-lived herbaceous communities colonizing recent clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G5.841","name":"Willowherb and foxglove clearings","description":"Communities of acid soils with raw humus, composed of [Epilobium angustifolium], [Digitalis purpurea], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Senecio sylvaticus], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Carex pilulifera]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"G5.842","name":"Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings","description":"Formations of mull soils, with [Arctium nemorosum], [Atropa bella-donna], [Bromus ramosus], [Hypericum hirsutum], [Fragaria vesca], [Stachys alpina], [Digitalis lutea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"G5.85","name":"Shrubby clearings","description":"Formations of [Salix caprea], [Sambucus nigra], [Sambucus racemosa], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus] spp. succeeding the herbaceous formations in the regrowth of clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"H","name":"Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats","description":"Non-coastal habitats with less than 30% vegetation cover (other than in crevices of rocks, screes or cliffs) which are dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year). Subterranean non-marine caves and passages including underground waters and disused underground mines. Habitats characterised by the presence of permanent snow and surface ice other than marine ice bodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H1","name":"Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies","description":"Natural caves, cave systems, underground waters and subterranean interstitial spaces. Caves and their associated waters harbour varied, but paucispecific, communities of animals, fungi and algae that are restricted to them (troglobiont organisms), or are physiologically and ecologically capable of conducting their entire life cycle within them (troglophile organisms), or are dependent on them for part of the life cycle (subtroglophile organisms). Underground waters not associated with caves (stygon) and interstitial spaces harbour distinctive faunas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.1","name":"Cave entrances","description":"The exterior part of caves, including the twilight zone where light penetrating from the outer world is sufficient to permit human vision. In Western Carpathians vegetation of alliance [Erysimo wittmanii-Hackelion deflexae] occurs, with species such as [Campanula rapunculoides], [Cortusa matthioli] and [Hackelia deflexa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.2","name":"Cave interiors","description":"The interior part of caves, lacking light, with or without troglobiont or troglophile organisms. Excludes dark underground passages (H1.3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.21","name":"Troglobiont vertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic amphibians or fish, limited worldwide to a very small number of highly distinctive organisms, mostly relict forms of extremely limited distribution, including 15 species of amphibians, limited to North America and Europe, and about 38 species of fishes belonging to 13 families, notably, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Bythitidae, Pimelodidae, Characidae, Cobitidae, Amblyopsidae, Clariidae, Ictaluridae, Trichomycteridae, Ophidiidae, Synbranchidae. Palaearctic representatives include a unique amphibian, as well as cyprinids and gobiid fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.211","name":"Olm caves","description":"Caves of the Adriatic karst system of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro, harbouring the relict amphibian [Proteus anguinus], the most remarkable of all troglobiont vertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.212","name":"Troglobiont fish caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic fish, limited in the Palaearctic region to representatives of the Cyprinidae and Gobiidae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.22","name":"Subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.221","name":"Continental subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"Caves of the main Eurasian and African landmasses essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.222","name":"Insular subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"Caves of the islands of Eurasia and North Africa essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.23","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont amphibians or fish, but include troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. In the Palaearctic region, the majority are situated in the northern Mediterranean basin and the peri-Pontic region. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembol, Coleoptera (Bathysciinae and Trechinae subfamilies) among the terrestrial faunas, Turbellaria, Gastropoda and Urodela, among the aquatic faunas, are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.231","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate temperate caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, dry, humidified by seeps or crossed by permanent or temporary watercourses, but not retaining glaciers, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, often including remarkable relict species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.232","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate ice caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, and in which past and present conditions permit the retention of glaciers; they are rare, known in particular from the Carpathians of Romania and Slovakia, the Alps and the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.233","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate hydrothermal caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, warmed and humidified by geothermal waters, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H1.234","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate sulphur caves","description":"Deoxygenated, relatively warm caves, with atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide and sulphur vapour or methane and hydrogen sulfide, harbouring relict thermophile faunas of highly distinctive troglobiont and stygobiont invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.24","name":"Troglophile invertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont organisms, but include troglophile invertebrates. Generally, they are caves crossed by watercourses or with rich trophic substratum, excavated in limestone afforested zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.25","name":"Subtroglophile invertebrate caves","description":"Caves essential to parts of the life-cycle (quiescence period) of invertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes), such as Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera; in general they are stably cool (or warm) and humid caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.26","name":"Caves without vertebrates or invertebrates","description":"Caves, often small and dry, devoid of significant troglobiont or troglophile zoocoenoses, and not harbouring significant subtroglophiles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.3","name":"Dark underground passages","description":"Cavities within cave systems that are much longer than wide or high and may join larger cavities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.4","name":"Lava tubes","description":"Caves formed in lava flows by open-ended tubes or passages resulting from the cooling of the surface whose molten interior continued to flow. Near the coast, they may contain salt water not connected to the sea and be colonized by specialized (anchihaline) communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.41","name":"Icelandic lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.42","name":"Macaronesian lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. The very large tube created by the volcano La Corona of Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapod crustacean [Munidopsis polymorpha], endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of the genus [Speleonectes]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.43","name":"Tethyan lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, including Etna, Vesuvius, the Phlegrean Fields, Ischia, the Lipari Islands, Pantelleria, the Aegean archipelago, Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, the volcanoes of Syria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.5","name":"Underground standing waterbodies","description":"Undergound waterbodies, without perceptible flow, which may be permanent or temporary, and may or may not be part of a cave system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.51","name":"Permanent underground standing waterbodies","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.52","name":"Temporary underground standing waterbodies","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.6","name":"Underground running waterbodies","description":"Undergound waterbodies, with perceptible flow, which may be permanent or temporary, and may or may not be part of a cave system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.61","name":"Permanent underground running waterbodies","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H1.62","name":"Temporary underground running waterbodies","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H1.7","name":"Disused underground mines and tunnels","description":"Artificial underground spaces. They may constitute important substitution habitats for cave-dwelling bats and for significant subterranean invertebrates such as crustaceans, planarians etc."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H2","name":"Screes","description":"Accumulations of boulders, stones, rock fragments, pebbles, gravels or finer material, of non-aeolian depositional origin, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by sparse herbs or shrubs. Included are screes and scree slopes produced by slope processes, moraines and drumlins originating from glacial deposition, sandar, eskers and kames resulting from fluvio-glacial deposition, block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Deposits originating from aeolian depositional processes (dunes) or from eruptive volcanic activity are not included; they are included in H5 and H6 respectively. High mountain, boreal and mediterranean unstable screes are colonized by highly specialised plant communities. They or their constituting species may also inhabit moraines and other depositional debris accumulations in the same areas. A very few communities form in lowland areas elsewhere."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.1","name":"Cold siliceous screes","description":"Noncalcareous screes of the mountains and uplands of the boreal zone, developed on siliceous substrates including basic to ultrabasic igneous or metamorphic substrates. Included are the screes of northern Europe including Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.2","name":"Cold limestone screes","description":"Unstable, gravelly, humus-poor, highly calcareous screes of the subalpine, low alpine and middle alpine levels of boreal and arctic mountains. Characteristic plants are [Arenaria norvegica] and a number of endemic species or species of restricted range, including [Arenaria humifusa], [Arenaria pseudofrigida], [Artemisia norvegica], [Papaver] species of the [Papaver radicatum] group, [Papaver relictum], [Papaver laestadianum], [Braya linearis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.3","name":"Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.31","name":"Alpine siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees and Corsica with [Androsace alpina], [Achillea nana], [Oxyria digyna], [Geum reptans], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Linaria alpina], [Oreochloa disticha], [Silene acaulis]. Vegetation of alliance [Androsacion alpinae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.311","name":"Mountain sorrel screes","description":"Stabilised siliceous screes, poor in humus, of the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and Corsica, characterized by [Oxyria digyna] and with [Cerastium uniflorum], [Doronicum clusii], [Doronicum grandiflorum], [Poa laxa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3111","name":"Alpine mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp [Oxyria digyna] screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3112","name":"Southwestern Alpine mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp screes restricted to the southwestern Alps, comprising the endemic species [Viola valderia] and [Thlaspi limosellifolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3113","name":"Pyrenean mountain sorrel screes","description":"Stabilised siliceous screes of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3114","name":"Corsican mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous [Oxyria digyna] screes of high mountains of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3115","name":"Carpathian mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous[Oxyria digyna] screes of the Tatras and the high southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3116","name":"Rhodopide mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous [Oxyria digyna] screes of the high Rila and Pirin mountains, with [Poa cenisia ssp. contracta], [Geum reptans], [Satureja alpina], [Pedicularis verticillata], [Armeria alpina], [Luzula spicata], [Bellardiochloa violacea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.312","name":"Rock jasmine screes","description":"Communities of siliceous screes of the high alpine and nival levels of the central Alps dominated by [Androsace alpina] or [Androsace wulfeniana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.313","name":"Brown woodrush screes","description":"Humid, humus-rich siliceous screes of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Rhodope Mountains, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, [Luzula alpinopilosa], accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit E4.11, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the [Androsasetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3131","name":"Alpine woodrush screes","description":"Humid, humus-rich siliceous screes of the Alps, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, [Luzula alpinopilosa], accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit E4.11, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the [Androsasetalia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3132","name":"Carpathian woodrush screes","description":"[Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula alpinopilosa] = [Luzula spadicea]) of the siliceous high Tatras and of the alpine level of the high southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3133","name":"Rhodopide woodrush screes","description":"Screes colonized by communities dominated by [Luzula alpinopilosa] ([Luzula spadicea]) and [Festuca picta] ([Festuca picturata], [Festuca violacea ssp. picta]), characteristic of slopes with prolonged snow-cover of Vitosha, Rila and Pirin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.314","name":"Cold silicate block screes","description":"Communities of ferns and brambles, including [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] ([Dryopteris disjuncta]), [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Cystopteris fragilis], colonizing nonstablized, shady subalpine siliceous screes of the Alpine system with a high proportion of large blocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.315","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Saxifraga carpathica], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Veronica baumgartenii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3151","name":"Rhodopide ragwort screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the Pirin with [Senecio doronicum] ([Senecio glaberrimus], [Senecio transylvanicus], [Senecio rochelianus])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.3152","name":"Carpathian saxifrage-speedwell acidophilous screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.316","name":"Painted fescue screes","description":"[Festuca picta] screes of the siliceous high Tatras, the high mountains of the eastern Carpathian system and the Rhodope Mountains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.32","name":"Medio-European upland siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with [Epilobium collinum], [Galeopsis segetum], [Acetosella vulgaris], [Dalanum ladanum], [Petasites albus], [Tussilago farfara], [Senecio viscosus], [Anarrhinum bellidifolium], [Cryptogramma crispa]. Upland siliceous screes, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of the Alpine communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably [Cryptogramma crispa], or pioneer psammophilous grasses, are included. Vegetation of alliance [Galeopsion segetum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.33","name":"Southeast European mountain siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of mountains of southeast Europe, with vegetation dominated by [Saxifraga bryoides], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Oxyria digyna], [Androsace hedraeantha] and [Poa cenisia]. [Cryptogramma crispa] and mosses occur. Other important species are [Vaccinium] spp., [Polygonum alpinum], [Pleuropteropyrum undulatum], [Lerchenfeldia flexuosa], [Senecio rupestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.4","name":"Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes","description":"Calcareous and calcschist screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus. Usually sparse vegetation cover, unstabile, on steep slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.41","name":"Alpine calcschist screes","description":"Calcareous slate slope communities of the Alps, with [Draba hoppeana], [Campanula cenisia], [Saxifraga biflora], [Herniaria alpina], [Trisetum spicatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.42","name":"Alpine pennycress screes","description":"Unstable, hard limestone and dolomite coarse screes of the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, with [Thlaspi rotundifolium], [Papaver rhaeticum], [Papaver sendtneri], [Viola cenisia], [Linaria alpina], [Arabis alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.43","name":"Fine calcareous screes","description":"Fine-element calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and high montane levels of the Alps and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.431","name":"Butterbur screes","description":"High montane and subalpine, relatively humid, fine limestone and marl screes, with [Petasites paradoxus], [Valeriana montana], [Gypsophila repens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.432","name":"Mountain hawkbit screes","description":"Damp, marlo-calcareous screes of the alpine level of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.44","name":"Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Carpathians, represented by diverse communities of mostly very local occurrence, often with significant endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.441","name":"West Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of high altitudes of the Tatras, with [Cerastium latifolium], [Cerastium tatrae], [Arabis alpina], [Hutchinsia alpina], [Sedum atratum], [Cystopteris montana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.442","name":"East Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.45","name":"Rhodopide calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the Rhodope Mountains, with [Morina persica], [Sideritis scardica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.5","name":"Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures","description":"Siliceous screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.51","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the subalpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with [Senecio leucophyllus], [Taraxacum pyrenaicum], [Galeopsis pyrenaica], [Xatardia scabra], [Armeria alpina]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.52","name":"Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the \"dark\" screes of the Cordillera are related to those under unit H2.64, though somewhat intermediate towards H2.54; other more species-poor ones, characterised by [Trisetum hispidum] and [Rumex suffruticosus], belong to the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.53","name":"Ibero-Pyrenean acidophile fern screes","description":"Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of siliceous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.54","name":"Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes","description":"Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with [Linaria saxatilis], [Linaria alpina], [Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana], [Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus], [Rumex suffruticosus], [Santolina oblongifolia], [Conopodium bunioides], [Reseda gredensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.55","name":"Nevadan siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.551","name":"Nevadan foxglove screes","description":"Screes at the subsummital levels of the Sierra Nevada, between 1900 and 2900 metres, with [Senecio tournefortii var. granatensis], [Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis], [Cirsium gregarium], [Solidago virgaurea ssp. alpestris], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides], [Eryngium glaciale], [Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.552","name":"Nevadan violet screes","description":"Screes of the summital region of the Sierra Nevada, at around 2800-3000 metres, with a very sparse community formed by [Viola crassiuscula], [Linaria glacialis], [Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus parnassifolius], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Papaver suaveolens], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides] and, in more stabilised areas, [Erigeron frigidus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.56","name":"Central Mediterranean siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.57","name":"Anatolian siliceous screes","description":"Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.58","name":"Southeast European thermo-siliceous screes","description":"Warm dry screes of the Balkan Peninsula, with vegetation dominated by [Achnatherum calamagrostis] and [Melica ciliata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H2.6","name":"Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures","description":"Calcareous and calcschist screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.61","name":"Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes","description":"Mostly coarse, unstablized, dry, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the uplands and lowlands of Central Europe. Vegetation of alliances [Stipion calamagrostis] and [Arabidion alpinae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.611","name":"Rough-grass screes","description":"[Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of warmer, lower parts of Alpine valleys and of the southwestern outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.612","name":"Submontane calcareous screes","description":"Forb- or fern-dominated sunny calcareous screes of the montane or collinar levels of peri-Alpine ranges, particularly characteristic of the Jura, locally also of the middle European Hercynian ranges and of the southern Alpine periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.6121","name":"Hemp-nettle screes","description":"Species-poor pioneer communities of warm sunny calcareous screes of the Jura, the Alpine system, the Carpathians and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Galeopsis angustifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.6122","name":"French sorrel screes","description":"Species-poor open pioneering communities of dry calcareous screes of the low to moderate altitudes of the Alpine system, the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Rumex scutatus], often with [Silene vulgaris ssp. glareosa], [Silene hayekiana], [Hieracium bifidum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.6123","name":"Limestone fern screes","description":"Open to closed fern swards of [Gymnocarpium robertianum] colonizing often slightly damp, more or less calcareous screes of the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H2.6124","name":"Vincetoxicum screes","description":"Species-rich thermophile pioneer scree communities of natural and anthropogenic station of the Alpine system, the Jura, the middle European Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Hautes Fagnes, and their vicinity, dominated by [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], often with [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthericum ramosum], [Knautia dipsacifolia] ([Knautia sylvatica]), [Calamagrostis varia], [Campanula rapunculoides], [Galium album], [Origanum vulgare]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.613","name":"Paris Basin screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Paris basin and its periphery, with [Leontodon hyoseroides], [Sisymbrium supinum], [Linaria supina], [Galeopsis angustifolia] and many rare or endemic plants, including [Viola hispida] (endangered endemic), [Galium timeroyi ssp. fleurotii], [Iberis violetii], [Iberis durandii], [Biscutella neustriaca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.62","name":"Cevenno-Provençal screes","description":"Supra-Mediterranean screes of Mediterranean southern France, common in the coastal ranges of the Marseille region (Allauch, Carpiagne, Puget, Marseilleveyre), rare on the Sainte-Baume, also represented in the Cévennes, with [Arenaria provincialis] ([Gouffeia arenarioides]), [Ptychotis heterophylla], [Linaria supina], [Centranthus ruber], [Centranthus lecoqii], [Crucianella latifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.63","name":"Pyrenean calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.64","name":"Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes","description":"Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.65","name":"Iberian calciphile fern screes","description":"Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of calcareous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.66","name":"Southern Iberian calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and southeastern Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.67","name":"Central Mediterranean calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.68","name":"Eastern Mediterranean limestone screes","description":"Limestone screes of high mountains of southern Albania, mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Aegean, with [Drypis spinosa], [Ranunculus brevifolius], [Senecio thapsoides], [Aethionema saxatile]. They can contain synanthropic species like [Geranium robertianum ssp. purpureum], [Centranthus calcitrapa], [Mercurialis annua], [Theligonum cynocrambe] and [Thlaspi perfoliatum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.69","name":"Eastern Mediterranean serpentine screes","description":"Serpentine screes of high mountains of southern Albania and mainland Greece, less widespread than the limestone screes of unit H2.68, restricted to serpentines of the northern Pindus and of Mount Olympus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6A","name":"Cyprian screes","description":"Limestone and ophiolite screes of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite screes of the Troodos range, limestone screes of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate screes of the Kythrean formation. Endemic plants include [Alyssum troodi], of Troodos serpentine substrates, [Hedysarum cyprium] and [Salvia veneris] of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6B","name":"Illyrian montane calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and, locally, montane levels of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B1","name":"Illyrian fern screes","description":"[Dryopteris villarii]-dominated formations of calcareous screes of the east Adriatic mountains, widespread in the Dinarides and Pelagonides, with [Doronicum columnae], [Ligusticum dinaricum], [Scrophularia bosniaca]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B2","name":"Illyrian butterbur screes","description":"[Petasites paradoxus]-dominated formations of the foot and grooves of calcareous scree slopes of the Dinarides and Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B3","name":"Illyrian drypis screes","description":"Screes of the Dinarides and northern Hellenides dominated by [Drypis spinosa ssp. linnaena], of more sub-Mediterranean affinities than the communities of units H2.6B1 and H2.6B2, with [Cardamine carnosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B4","name":"Illyrian candytuft screes","description":"Wind-exposed, snow-free calcareous screes of the Dinarides, with [Bunium alpinum], [Iberis pruitii], [Thymus acicularis], [Degenia velebitica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B5","name":"Illyrian toadflax screes","description":"High-altitude calcareous screes of the Dinarides, in particular of the Prenj in Herzegovina and the Durmitor in Montenegro, with [Moehringia ciliata], [Papaver kerneri], [Poa minor]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B6","name":"Illyrian mouse-ear screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Dinara and Velebit, with [Cerastium dinaricum], [Euphorbia capitulata], [Thlaspi dinaricum], [Rumex scutatus], [Valeria montana], [Achillea clavennae], [Arabis scopoliana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B7","name":"Illyrian geranium screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Piva basin of Montenegro, with [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Moehringia muscosa], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H2.6B8","name":"Pelagonide toadflax-valerian screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, in particular, of the Korab range, with [Valeriana bertisceae], [Sedum magellense], [Lamium bifidum], [Hieracium bifidum], [Ranunculus seguieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6C","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes","description":"Thermophile calcareous screes of the upper mesomediterranean and supra-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum ilicis] and [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] levels of the Triestine Karst, Istria, Balkan Peninsula, including the Dalmatian coast, Montenegro and Albania. Typical species: [Dianthus petraeus], [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Peltaria alliacea], [Drypis spinosa ssp. jacquiniana], [Malcolmia serbica], [Galium corrudifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Geranium robertianum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6D","name":"Illyrian montane serpentine screes","description":"Serpentine screes of the montane level of the Dinarides of Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia) with abundant [Achnatherum calamagrostis], harbouring the endemics [Halacsya sendtneri], [Scrophularia tristis], [Alyssum markgrafii], [Linaria rubioides], [Stachys chrysophaea]. The shrub [Cotinus coggygria] often grows in such sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6E","name":"Illyrian [Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes","description":"[Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Montenegro, Serbia) and in particular, of the Piva basin, southeastern representatives of the peri-Alpine [Stipion calamagrostidis] screes of unit H2.611."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6F","name":"Anatolian calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H2.6G","name":"Eastern Carpathian calcareous thermophilous screes","description":"Screes of the Eastern Carpathians, typified by the presence of numerous Mediterranean thermophilous species and those belonging to the Dacio-Balkanic floristic element. Characteristic species: [Achnatherum calamagrostis], [Parietaria officinalis], [Lamium garganicum ssp. laevigatum], [Galium album ssp. album], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H3","name":"Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops","description":"Unvegetated, sparsely vegetated, and bryophyte- or lichen-vegetated cliffs, rock faces and rock pavements, not presently adjacent to the sea, and not resulting from recent volcanic activity. Parts of seacliffs free from the influence of wave or wind transported marine salt are included. Rock accumulations resulting from depositional processes are excluded and listed under H2 or H5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.1","name":"Acid siliceous inland cliffs","description":"Dry non-calcareous inland cliffs. Specific plant associations colonize montane and Mediterranean cliffs. Most of the subdivisions refer to them. Northern lowland cliffs usually support fragments of other less specialized communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.11","name":"Middle European montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, the Pyrenees, the western Carpathians, the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura. Vegetation of alliances [Androsacion vandelii], [Asplenion septentrionalis] and [Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris], with the most typical species [Acetosella vulgaris], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Polypodium vulgare], [Woodsia ilvensis], [Primula minima], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Silene acaulis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.111","name":"Middle European high-altitude siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, with outliers in the Dinarides, of the Massif Central and of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.112","name":"Hercynio-Alpine montane and collinar siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the montane level of the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and their periphery, of Atlantic regions of the European continent and the British Isles, with [Saxifraga sponhemica], [Biscutella laevigata], [Asplenium septentrionale], [Asplenium adiantum-nigrum], [Asplenium billotii], [Asplenium foreziense]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.113","name":"Hercynio-Alpine serpentine cliffs","description":"Serpentine cliff and rock communities of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, of northern Styria, Low-Austria and the Burgenland, with [Asplenium adulterinum], [Asplenium cuneifolium], [Asplenium x alternifolium], [Cheilanthes marantae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.114","name":"Carpathian montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of Alpine affinities of the Carpathians, formed principally by bryophytes and ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.12","name":"Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Iberian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.121","name":"Ibero-Carpetanian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the Leonese mountains, with [Hieracium pallidum ssp. graniticum], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. boryi], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. herminii], [Saxifraga willkommiana], [Spergula viscosa ssp. pourretii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.122","name":"Nevadan siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Sierra Nevada, with [Saxifraga nevadensis], [Sedum brevifolium], [Centranthus nevadensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.13","name":"Southwestern Alpine siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime, Ligurian and Cottian Alps, with [Saxifraga pedemontana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.14","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian montane and alpine cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, distributed from the supra-Mediterranean to the alpine level, with [Potentilla crassinervia], [Armeria leucocephala], [Silene requienii], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis]. Supra-Mediterranean and montane communities have [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. rhamnoides], cryomediterranean, subalpine and alpine communities have [Festuca sardoa], [Phyteuma serratum], [Helechryssum frigidum], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Leucanthemum corsicum], [Scabiosa corsica], upper alpine communities are characterized by the presence of [Draba dubia], [Asplenium viride], [Draba loiseleurii], [Erigeron paolii] and the absence of thermophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.15","name":"Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities rich in Dacio-Balkanic endemics of the subalpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, including the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, of relict character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.151","name":"Southern Carpathian campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Endemic siliceous cliff communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.152","name":"Carpatho-Balkano-Rhodopide campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of the Paring mountains in the Southern Carpathians, of the Balkan Range and of the Rhodope Mountains, in particular, of the Rila and the Pirin, with [Silene lerchenfeldiana], [Potentilla haynaldiana], [Saxifraga juniperifolia ssp. juniperifolia] ([Saxifraga pseudosancta]), [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Rhodiola rosea] ([Sedum rosea]), [Dianthus henteri], [Minuartia bulgarica], [Haberlea rhodopensis], [Symphyandra wanneri], [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), [Juncus trifidus], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa nemoralis], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Cystopteris fragilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.153","name":"Pelagonide campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.16","name":"Peri-Pyrenean montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Montane siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cévennes, the eastern and central Pyrenees and the Catalonian hills, with [Asarina procumbens] ([Antirrhinum asarina]), [Sedum hirsutum], [Centaurea pectinata], [Sempervivum arvernense], [Dianthus graniticus], [Saxifraga clusii], [Saxifraga hypnoides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.17","name":"Western Iberian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the meso-Mediterranean level of western Iberia, with [Cheilanthes tinaei], [Cheilanthes hispanica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.18","name":"West Mediterranean thermophile siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the thermo-Mediterranean, mesomediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean levels of Provence, Corsica and eastern Spain, mostly constituted by ferns, in particular, of genus [Cheilanthes] (including [Cosentinia]) in xeric sunny situations, of genera [Asplenium] and [Polypodium] in more shady locations, accompanied by species of genus [Dianthus], in particular, [Dianthus sylvestris ssp. siculus], [Dianthus sylvestris ssp. godronianus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.19","name":"Lowland northern- and middle-European siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of low hills of northern and middle nemoral Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.1A","name":"Boreal siliceous cliffs","description":"Rock and cliff crevice communities of granites, gneisses and acidic rocks of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.1B","name":"Bare siliceous inland cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic. Their lichen communities are composed of external crustose lichens ([Rhizocarpon]), navel lichens ([Umbilicaria]) and fruticose lichens ([Ramalina], [Cornicularia], [Rhizoplaca])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.1B1","name":"High altitude and arctic siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.1B2","name":"Mountain siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.1B3","name":"Boreo-nemoral and boreal siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.1B4","name":"Nemoral low altitude siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.1B5","name":"Mediterranean siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised Mediterranean chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.1C","name":"Disused siliceous quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.2","name":"Basic and ultra-basic inland cliffs","description":"Dry, calcareous inland cliffs. Specific plant associations colonize montane and Mediterranean cliffs. Most of the subdivisions refer to them. Northern lowland cliffs usually support fragments of other less specialized communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.21","name":"Tyrrheno-Adriatic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the mediterranean level of mainland Spain, of the Balaearics, of the thermo- and meso-mediterranean levels of mainland France, of Corsica and Sardinia, of peninsular Italy, of Sicily and associated islands, of the Adriatic coastal regions of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.211","name":"Petrarch-spleenwort cliffs","description":"Calcareous and dolomitic cliff and rock communities of the Mediterranean hills and mountains of Spain, from Catalonia to the Serrania de Ronda, and of the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean levels of the Balearics, the coastal chains of Provence and Bas-Languedoc, of the southern Cévennes, of Corsica and Sardinia, with [Asplenium petrarchae], [Phagnalon sordidum], [Sarcocapnos enneaphylla], [Biscutella frutescens], [Hieracium stelligerum], [Lavatera maritima], [Campanula macrorhiza], [Melica minuta], [Melica bauhinii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.212","name":"Southeastern Iberian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the arid southeastern regions of Spain, with large shrubs; [Scabiosa saxatilis], [Teucrium buxifolium], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. borgiae] are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.213","name":"Balearic calcareous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Balearics, with many endemics, including [Brassica balearica] and [Helichrysum rupestre var. cambessedesii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.214","name":"Insular cabbage cliffs","description":"Calcareous rock communities of the mesomediterranean level of Corsica, Sardinia and Pantellaria, with [Brassica insularis], [Ruta graveolens], [Stachys glutinosa]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2143","name":"West-Mediterranean polypode cliffs","description":"Cool, shaded calcareous cliff and rock communities of the west Mediterranean regions, formed mostly of bryophytes and ferns, including [Polypodium cambricum ssp. australe] ([Polypodium australe]), and with [Selaginella denticulata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.215","name":"Sicilo-Italic [Dianthus] cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and mesomediterranean levels of Sicily, the Egadi Islands, the Maltese Islands, southern Calabria, southern Tyrrhenian Italy, rich in large subshrubby plants, with [Dianthus rupicola], [Iberis semperflorens], [Lithodora rosmarinifolia], [Antirrhinum siculum], [Brassica rupestris], [Brassica incana], [Scabiosa limonifolia], [Pimpinella anisoides], [Seseli bocconi ssp. bocconi], [Silene fruticosa], [Asperula rupestris], [Cymbalaria pubescens], [Odontites bocconei], all of them endemic to these communities or having in them their area of greatest diffusion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.216","name":"Illyrian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean zone of northeastern Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Some of them grade into maritime cliff communities of unit B3.331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2161","name":"Istrio-Triestine karst chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and northern Istria with [Campanula pyramidalis], [Cheiranthus cheiri], [Teucrium flavum], [Euphorbia wulfenii], [Micromeria thymifolia], harbouring the very rare, threatened endemics [Centaurea kartschiana] and [Moehringia tommasinii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21611","name":"Karst knapweed cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, with the very rare Triestine endemic [Centaurea kartschiana], and with [Erysimum cheiri] ([Cheiranthus cheiri]), [Campanula pyramidalis], [Teucrium flavum], [Sesleria juncifolia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21612","name":"Istrio-Triestine spurge cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and Slovenia, with [Campanula pyramidalis], [Micromeria thymifolia], [Sesleria juncifolia], [Teucrium flavum] and [Euphorbia wulfenii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21613","name":"Istrio-Triestine moehringia cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, southwestern Slovenia and extreme northwestern Croatia, in the Vena Mountains between Val Rosandra and Buzet, harbouring the rare, threatened [Moehringia tommasinii], known from a very restricted number of stations within an exiguous region, one of them in Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2162","name":"Liburnian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the northern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21621","name":"Dalmatian knapweed cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian islands of Rab and Pag with the endemic [Centaurea dalmatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21622","name":"Austrian viper's grass cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian archipelago\r\nwith [Scorzonera austriaca], [Sesleria juncifolia], [Seseli pallasii], [Alyssum robertianum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21623","name":"Liburnian meadow rue-bellflower cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern Velebit coast lands, with [Campanula fenestrellata], in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2163","name":"Dalmatian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the central Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21631","name":"Raguse knapweed cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with the endemic [Centaurea ragusina] and [Convolvulus cneorum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21632","name":"Moltkia cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern parts of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with [Moltkia petraea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.21633","name":"[Centaurea cuspidata] cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliffs of the southern Biokovo coastlands of central Dalmatia, with [Inula] spp., [Centaurea cuspidata], [Seseli tomentosum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2164","name":"Vardean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the southern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331, in particular, communities dominated by [Putoria calabrica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2165","name":"Dalmatian fern-navelwort cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, widespread on rocks and man-made structures, with [Umbilicus horizontalis] and asplenioid ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.22","name":"Central Pyrenean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and eastern Pyrenees, with [Saxifraga media], [Saxifraga longifolia], [Saxifraga aretioides], [Potentilla alchimilloides], [Potentilla nivalis], [Ramonda myconi], [Asperula hirta]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.23","name":"Liguro-Apennine calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime Alps and northern Apennines, with [Saxifraga lingulata], [Primula marginata], [Primula allionii], [Phyteuma charmelii], [Phyteuma villarsii], [Silene campanula], [Potentilla saxifraga], [Ballota frutescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.24","name":"Western mediterraneo-montane chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains, of the central Apennines and of the calcareous mountains of the large Tyrrhenian islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.241","name":"Ibero-montane cinquefoil cliffs","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2411","name":"Oro-Cantabrian calcareous cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Cantabrian Cordillera and a few other northwestern Iberian ranges, with [Asperula hirta], [Asplenium viride], [Erinus alpinus], [Globularia repens], [Hypericum nummularium], [Rhamnus pumilus], [Saxifraga aretioides]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2412","name":"Baetic calcareous cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges of eastern Andalusia, with [Linaria verticillata], [Potentilla caulescens], [Saxifraga camposii], [Saxifraga erioblasta], [Teucrium rotundifolium], [Silene boryi]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2413","name":"Valencian calcareous cliffs","description":"Shady calcareous cliff and rock communities of Valencian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.25","name":"Alpine and sub-mediterranean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and the Carpathians, of lesser satellite ranges and of sub-Mediterranean areas of the northern Tyrrhenian periphery. Dominant species include ferns [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Asplenium viride], [Cystopteris fragilis], [Gymnocarpium robertianum], vascular plants (e.g.[Saxifraga paniculata]) and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.251","name":"Alpine calcareous cliff heliophile communities","description":"Well-lit calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and neighbouring regions, including upper Provence, upper Languedoc, the pre-Pyrenees and Corbières, the Catalonian mountains, with [Potentilla caulescens], [Potentilla clusiana], [Potentilla nitida], [Primula auricula], [Hieracium humile], [Cardaminopsis petraea], [Androsace helvetica], [Minuartia rupestris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.252","name":"Middle-European calcareous fern cliffs","description":"Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Alps and neighbouring regions, of the Carpathians, of the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the British Isles, with many ferns, including [Cystopteris fragilis], [Cystopteris regia], [Asplenium viride], [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Asplenium trichomanes], and with [Carex brachystachys]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.253","name":"Carpathian calcareous cliff heliophile communities","description":"Rock-crack communities of sunny rock faces of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.26","name":"Hellenic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of mainland Greece and Albania, up to the [Abies cephalonica] belt, with [Campanula versicolor], [Campanula rupestris], [Sideritis roeseri], [Stachys candida], [Hypericum vesiculosum], [Asperula arcadiensis], [Galium boryanum], [Centaurea pelia], [Alkanna graeca], [Alyssum orientale], [Linaria microcalyx], [Onosma frutescens], [Inula candida], [Centranthus ruber], [Silene congesta], [Teucrium flavum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.27","name":"Aegeo-east-Mediterranean basiphile chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous and ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of Crete, the Aegean archipelagoes, Cyprus, the Mediterranean coastlands of Anatolia and the Levant. They constitute one of the most diverse and endemic-rich groups of cliff communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.271","name":"Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of Crete, with [Petromarula pinnata], [Galium fruticosum], [Centaurea argentea], [Ebenus cretica], [Verbascum arcturus] ([Celsia arcturus]), [Inula candida], [Eryngium ternatum], [Asperula incana], [Dianthus juniperinus], [Aster canus], [Campanula pelviformis], [Campanula saxatilis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2711","name":"Western Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Relatively widespread cliff and chasm communities of the lowlands and hills of western and central Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2712","name":"Eastern Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of the arid lowlands and hills of eastern Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2713","name":"High-altitude Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of the high altitudes of Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.272","name":"Karpathos chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of Karpathos, with [Teucrium heliotropifolium], [Silene fruticosa], [Galium incurvum], [Inula heterolepis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.273","name":"Eastern Aegean chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of Rhodes, Samos, Ikaria, Lesbos with [Campanula hagielia], [Lactuca leburnea], [Dianthus rhodensis], [Inula heterolepis], [Rosularia serrata], [Sedum creticum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.274","name":"Cyclades chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the Cyclades, with [Fibigia lunarioides], [Eryngium amorginum], [Amaracus tournefortii], [Campanula amorgina], [Campanula heterophylla], [Helichrysum amorginum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.275","name":"Northern Sporades chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the Sporades, with [Inula sophiae], [Capparis spinosa], [Dianthus arboreus], [Amaracus tournefortii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.276","name":"Cyprian chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone and ophiolite cliff and rock communities of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite cliffs and gorges of the Troodos range, limestone cliffs and pinnacles of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate rock-slopes of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2761","name":"Kyrenia chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Kyrenia range. Endemic plants include [Delphinium caseyi], [Brassica hilarionis] and [Arabis cypria] of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2762","name":"Troodos limestone chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2763","name":"Troodos serpentine chasmophyte communities","description":"Ophiolite cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range and the Akamas peninsula. Endemic plants include [Alyssum troodi], [Alyssum akamasicum], [Alyssum chondrogynum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2764","name":"Kythrean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calciphile cliff and rock crevice communities of the Kythrean formation, with several local endemics, including [Hedysarum cyprium] and [Salvia veneris]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.28","name":"Southern Hellenic cinquefoil cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of the Peloponnese, Giona and Parnassus, with [Silene auriculata], [Achillea umbellata], [Campanula rupicola], [Saxifraga sibthorpii], [Saxifraga marginata], [Saxifraga spruneri], [Minuartia stellata], [Valeriana olenaea], [Satureja parnassica], [Rosa glutinosa], [Viola poetica], [Edraianthus parnassicus], [Campanula aizoon]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.29","name":"Central Hellenic cinquefoil cliffs","description":"Calcareous and ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of the high altitudes of the central and northern Pindus and of the Thessalian Olympus system. Vegetation of the alliance [Saxifragion scardici] with species [Saxifraga scardica], [Saxifraga glabella], [Campanula oreadum], [Arabis bryoides], [Potentilla deorum], and of alliance [Galion dagenii] with species [Galium dagenii], [Edraianthus graminifolius], [Asplenium fissum], [Aubrietea gracilis], [Achillea clavennae], [Satureja parnassica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2A","name":"Illyrio-Helleno-Balkanic cinquefoil cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides, the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains, formed by often narrowly endemic species of Illyro-Balkanic affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2A1","name":"Helleno-Balkanic calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2A11","name":"Pelagonide calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliffs of the Pelagonides of northern Greece, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania, in particular of the Kapina, the Galicica, the Bistra, the Korab, the Jakupica, the Voras-Nidze, the Vermion, with [Ramondia nathaliae], [Campanula formanekiana], [Alyssoides utriculata], [Jurinea consanguinea], [Micromeria cristata]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2A12","name":"Rhodopide calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.2A121","name":"Pirin calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Pirin and the Slavianka with [Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale], [Potentilla apennina ssp. stoianovii], [Kernera saxatilis], [Campanula cochlearifolia var. pirinica], [Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi], [Saxifraga luteoviridis], [Papaver degenii], [Aster alpinus var. dolomiticus], [Brassica jordanoffii], [Danthoniastrum compactum], [Festuca pirinica], [Sesleria rigida], [Sesleria korabensis], [Pinus heldreichii] and, in the Slavianka, [Viola delphinantha], [Convolvulus boissieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.2A122","name":"Rila calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rila, of very limited extent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.2A123","name":"Rhodope calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodopes with [Campanula orphanidea] ([Petkovia orphanidea]), [Saxifraga stribrnyi], [Scabiosa rhodopensis], [Sideritis scardica], [Seseli rhodopeum], [Haberlea rhodopensis], [Morina persica], [Trachelium jacquinii ssp. rumelianum] ([Trachelium rumelianum]), [Campanula lanata], [Sesleria rigida], [Ceterach officinarum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":6,"code":"H3.2A13","name":"Balkan Range calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.2A131","name":"Balkan range ramonda cliffs","description":"Very rare and restricted [Ramonda serbica] communities of cliffs of the foothills of the western Balkan range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":7,"code":"H3.2A132","name":"Vrachansky karst chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Vrachaanska mountains in the western Balkan Range, developed around 1400 metres of altitude, with [Festuca balcanica ssp. balcanica], [Festuca xanthina], [Achnatherum calamagrostis], [Juniperus sabina], [Daphne oleoides], [Syringa vulgaris], [Saxifraga rocheliana], [Polygala murbeckii]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2A2","name":"Dinaro-Carpathian calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides and the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2A3","name":"Moist Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Communities of humid cliffs of the northern Dinarides, subjected to tufa formation, with [Carex brachystachys], [Valeriana elongata], [Aster bellidiastrum], [Campanula cochlearifolia ssp. croatica]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2A4","name":"Balkano-Illyrian shaded calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Dinarides and neighbouring regions, Balkano-Illyrian vicariant of the [Cystopteridion] communities of unit H2.6C, widespread at the montane beech level, with many ferns, including [Cystopteris montana], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Asplenium trichomanes], and with [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Moehringia muscosa], [Cardaminopsis croatica], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Campanula justiniana]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2B","name":"Lowland middle European calcareous cliff communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the plains and hills of nemoral northern and middle Europe, very species-poor, usually occupying small surfaces within the environment of more extensive communities of units E1.1 or E1.29."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2C","name":"Boreal calcareous cliff communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2D","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the eastern Mediterranean hinterland and of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2E","name":"Bare limestone inland cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic. Their lichen communities are composed of internal crustose lichens ([Protoblastenia], [Verrucaria], [Petractis], [Polyblastia]), external crustose lichens ([Caloplaca], [Xanthoria]) or gelatinous ([Collema]) and foliose ([Dermatocarpon]) lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2E1","name":"High altitude and arctic limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2E2","name":"Mountain limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2E3","name":"Boreo-nemoral and boreal limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities, including near vertical surfaces of alvars of the eastern Fenno-Scandian boreonemoral zone occupied by epilithic lichen communities, associated with debris swards, calcareous grasslands and paucispecific nemoral fissure communities of units E1.115, 'E1.25 and H3.2B."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2E4","name":"Nemoral low altitude limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2E5","name":"Mediterranean limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised Mediterranean chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2F","name":"Disused chalk and limestone quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2G","name":"Boreal and arctic serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"Serpentine and basalt cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2H","name":"Bare inland basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic, including basalts, gabbros, dolerites, andesites, ultramafites (serpentines, peridotites)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2H1","name":"High altitude and arctic basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2H2","name":"Mountain basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2H3","name":"Boreo-nemoral and boreal basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2H4","name":"Nemoral low altitude basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.2H5","name":"Mediterranean basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2I","name":"Temperate serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"Ultra-basic serpentinic rocks of the Balkan peninsula and Central Europe. They belong to the most dry and warm habitats. Typical species are [Halacsya sendtneri], [Potentilla mollis] and ferns [Asplenium cuneifolium], [Notholaena marantae], [Asplenium trichomanes]. In high-mountain cliffs of southeast Europe [Silene serbica], [Jovibarba heuffelii var. kopaonikensis], [Edraianthus jugoslavicus var. subalpinus], [Festuca panciciana], [Sedum serpentini] occur. The frequency of endemic species is quite high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.2J","name":"Mediterranean serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.3","name":"Macaronesian inland cliffs","description":"Inland cliffs of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores, extremely rich in endemic species of both plants and animals, including vertebrates (the endangered [Pterodroma madeira]). The genus [Aeonium] is particularly representative."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.4","name":"Wet inland cliffs","description":"Very wet, dripping, overhanging or vertical rocks of hills, mountains and Mediterranean lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.41","name":"Mediterranean wet inland cliffs","description":"Wet inland cliffs of Mediterranean regions, with a specialised vegetation formed by [Adiantum capillus-veneris], mosses, [Borago pygmaea], [Pinguicula grandiflora ssp. coenocantabrica], [Pinguicula hirtiflora], [Samolus valerandi], [Hypericum hircinum], [Dittrichia viscosa], [Ficus carica], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Carex distans] and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.42","name":"Northern wet inland cliffs","description":"Wet inland cliffs of middle European hills and mountains. They are often colonised by unique plant assemblages, the components of which are, however, equally characteristic of other habitats; notable among such species are [Saxifraga paniculata], [Alchemilla glabra], [Viola palustris], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Dianthus nitidus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.43","name":"Illyrio-Helleno-Balkanic wet carbonate cliffs","description":"Wet cliffs, often with luxuriant vegetation. Typical plants are fern [Adiantum capillus-veneris] and mosses [Eucladium verticillatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum]. On open wet rock algae are also frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.5","name":"Almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements","description":"More or less level surfaces of rock exposed by glacial erosion, by weathering processes, or by aeolian scouring, bare or colonized by mosses, algae or lichens. The hard rock surface may be exposed or partially covered by erosional rock debris, in particular, those produced by frost weathering, heaving, thrusting or cracking. Included are rock surfaces in karst landscapes, rock dome tops, whaleback, roche moutonné, flyggberg and rock basin formations of periglacial areas, golec and felsenmeer formations, level surfaces of dykes and old lava flows. Vascular plant communities may colonize cracks and weathered surfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.51","name":"Pavements, rock slabs, rock domes","description":"Bare or sparsely vegetated more or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed by erosion or weathering processes, physiognomically dominated by hard rock surfaces or indigenous erosional rock debris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H3.511","name":"Limestone pavements","description":"More or less level surfaces of calcareous rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic, including karstic pavements, lapi‚s, with their clints and grikes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H3.6","name":"Weathered rock and outcrop habitats","description":"Rocks and outcrops colonized by pioneer communities, especially of [Crassulaceae]. The substrates are mostly siliceous, occurring in the alpine or montane levels of higher mountains of the nemoral zone. The communities are dominated by succulent [Sempervivum arachnoideum ssp. arachnoideum], [Sempervivum arachnoideum ssp. tomentosum], [Sempervivum montanum ssp. montanum], [Sempervivum montanum ssp. stiriacum], [Sempervivum wulfenii], [Jovibarba arenaria], [Sedum montanum], [Sedum anglicum ssp. pyrenaicum], [Sedum sexangulare], [Sedum album], [Sedum annuum], [Saxifraga aspera], accompanied by [Silene rupestris], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Veronica fruticans], [Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus], [Viola tricolor ssp. saxatilis], by small crucifers, lichens and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.61","name":"Bare weathered rock and outcrop habitats","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H3.62","name":"Sparsely vegetated weathered rock and outcrop habitats","description":"Rocks and outcrops colonised by pioneer communities, especially of [Crassulaceae]. Vegetation of the alliance [Sedo-Scleranthion biennis]. Substrates are mostly siliceous, occurring in the upland and montane levels of the nemoral zone. The communities are dominated by succulent [Sempervivum], [Jovibarba] and [Sedum] species accompanied by [Silene rupestris], [Erophila verna], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Veronica fruticans], [Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus], [Viola tricolor ssp. saxatilis], by small crucifers, lichens and mosses [Polytrichum piliferum] and [Racomitrium canescens]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H4","name":"Snow or ice-dominated habitats","description":"High mountain zones and high latitude land masses occupied by glaciers or by perennial snow. They may be inhabited by algae and invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H4.1","name":"Snow packs","description":"Near-permanent snow packs, in particular in avalanche corridors."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H4.2","name":"Ice caps and true glaciers","description":"Permanent and near-permanent ice. Includes ice sheets, ice caps, cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, and small ice masses (glacierets) that are either permanent or persist for a few years."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.21","name":"Ice sheets and ice caps","description":"Dome-like ice masses unconstrained by topography, together with their outlet glaciers. They are characteristic of arctic regions. The largest ice sheet in the northern hemisphere is that of Greenland. Smaller ice sheets and ice caps occur in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, southern Norway, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and the islands of the De-Longa group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.22","name":"Cirque and valley glaciers","description":"Glaciers constrained by topography, including cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, mountain glaciers, piedmont glaciers. They are characteristic, in particular, of the large mountain ranges of the Alpine system, occurring also in arctic regions, notably on Novaya Zemlya, in the subpolar and polar Urals, in the east Siberian mountains and, locally, in Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.23","name":"Glacierets","description":"Small ice masses, permanent, or with an existence of a few years, derived in particular from snow-drifting, avalanches, or ice deposition in cold-bottom karst dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H4.3","name":"Rock glaciers and unvegetated ice-dominated moraines","description":"Mixtures of ice and rocks in which the rocks ride on top of the ice (rock glaciers), or form ridges or mounds of morainic material containing buried ice (ice-core moraines), or are in the process of losing the ice to become glacial moraines. Excludes unvegetated glacial moraines where ice is no longer dominant (H5.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.31","name":"Rock glaciers","description":"Glacier-like tongues of angular talus extending out from a cirque and slowly moving downslope under the effect of gravity and of underlying, fully covered, interstitial ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.32","name":"Ice-core moraines","description":"Fairly large ridges or mounds of morainic material containing buried ice, originating from till deposited on former glacier ice or from morainic material deposited on a snow bank, adjacent to the ice front."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H4.33","name":"Unvegetated glacial moraines in the process of formation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H5","name":"Miscellaneous inland habitats with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Miscellaneous bare habitats, including glacial moraines, freeze-thaw features, inland sand dunes, burnt ground and trampled areas. Vegetation, if present, is dominated by algae, lichens or bryophytes, with vascular plants absent or very sparse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.1","name":"Fjell fields and other freeze-thaw features with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Bare or very sparsely vegetated terrain in which freeze-thaw cycles result in patterned ground with much rock debris. Excludes moss- and lichen-dominated fjell-field (E4.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.11","name":"Fjell fields with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.2","name":"Glacial moraines with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Glacial moraines that have lost their ice and which have not yet revegetated. Excludes moraines where ice is still dominant (H4.3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.21","name":"Unvegetated young glacial moraines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.22","name":"Sparsely vegetated glacial moraines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.3","name":"Sparsely- or un-vegetated habitats on mineral substrates not resulting from recent ice activity","description":"Accumulations of sand, boulders, stones, rock fragments, pebbles or gravels, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by sparse herbs or shrubs. Included are inland dunes, moraines and drumlins originating from glacial deposition, sandar, eskers and kames resulting from fluvio-glacial deposition, block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Excludes mobile screes (H2) and deposits originating from eruptive volcanic activity (H6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.31","name":"Clay and silt with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.32","name":"Stable sand with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.33","name":"Lacustrine dunes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H5.331","name":"Lake Geneva lacustrine dunes","description":"Unique dunes of the Savoie shore of Lake Geneva (Excenevex)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H5.332","name":"Boreo-lacustrine dunes","description":"Lacustrine inland dunes of the northern boreal region, in particular, of Lake Inari in Finland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.34","name":"Inland non-lacustrine dunes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H5.341","name":"Icelandic inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes, unvegetated or colonized by species-poor grassland communities dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Festuca cryophila], with [Equisetum boreale], [Silene uniflora], [Silene maritima], [Armeria maritima]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.35","name":"Gravel with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.36","name":"Shallow rocky soils with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.37","name":"Boulder fields","description":"Accumulations of boulders, stones and rock fragments which are bare or colonised by lichens or mosses, or by sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities. Included are block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, and ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Weathered rock outcrops are classified as H3.6."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.4","name":"Dry organic substrates with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Unvegetated raw humus that is not the result of burning."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.5","name":"Burnt areas with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Burnt ground that has not yet developed cover of vascular plants. Excludes recently burnt woodland (G5.8)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.51","name":"Unvegetated recently burnt ground","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.52","name":"Sparsely vegetated burnt areas","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H5.6","name":"Trampled areas","description":"Bare ground resulting from trampling by humans or by other vertebrates including birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H5.61","name":"Unsurfaced pathways","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"H6","name":"Recent volcanic features","description":"Hard rock surfaces, rock jumbles, loose material deposits, soils, water bodies resulting from recent or present volcanic activity, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by specialised, relatively sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H6.1","name":"Active volcanic features","description":"Orifices in volcanic areas emitting hot or cold gases and vapours. Their very extreme environment is colonized by highly distinct communities with few species. Included are steam vents (fumaroles), vapour and hot sulphurous gas vents (solfatares), paint pots, porridge pots and mud volcanoes, as well as cold carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen vents (mofettes), that emit directly into the open atmosphere. Excludes marine (A6.9) and subterranean (H1.4) vents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.11","name":"Italian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of the major area of active volcanism of the western Mediterranean basins, located on the Italian peninsula and its small islands, in particular those of Isola d'Ischia, with communities that include [Cyperus polystachyos]; other gas vent manifestations of the same region of volcanism are listed in the next two sections."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.12","name":"Sicilian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of Sicily and its nearshore islands, in particular of Mount Etna and the Lipari islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.13","name":"Pantelleria fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of Pantelleria. Their walls, mouth and immediate vicinity are colonized by a succession of microvegetation composed of bryophytes, ferns and a few angiosperms. Constituting plants include the endemic moss [Calymperes sommieri], sole Mediterranean representative of a tropical genus, as well as [Radiola linoides], [Kickxia cirrhosa], [Trifolium angustifolium], [Centaurium maritimum]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.14","name":"Macaronesian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of the Canary Islands and the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.15","name":"Icelandic solfataras","description":"Fumaroles and solfataras of Iceland, surrounded by very sparse communities on warm, acid and clayey soils under a humid, warm microclimate, comprising Cyanophycea carpets in the immediate vicinity of the vent, hepatica belts farther out, first of the small [Riccia bifurca] and [Fossombronia dumortieri], then of the more robust [Preissia quadrata], finally, vascular plant assemblies in which [Ophioglossum azoricum], [Sagina procumbens], [Plantago major var. pygmaea] are prominent. Vast expanses of sulphur-poisoned ground in the general vicinity of the solfataras are almost devoid of vegetation, with a few vascular plants in less poisoned areas, in particular, [Achillea millefolium]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.16","name":"East Mediterranean fumaroles and solfataras","description":"Fumaroles and solfataras of the areas of active volcanism of the eastern Mediterranean basins, in particular, of the Aegean and the Levantine Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.17","name":"Peri-Alpine fumaroles, solfataras and mofettes","description":"Gas vents, fumaroles, solfataras, mofettes, related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, and, notably, the Eastern Carpathians, the Jura, the Dinarides, the Hellenides, the Hercynian ranges, the Iberian mountains, the Atlas, the Taurus. Included in particular are the extensive mofette systems of Bohemia and of the mountains constituting the Bohemian Quadrangle, in particular, those of the bogs of Soos, in the Cheb district of western Bohemia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.18","name":"Western Asian fumaroles and solfataras","description":"Gas vents, fumaroles, solfataras, mofettes of the Caucasus and of western Asian mountains and plateaux, in particular, of the slopes of the Nemrut Dag in Turkey and of the Damavand and Taftan in Iran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"H6.2","name":"Inactive recent volcanic features","description":"Features of active volcanoes where emissions of hot or cold gases are absent. Includes barren lava flows, fields of volcanic ash and summits of dormant volcanoes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.21","name":"Teide violet community","description":"Summital zone of the Teide volcano of Tenerife, above (2700) 3000 metres, colonized by very open communities of [Viola cheiranthifolia], [Silene nocteolens] and [Argyranthemum teneriffae]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.22","name":"Etna summital communities","description":"Summital zone of Mount Etna, above the level of hedgehog heaths, between 2500 metres and the summit, where a very dispersed pioneer community is formed by endemics, notably [Rumex aetnensis], [Senecio aetnensis], [Anthemis aetnensis], [Hypochoeris robertia]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.23","name":"Western Asian orovolcanic communities","description":"Summital zone of very high volcanoes of western Asia, in particular, of Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, with [Polygonum radicosum], [Crepis demavendi], [Artemisia melanolipis], [Carex pseudofoetida]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.24","name":"Barren lava fields and flows","description":"Hard or porous rocky surfaces and chaotic rock jumbles formed by solidified lava flows originating from volcanoes and fissures of the Palaearctic domaine, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by specialised, relatively sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities. They are restricted to the Mid-Atlantic ridge and its associated fracture zones, in Iceland and the Macaronesian islands, responsible for a large proportion of the volume of recent lava in the world, to the collision zones and constructive margins of southern Eurasia, in the Mediterranean and Tethyan basins along the folds of the Alpine system, to the Red Sea rim, on the Arabian peninsula, and to the western Pacific rim and island arcs. A range of surface characteristics is presented by lava of differing composition, viscosity and gas content, including pahoehoe or ropy lava, aa, scoria, pumice and pillow lava. A gradient of increasing acidity and viscosity extends from basalts through andesites and dacites to rhyolites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H6.241","name":"Barren Icelandic lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of Iceland devoid of vegetation or sparsely vegetated by algae, lichens and mosses, which constitute the first stage of colonisation, with covers of up to 20-40%. The main constituents of the vegetation are the lichens [Stereocaulon vesubianum], [Stereocaulon alpinum], [Stereocaulon arcticum], [Alectoria ochroleuca], [Cladonia pyxidata], [Lecidea] spp., [Lecanora] spp. and the mosses [Grimmia] spp., [Andreaea rupestris], [Andreaea obovata], [Racomitrium canescens], [Polytrichum] spp. accompanied by a very few vascular plants, including [Festuca richardsonii], [Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus], [Poa subcaerulea]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H6.242","name":"Barren Macaronesian lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants. Barren lava fields of Fuerteventura, Lobos and Lanzarote are the main habitat of the endemic and vulnerable Canary Shrew, [Crocidura canariensis]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"H6.243","name":"Barren Tethyan lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the volcanoes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens, notably [Stereocaulon vesubianum], or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"H6.25","name":"Volcanic ash and lapilli fields","description":"Exposed deposits of pyroclastic rocks, fragmental volcanic material blown into the atmosphere by explosive activity, including ash, lapilli, bombs, peles hair, or of detritic pumice and scoriae, together with the pioneer assemblies of specialised species that may colonize them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"I","name":"Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats","description":"Habitats maintained solely by frequent tilling or arising from recent abandonment of previously tilled ground such as arable land and gardens. Includes tilled ground subject to inundation. Excludes lawns and sports fields (E2.6), shrub orchards (FB), tree nurseries (G5.7) and tree-crop plantations (G3.F etc.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"I1","name":"Arable land and market gardens","description":"Croplands planted for annually or regularly harvested crops other than those that carry trees or shrubs. They include fields of cereals, of sunflowers and other oil seed plants, of beets, legumes, fodder, potatoes and other forbs. Croplands comprise intensively cultivated fields as well as traditionally and extensively cultivated crops with little or no chemical fertilisation or pesticide application. Faunal and floral quality and diversity depend on the intensity of agricultural use and on the presence of borders of natural vegetation between fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I1.1","name":"Intensive unmixed crops","description":"Cereal and other crops grown on large, unbroken surfaces in open field landscapes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.11","name":"Large-scale intensive unmixed crops (>25ha)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.12","name":"Medium-scale intensive unmixed crops (1-25ha)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.13","name":"Small-scale intensive unmixed crops (<1ha)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I1.2","name":"Mixed crops of market gardens and horticulture","description":"Intensive cultivation of vegetables, flowers, small fruits, usually in alternating strips of different crops. Includes allotments and small-scale market gardens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.21","name":"Large-scale market gardens and horticulture","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.22","name":"Small-scale market gardens and horticulture, including allotments","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I1.3","name":"Arable land with unmixed crops grown by low-intensity agricultural methods","description":"Traditionally and extensively cultivated crops, in particular, of cereals, harbouring a rich and threatened flora of field weeds including [Agrostemma githago], [Centaurea cyanus], [Legousia speculum-veneris], [Chrysanthemum segetum], [Calendula arvensis], [Adonis] spp., [Consolida] spp., [Nigella] spp., [Papaver] spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I1.4","name":"Inundated or inundatable croplands, including rice fields","description":"Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of rice ([Oryza sativa]). When not too heavily treated, they may provide substitution habitats for some wetland faunal elements, in particular, birds, including ducks, rails and herons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I1.5","name":"Bare tilled, fallow or recently abandoned arable land","description":"Fields abandoned or left to rest, and other interstitial spaces on disturbed ground. Set-aside or abandoned arable land with forbs planted for purposes of soil protection, stabilization, fertilisation or reclamation. Abandoned fields are colonised by numerous pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants. They sometimes provide habitats that can be used by animals of open spaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.51","name":"Bare tilled land","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.52","name":"Fallow un-inundated fields with annual weed communities","description":"Communities of segetal, pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising fallow fields, disused farmland, vinyards, neglected flower beds and abandoned gardens of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.53","name":"Fallow un-inundated fields with annual and perennial weed communities","description":"Communities of arable weeds, pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising fallow fields, disused farmland, vineyards, neglected flower beds and abandoned gardens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.54","name":"Fallow inundated fields with annual weed communities","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I1.55","name":"Fallow inundated fields with annual and perennial weed communities","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"I2","name":"Cultivated areas of gardens and parks","description":"Cultivated areas of small-scale and large-scale gardens, including kitchen gardens, ornamental gardens and small parks in city squares. Excludes allotment gardens (I1.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I2.1","name":"Large-scale ornamental garden areas","description":"Cultivated areas of large-scale recreational gardens. The vegetation, usually composed mainly of introduced species or cultivars, can nevertheless include many native plants and supports a varied fauna when not intensively managed. Large-scale gardens are treated as habitat complexes (X23)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I2.11","name":"Park flower beds, arbours and shrubbery","description":"Plantations of ornamental forbs or shrubs constituting elements of urban parks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I2.12","name":"Botanical gardens","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I2.2","name":"Small-scale ornamental and domestic garden areas","description":"Cultivated areas of ornamental gardens and small parks beside houses or in city squares. Kitchen gardens in the immediate vicinity of dwelling places. Excludes allotment gardens (I1.2). Small gardens are treated as habitat complexes (X22, X24, X25)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I2.21","name":"Ornamental garden areas","description":"Areas of land adjoining a house, planted with ornamental grass, shrubs, trees, flower beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I2.22","name":"Subsistence garden areas","description":"Areas of land used for the cultivation of fruit, vegetables, fruit trees or other domestic crops in the immediate vicinity of a dwelling."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"I2.23","name":"Small parks and city squares","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"I2.3","name":"Recently abandoned garden areas","description":"Abandoned flowerbeds and vegetable plots in gardens are rapidly colonized by abundant weeds (E5.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"J","name":"Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats","description":"Primarily human settlements, buildings, industrial developments, the transport network, waste dump sites. Includes highly artificial saline and non-saline waters with wholly constructed beds or heavily contaminated water (such as industrial lagoons and saltworks) which are virtually devoid of plant and animal life. Excludes disused underground mines (H1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J1","name":"Buildings of cities, towns and villages","description":"Buildings in built-up areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces occupy at least 30% of the land. Includes agricultural building complexes where the built area exceeds 1 ha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.1","name":"Residential buildings of city and town centres","description":"Buildings in urban areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces occupy at least 80% of the land, and with continuous or nearly continuous buildings, which may be houses, flats or buildings occupied for only part of the day."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.2","name":"Residential buildings of villages and urban peripheries","description":"Residential buildings in suburbs and villages where buildings and other impermeable surfaces occupy between 30% and 80% of the land area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.3","name":"Urban and suburban public buildings","description":"Buildings with public access, such as hospitals, schools, churches, cinemas, government buildings, shopping complexes and other places of public resort."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J1.31","name":"Old town walls","description":"Ancient town walls and similar structures which are not derelict. Frequently with pteridophytes. Other possible species include: [Parietaria judaica], [Mercurialis annua], [Hyoscyamus albus], [Verbascum undulatum], [Capparis spinosa ssp. spinosa], [Micromeria juliana], [Diplotaxis tenuifolia], [Sedum album], [Lactuca serriola], [Asphodelus fistulosus], [Bromus madritensis], [Erysimum cheiri], [Antirrhinum majus], [Sonchus oleraceus]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.4","name":"Urban and suburban industrial and commercial sites still in active use","description":"Buildings in sites with current industrial or commercial use. Includes office blocks, factories, industrial units, large (greater than 1 ha) greenhouse complexes, large animal-rearing batteries and large farm units."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J1.41","name":"Urban and suburban commercial units","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J1.42","name":"Urban and suburban factories","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.5","name":"Disused constructions of cities, towns and villages","description":"Disused factories, houses, offices, factories or other buildings; these structures would, while in use, have been classified as J1.1, J1.2, J1.3 or J1.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J1.51","name":"Urban and suburban derelict spaces","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.6","name":"Urban and suburban construction and demolition sites","description":"Non-rural sites in which buildings are being constructed or demolished; this land, when in use, would have been or will be classified as J1.1, J1.2, J1.3 or J1.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J1.7","name":"High density temporary residential units","description":"Residential buildings that are not intended to be present for more than 10 years."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J2","name":"Low density buildings","description":"Buildings in rural and built-up areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density, typically occuping less than 30% of the ground. Excludes agricultural building complexes where the built area exceeds 1 ha (J1.4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.1","name":"Scattered residential buildings","description":"Houses or flats in areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.2","name":"Rural public buildings","description":"Rural buildings with public access, such as government buildings, schools, shops or places of worship."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.3","name":"Rural industrial and commercial sites still in active use","description":"Rural buildings used for industry, offices, warehousing etc. Excludes high concentrations of buildings on sites greater than 1 ha (J1.4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.31","name":"Rural commercial units","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.32","name":"Rural industrial sites","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.4","name":"Agricultural constructions","description":"Structures dispersed within the rural or natural environment established for the purpose of agricultural activities, permanent or temporary residences, small-scale commercial, artisanal or industrial activities, recreation, research, environmental protection. They include isolated greenhouses, animal shelters, harvest-drying structures, sheds and huts, field and pasture enclosures. Excludes high concentrations of buildings on sites greater than 1 ha (J1.4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.41","name":"Agricultural buildings (not isolated)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.42","name":"Isolated agricultural buildings","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.43","name":"Greenhouses","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.5","name":"Constructed boundaries","description":"Walls and fences in areas where buildings are at low density. Includes sea walls."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.51","name":"Fences","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.52","name":"Field walls","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.53","name":"Sea walls","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.6","name":"Disused rural constructions","description":"Disused constructions that while in use would have been classified as J2.1, J2.2, J2.3 or J2.4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J2.61","name":"Derelict spaces of disused rural constructions","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J2.7","name":"Rural construction and demolition sites","description":"Rural sites in which buildings are being constructed or demolished."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J3","name":"Extractive industrial sites","description":"Sites in which minerals are extracted. Includes quarries, open-cast mines and active underground mines. Excludes disused underground mines (H1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J3.1","name":"Active underground mines","description":"Artificial underground spaces. They may constitute important substitution habitats for cave-dwelling bats and for significant subterranean invertebrates such as crustaceans, planarians etc. Excludes disused mines (H1.7)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J3.2","name":"Active opencast mineral extraction sites, including quarries","description":"Areas used for open-sky mining and quarrying activities and presently in operation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J3.3","name":"Recently abandoned above-ground spaces of extractive industrial sites","description":"Disused sites that were formerly quarries or open-cast mines of type J3.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J4","name":"Transport networks and other constructed hard-surfaced areas","description":"Includes roads, car parks, railways, paved footpaths and hard-surfaced areas of airports, water ports and recreational areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.1","name":"Disused road, rail and other constructed hard-surfaced areas","description":"Disused land that when in use was of type J4.2, J4.3, J4.4, J4.5 or J4.6. Such land can be colonised by herbaceous weed vegetation (E5.1) or by trees (G5.6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.2","name":"Road networks","description":"Road surfaces and car parks, together with the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to roads, which may consist of roadside banks or verges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.3","name":"Rail networks","description":"Railway tracks, and the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to railways, which may consist of banks or verges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.4","name":"Airport runways and aprons","description":"In airports, hard surfaces other than buildings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.5","name":"Hard-surfaced areas of ports","description":"In ports, hard surfaces other than buildings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.6","name":"Pavements and recreation areas","description":"Paved areas, city squares and hard-surfaced recreation areas where the traffic is on foot or if wheeled then does not use the hard-surfaced area as a route."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J4.7","name":"Constructed parts of cemeteries","description":"Hard-surfaced areas within cemeteries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J5","name":"Highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures","description":"Inland artificial waterbodies with wholly-constructed beds or heavily contaminated water, and their associated conduits and containers. Includes saltworks by the coast. Excludes man-made but semi-natural waterbodies (C1, C2, C3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J5.1","name":"Highly artificial saline and brackish standing waters","description":"Highly artificial inland saline or brackish waterbodies with no perceptible flow, together with their associated containers. Includes saltworks with active or recently abandoned salt-extraction evaporation basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.11","name":"Saline and brackish industrial lagoons and canals","description":"Inland artificial saltwater bodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.12","name":"Saltworks","description":"Active or recently abandoned salt-extraction evaporation basins. Habitats equivalent to subunits of A2.5, C1.5, or D6.1may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J5.2","name":"Highly artificial saline and brackish running waters","description":"Highly artificial inland saline or brackish waterbodies with perceptible flow."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J5.3","name":"Highly artificial non-saline standing waters","description":"Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, holding fresh water with no perceptible flow. Includes ponds and lakes with completely man-made substrate, water storage tanks, intensively managed fish ponds, and standing waterbodies of extractive industries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.31","name":"Ponds and lakes with completely man-made substrate","description":"Artificial freshwater basins used for the needs of navigation, industrial activities, recreation or ornamentation outside of city parks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.32","name":"Intensively managed fish ponds","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.33","name":"Water storage tanks","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.34","name":"Standing waterbodies of extractive industrial sites with extreme chemistry","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J5.4","name":"Highly artificial non-saline running waters","description":"Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, carrying fresh water with perceptible flow. Includes sewers, running discharges from extractive industrial sites, subterranean artificial watercourses, and channels with completely man-made substrate. Excludes fountains and cascades."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.41","name":"Non-saline water channels with completely man-made substrate","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"J5.411","name":"Sewers","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.42","name":"Running discharges from extractive industrial sites with extreme chemistry","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J5.43","name":"Subterranean artificial watercourses","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J5.5","name":"Highly artificial non-saline fountains and cascades","description":"Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, with fresh water that spurts or splashes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"J6","name":"Waste deposits","description":"Tips, landfill sites and slurries produced as byproducts, usually unwanted, of human activity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J6.1","name":"Waste resulting from building construction or demolition","description":"Dumps of building waste when not forming a part of construction or demolition sites, or when so large as to constitute a separate habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J6.2","name":"Household waste and landfill sites","description":"Sites used for disposal of household waste, including landfill sites that may be used for several types of waste."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J6.3","name":"Non-agricultural organic waste","description":"Sewage waste, sewage slurries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J6.31","name":"Sewage works and sludge beds","description":"Sewage treatment plants and their basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":5,"code":"J6.311","name":"Solid organic waste","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J6.4","name":"Agricultural and horticultural waste","description":"Dung heaps, slurry lagoons, decaying straw, dumps of unwanted produce."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J6.41","name":"Solid agricultural and horticultural waste","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J6.42","name":"Liquid agricultural wastes (manure)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":3,"code":"J6.5","name":"Industrial waste","description":"Heaps, tips and mounds formed as byproducts of industrial activities. Includes slag heaps, mine waste, dumped quarry waste, and mineral wastes resulting from chemical processes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J6.51","name":"Mining slag heaps","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":4,"code":"J6.52","name":"Industrial scrap and detritus heaps","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":1,"code":"X","name":"Habitat complexes","description":"The listed habitat complexes represent preliminary draft proposals. They have not been subjected to rigorous scrutiny to ensure consistency. Some complex habitats have been listed above (e.g. valley mires D2.1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X01","name":"Estuaries","description":"Downstream part of a river valley, subject to the tide and extending from the limit of brackish waters. River estuaries are coastal inlets where there is generally a substantial freshwater influence. The mixing of freshwater and sea water and the reduced current flows in the shelter of the estuary lead to deposition of fine sediments, often forming extensive intertidal sand and mud flats. In addition to herbs, they can also be colonised by shrubs creating thickets (e.g. [Tamarix] spp.). Where the tidal currents are faster than flood tides, most sediments deposit to form a delta at the mouth of the estuary. Baltic river mouths, considered as an estuary subtype, have brackish water and no tide, with helophytic wetland vegetation and luxurious aquatic vegetation in shallow water areas. Littoral and sublittoral habitat types typical of estuaries are included in A2 and A5, although many other habitat types including tidal rivers may occur in estuaries. Includes Transitional waters as defined by the Water Framework Directive."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X02","name":"Saline coastal lagoons","description":"Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish water to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and through the addition of fresh seawater from storms, temporary flooding of the sea in winter or tidal exchange. With or without vegetation of seagrasses or charophytes. Habitat types typical of lagoons are included in A5, although many other habitat types may also occur in lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X03","name":"Brackish coastal lagoons","description":"Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Fully saline coastal lagoons are classified as X02.\r\nFlads and gloes, considered a Baltic variety of lagoons, are small, usually shallow, more or less delimited water bodies still connected to the sea or cut off from the sea very recently by land upheaval. Characterised by well-developed reedbeds and luxuriant submerged vegetation and having several morphological and botanical development stages in the process whereby sea becomes land. \r\nMediterranean lagoons may host the [Ruppietum] community with halophytic vegetation, while at sites with a fresh water supply, plant communities of [Juncetum] and [Phragmitetum] can develop. [Sarcocornia perennis] and [Arthrocnemum macrostachyum] may occur here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X04","name":"Raised bog complexes","description":"Raised bogs are highly oligotrophic, strongly acidic, domed peatlands, whose peat is composed mainly of sphagnum remains and whose surface derives moisture and nutrients only from rainfall (ombrotrophic). Raised bog complexes may include elements of the main mire surface (D1.1) comprising a complex of low hummocks, small pools and their associated vegetation, together with larger pools (C1.46), a marginal lagg (C1.47), pre-woods (G5.64) and other associated habitat types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X05","name":"Snow patches","description":"Areas that retain late-lying snow, including vegetated and unvegetated areas. Vegetated habitat types typical of snow patches are included in E4.1 and (rarely) F2.1, and unvegetated snow patches in H4.1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X06","name":"Crops shaded by trees","description":"Crops, meadows or pastures developed under orchards or other cultivated tree plantations. The component habitat types may include elements of I1, E2.6 and FB."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X07","name":"Intensively-farmed crops interspersed with strips of natural and/or semi-natural vegetation","description":"'Intensively-grown crops interspersed with strips of natural and/or semi-natural vegetation. The semi-natural vegetation, which may consist of ruderal and pioneer species colonising uncultivated land, may be allowed to develop on broad headlands at arable field margins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X09","name":"Pasture woods (with a tree layer overlying pasture)","description":"Pasture woods are the products of historic land management systems, and represent a vegetation structure rather than being a particular plant community. Typically this structure consists of large, open-grown or high forest trees (often pollards) at various densities, in a matrix of grazed grassland, heathland and/or woodland floras. This habitat is most common in southern Britain, but scattered examples occur throughout the UK. Outgrown wood-pasture and mature high forest remnants occur in northern and central Europe, but the number and continuity of ancient (veteran) trees with their associated distinctive saproxylic (wood-eating) fauna and epiphytic flora are more abundant in Britain than elsewhere. Component habitat types include beech and yew woodland (G1.6 and G3.97), heathland (F4) and dry acid grassland (E1.7). A range of native species usually predominates amongst the old trees but there may be non-native species which have been planted or regenerated naturally."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X10","name":"Mosaic landscapes with a woodland element (bocages)","description":"Landscapes consisting of a network of small linear, insular and semi-insular wooded habitats, tree-lines, hedgerows, closely interwoven with grassy or cultivated habitats. Component habitat types may include elements of G5, FA, E2 and I1. Characteristic of the British Isles, southern Fennoscandia, the Germano-Baltic plain, the northern piedmont of the Alps, western France, Galicia, Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X11","name":"Large parks","description":"Large, varied green spaces within towns and cities, usually > 5ha. They may include small woods (G5), mown lawns (E2.64), water bodies (which may be semi-natural or artificial), flower beds and shrubberies (I2.1), and semi-natural grassland or woodland enclaves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X13","name":"Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved deciduous trees","description":"Land in which the woodland element comprises broadleaved deciduous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X14","name":"Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved evergreen trees","description":"Land in which the woodland element comprises broadleaved evergreen trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X15","name":"Land sparsely wooded with coniferous trees","description":"Land in which the woodland element comprises coniferous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X16","name":"Land sparsely wooded with mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees","description":"Land in which the woodland element comprises mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X18","name":"Wooded steppe","description":"The transition zone between forests and the middle Eurasian, Irano-Anatolian or Saharo-Mediterranean steppes, occurring in a vast swath extending from Pannonia to the Far East, south of and inland from the boreal and nemoral forest belts, in regions of reduced summer humidity, as well as in areas adjacent to, or under the influence of the Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, represented by a macromosaic of steppe and connected, contiguous, disjunct or widely spaced woodland stands, the latter usually with a very developed grassy understorey, or by a scattering of trees within a steppe environment. The forest elements are often located on porous or slightly raised ground, valley sides or slopes, the grasslands occupying less well drained soils and lower places. Component habitat types include those of E1.2 in combination with G1.7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X19","name":"Wooded tundra","description":"The transition zone between taiga and tundra, characterised by a scattering of stunted coniferous trees or deciduous shrubs within a tundra environment, or by a macromosaic of tundra with scattered islands of forest, or by forest with scattered treeless tundra patches. They occur in a broad belt, up to several hundreds of kilometres wide, across the north of the Eurasian continent and in a narrow ecotone in Siberian mountains. Component habitat types include those of F1 in combination with G3.A, G3.B, G3.C or G4.2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X20","name":"Treeline ecotones","description":"Formations of the timberline of mountains, in which subalpine forests give way to alpine or boreal heaths and scrubs, or to alpine grasslands; they are characterised by a scattering of stunted, gnarled trees punctuating an alpine shrub or grassland environment, by a macromosaic of alpine shrub and grass formations with scattered islands of forest, or by open or clear forest with an undergrowth composed of alpine elements such as ericaceous shrubs. They occupy a narrow belt, varying in altitudinal location according to latitude, exposure and other climatic or edaphic conditions. Component habitats include those of F2 and E4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X22","name":"Small city centre non-domestic gardens","description":"Small gardens or other green spaces, usually < 0.5 ha, often partitioned by walls, located inside city blocks and completely or almost completely surrounded by continuous architectural structures (J1.1). May include mown lawns and flower beds (I2.2), native or ornamental trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X23","name":"Large non-domestic gardens","description":"Large non-domestic gardens or other green spaces, more restricted in area and diversity than large parks (X11), typically 0.5 - 5 ha. Usually located within urban areas and completely or almost completely surrounded by continuous architectural structures (J1.1) or roads (J4.1). May include mown lawns and flower beds (I2.23), native or ornamental trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X24","name":"Domestic gardens of city and town centres","description":"Domestic gardens, usually small in area, usually < 0.5 ha, often with very mixed species-rich flora and fauna (crops, lawns, shrubs, flowerbeds etc., frequently interspersed with paths and small buildings) in close proximity to human dwellings, urban green spaces (usually species-poor) and parks. The component habitat types comprise combinations of several level 1 units."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X25","name":"Domestic gardens of villages and urban peripheries","description":"Domestic gardens, usually small in area, usually < 0.5 ha, often with very mixed species-rich flora and fauna (crops, lawns, shrubs, flowerbeds etc., frequently interspersed with paths and small buildings) in close proximity to human dwellings, agricultural land, natural or semi-natural habitats. The component habitat types comprise combinations of several level 1 units."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X27","name":"Machair complexes","description":"Machair complexes are characterised by the effects of wind-blown calcareous sand with a predominance of shell fragments, a low proportion of sand-binding vegetation and a long history of agricultural use. Machair in its strict sense (B1.9) refers to short-turf grassland on relatively flat and low-lying sand plains formed by dry or wet (seasonally waterlogged) sandy soil above peat or impermeable bedrock. Machair complexes (X27) correspond to machair in the broad sense, including the beach zone (B1.2), mobile and semi-fixed foredunes (B1.3), dune-slack pools (C1.16), fens (D4.1), lochs (C1), some of them brackish, and saltmarsh (A2.5), as well as machair grassland (B1.9) and land cultivated on a strip rotation (I1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X28","name":"Blanket bog complexes","description":"Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic, strongly acidic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. Blanket bog complexes include dystrophic pools (C1.4) and acidic flushes (D2.2), as well as the main mire surface (D1.2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X29","name":"Salt lake islands","description":"Permanently or usually emergent features of inland saline lakes and of permanent or temporary saline lakes or ponds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X30","name":"Bentho-pelagic habitats","description":"Habitats developed at the interface between the benthic substrate and water. A combination of habitat types from A1 to A6 with those from A7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X31","name":"Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the littoral zone","description":"Littoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A1 and A2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X32","name":"Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the infralittoral zone","description":"Infralittoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A3 and A5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X33","name":"Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the circalittoral zone","description":"Circalittoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A4 and A5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X34","name":"Anchihaline caves","description":"Caves which are usually coastal, with different salinities in their water-body profile, from freshwater at the water surface to saline water (usually sea water) on the bottom, with biocenoses typical for each of them. They are influenced by outside climatic conditions and to differing extents by the sea. They occur on karstic substrates and are inhabited by specific communities of anchihaline stygobionts, e.g. copepods [Acanthocyclops gordani], [Diacyclops antrincola], thermosbaenaceans (crustaceans) [Monodella argentarii] and amphipods [Hadzia fragilis], [Niphargus hebereri], [Niphargus pectencoronatae], [Niphargus salonitanus], [Pseudoniphargus adriaticus], [Rhipidogammarus karamani], [Salentinella angelieri]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_2012","version":"2012","level":2,"code":"X36","name":"Depressions (pody) of the Steppe zone","description":"Pody are a heterogeneous group of closed depressions of the Steppic region, predominantly on the left bank of the Lower Dnipro and along the Lower Volga and Lower Don , some of them are relics of the ancient hollows of the former Dnipro valley, others are formed as a result of subsidence processes or deflationary phenomena. Characterized by  Gleysols (\"gleysolod’) with iron-manganese nodules,  formed as a result of prolonged flooding. Characterized by a wide spectrum of vegetation including free-floating, coastal, ephemeral, meadow, meadow-steppe communities from the Isoёto-Nanojuncetea, Nanocyperetalia, Myosuro-Beckmannion eruciformis , Eleocharition soloniensis, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Molinietalia, Lythro virgati-Elytrigion pseudocaesiae, Festuco-Brometea , Festucetalia valesiacae  and Festucion valesiacae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":1,"code":"M","name":"Marine benthic habitats","description":"Marine benthic habitats are the bed of seas directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. They may be under waters which are fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine benthic habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Marine benthic habitats also include marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Marine benthic habitats further include constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The splash zone immediately above the mean water line, as well the spray zone and any zone subject to sporadic inundation with salt water and inhabited predominantly by marine species, is included in marine habitats. The adjacent zone only very rarely subject to salt spray and dominated by terrestrial species is considered part of coastal habitats (N). Supralittoral sands and wracks may be found also in coastal habitats (N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA1","name":"Littoral rock","description":"Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders  and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the  area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the  top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many  physical variables affecting rocky shore communiti es - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the  diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise  littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast  to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets.  Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some  robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable  for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with  distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on  moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical.\r\n\r\nThe vertical continuation of littoral rock as sea cliffs,  is considered part of the coastal habitat section (N)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA11","name":"Arctic littoral rock","description":"Arctic littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA12","name":"Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Atlantic littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA121","name":"Lichens or small green algae on Atlantic supralittoral and littoral fringe rock","description":"Lichen communities typically form a distinct zone or band in a 'splash' zone on most rocky shores. This splash zone occurs above the main intertidal zone (i.e. that subject to regular covering by the tide) and blends into angiosperm-dominated communities of coastal (terrestrial) habitats at its upper limits. The width of the splash zone varies considerably, depending on the degree of exposure of the shore to wave action. On very exposed coasts the zone is very wide, extending 10s of meters up cliffs, whilst in very sheltered sites it may be only a metre or so high. Several biotopes have been identified. Yellow and grey lichens such as Xanthoria parietina, Caloplaca marina, Caloplaca thallincola or Ramalina sp. dominate the supralittoral rock (MA1-211) with the distinctive black band of  Verrucaria maura occurring below in the littoral fringe (MA1-2131, MA1-2132). Small green seaweeds can sometimes be found in this splash zone, where localised conditions allow growth in what would otherwise be inhospitable conditions for seaweeds. Such an example is the green seaweed Prasiola stipitata which occurs in areas of nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting seabirds (MA1-212). The littoral fringe on soft rock can be characterised by the green seaweed Blidingia minima (MA1-214) while steep and vertical rock influenced by freshwater in the littoral fringe can be dominated by the green seaweeds Ulothrix flacca, Urospora penicilliformis and Urospora wormskioldii (MA1-215). The winkle Littorina saxatilis is one of the few 'marine' species found in this environment.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the littoral fringe and the supralittoral zone on all rocky shores if there is sufficient seawater spray to maintain a viable community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1211","name":"Yellow and grey lichens on Atlantic supralittoral rock","description":"Vertical to gently sloping bedrock and stable boulders in the supralittoral (or splash zone) of the majority of rocky shores are typically characterised by a diverse maritime community of yellow and grey lichens, such as  Xanthoria parietina, Caloplaca marina,  Lecanora atra and Ramalina spp. The black lichen Verrucaria maura is also present, but usually in lower abundance than in the littoral fringe zone. In wave exposed conditions, where the effects of sea-spray extend further up the shore, the lichens generally form a wide and distinct band. This band then becomes less distinct as wave exposure decreases, and in sheltered locations, cobbles and pebbles may also support the biotope. Pools, damp pits and crevices in the rock are occasionally occupied by winkles such as Littorina saxatilis and halacarid mites may also be present.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found at the top of the shore, immediately above a zone of the black lichen V. maura (MA1-2131, MA1-2132). Above the band of MA1-211, and occasionally in crevices in the rock alongside the lichens, terrestrial plants such as the thrift Armeria maritima and other angiosperms often occur. In sheltered areas the transition from MA1-211 to MA1-2132 is often indistinct and a mixed zone of MA1-211 and MA1-2132 may occur. In estuaries, this biotope is often restricted to artificial substrata such as sea defences. With decreasing influence of saltwater this habitat gives way to N3"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1212","name":"Prasiola stipitata on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and large boulders in the supralittoral and littoral fringe that receives nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting sea birds and is characterised by a band or patches of the ephemeral tufty green seaweed Prasiola stipitata or Prasiola spp. This typically grows over the black lichen Verrucaria maura in the littoral fringe or yellow and grey lichens in the supralittoral zone. In damp pits and crevices, species such as the winkle Littorina saxatilis, amphipods and halacarid mites are occasionally found. MA1-212 often covers a smaller area than 5m x 5m and care should be taken to notice/record this biotope. The biotope can be associated with artificial substrata such as septic tanks, and in supralittoral areas influenced by sewage seeps or agricultural run-off.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the top of rocky shores in the splash zone below colonies of nesting or roosting birds growing. MA1-212 may also be found at the entrances to and on the ceilings of littoral caves or in patches on large boulders, where birds may be roosting. It can be found in the MA1-211 or MA1-2132 zones.\r\nTemporal variation: P. stipitata reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, when the biotope reverts to either MA1-211 or MA1-2132. In the cooler northern areas it may be present all year round."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1213","name":"Verrucaria maura on littoral fringe rock","description":"Bedrock or stable boulders and cobbles in the littoral fringe which is covered by the black lichen Verrucaria maura. This lichen typically covers the entire rock surface giving a distinct black band in the upper littoral fringe. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is usually present. Two variants are defined which both occur in a wide range of wave exposures. On exposed shores V. maura may occur with sparse barnacles such as Chthamalus spp. or Semibalanus balanoides and may be covered by a band of ephemeral seaweeds such as Porphyra umbilicalis or Enteromorpha spp. (MA1-2131). Above MA1-2131 or on more sheltered shores is a species poor community consisting mainly of V. maura and L. saxatilis (MA1-2132).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below the yellow and grey lichen zone (MA1-211) and above eulittoral communities of barnacles and fuciod algae.\r\nTemporal variation: Distinct band of red or green ephemeral algae may obscure the black lichen band at certain times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12131","name":"Verrucaria mauraand sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"The littoral fringe of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores with a sparse covering of the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and/or Chthamalus montagui over the black lichen Verrucaria maura. Winkles Littorina saxatilis and Melarhaphe neritoides are usually present although M. neritoides tends to be found on more exposed shores. The limpet Patella vulgata is often present though at a low abundance (Occasional). This biotope can be dominated by ephemeral seaweeds including the red seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis, the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. or, particulary in the north, microscopic blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), which overgrow V. maura. The wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (Rare) may also be present, becoming increasingly more common with greater shelter (see MA1-241). Geographical variation: On northern and eastern shores the barnacle is usually S. balanoides, which is normally restricted to the lower littoral fringe, with a band of V. maura only in the upper littoral fringe. On south-west and western shores the barnacle is usually C. montagui which may extend over the whole of the littoral fringe zone.\r\nSituation: MA1-2131 is usually found on more exposed coasts below the V. maura biotope MA1-2132. It is found above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles biotope (MA1-241) or above the barnacle and Patella spp. zone (MA1-2221; MA1-223). MA1-2131 also occurs on vertical faces of moderately exposed shores where the P. canaliculata biotope (MA1-241) usually dominates on non-vertical faces.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of P. umbilicalis shows considerable seasonal and geographical variation. During warm weather P. umbilicalis is often bleached light brown and sticks to the rock as it dries out. On southern shores it may be absent during the summer on all but the most exposed shores, as it dies back leaving a barnacle and lichen dominated community. In the cooler north the P. umbilicalis covering persists throughout the year. Porphyra linearis can also be found in the among the P. umbilicalis during the late winter and spring."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12132","name":"Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock","description":"Upper littoral fringe bedrock, boulders and stable cobbles on very exposed to very sheltered shores which have a blanket covering of the black lichen Verrucaria maura. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is often present. Due to the nature of this biotope it is species poor, but occasionally a range of species may be present in low abundance. These species include the yellow lichen Caloplaca marina and the winkle Melarhaphe neritoides, the barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Semibalanus balanoides or the ephemeral seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Enteromorpha spp. can be present in low abundance (see MA1-2131). If one or more of these species is present compare with MA1-2131. On northern shores Littorina saxatilis var. rudis can dominate along with the occasional presence of the lichens Verrucaria mucosa and Xanthoria parietina. V. maura can be found overlying stable mud in N. Ireland sea loughs.\r\nSituation: The black lichen zone is normally found below the yellow and grey lichen zone (MA1-211). In very sheltered areas there is not always a clear transition from one zone to the next and a mixed zone of MA1-211 and MA1-2132 is common. The wrack Pelvetia canaliculata can occur on these more sheltered shores. With increasing wave exposure the two lichen zones become wider and more distinct, and MA1-2132 gives way to a lichen and barnacle dominated community (MA1-2131) in the lower littoral fringe.\r\nTemporal variation: In areas with nitrate enrichment V. maura can be overgrown by the small green seaweed Prasiola stipitata (MA1-212) which reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, reverting the biotope to MA1-2132."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1214","name":"Blidingia spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk","description":"Vertical soft rock in the littoral fringe may be characterised by a band of the green seaweeds Blidingia minima and Blidingia marginata. Unbranched filamentous green seaweeds, including Ulothrix flacca and Urospora wormskioldii, are found amongst the Blidingia spp. The siphonous Xanthophyceae Vaucheria spp. can also occur in high abundance in this biotope, where they can form dense mats. During low tide terrestrial fauna such as red mites, insects and centipedes migrate into this zone. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: MA1-214 is found below the Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2132) and above a band of the similar looking green algae Enteromorpha spp. (MA1-223 and MA1-23H), where these occur in habitats not influenced by freshwater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1215","name":"Ulothrix flacca and Urosporaspp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock","description":"An assemblage of the small un-branched filamentous green seaweeds Ulothrix flacca, Urospora penicilliformis and Urospora wormskioldii at High Water Spring Tide level on steep and vertical rock often influenced by freshwater. The community is also present in areas with freshwater seepage. It is visually recognised as a closely adherent, often shiny, green mat of filamentous growth. Associated species include the green seaweeds Blidingia minima and Enteromorpha prolifera, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata, but these species are not common. Although this biotope does occur on rock other than chalk, this description has been derived from chalk coast sites. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: On chalk coasts this community can include Enteromorpha spp. and the transition from MA1-215 to MA1-23G is often indistinct and a mixed zone of MA1-215 and MA1-23G can occur.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope is more easily identifiable from autumn to spring as both Urospora spp. and Bangia atropurpurea may dry out and disappear during the summer. In late winter the red seaweed B. atropurpurea may be predominant and the community then appears as shiny blackish mats of filamentous growth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA122","name":"Mytilus edulis and/or barnacle communities on wave-exposed Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel Mytilus edulis (MA1-221), barnacles Chthamalus spp. and/or Semibalanus balanoides and limpets Patella  spp. (MA1-222, MA1-223). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata (MA1-223). The barnacles may be covered by Porphyra umbilicalis on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel M. edulis, winkles Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly Ceramium shuttleworthianum, Corallina officinalis, Osmundea pinnatifida and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus might be present (MA1-2232). Large numbers of the winkle Littorina littorea often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (MA1-2233). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west C. montagui and/or C. stellatus can form a distinct band above S. balanoides. In the south-west C. montagui and/or C. stellatus can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (MA1-2221). On the east coasts S. balanoides is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of Chthamalus spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen Lichina pygmaea may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the Chthamalus spp. (MA1-2222). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by P. vulgata.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (MA1-215) and is typically characterised by patches of mussels M. edulis interspersed with barnacles. Below MA1-22 is a community dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds such as C. officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and O. pinnatifida (MA1-23). With decreasing wave exposure F. vesiculosus is able to survive, gradually replacing the barnacles and P. vulgata biotope (MA1-243). On such moderately exposed shores MA1-22 may occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232, MA1-243)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1221","name":"Mytilus edulis and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock","description":"On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis interspersed with patches of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and individuls of the limpet Patella vulgata. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including Ceramium spp., Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus can be found. The foliose red seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Palmaria palmata are commonly found as epiphytes on M. edulis where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (MA1-23, MA1-2321 or MA1-233). Where M. edulis occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk Nucella lapillus and a few winkles such as Littorina spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate Fucus vesiculosus may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (MA1-23), Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp Alaria esculenta (MB1-211) zone. Above MA1-221 there may be a Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2132), a V. maura and sparse barnacle zone (MA1-2131), often with P. umbilicalis or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (MA1-223; MA1-243). In addition, patches of lichen Lichina pygmaea with the barnacle Chthamalus montagui (MA1-2221) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1222","name":"Chthamalus spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including Chthamalus montagui ,  Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the limpet Patella vulgata. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis and the winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina. Black patches of the lichen Verrucaria maura may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of Chthamalus spp. On the west coast Chthamalus spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. C. montaguiis better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, Chthamalus spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (MA1-2221). On other shores, particularly in the south, Lichina pygmaea can form a distinct zone (MA1-2222).\r\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) on very exposed shores and above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacle biotope (MA1-221). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack Fucus vesiculosusis able to survive and a mixed barnacle and F. vesiculosus biotope may occur (MA1-2232) beneath MA1-222. On such moderately exposed shores MA1-222 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232), though these communities should not be confused with MA1-2232. This unit can also occur above MA1-223. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland Chthamalus spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12221","name":"Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including Chthamalus montagui, Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the limpet Patella vulgata. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, and the winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina. Patches of the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds Catenella caespitosa, Bostrychia scorpioides and/or Lomentaria articulata. Where the turf of C. caespitosa is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of Chthamalus spp. On the west coast Chthamalus spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. C. montagui is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west Chthamalus spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone.\r\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles biotope (MA1-221). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack Fucus vesiculosus is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and F. vesiculosus biotope may occur (MA1-2232) beneath MA1-2221. On such moderately exposed shores MA1-2221 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232), though these communities should not be confused with MA1-2232. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland Chthamalus spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12222","name":"Chthamalus spp. and Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen Lichina pygmaea and the barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus, although long-established patches of L. pygmaea ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of L. pygmaea provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve Lasaea adasoni, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Melarhaphe neritoides. The anemone Actinia equina and the mussel Mytilus edulis are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet Patella vulgata is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell Gibbula umbilicalis can be found on L. pygmaea. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have Chthamalus spp., L. pygmaea being the most important characterising species on these sites.\r\nSituation: The band of L. pygmaea lies between the Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) above and the barnacle P. vulgata zone below. Other upper shore biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) may contain occasional patches of L. pygmaea, particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. L. pygmaea also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of L. pygmaea results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On Chthamalus spp . dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of L. pygmaea lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on Semibalanus balanoides dominated shores (north and east coasts) MA1-2222 lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1223","name":"Semibalanus balanoides on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the winkle Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis. On some shores the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated community on bedrock (MA1-2231); S. balanoides and sparse Fucus vesioculosus and red seaweeds (MA1-2232); and barnacles and L. littorea eulittoral boulders and cobbles (MA1-2233).\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores Chthamalus spp. (see MA1-222 and subunits for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen Verrucaria maura dominated biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) may be found above MA1-223. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata and various red seaweeds such as Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-233; MA1-232; MA1-236) often occurs. MA1-223 may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-243; MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. MA1-23D or MA1-243). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12231","name":"Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the winkle Littorina spp. and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds.\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores Chthamalus spp. (see MA1-2221 for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above MA1-223 are the black lichen Verrucaria maura dominated biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack Himanthaliaelongata and various red seaweeds including Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-233; MA1-232; MA1-236) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope MA1-221. This unit may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232; MA1-243).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. MA1-23D). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12232","name":"Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and the whelk Nucella lapillus with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of F. vesiculosus can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus are usually present along with the Corallina officinalis and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis and the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina.\r\nSituation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores. This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (MA1-2131) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotopes (MA1-222). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or the red seaweed biotopes (MA1-232).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232) and a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D). Individuals of F. vesiculosus growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12233","name":"Semibalanus balanoides and Littorinaspp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and, on larger rocks, the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone Actinia equina occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel Mytilus edulis occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab Carcinus maenas and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds Chondruscrispus,Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida as well as the wrack Fucus vesiculosus may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle Elminius modestus is present on some shores.\r\nSituation: On exposed shores with large boulders this unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (MA1-2131or MA1-2132) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotope (MA1-222). Below this biotope the Himanthalia elongata dominated biotopes may occur (MA1-232; MA1-233). On less exposed shores it can be found above the Fucus serratus biotope on boulders (MA1-2442).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA123","name":"Seaweeds communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral rock","description":"This habitat type encompasses littoral rock habitats dominated by seaweeds. The seaweed community varies depending on the wave exposure and tidal currents. \r\n\r\nIn areas of high energy, the physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (MA1-231). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (MA1-232). The wrack Himanthalia elongata occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (MA1-233). The red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, MA1-235). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweedPalmaria palmata. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (MA1-234). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-236). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis, to bore into them (MA1-237). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone Halichondria panicea, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the whelk Nucella lapillus can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in MA1-22. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red Palmaria palmata,Lomentaria articulata, Ceramium spp. and the brown seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are occasionally present.\r\n\r\nIn tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs, the middle shore can be dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-238), while Fucus serratus is dominating the lower shore (MA1-239, MA1-23A). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges Grantia compressa,Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts Dendrodoa grossularia and Ascidiella scabra, which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink Clava multicornis can form colonies on A. nodosum while Dynamena pumila is more often found on Fucus vesiculosus or F. serratus. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds Gelidium pusillum, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can usually be found growing on A. nodosum. On the rock beneath are the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while the crab Carcinus maenas and a variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina mariae and Littorina obtusata can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk Nucella lapillus can either be found in cracks and crevices.\r\nSituation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the Fucus spiralis and F. vesiculosus band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral.\r\n\r\nDense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominate in sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (MA1-23B) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum or the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D, MA1-23E) or a mixture of both. The wrack Fucus serratus covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (MA1-23F). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (MA1-23C2; MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2; MA1-23F2).\r\n\r\nEphemeral seaweeds can occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and the red seaweeds Rhodothamniella floridula and Porphyra purpurea. Winkles such as Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis, the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab Carcinus maenas can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle Elminius modestus is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is Enteromorpha spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (MA1-23G) or P. purpurea and/or Enteromorpha spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (MA1-23H). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1231","name":"Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana, the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites F. distichus dominates and F. spiralis is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red Porphyra umbilicalis and the green Enteromorpha spp. The winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of Hildenbrandia rubra and the mussel Mytilus edulis are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens Verrucaria maura and Verrucaria mucosa can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts.\r\nSituation: This mixed band of F. distichus and F. spiralis f. nana is generally found between the Verrucaria maura and Porphyra spp. zone (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) above, and the M. edulis and barnacle zone below (MA1-221). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of Mastocarpus stellatus as recorded on Barra (Scotland).\r\nTemporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and unit MA1-2131 from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1232","name":"Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including Lomentaria articulata,  Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata  and Osmundea pinnatifida. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria digitata while the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the anemone Actinia equina and the limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: C. officinalis and kelp (MA1-2321) and C. officinalis, H. elongata and the limpet P. ulyssiponensis (MA1-2322).\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211, MB1-2112 or MB1-2172). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-223; MA1-2232)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12321","name":"Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Osmundea pinnatifida. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack Himanthalia elongata and the kelp Laminaria digitata, while the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete Pomatoceros sp. and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The mussel Mytilus edulis is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211, MB1-2112 or MB1-2172). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-2231; MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: If there are many of the characteristic H. elongata buttons present in early spring careful comparison with unit MA1-233 should be made (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12322","name":"Corallina officinalis, Himanthalia elongata and Patella ulyssiponensis on very exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack Himanthalia elongata. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus or the limpet Patella vulgata, while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as Actinia equina or the mussel Mytilus edulis. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium spp. and Osmundea  pinnatifida which can be found along with the kelp Laminaria digitata. Foliose green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may also be present along with siphonous Codium spp. Sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211 or MB1-217). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-223 or MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either MA1-2321 or MA1-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1233","name":"Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack Himanthalia elongata with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. H. elongata may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack Fucus serratus is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Corallina officinalis and Palmaria palmata that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae Lithothamnion spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, or Balanus perforatus in the south-west, and by the limpet Patella vulgata. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk Nucella lapillus, the winkle Littorina spp. and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds Dumontia contorta, Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra spp., the kelp Laminaria digitata and the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris.\r\nSituation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a Fucus serratus and red algal turf (MA1-2441) and the kelp Alaria esculenta and L. digitata community (MB1-2112). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for F. serratus to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the F. serratus / red seaweed turf zone (MA1-2441). Consequently, F. serratus plants frequently occur amongst the H. elongata and red seaweed turf.\r\nTemporal variation: In early spring only characteristic H. elongata buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to MA1-2321 in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1234","name":"Palmaria palmata on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse Palmaria palmata as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. P. palmata favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis or the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris may also occur in this biotope although P. palmata always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as MA1-234 where P. palmata forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the P. vulgata, S. balanoides, the wrack Fucus distichus or E. intestinalis (MA1-223; MA1-231; MA1-23G). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112; MB1-2171).\r\nTemporal variation: It is likely that the P. palmata biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack Fucus serratus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1235","name":"Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red Lomentaria articulata and Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. The wrack Fucus serratus and the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may also be present though usually at a low abundance. Although both M. stellatus and C. crispus are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from MA1-2441. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (MA1-232; MA1-233). M. stellatus can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (MA1-232: MA1-233; MA1-2441 etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above Alaria esculenta (MB1-211) or the mussel Mytilus edulis (MA1-221) or within a F. serratus -red algal mosaic (MA1-2441).\r\nTemporal variation: M. stellatus is more resistant to wave action than C. crispus and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, M. stellatus may give way to C. crispus which has a faster growth rate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1236","name":"Osmundea pinnatifida on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of Osmundea pinnatifida and Gelidium pusillum (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium spp. and Callithamnion hookeri may be present, although O. pinnatifida always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, Osmundea hybrida may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the whelk Nucella lapillus and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of G. pusillum occur in the mid eulittoral above the main O. pinnatifida zone.\r\nSituation: This biotope can be found below barnacles S. balanoides or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species Palmaria palmata, C. officinalis or M. stellatus (MA1-222; MA1-232; MA1-262). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus and red seaweeds (MA1-23; MA1-247; MA1-2441) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2171)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1237","name":"Ceramium sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat","description":"Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed Ceramium spp. and with the green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes Lanice conchilega and Polydora sp. The crabs Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as Obelia longissima and Kirchenpaueria pinnata, the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma and the crustacean Crangon crangon. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other \"soft\" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1238","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges Leucosolenia spp., Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts Dendrodoa grossularia and Ascidiella scabra, which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink Clava multicornis can form colonies on A. nodosum while Dynamena pumila is more often found on F. vesiculosus or F. serratus. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds Gelidium pusillum, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can usually be found growing on A. nodosum. On the rock beneath are the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while the crab Carcinus maenas and a variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina mariae and Littorina obtusata can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk Nucella lapillus can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles. \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the Fucus spiralis biotope (MA1-242) although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (unit MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. MA1-238 is found above the tide-swept F. serratus dominated biotope (unit MA1-239).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually very stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1239","name":"Fucus serratus, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the F. serratus canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including Mastocarpus stellatus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and Chondrus crispus. The green seaweeds Cladophora spp., Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca and the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Balanus crenatus and the whelk Nucella lapillus can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles Littorina mariae and Littorina littorea, the top shell Gibbulacineraria and the crab Carcinus maenas. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including Electra pilosa and Alcyonidium gelatinosum, all competing for space with the hydroid Dynamena pumila, which can form dense populations on the F. serratus fronds.\r\nSituation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as MA1-256 rather than the present biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123A","name":"Fucus serratus with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the sea squirts Ascidiella aspera, Ascidiella scabra, Styela clava and Botryllus schlosseri. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including Halurus flosculosus, Ceramium spp., Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides and foliose seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus are usually present. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and the wrack Fucus serratus with colonies of the hydroid Dynamena pumila, and Ectocarpus sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell Gibbulacineraria, the whelk Nucella lapillus and barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus, or in areas with variable salinity Elminius modestus, and the tube-forming polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete Lanice conchilega and the polychaete Sabella pavonina. Aggregations of the mussel Mytilus edulis and, in southern and eastern England the limpet Crepidula fornicata, may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl Lithothamnion spp. and bivalves Venerupis senegalensis (see also MB4-233).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112) or seagrass beds dominated by Zostera marina (MB5-223) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or M. edulis beds (MA4-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123B","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. P. canaliculata overgrows a crust of black lichens Verrucaria maura or the non-calcified red algae Hildenbrandia rubra on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack Fucus spiralis can usually be found among the P. canaliculata and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the P. canaliculata on more exposed shores. The winkle Littorina saxatilis occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga Catenella caespitosa can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed Enteromorpha spp. can be present in moist areas.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by V. maura (unit MA1-2132) and above biotopes dominated by F. spiralis (unit MA1-242). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123C","name":"Fucus spiralis on sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis and the occasional Pelvetia canaliculata is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by F. spiralis, the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa (unit MA1-23C1). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by F. spiralis with occasional clumps of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-23C2). Note that a F. spiralis biotope in variable salinity conditions (MA1-252) has also been descibed.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack (units MA1-241: MA1-23B), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (MA1-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123C1","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and sparse individuals of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides while the mussel Mytilus edulis can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including Hildenbrandia rubra may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (units MA1-241; MA1-23B), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C1 occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123C2","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack Fucus spiralis. Occasional clumps of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata can be overgrowing the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra can be found along with the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab Carcinus maenas can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis can occur in some abundance especially during the summer.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack P. canaliculata (units MA1-241; MA1-23B). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (MA1-223).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C2 occur above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E2) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D2) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the F. spiralis, although F. spiralis always dominates. Fucus spiralis can also be found above a barnacle S. balanoides and winkle L. littorea dominated biotope (MA4-231).\r\nTemporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as E. intestinalis can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123D","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The mussel Mytilus edulis is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk Nucella lapillus is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab Carcinus maenas may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (unit MA1-23D1) and mixed substrata (unit MA1-23D2). Please notice that a F. vesioculosus biotope subject to variable salinity (unit MA1-253) has been identified.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and the Fucus serratus (MA1-23F) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas F. vesiculosus forms a narrow zone above the A. nodosum zone (MA1-23E). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores F. vesiculosus may be replaced by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123D1","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata.The mussel Mytilus edulis is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst Littorina obtusata/mariae graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete Spirorbis spirorbis may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus and even the wrack Fucus serratus may be present. The crab Carcinus maenas may be present in pools or among the boulders.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and theF. serratus(MA1-23F) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas F. vesiculosus forms a narrow zone above the A. nodosum zone (MA1-23E). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores F. vesiculosus may be replaced by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123D2","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk Nucella lapillus preying on the barnacles and on the mussel Mytilus edulis. Winkles, particularly Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata, commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while Littorina saxatilis can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete Arenicola marina or the polychaete Lanice conchilega, while a variety of gastropods and the crab Carcinus maenas occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack Fucus spiralis (unit MA1-23C2) or a community dominated by S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea (unit MA4-231). It is found above a community dominated by M. edulis beds (MA1-221) or the wrack Fucus serratus (MA1-23F2).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123E","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa is often found growing as an epiphyte on the A. nodosum fronds while disturbed areas among the A. nodosum is colonised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis.e barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea can all be found on the bedrock underneath the A. nodosum canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (unit MA1-23E1), mixed substrata (unit MA1-23E2) and the loose lying growth form A. nodosumecad mackaii found on very sheltered shores (MA1-255). Two other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (MA1-238) and variable salinity (MA1-254).\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and F. serratus dominated biotopes (MA1-23F), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy is replaced by F. vesiculosus (MA1-243; MA1-23D). Unit MA1-23E can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123E1","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. Another wrack Fucus vesiculosus may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the wracks F. vesiculosus and Fucus serratus. Variations in the ratio of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa is usually present on A. nodosum as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including Cladophora rupestris and Enteromorpha spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone Actinia equina. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata, the whelk Nucella lapillus or even the crab Carcinus maenas. At the top of the A. nodosum zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack Fucus spiralis (unit MA1-23C) and F. serratus dominated biotopes (MA1-23F), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy is replaced by F. vesiculosus (MA1-243; MA1-23D). This unit can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the communities are, once established, usually very stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123E2","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. The red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can often be found as an epiphyte on the A. nodosum. The mussel Mytilus edulis often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as Polysiphonia spp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis or the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. Winkles are common and Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata/mariae may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the crab Carcinus maenas and the whelk Nucella lapillus may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the F. vesiculosus. Infaunal species including the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega may occur in the sediment between the cobbles.\r\nSituation: A sparse S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea community (unit MA4-231) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large A. nodosum plants become uncommon and F. vesiculosus dominates the canopy (MA1-23D2). F. vesiculosus also tends to replace A. nodosum in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a Fucus serratus dominated biotope (MA1-23F2) or a M. edulis dominated biotope (MA1-221).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual A. nodosum, but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum can be expected."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123F","name":"Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with Fucus serratus (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see unit MA1-23F1). Two variants of this biotope have been described; - Fully marine conditions (MA1-23F1) and mixed substrata (MA1-23F2). Please notice that three other biotopes with aF. serratusdominance have been described: Variable salinity (MA1-256), tide-swept (MA1-239) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (MA1-23A).\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) on sheltered shores or an Ascophyllum nodosum zone (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-2391)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123F1","name":"Fucus serratus on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus serratus. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, limpets Patella vulgata, winkles Littorina littorea, and even mussels Mytilus edulis  can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus, the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and the green Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca or Cladophora rupestris, though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge Halichondria panicea can be present underneath the F. serratus canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as Pomatoceros triqueter and Spirorbis spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2172; MB1-2172), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-2391).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the F. serratus and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either MA1-2441 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123F2","name":"Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack Fucus serratus. The crab Carcinus maenas and a large number of winkles such as Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata/mariae can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. Red algae such as coralline crusts including Lithothamnion spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter and Spirorbis spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. Spirorbis spp. can also be found on the F. serratus fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete Arenicola marina. The red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus and the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the F. serratus canopy.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and A. nodosum (MA1-23D2 or MA1-23E2) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. MA1-23D2 occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata or Laminaria saccharina (MB1-2171; MB1-23A1; MB1-2391) depending on the substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123G","name":"Enteromorpha spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock","description":"Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of Enteromorpha spp., though Ulva lactuca can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets Patella vulgata, winkles Littorina littorea or Littorina saxatilis and barnacles Semibalanus balanoides.\r\nSituation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. (unit MA1-23H) or a Fucus spiralis or Fucus ceranoides zone (units MA1-23C; MA1-257), and may replace the Pelvetia canaliculata zone (MA1-241). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass Ruppia maritima can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as Fucus spp. can dominate the zone below (MB5-224; MA1-23E; MA1-23C).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the Enteromorpha spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123H","name":"Porphyra purpurea or Enteromorpha spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as Fucus vesiculosus or Fucus spiralis are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed Porphyra purpurea and green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides or Elminius modestus and the limpet Patella vulgata may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis. Few other species are present.\r\nSituation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by Enteromorpha spp. (unit MA1-23G) and above the F. spiralis zone (MA1-23C). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (MA1-241). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga Rhodothamniella floridula occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack Fucus serratus, along with the mussel Mytilus edulis.\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the Enteromorpha spp. and the P. purpurea will occur, especially as a result of storm action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA124","name":"Mussel and/or barnacle communities with seaweeds on Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habitat including the winkle Littorina littorea, the whelk Nucella lapillus and the red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata, scattered barnacles, while the black lichen Verrucaria maura covers the rock surface (MA1-241). Below, on the mid shore the wrack Fucus vesiculosus generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata (MA1-243). Finally, the wrack Fucus serratus, dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the F. serratus canopy (MA1-244). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of F. serratus and turf-forming red seaweeds (MA1-2441); where the density of F. serratus is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less MA1-23F1 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to MA1-23F1 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and MA1-2442 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of Rhodothamniella floridula (MA1-245).\r\nSituation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone.\r\nMid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-246). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (MA1-247). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including Pholas dactylus, Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis, while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel M. edulis, the barnacle Elminius modestus and the winkle Littorina littorea (MA1-248). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk Nucella lapillus and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense M. edulis community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (MA2-271).\r\nSituation: Above this habitat type is a M. edulis and S. balanoides dominated zone or a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (MA1-243). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus, M. edulis and a variety of red seaweeds (MA1-24) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1241","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata and sparse barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Semibalanus balanoides. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet Patella vulgata and the wrack Fucus spiralis are usually present as well. P. canaliculata typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen Verrucaria maura or on occasion Verrucaria mucosa, in contrast to the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra on very sheltered shores. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is frequently present underneath the fronds of P. canaliculata. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle C. montagui or Chthamalus stellatus while S. balanoides dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle Elminius modestus may be present.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found below the V. maura and barnacle zone (MA1-2131; MA1-2132). On exposed shores it is found above the biotope dominated by F. spiralis (unit MA1-23C) or the mussel Mytilus edulis  and barnacles biotope (unit MA1-221) or the barnacles and P. vulgata biotopes (unit MA1-223). In addition, patches of lichen Lichina pygmaea with the barnacle Chthamalus montagui (unit MA1-2222) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1242","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common. The insect Anurida maritima can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-241), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. This unit occurs above the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-243) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (unit MA1-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1243","name":"Fucus vesiculosus and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The limpet Patella vulgata and the whelk Nucella lapillus are typically present, whilst the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis  are confined to crevices. Underneath the F. vesiculosus is a community of red seaweeds, including Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida, usually with the winkles Littorina littorea andLittorinaspp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the M. edulis.\r\nSituation: On exposed shores this unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (unit MA1-2131) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotopes (MA1-2221). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or the red seaweed biotopes (MA1-232; MA1-2441). This unitforms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle- P. vulgata biotopes (unit MA1-2232) and the sheltered shore F. vesiculosus biotope (MA1-23D). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle- P. vulgata biotope (MA1-222).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1244","name":"Fucus serratus on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack Fucus serratus and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the whelk Nucella lapillus, the anemone Actinia equina and the sponge Halichondria panicea. Green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are usually present among/beneath the F. serratus canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: F. serratus with red seaweeds (MA1-2441) and F. serratus with under-boulder communities (MA1-2442) with sponges. Lastly, a F. serratus and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (MA1-2443). Dense F. serratus with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (unit MA1-23F).\r\nSituation: Above the F. serratus biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the Fucus vesiculosus and/or S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-223; MA1-2232; MA1-243). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks F. vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D; MA1-23E1). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata and on vertical faces the kelp Alaria esculenta may be present (MB1-2172; MB1-2112). On more sheltered shores the kelp Laminaria saccharina is found among the L. digitata (MB1-23A1; MB1-23A2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12441","name":"Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack Fucus serratus and turf-forming red seaweeds including Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus or Corallina officinalis. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can occur in dense populations on theF. serratusfronds whilst the sponge Halichondria panicea can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including Palmaria palmata, Lomentaria articulata,Membranoptera alata and Chondrus crispus. Green seaweeds such as Cladophora rupestris, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides or the whelk Nucella lapillus can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle Littorina littorea and the crab Carcinus maenas can be found on or underneath the boulders.\r\nSituation: Above the F. serratus biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and/or S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-223; MA1-2232; MA1-243). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata and on vertical faces the kelp Alaria esculenta (MB1-2172; MB1-2112). On uneven bedrock F. serratus and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (see above).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of theF. serratusand the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either MA1-23F1 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The C. maenas population may migrate offshore during the winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12442","name":"Fucus serratus and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders","description":"Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack Fucus serratus community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other F. serratus biotopes, including species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the whelk Nucella lapillus, the anemone Actinia equina and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including Mastocarpus stellatus, Lomentaria articulata, Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus. Coralline algae such as Corallina officinalis and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis andUlva lactuca, can be found underneath theF. serratuscanopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete Cirratulus cirratus. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs Porcellana platycheles and Carcinus maenas. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as Littorina obtusata/mariae and Littorina littorea or even the top shell Gibbula cineraria. Encrusting colonies of the sponge Halichondria panicea are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila colonies can be found on theF. serratusfronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores. The sublittoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2172; MB1-2172), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1;MB1-2391). Low abundance of these kelp may also occur in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12443","name":"Fucus serratus and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock","description":"The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope MA1-23F1, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocksBarneaspp., Pholas dactylus and Hiatella arctica can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as Polydora spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the F. serratus and includes Gelidium pusillum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata, Lomentaria articulata and Rhodothamniella floridula, but also calcareous algae such as Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae Phymatolithon lenormandii are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone Actinia equina and the mussel Mytilus edulis  while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpetPatella vulgatacan be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk Nucella lapillus, the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina mariae and the top shell Gibbula cineraria are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) or a Mytilus edulis  and piddocks-dominated biotope (MA1-248) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores. The littoral fringe below are on moderately exposed shores dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2173), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-23A2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1245","name":"Rhodothamniella floridula on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks Fucus serratus or Fucus vesiculosus, beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed Rhodothamniella floridula occurs. These mats can form distinct areas withoutF. serratus. The small hummocks of R. floridula also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, coralline crusts and Mastocarpus stellatus. The brown seaweed Cladostephus spongiosus or the ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca or Cladophora rupestris may occur. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the F. serratus fronds. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the anemone Actinia equina and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as Littorina littorea. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the R. floridula mat, while the mussel Mytilus edulis  is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by M. edulis and F. vesiculosus or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha spp. and the red seaweed Porphyra spp. (unit MA1-23H). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated byF. serratusand/or red seaweeds (see subunits of MA1-244) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as Alaria esculenta and/or Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112).\r\nTemporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and R. floridula may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (unit MA1-23H)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1246","name":"Mytilus edulis and Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel Mytilus edulis . The community often supports scattered Fucus vesiculosus and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata or the calcareous algae Corallina officinalis. The ephemeral green seaweedsEnteromorpha intestinalisand Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata also can be found. The whelk Nucella lapillus and the winkle Littorina littorea can be found within the mussel bed.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope is a M. edulis and S. balanoides dominated biotope (unit MA1-223) or a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (unit MA1-243). In the lower eulittoral zone below MA1-246 is a biotope dominated by the wrack Fucusserratus, M. edulis and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (units MA1-247; MA1-2441)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1247","name":"Mytilus edulis, Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis , often with a scarce covering of the wrack Fucus serratus and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium spp., Audouinella spp. and Chondrus crispus. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk Nucella lapillus and the winkle Littorina littorea occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the crab Carcinus maenas. The anemone Actinia equina is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a M. edulis and F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (unit MA1-246). In the sublittoral fringe below MA1-247 is a biotope dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2171)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1248","name":"Mytilus edulis and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay","description":"Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including Pholas dactylus, Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the barnacle Elminius modestus and the winkle Littorina littorea. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus, Halurus flosculosus and Ceramium spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may be present. The sand mason Lanice conchilega can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab Carcinus maenas is present as well. More data are required to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This unit can usually be found beneath a M. edulis or barnacle and Littorina spp.-dominated biotope (MA2-271; MA4-231). It is found above a Laminaria digitata and piddocks-dominated biotope (unit MB1-2173).\r\nTemporal variation: The C. maenas population may migrate offshore during the winter season."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA125","name":"Fucoids on variable salinity Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack  Pelvetia canaliculata  (MA1-251) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack  Fucus spiralis  (MA1-252) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack  Ascophyllum nodosum  or the wrack  Fucus vesiculosus  (MA1-253, MA1-254) or a mixture of both. The wrack  Fucus serratus  covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (MA1-256). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (MA1-257). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including  Enteromorpha intestinalis  and  Cladophora  spp., while the red seaweed  Polysiphonia lanosa  can be found as an epiphyte on  A. nodosum . On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles  Littorina littorea  and  Littorina saxatilis , the crab  Carcinus maenas , the barnacles  Semibalanus balanoides  and  Elminius modestus  and even the occasional mussel  Mytilus edulis.\r\nSituation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1251","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata, which often overgrows a crust of black lichens Verrucaria maura. The wrack Fucus spiralis can be present among the P. canaliculata. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the P. canaliculata on more exposed shores though the occasional Semibalanus balanoides or Elminius modestus can be found. The winkle Littorina saxatilis occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga Catenella caespitosa can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis.\r\nSituation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by V. maura (unit MA1-2132) and above biotopes dominated by F. spiralis (MA1-23C)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1252","name":"Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis. The ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of F. spiralis and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and the crab Carcinus maenas.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-23B) and occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. This unit occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-254) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-253) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as E. intestinalis can be common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1253","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and the mussel Mytilus edulis can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly Littorina littorea, commonly graze on the seaweeds, while Littorina saxatilis can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm Arenicola marina or the sand mason Lanice conchilega, while the crab Carcinus maenas, gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks Fucus spiralis or Fucus ceranoides (units MA1-23C2; MA1-257) or a community dominated by S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea (MA4-231). It is found above a community dominated by M. edulis (MA1-221) or the wrack Fucus serratus (MA1-256).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1254","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora spp., while the red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can be found as an epiphyte on A. nodosum. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis, the crab Carcinus maenas, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and even the occasional mussel Mytilus edulis. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually lies below the Fucus spiralis biotope (unit MA1-252) or the Fucus ceranoides dominated biotopes (MA1-257) and above the variable salinity F. serratus dominated biotope (MA1-256), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy can be more dense (MA1-23E1).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1255","name":"Ascophyllum nodosume cad. Mackaii beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of A. nodosum with the red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as Fucus vesiculosus. The loose mats of A. nodosum ecad mackaii provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab Carcinus maenas and the winkles Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata and Littorina saxatilis. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the mussel Mytilus edulis are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega.\r\nSituation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum ecad mackaii develops initially from broken fragments of A. nodosum and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: \"Ecad\" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of A. nodosum since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1256","name":"Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the F. serratus and clumps of large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis may be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of F. serratus is not usually as dense as in the other F. serratus dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus, which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus and Elminius modestus, the limpet Patella vulgata or the occasional presence of the winkles Littorina obtusata and Littorina mariae and the crab Carcinus maenas. The tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as MA1-256 rather than MA1-239.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or A. nodosum dominated biotope (MA1-254; MA1-253), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. It can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria saccharina (units MB1-242; MB1-243).\r\nTemporal variation: The canopy of F. serratus is not as dense as in the other F. serratus dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, which are better adapted to the variable salinity.\r\nThey will therefore out-compete F. serratus on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea F. vesiculosus is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the variable or low salinity conditions the individual red seaweeds may not be as large as specimens found in fully marine conditions and they can lack sexually reproductive structures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1257","name":"Fucus ceranoides on reduced salinity eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack Fucus ceranoides. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may be present together with the crab Carcinus maenas and the occasional barnacle Elminius modestus and Semibalanus balanoides.\r\nSituation: As F. ceranoides is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, F. ceranoides tends to replace the wracks Fucus spiralis,Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although F. ceranoides always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA126","name":"Communities of Atlantic littoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in MA1-52. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and Corallina officinalis (MA1-262); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (MA1-2622, MA1-2623 and MA1-2624). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (MA1-263). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polyides rotundus (MA1-264). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (MA1-265). A very rough guideline to the terms \"shallow\" and \"deep\" rockpools: \"shallow\" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas \"deep\" rockpools do. MA1-26 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata.\r\nSituation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1261","name":"Green seaweeds (Enteromorpha spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus Enteromorpha, along with Cladophora spp. and Ulva lactuca. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet Patella vulgata and the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod Tigriopus fulvus is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. Enteromorpha intestinalis can often be bleached during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1262","name":"Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum. The ephemeral green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle Littorina littorea (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet Patella vulgata. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see unit MA1-2621). In Ireland, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see MA1-2622). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata (MA1-2623) or Cystoseira spp. (MA1-2624) can be regionally dominant.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12621","name":"Coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum. The ephemeral green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle Littorina littorea (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet Patella vulgata and top shell Gibbula cineraria. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides can be found on the rock surface. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12622","name":"Coralline crusts and Paracentrotus lividus in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of P. lividus, the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis, and winkles such as Littorina littorea. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The siphonous green seaweed Codium spp. can also be present along with the wrack Himanthalia elongata and the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis and the filamentous red seaweed Ceramium spp. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk Nucella lapillus. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows P. lividus to bore into the rock.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12623","name":"Bifurcaria bifurcata in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and encrusting coralline algae and Corallina officinalis. Kelps are present and include the species Laminaria digitata, Laminaria saccharina and the wrack Himanthalia elongata. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species Chondrus crispus,Palmaria palmata, Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus. Other red seaweeds include Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium nodulosum, Calliblepharis jubata and Mesophyllum lichenoides. The green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis, while the limpet Patella vulgata can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where Gibbula umbilicalis can be found.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. B. bifurcata is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of C. officinalis and coralline crusts.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12624","name":"Cystoseira spp. in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga Cystoseira spp. (including Cystoseira tamariscifolia), coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: Ceramium spp., Calliblepharis jubata, Chondrus crispus,Osmundea pinnatifida and Gelidium latifolium. Wracks such as Himanthalia elongata and the epiphytic brown seaweed Colpomenia peregrina are present while the kelp Laminaria digitata can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and Pomatoceros spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis but also the limpet Patella vulgata, while sponges such Hymeniacidon perleve and Halichondria panicea can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny Lipophrus pholis is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone Actinia equina is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1263","name":"Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools","description":"Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus and the kelp Laminaria digitata and the red seaweed Corallina officinalis while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp Laminaria saccharina and Halidrys siliquosa may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum and Dumontia contorta, but green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis,Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge Halichondria panicea and anemones including Actinia equina and Urticina felina. Grazing molluscs including the limpet Patella vulgata, the top shell Gibbulacineraria and the winkle Littorina littorea are present on the rock surface while the mussel Mytilus edulis can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Carcinus maenas, brittlestars such as Ophiothrix fragilis and Amphipholis squamata, encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12631","name":"Sargassum muticum in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum and the red seaweed Corallina officinalis. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata and the wrack Fucus serratus may occur along with Dictyota dichotoma, but S. muticum always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus,Lomentaria articulata, Osmundea pinnatifida, Ceramium spp. and Dumontia contorta. Encrusting coralline algae and Hildenbrandia rubra often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as Cladophora rupestris and Enteromorpha intestinalis. The winkle Littorina littorea, the limpet Patella vulgata and the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis, cover while the prawn Palaemon serratus often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native S. muticum is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as Laminaria spp. and fucoids.\r\nTemporal variation: As all the available records are from the south-west of Britain some changes in the species composition can be expected from more northern sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1264","name":"Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to unit MA1-263, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp (Fucus serratus, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria saccharina and Saccorhiza polyschides). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as Furcellaria lumbricalis, Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata and Rhodochorton purpureum (compare with unit MA1-263). Chorda filum may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell Gibbula cineraria can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega often occur. The seagrass Zostera spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, Corallina officinalis, Chondrus crispus,Mastocarpus stellatus mixed with Ceramium spp. and the green seaweeds Cladophora spp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1265","name":"Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools","description":"Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma, O. longissima, Sertularia cupressina, Tublaria indivisa and Thuiaria thuja. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae (Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva sp.), red algae (Chondrus crispus and Coralline algae) and the winkle Littorina littorea. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm Arenicola marina and sand mason worms Lanice conchilega. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (unit MA2-2711), with Mytilus edulis frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus) and the keel worm Pomatoceros triqueter may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as Crangon crangon and Pomatoschistus minutus will also be found within the pool."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA127","name":"Communities of Atlantic littoral caves and overhangs","description":"Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as MA1-221, MA1-223 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. MA1-223 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed Prasiola stipitata on cave roofs where birds roost (MA1-212), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (MA1-23G). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (MA1-262), fucoids and kelp (MA1-263) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed Audouinella purpurea and/or patches of the green seaweed Cladophora rupestris may occur on the upper walls (MA1-274). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae Pilinia maritima occurring in mats with the red alga A. purpurea on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (MA1-273) should not be confused with the green (MA1-272) or golden brown algal stains often found above this zone on the ceilings of the caves (MA1-273; MA1-271). Below is a zone of Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on the inner and outer reaches (MA1-275). Fauna usually only occur on the lower and mid walls of the caves and generally comprise barnacles, anemones and tube-forming polychaetes (MA1-278; MA1-279) depending on the level of boulder scour or wave surge. Where the floors of caves consist of mobile cobbles and small boulders, little algae and fauna occur due to the effects of scouring (MA1-27A). Vertical or steeply sloping cave walls and overhangs on the mid and lower shore, subject to wave-surge but without scour, support a rich biota of sponges, hydroids, ascidians and shade-tolerant red algae (MA1-277, MA1-276 or MA1-2761).\r\nSituation: Caves and overhangs in the littoral zone in hard rock and limestone (including chalk)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1271","name":"Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock","description":"Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as Apistonema spp., Pleurochrysis carterae and the orange Chrysotila lamellosa, but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as Entodesmis maritima and Thallochrysis littoralis and the filamentous green alga Epicladia perforans are often associated with Apistonema spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the Apistonema spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle Melarhaphe neritoides.\r\nSituation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope.\r\nTemporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1272","name":"Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified Hildenbrandia rubra may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga Pilinia maritima and the bright green algae Pseudendoclonium submarinum and Entocladia perforans that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as Patella vulgata and the winkle Littorina saxatilis. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated above the zones of units MA1-274 or MA1-275, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. This unit can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of MA1-273. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (MA1-273) or Haptophyceae (MA1-271) occur as separate zones or MA1-272 may occur on its own."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1273","name":"Audouinella purpurea and Pilinia maritima crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae Pilinia maritima occurring in mats with the red alga Audouinella purpurea forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle Littorina saxatilis and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of unit MA1-274 and the MA1-272 zone above.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1274","name":"Audouinella purpurea and Cladophora rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls","description":"Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed Audouinella purpurea. Patches of green filamentous seaweed Cladophora rupestris can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets Patella spp., the winkle Littorina saxatilis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with A. purpurea, often becoming a zone in its own right (unit MA1-273) above this unit. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as Catenella caespitosa and Lomentaria articulata may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, Enteromorpha intestinalis can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. A. purpurea can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: A. purpurea has changed name to Rhodochorton purpurea.\r\nSituation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above units MA1-279 and MA1-278 and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (MA1-272; MA1-273). In chalk caves, this unit may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below units MA1-272 and/or MA1-273."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1275","name":"Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on upper to mid shore cave walls","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa and the non-calcified encrusting red alga Hildenbrandia rubra. The black lichen Verrucaria maura and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and winkles Littorina saxatilis may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed Audouinella purpurea (syn Rhodochorton purpurea ) may occasionally occur in low abundance (where A. purpurea covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as unit MA1-274).\r\nSituation: This unit generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where this unit occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of unit MA1-223 and below MA1-272 or MA1-274. Further into the cave MA1-223 is replaced completely by MA1-275. There are no records for MA1-275 in soft rock caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1276","name":"Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances","description":"Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata and Osmundea pinnatifida, but Lomentaria articulata and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros spp., while sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve can be common. The hydroid Dynamena pumila (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri can be found on the rock, along with the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Balanus perforatus (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone Actinia equina thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness.\r\nSituation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the MA1-277 biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, this unit may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the MA1-277 biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia can be abundant (unit MA1-2761)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12761","name":"Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and Dendrodoa grossularia on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves","description":"Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia. The sponges Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros spp. along with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides. The anemone Actinia equina thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include Membranoptera alata, Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella spp. and coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the MA1-27A biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1277","name":"Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves","description":"Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including Umbonula littoralis, sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata and Hymeniacidon perleve and the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. On overhangs, the hydroid Dynamena pumila hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles Balanus crenatus, Balanus perforatus (sometimes at high densities) and Semibalanus balanoides, and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros triqueter can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones Metridiumsenile and Corynactis viridis, may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as Actinia equina are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of unit MA1-2761."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1278","name":"Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls","description":"The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, and Verruca stroemia, with patches of encrusting sponges such as Halichondria panicea and Grantia compressa and occasional patches of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than unit MA1-279 to develop within the cave. The limpet Patella vulgata and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid Dynamena pumila and anemones such as Metridium senile and Actinia equina may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense Sabellaria alveolata. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle Balanus perforatus. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured MA1-279 zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1279","name":"Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves","description":"Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges Halichondria panicea, barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides or often large Balanus crenatus and the limpet Patella vulgata. The isopod Ligia oceanica may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone Actinia equina and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of Pomatoceros triqueter and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as Chthamalus montagui with scattered Pomatoceros sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional Sabellaria alveolata. Shade-tolerant red algae such as Lomentaria articulata may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor zone (unit MA1-27A) and the wave-surged, more densely populated zone (MA1-278). On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (unit MA1-274)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA127A","name":"Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors","description":"Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet Patella spp. and the winkle Littorina saxatilis.\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of unit MA1-279 above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of unit MA1-223 may occur above the MA1-27A, becoming a zone of MA1-275 further into the cave. In mid shore caves, this unit is above by a zone of unit MA1-279 (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant unit MA1-2761 may occur above this zone.\r\nTemporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. Enteromorpha intestinalis) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA13","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Characteristic species: Attached algae and animals. Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, More common in exposed areas"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA131","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: >5; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus radicans, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus\r\nQuality descriptors\r\nLower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland approximately to the Russian border in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nLower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA132","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA133","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA134","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders  characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Pilayella littoralis, Ulva spp. Dictypsiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA135","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is present but none of them cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nMapping advise (habitat delineation, identification, similar types)              \r\nMapping should take place during the months when the vegetation is fully developed.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA136","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA137","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic vegetation or macrofauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA138","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA139","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13A","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) wwith at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13B","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nPhotic zone bottoms of marlstone rock"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13C","name":"Permanent brackish pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the waterlevel. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height.three main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C1","name":"Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C2","name":"Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C3","name":"Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA14","name":"Black sea littoral rock","description":"Littoral rock along the shores of the Black Sea, includes  bedrock, boulders and cobbles"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA141","name":"Black sea supralittoral rock","description":"The rocky supralittoral zone (depth 0-5 m)  where the upper supralittoral rock is colonised by yellow lichens and cyanobacteria such as Lyngbiasp. and the lower supralittoral rock is colonised by encrusting black lichens, littorinids, isopods and barnacles. In locations with freshwater runoff and where nitrate levels are elevated the rock surfaces may be coated with green algae and a film of cyanobacteria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA142","name":"Sheltered Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Soft rocks (such as chalk,  marl and hard clay) at shallow depths ( 0-0.5 m deep ) in sheltered situations with burrowing species such as Pholas dactylus.  Empty burrows are often utilized by other invertebrate and fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA143","name":"Invertebrate dominated exposed Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Exposed mediolittoral rock zone  in the microtidal Black Sea (tide range approx. 0.3 m) is limited to a narrow strip which receives regular but not continuous submersion. In such situations the abiotic conditions (i.e. waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and variations in wind) define the species composition. These conditions mean that there are few associated species and those which are present are typically encrusting, tolerant to desiccation, and capable of very firm attachment. They include barnacles, lichens and small mussels, crabs may be found in sheltered crevices."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA144","name":"Turf algae on Black sea exposed lower mediolittoral rock","description":"Exposed bedrock and boulders with algal turf cover in the lower mediolittoral zone. High and constant humidity, strong wave action and strong light are the dominant environmental factors for this habitat. In the Black Sea the lower mediolittoral rock is a narrow zone located in the lower part of the swash zone and is covered by water most of the time.Characteristic species: Urospora penicilliformis, Bangia atropurpurea, Nemalion helminthoides, Cladophora laetevirens, Feldmannia irregularis, Gelidium pusillum/Gelidium crinale, Ceramiales (Ceramium-Polysiphonia), Laurencia, Ceramium virgatum, Corallinaspp. and Grateloupia dichotoma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA145","name":"Black sea exposed lower mediolittoral barren rock","description":"Exposed barren rock in the lower mediolittoral rock  just below the swash zone and  covered by water most of the time. The habitat is scoured by sand and rock resulting in areas lacking both faunal and floral communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA146","name":"Invertebrate dominated moderately exposed Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Invertebrate communities found in the moderately exposed mediolittoral rock zone. Characteristic species include Mytilids (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus), barnacles (Chthamalus stellatus, Amphibalanus improvisus), Actinia equina, bryozoans, crust sponges and articulated corallines (Corallina elongata, C. officinalis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA147","name":"Turf algae on Black sea moderately exposed lower mediolittoral rock","description":"Typically a narrow zone characterised by a cover of algal turf, particularly erect and crustose coralline algae on areas of moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the lower mediolittoral zone. Characteristic species: Encrusting corallines (Lithophyllum incrustans), articulated corallines (Corallina officinalis) and ephemeral macrophytes like Ulva compressa, Cladophora sp. and Ceramiales make up the algal cover. Characteristic fauna includes the chiton Lepidochitona caprearum, the limpet Patella caerulea, barnacles Balanus improvisus, anemones Diadumene lineata, mussels Mytilaster lineatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis, bryozoans, amphipods (Hyale pontica, Ampithoe ramondi) and isopods (Idotea balthica, Sphaeroma pulchellum) crustaceans, and the crabs Pachygrapsus marmoratus and Eriphia verrucosa. If the water is clean Corallina and Mytilaster may form dense turfs/belts, with sparse cover of other algae (Ceramiales, Porphyra leucosticta, Ulva rigida, Scytosiphon lomentaria). In degraded, enriched areas Mytilus galloprovincialis and Balanus improvisusdominate, with some cover of the algae Cladophora vagabunda, Cladophora laetevirens, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis and Ulothrix flacca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA148","name":"Black sea mediolittoral rock pools","description":"Permanent pools in rocky depressions, characteristic species includeCladophora, Ulva, Ceramiales and Corallinales. Also present are Mytilus, Mytilaster, Pachygrapsus, Actinia equina, Diadumene lineataand small fish."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA149","name":"Black sea mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during  periods of low water which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid- and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. All around the Black Sea this habitat type occurs in the Sarmatian limestone cliffs in Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. It may also occur in volcanic and metamorphic rocks, such as Maslen Nos Cape in Bulgaria. The height of the entrance varies from 50 cm up to 25 m depending on the strength of the waves. The length of the water gallery is between 3 and 50 m and is sometimes followed by dry or semi-dry galleries with sand, gravel and larger stones. Natural light does not reach the inner reaches of the longest caves. Characteristic species: During the warm season some of the larger caves are inhabited by colonies of bat species (Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythii, Myotis myotis and Myotis capaccinii). Birds may often also nest at the entrance of the caves. Caves with sandy underground banks were once regularly inhabited by the Monk Seal (Monachus monachus), which is now extinct in the Black Sea. The marine part of the caves is covered by invertebrate- dominated communities. Sciaphilic algae is only present at or near the entrance, where there is still some, albeit diminished, light. Most frequent at the entrance are the red alga Phyllophora crispaand the brown alga Zanardinia typus, while inside the cave only encrusting algae (Hildenbrandia, Lithophyllum, Phymatolithon) occur. The completely dark interior is dominated by either hydrozoan and bryozoan turfs or extensive sponge crusts (erect sponges Halichondia, Haliclona, Dysidea spp. or thin crust sponges), depending on current intensity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA14A","name":"Communities of Marmara mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Mediolittoral caves and overhangs with low light levels where algal growth is  restricted to a very few species that can withstand low light levels, low to high hydrodynamism, and extended periods of desiccation. Canopy-forming macroalgae are overall absent whilst encrusting rhodophytes are preponderant. The communities are, however, very poor in species. Two species of Rodophyta dominate: Hildenbrandia rubra and Phymatholithon lenormandii.Other species include Gymnothamnion elegans, Corallina elongata, Isopoda: Ligia italica, Cirripedia: Perforatus perforatus, Chthamalus stellatus, and Chthamalus montagui."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA14B","name":"Black Sea sulphide vents in littoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA15","name":"Mediterranean littoral rock","description":"Mediterranean shores with bedrock, boulders and stones. The species composition varies with the period of emersion and with exposure to wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean supralittoral rock","description":"Cliffs and rocks of the supralittoral spray zone, mostly occupied by lichens such as Caloplaca spp. and Verrucaria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1511","name":"Association with Entophysalis deusta and Verrucaria amphibia","description":"Littoral rocks, mostly limestone, with the lichen Hydropunctaria amphibia (Syn. Verrucaria amphibia) and Cynaobacteria forming coloured belts. Characteristic species include  Entophysalis deusta, Euraphia depressa, Fucellia maritima, Hydropunctaria amphibia, Ligia italica, Mastigocoleus testarum, Melarhaphe neritoides and Scytonematopsis crustacea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA152","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean pools of variable salinity","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus Ulva along with Cladophora spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA153","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper mediolittoral rock","description":"The distribution and type of the populations of the solid substratum in the mediolittoral stage are profoundly affected by the submersion variability due to waves and to the irregular rise in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind. Two horizons corresponding to different average values of the dominant factors (humectation, light, nutrients, topography and type of substratum) can be made out. The upper horizon corresponds to the area that is only moistened by the tops of the waves and spray. The upper mediolittoral which corresponds to this habitat is the horizon where the environmental conditions are most restrictive. According to the hydrodynamics and the local topography, it can extend over a vertical area of a few centimeters to two meters.\r\nVariations in the environmental conditions affect the vertical extension of the biocenosis of the upper mediolittoral rock, and also the density of its cover and its dominant composition. This habitat also varies according to the nature of the substratum. Development of endolithic Cyanobacteria (=Cyanophyceae) is intense on the calcareous coasts.\r\nA certain number of facies which may appear as belts can be made out (See facies and associations)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1531","name":"Association with Bangia atropurpurea","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga Bangia atropurpurea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1532","name":"Association with Pyropia leucosticta","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga Pyropia leucosticta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1533","name":"Association with Nemalion lubricum and Rissoella verruculosa","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species Nemalion lubricum and Rissoella verruculosa. This association is present all year round, although it develops fully in winter and spring. The Rissoella verruculosa alga is present on siliceous or dolomite substrata. Exceptionally, it can be found on calcareous substrata, but then it exploits the presence of siliceous fragments to attach itself. The main characteristic species are Nemalion lubricum, Rissoella verruculosa and Audouinella nemalionis. The fauna is very impoverished and is essentially composed of Chtamales; where the Rissoella are abundant and retain sufficient dampness between the thalli, the Hyale perieri amphipods can be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1534","name":"Association with Lithophyllum papillosum and Polysiphonia spp.","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species Lithophyllum papillosum and Polysiphonia spp. Lithophyllum papillosum is a crust-forming  species found with Lithophyllum byssoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1535","name":"Facies with Patella and Chthamalus","description":"Upper mediolittoral rocks during the summer when algae have disappeared due to desiccation. Characteristic species are Chthamalus montagui, Chthamalus stellatus and Patella rustica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA154","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower mediolittoral rock","description":"The lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock results from the coming together of three essential factors: presence of waves, irregular variations in atmospheric pressure, and wind and tide when present. The constant humectation, greater than in the higher horizon, is the dominant factor, followed by light. Its size depends on the morphology of the substratum and – especially – on the intensity of the humectation, and may vary from several centimeters to one meter.\r\nThis habitat, particularly characterised by the presence of crust-forming melobesiae algae, varies according to the nature of the substratum and the humectation, thus causing the forming of local facies.\r\nThis formation is frequent in the western Mediterranean in areas with pure water and rough waters. It constitutes a major and particularly attractive element in the rocky coast landscape. It is found in the area where the waves break; its upper surface may emerge at 20-30 centimeters above the middle level of the sea. It develops on every type of substratum and can be up to 1 to 2 meters wide. The rim is formed by successive, more or less indurate and re-crystallised, layers of alga, with which the calcareous tests of some animals are mixed. The lower side presents many cavities that have been enlarged by rock-destroying organisms and in which a rich sciaphilous fauna finds refuge."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1541","name":"Facies with Pollicipes pollicipes","description":"This facies, very rare in the western Mediterranean, is characterised by an aggregation of Pollicipes pollicipes on steep rocky walls in areas of pure water and extremely rough waters with waves breaking. Its upper surface may emerge a few decimeters above the middle sea level. It is particularly hard to see, rarely mentioned, and ill known."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1542","name":"Association with Lithophyllum byssoides","description":"The association with the Lithophyllum byssoides is the highest biological construction in the Mediterranean. When the water is calm, the rim emerges completely, and its outer edge extends to 20 to 30 centimeters above the water, a position that is possible because it is present where there is strong wave action and because of the porosity of the formation. The height above the middle level is linked to the local degree of roughness. In crevices and little coves that are open to the swell and sheltered from the direct rays of the sun, it may be of considerable width and thickness. Rims that are over two meters wide have been seen. The rim is formed by the stacking up of calcareous Lithophyllum byssoides thalli with a re-crystallising of the deeper layers. Three successive layers may be seen, whose respective thickness depends on environmental and local history conditions. Only the upper part is alive. At the base of the living part of the Lithophyllum byssoides many endolithic Cyanophyceae (Brachytrichia, Calothrix and Entophysalis genuses) can be observed. The lower surface of the ledge, often below the average level, is dead and covered with sciaphilous animal and plant assemblages. Destructive animals (Cliona, Lithophaga) bore into the rock, creating cavities which contain an upper infralittoral type of fauna and flora. In less favourable environmental conditions, the Lithophyllum constructions are mere pads in the mediolittoral area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1543","name":"Association with Tenarea undulosa","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga Lithophyllum tortuosum (ex Tenarea undulosa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1544","name":"Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis in waters enriched in organic matter","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1545","name":"Association with Ceramium ciliatum and Ellisolandia elongata","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae Ceramium ciliatum and Ellisolandia elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1546","name":"Association with Neogoniolithon brassica-florida","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the red alga Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. The association, when present, occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral, where there is strong wave action. It may be present as a plaque on this lower mediolittoral rock. With it are found many species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, and, particularly, Ralfia verrucosa, Rivularia atra and Acrochaetium spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1547","name":"Association with Gelidium spp.","description":"This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus Gelidium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1548","name":"Association with Fucus virsoides","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga Fucus virsoides. The association, when it is present, occupies the entire mediolittoral, related to the presence of the significant tides and the relatively cool, unsalty, eutrophic water that are peculiar to these coasts. According to Giaccone (1991), this is probably a Parathetis relict. The association is basically formed by the Fucus virsoides, Gelidium spathulatum, G. pulvinatum and Phormidium flexuosum. There are also Bangia spp. and Rivularia polyotis. Patella pellucida, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Actinia equina and Balanus spp. are among the animal species found. This is really more like an infralittoral enclave, finding a favourable biotope under the Fucus fronds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1549","name":"Association with Enteromorpha compressa","description":"This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species Ulva compressa (ex Enteromorpha compressa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA154A","name":"Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with Vermetus spp. (infralittoral enclave)","description":"This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA155","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Mediolittoral caves correspond to crevices or the entrances of caves that are partially out of the water. These are usually located in karstic or volcanic systems.\r\nThese formations can be almost totally covered by the sea, and as one penetrates further into the submerged part two other habitats can be made out – the semi-dark caves and the caves in total darkness. In the exposed cavity formations, a terrestrial fauna is found based on acari, pseudo-scorpions and Chilopoda. The supralittoral and – especially – mediolittoral parts are covered with crust-forming algae.\r\nThe crevices or the entrances of the caves present variation gradients of the ambient factors that are essential for the distribution of species: reduction in hydrodynamics, and in light. The bottom of these cavities presents an area of very high humidity that encourages organisms that usually live more deeply to live there, and this results in the zonation getting mixed up.\r\nGiven the reduced hydrodynamics, there is in this habitat an accumulation of floating detritus and objects.\r\nThe variability is linked to both the size of crevice or cave, and the position of the openings in relation to the dominant hydrodynamics. The cave’s geomorphology and the possibility of a flow of fresh water also have a big influence on the quality itself of the habitat and its development over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1551","name":"Association with Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the red algae Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra. This association lives under the red alga Lithophyllum byssoides (ex Lithophyllum lichenoides) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves, in sciaphilous ambiences. Some writers signal it at the level of small cavities in the substratum of Cystoseira amentacea. There it is probably an enclave in the superficial fringe of the infralittoral stage. Characteristic species are few: Phymatolithon lenormandii, Cruoriella armorica, Hildenbrandia rubra and Gymnothamnion elegans. In the most sciaphilous situations Phymatolithon lenormandii disappears."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA2","name":"Littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms and mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA21","name":"Arctic Littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Arctic littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms and mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA211","name":"Arctic coastal saltmarshes","description":"Salt marshes along muddy and sandy intertidal shores in Arctic Europe dominated by halophytic plants with a circumpolar distribution. Stands are usually small and often occurring in a mosaic with bare sediment, as they are subject to erosion by waves and ice. Although the tidal differences are relatively low, the species composition varies according to the frequency and duration of flooding."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2111","name":"Sulphurous Arctic salt meadows","description":"Communities of the arctic coasts of Eurasia developed in brackish water on sulphurous gleys, in particular, Hippuris tetraphylla  beds of brackish shores of Finnmark and northern Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2112","name":"Lower shore Arctic salt meadows","description":"Species-poor communities of the lower shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland, submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2113","name":"Upper shore arctic salt meadows","description":"Coastal saltmarshes of the upper shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA22","name":"Atlantic littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Littoral biogenic habitats on Atlantic coasts include saltmarshes and reefs formed by Sabellaria alveolata and Mytilus edulis.\r\n\r\nSaltmarshes are angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater.\r\n\r\nLittoral biogenic reefs include Sabellaria reefs (MA2-26) dominated by the honeycomb worm Sabellaria alveolata and mixed sediment shores with mussels (MA2-27) with Mytilus edulis- dominated communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA221","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Driftline communities with annual nitrophilous plant species along and inside Atlantic salt marshes, often with a linear structure in the upper zone incidentally or regularly flooded by high tides. Species composition indicates both high nutrient content and saline conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2211","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2212","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2213","name":"Elymus pycnanthus with Suaeda vera or Inula crithmoides saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Saltmarshes are angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2214","name":"Elymus repens saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2215","name":"Suaeda vera saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2216","name":"Suaeda vera - Limonium binervosum saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2217","name":"Spergularia marina - Puccinellia distans saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Littoral biogenic reefs include Sabellaria reefs (MA2-26) and mixed sediment shores with mussels (MA2-27), encompassing the littoral biotope dominated by the honeycomb worm Sabellaria alveolata, and littoral Mytilus edulis- dominated communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2218","name":"Frankenia laevis - Halimione portulacoides saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2219","name":"Inula crithmoides on saltmarshes","description":"Coastal saltmarsh habitat dominated by the halophyte shrub Inula crithmoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA221A","name":"Sagina maritima ephemeral salt marsh in sand","description":"Sagina maritima is a characteristic plant of the ephemeral vegetation colonising open pans and disturbed areas in upper saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA222","name":"Atlantic upper saltmarshes","description":"Upper zone of Atlantic salt marshes, with fluctuating salinity and often influenced by freshwater seepage from surrounding dunes. This specific setting is reflected by species ranging from obligate halophytes to brackish and freshwater and dry dune indicators. Stands are often small and ephemeral, often embedded in wet grassland or dry dune habitat. They may be relatively species-rich, with many annuals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2221","name":"Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Communities of saltmarshes developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, in particular, in estuarine saltmarshes, in saltmarsh inner basins, in dike-enclosed saltmarshes, with Spergularia marina, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia fasciculata, Puccinellia retroflexa, Puccinellia maritima, Triglochin maritima, Potentilla anserina and Halimione portulacoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2222","name":"Halimione portulacoides scrubs","description":"Shrubby Halimione portulacoides communities of middle levels of Atlantic schorres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2223","name":"Atlantic Arthrocnemum perenne mats","description":"Arthrocnemum perenne -dominated formations of the British Isles, the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2224","name":"Atlantic Suaeda vera scrubs","description":"Suaeda vera -dominated formations of the British Isles, where they are limited to the coast of Norfolk, and of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2225","name":"Atlantic Arthrocnemum fruticosum scrubs","description":"Arthrocnemum fruticosum -dominated formations of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2226","name":"Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs","description":"Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or Zygophyllum, characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Canary Island coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA223","name":"Atlantic upper-mid saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds","description":"Middle zone of Atlantic salt marshes with closed swards of graminoids, herbs and low shrubs on sandy or clayey flats. The communities are regularly but not daily flooded by seawater. Helophytes may dominate in areas with freshwater influence. The communities are grazed or occur in unmanaged situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2231","name":"Atlantic Juncus gerardii saltmeadows","description":"Often species-rich, closed, flowery, upper level salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, dominated by, or rich in, Juncus gerardi. Glaux maritima can dominate facies, forming thick carpets, in particular, in pioneer situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2232","name":"Atlantic Plantago maritima saltmeadows","description":"Communities of upper saltmarshes dominated by Plantago maritima or Plantago maritima and Bupleurum tenuissimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2233","name":"Atlantic Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera swards","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2234","name":"Atlantic Armeria maritima swards","description":"Communities of salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Armeria maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2235","name":"Atlantic Carex distans beds","description":"Communities of Atlantic salt meadows dominated by Carex distans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2236","name":"Atlantic Carex extensa saltmeadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Carex extensa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2237","name":"Atlantic Limonium vulgare meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Limonium vulgare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2238","name":"Atlantic Blysmus salt meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Blysmus rufus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2239","name":"Atlantic Eleocharis salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh or brackish marsh communities dominated by Eleocharis uniglumis or Eleocharis palustris, associated with Agrostis stolonifera or Carex paleacea. They constitute a common upper shore community in Scotland; in western Scandinavia they are restricted to estuaries and fjord heads. They occur on saline littorals in Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223A","name":"Atlantic Juncus maritimus beds","description":"Saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, dominated by, or rich in, Juncus maritimus, with Oenanthe lachenalii, mostly characteristic of the upper shore, in moderately salty or brackish conditions, of the sandy-clayey transition to green beaches, also occurring, in the southern Baltic, on brackish lower shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223B","name":"Atlantic Artemisia maritima salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh communities dominated by, or rich in, Artemisia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223C","name":"Atlantic Potentilla anserina carpets","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Potentilla anserina,including both Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina,and, in Fennoscandia, Iceland and Greenland, Potentilla anserina ssp. egedii ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223D","name":"Atlantic Frankenia laevis communities","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities of the English Channel and the Franco-Iberian coasts of the Atlantic, with an isolated station on Anglesey, dominated by, or rich in, Frankenia laevis, associated with Limonium spp., in particular with Limonium lychnidifolium in France, or Limonium vulgare in southern England, characteristic of the sandy transition zone between saltmarshes and dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223E","name":"Atlantic upper schorre Aster tripolium beds","description":"Atlantic upper schorre communities dominated by Aster tripolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223F","name":"Atlantic Trifolium fragiferum swards","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by Trifolium fragiferum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223G","name":"Atlantic Carex nigra salt meadows","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by Carex nigra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223H","name":"Scandinavian Schoenus shore communities","description":"Upper and middle saltmarsh communities dominated by Schoenus nigricans or Schoenus ferrugineus, with Molinia caerulea and Campylium polygamum, developed on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223J","name":"Northern Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon communities","description":"Upper shore swards of northern Norway, Iceland and the Faeroes dominated by Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca rubra, Plantago maritima and Leontodon autumnalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223K","name":"Juncus maritimus mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh dominated by the reed species Juncus maritimus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223L","name":"Juncus maritimus mid-upper saltmarshes with Triglochin maritima","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh dominated by the reed species Juncus maritimus and Triglochin maritima, the latter species becoming more frequent with increasing altitude."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223M","name":"Eleocharis uniglumis mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh characterised by Eleocharis uniglumis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223N","name":"Blysmus rufus mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh characterised by Blysmus rufus, found in sandy or gravelly wet runnels and depressions in saltmarshes, and in brackish ditches and dune-slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223P","name":"Artemisia maritima with Festuca rubra, or open canopy of Artemisia maritima and Halimione mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"The mid to upper reaches of saltmarshes dominated by Artemisia maritima with Festuca rubra or an open canopy of Artemisia maritima and Halimione."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223Q","name":"Festuca rubra mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223R","name":"Mid-upper saltmarshes: sub-communities of Festuca rubra with Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus gerardi, Puccinellia maritima, Glaux maritima, Triglochin maritima, Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223S","name":"Saline beds of Phragmites australis","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA224","name":"Atlantic mid-low saltmarshes","description":"Low zone of Atlantic salt marshes with open to closed swards of halophytic graminoids, herbs and low shrubs on sandy or clayey flats. The communities are regularly flooded (100-200 days/year) by seawater. In the southern part of the distribution range, perennial glassworts may dominate, indicating transitions toward Mediterranean salt marshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2241","name":"Atlantic Puccinellia maritima lawns","description":"Communities of the lower and middle schorre of the shores of the Atlantic ocean and connected seas with an overwhelming dominance of Puccinellia maritima, often in almost monospecific stands forming bright green lawns characteristic, in particular, of pioneer stages of the lowest levels and of intensely grazed areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2242","name":"Halimione portulacoides -Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Halimione portulacoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2243","name":"Puccinellia maritima-Aster tripolium meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Aster tripolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2244","name":"Salicornia-Sueda maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima, annual Salicornia spp. and Suaeda maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2245","name":"Atlantic Halimione pedunculata beds","description":"Formations dominated by the rare, threatened Halimione pedunculata, developing very locally in the Puccinellion maritimae of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, extinct in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2246","name":"Pelvetia-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Species-poor salt meadows restricted to the shores of northern Norway and southwestern Iceland in the vicinity of the Reykjanes peninsula, codominated by Puccinellia maritima and the brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata, accompanied by Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2247","name":"Catabrosa-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Salt meadows of Iceland and northern Norway, mostly of the lower shore, dominated by Puccinellia maritima, with Catabrosa aquatica, Carex mackenziei, Carex subspathacea, Stellaria crassifolia, Glaux maritima, Gentianella detonsa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2248","name":"Glaux maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Glaux maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2249","name":"Plantago maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Plantago maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224A","name":"Limonium-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare, characteristic of undrained depressions on lightly grazed salt meadows of the Netherlands and the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224B","name":"Halimione portulacoides low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224C","name":"Puccinellia maritima low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224D","name":"Sub-communities of Puccinellia maritima saltmarsh with Limonium vulgare and Armeria maritima; P. maritima with Glaux maritima  co-dominant in species-poor vegetation; Puccinellia maritima with Plantago maritima and/or Armeria maritima","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224E","name":"Annual Salicornia, Suaeda and Puccinellia maritima low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA225","name":"Atlantic pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Pioneer zone of Atlantic salt marshes with open vegetation dominated by annual chenopodioids and grasses (Spartina). Stands are daily (twice) flooded by seawater and relatively species-poor. Dominating species are obligate halophytes and may occupy both sandy and clayey sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2251","name":"Suaeda maritima pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2252","name":"Salicornia spp. pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Mud, often consolidated with coarse sand or gravel, on the extreme upper shore with Salicornia spp. plants forming a pioneer saltmarsh community. This habitat typically occurs in very sheltered estuarine conditions. Usually a reduced marine fauna is present which may include the amphipod Corophium volutator, the ragworm Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor and often the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. The fucoid alga Pelvetia canaliculata may be found on hard substrata, consolidated mud or lying unattached. This community is equivalent to saltmarsh community SM8 in the British National Vegetation Classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2253","name":"Atlantic Sagina maritima communities","description":"Formations of annual pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal systems and in the saltmarshes. They are usually limited to small surfaces and best developed in the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Characteristic species include Sagina maritima, Sagina nodosa, Cochlearia danica, Gentiana uliginosa, Centaurium littorale, Bupleurum tenuissimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2254","name":"Spartina anglica pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2255","name":"Spartina alterniflora with Spartina anglica, Puccinellia maritima and Aster tripolium","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2256","name":"Spartina maritima pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2257","name":"Spartina densiflora swards","description":"Perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved Spartina densiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2258","name":"Rayed Aster tripolium pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2259","name":"Aster tripolium var.discoides pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA225A","name":"Arthrocnemum perenne pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with Halimione, Puccinellia and Suaeda","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA226","name":"Sabellaria reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone","description":"The sedentary polychaete Sabellaria alveolata (honeycomb worm) builds tubes from sand and shell. On exposed shores, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment, S. alveolata can form honeycomb reefs on boulders and low-lying bedrock on the mid to lower shore. These S. alveolata reefs are quite distinct from the mosaic of seaweeds and barnacles or red seaweeds generally associated with moderately exposed rocky shores though many of the same species are present. These include the anemone Actinia equina , the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus , the limpet Patella vulgata , the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the winkle Littorina littorea.The whelk Nucella lappilus and the mussel Mytilus edulis is also present on the boulders whereas the polychaete Lanice conchilega is restricted to the associated sediment areas. Scour resistent red seaweeds including Palmaria palmata, Corallina ifficinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Polysiphonia spp. and coralline crusts can also be present where suitable substrata exsist. Brown and green seaweeds also present include Fucus serratus, Fucus vesioculosus, Cladostephus spongiosus, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca .\r\nSituation: Above MA2-26 are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. or the perennial wrack Fucus vesiculosus on mixed substrata (MA1-243; MA1-23D2; MA4-211; MA1-23H). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed Corallina officinalis (MA1-262), by wracks such as Fucus spp. or by kelp such as Laminaria spp. (MA1-263) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp Laminaria digitata and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as Polyides rotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata (MB1-2171; MB1-235;MB1-237)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2261","name":"Sabellaria alveolata reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the eastern basin of the Irish Sea (and as far south as Cornwall) characterised by reefs of the polychaete Sabellaria alveolata. The sand based tubes formed by S. alveolata form large reef-like hummocks, which serve to stabilise the boulders and cobbles. Other species in this biotope include the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkle Littorina littorea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. The anemone Actinia equina and the crab Carcinus maenas can be present in cracks and crevices on the reef. Low abundance of seaweeds tend to occur in areas of eroded reef. The seaweed diversity can be high and may include the foliose red seaweeds Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus and some filamentous species e.g. Polysiphonia spp. and Ceramium spp. Coralline crusts can occur in patches. Wracks such as Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and the brown seaweed Cladostephus spongiosus may occur along with the ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca. On exposed surf beaches in the south-west S. alveolata forms a crust on the rocks, rather than the classic honeycomb reef form, and may be accompanied by the barnacle Balanus perforatus (typically common to abundant). On wave-exposed shores in Ireland, the wrack Himanthalia elongata can also occur.\r\nSituation: Above this unit are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. or the perennial wrack Fucus vesiculosus on mixed substrata (units MA1-243; MA1-23D2; MA4-211; MA1-23H). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed Corallina officinalis (unit MA1-262), by wracks such as Fucus spp. or by kelp such as Laminaria spp. (MA1-263) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp Laminaria digitata and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as Polyidesrotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata (units MB1-2171; MB1-235; A1.45;MB1-237). In adjacent sediment areas Lanice conchilega may dominante (MA5-255).\r\nTemporal variation: These reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. S. alveolata is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA227","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone","description":"Sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels Mytilus edulis occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: High densities of juvenile mussels attached to seaweed have been recorded from sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth. Adult mussel beds can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (MA4-211) on more exposed, predominantly rocky shores. On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a Fucus vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above, or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233).\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2271","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sediments","description":"Dense aggregations of Mytilus edulis on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack Fucus vesiculosus is often found attached to either the mussels or cobbles and it can be abundant. The mussels are often encrusted with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Elminius modestus or Balanus crenatus. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis and small individuals of the crab Carcinus maenas are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm Arenicola marina, the sand mason Lanice conchilega, the cockle Cerastoderma edule, and other infaunal species. The characterising species list shown below is based on data from epifaunal sampling only. Three sub-biotopes are recognised for this biotope, distinguished principally on the basis of the sediment type associated with the mussel beds. The three types of intertidal mussel beds may be part of a continuum on an axis that is most strongly influenced by the amount of pseudofaeces that accumulate amongst the mussels. The differences may not always be directly connected to the underlying substratum on which the mussel bed may have started a long time ago. It should be noted that there are few data available for the muddy (MA2-2713) and sandy (MA2-2712) subunits, therefore there are no characterising species lists or comparative tables for these two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit MA4-211). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233). On mudflats and sandflats, this biotope may be found alongside Cerastoderma edule beds (MA5-252) and other MA5-2 and MA6-2 biotopes. The intertidal MA2-271 biotope can extend seamlessly into the subtidal.\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22711","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on mixed substrata","description":"Mid and lower shore mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions and with aggregations of the mussel Mytilus edulis colonising mainly the sediment between cobbles, though they can extend onto the cobbles themselves. The mussel aggregations can be very dense and support various age classes. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack Fucus vesiculosus is often found attached to either the mussels or the cobbles and it can occur at high abundance. The mussels are also usually encrusted with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Elminius modestus or Chtamalus spp., especially in areas of reduced salinity. The winkles Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis and small individuals of the crab Carcinus maenas are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm Arenicola marina, the sand mason Lanice conchilega and other infaunal species. Pools are often found within the mussel beds that support algae such as Chondrus crispus. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet Patella vulgata, the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus and the anemone Actinia equina. Ostrea edulis may occur on the lowest part of the shore. There are few infaunal samples for this biotope, hence the characterising species list below shows only epifauna. Where infaunal samples have been collected for this biotope, they contain a highly diverse range of species including nematodes, Anaitides mucosa, Hediste diversicolor, Polydora spp., Pygospio elegans, Eteone longa, oligochaetes such as Tubificoides spp., Semibalanus balanoides, a range of gammarid amphipods, Corophium volutator, Jaera forsmani, Crangon crangon, Carcinus maenas, Hydrobia ulvae and Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica).\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit MA4-211). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (units MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233). This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs.\r\nTemporal variation: Under sheltered conditions, pseudofaeces may build up over time, creating a layer of mud and changing the biotope to unit MA2-2713. Where the stability of the mussed bed depends on the mussels being attached to stable cobbles, a build-up of mud from pseudofaeces may prevent this attachment, making the mussel bed unstable and liable to be washed away during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22712","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on sand","description":"This sub-biotope occurs on mid to lower shore sand and muddy sand. Mussels Mytilus edulis grow attached to shell debris and live cockles Cerastoderma edule, forming patches of mussels on consolidated shell material, and often growing into extensive beds. The mussel valves are usually encrusted with barnacles such as Elminius modestus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the mussel bed provides a habitat for a range of species including Littorina littorea. The sediment infaunal community is usually rich and very similar to that of cockle beds (MA5-252), including cockles Cerastoderma edule, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), and a range of burrowing crustaceans and polychaetes typical for MA5-252. Further species may be present are the sand mason Lanice conchilega, the sand gaper Mya arenaria, the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, Nephtys spp., and the ragworm Hediste diversicolor. Scattered fronds of eelgrass Zostera noltii may occur.\r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs in large sandy estuaries, or on enclosed shores, alongside other sand and muddy sand biotopes, most notably unit MA5-252. It is possible that Lanice beds (unit MA5-255) occur lower down on the shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Where this sub-biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions on muddy sand, it could change to MA2-2713 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral, as is the case in the Burry Inlet (south Wales, UK)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22713","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on mud","description":"Dense mussel beds found in sheltered conditions on mud. There is a build up of pseudofaeces that results in a bed that is very soft to walk on, and sediment which is anoxic to the surface. Pools are often present in the mussel bed but they tend to contain few species. The sediment infauna is very poor as a result of anoxic conditions. The mussel valves are usually clean, without epifaunal growth. Where this biotope occurs naturally, all age classes are found within the mussel bed. This biotope also includes commercially laid mussel beds on soft sediments, which tend to be of uniform age structure. The species diversity of this sub-biotope is a lot lower than that of the other MA2-271 sub-units.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered mudflats, or areas that were previously rocky or cobble fields, but where pseudofaeces have accumulated, leading to the presence of a thick layer of mud.\r\nTemporal variation: Mussels may settle on areas of cobble or mixed sediment (unit MA2-2711), and lead to the build-up of a thick layer of pseudofaeces, changing the biotope to unit MA2-2713 over time. The layer of mud can prevent the attachment of mussels to the underlying stable substratum, thus making the mussel bed liable to be washed away during storms. This is known to occur in areas of Morecambe Bay, northern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA228","name":"Atlantic littoral Cyperaceae beds","description":"Dominants are Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis parvula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2281","name":"Atlantic littoral Eleocharis parvula beds","description":"Emergent Eleocharis parvula -dominated formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA23","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms, mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA231","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral shell gravel","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: down to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high;\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhotic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments. \r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA232","name":"Baltic coastal meadow","description":"Baltic coastal meadows, mostly with short vegetation in the geolittoral zone (above the mean high tide). Salinity is low (brackish water), and tidal ranges are small. Most of the areas were traditionally used for mowing or grazing. Abandonment of traditional management leads to the dominance of reed beds. Although the tidal range is small, the vegetation occurs in distinct zones, with saline vegetation closest to the sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA24","name":"Black sea littoral biogenic habitats","description":"Black Sea littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms, mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA241","name":"Black Sea littoral saltmarsh","description":"Black Sea salt marshes on sandy and muddy substrates along sheltered shores, characterized by small tidal ranges and relatively low salinity. Tall rushes dominate at most sites, but locally shrub and herb communities may occur that are typical of inland continental salt pans. Due to desiccation, the substrate of such communities in the upper zone can be hypersaline."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA25","name":"Mediterranean littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Mediterranean littoral habitats formed by living organisms or their remains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA251","name":"Mediterranean upper saltmarshes","description":"Open communities of the upper fringe of Mediterranean salt marshes, dominated by annual species, often under the influence of salt spray. The vegetation often occupies small but relatively species-rich patches. Many species are vernal, ending their life cycle before summer, and many are also found outside the coastal region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2511","name":"Mediterranean Juncus maritimus and Juncus acutus saltmarshes","description":"Beds of tall Juncus maritimus, Juncus rigidus (Juncus maritimus var. arabicus,Juncus arabicus) or Juncus acutus of saline grounds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastlands and of endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of mediterranean Iberia and Mediterranean North Africa, forming, in particular, in periodically inundated depressions, where they may associate with Carex extensa, Iris spuria, Gladiolus communis, Aster tripolium, Sonchus maritimus, Sonchus crassifolius or other elements of units MA2.512 and D6.23, and in sandy dunal depressions, where they may alternate with stands of Schoenus nigricans or other formations of unit MA2.521."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2512","name":"Mediterranean Juncus, Carex, Hordeum and Trifolium short saltmeadows","description":"Humid meadows of low vegetation dominated by Juncus gerardii, Carex divisa, Carex extensa, Schoenus nigricans, Triglochin maritimum, Hordeum marinum or Trifolium spp. and Lotus spp. of the edges of brackish lagoons of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2513","name":"Mediterranean Elymus or Artemisia stands","description":"Formations of Elymus or Artemisia fringing Mediterranean and interior Iberian saline wetlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2514","name":"Mediterranean Juncus subulatus beds","description":"Medium-tall Juncus subulatus beds, often forming facies within Arthrocnemum scrubs of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2515","name":"Mediterranean Sarcocornia perennis mats","description":"Low shrubby carpets of prostrate Sarcocornia perennis of wettest areas of coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2516","name":"Mediterranean Sarcocornia fruticosa thickets","description":"Stands of robust Sarcocornia fruticosa, capable of forming extensive low, dense thickets in coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2517","name":"Mediterranean Arthrocnemum macrostachyum thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Along northern Mediterranean shores, they often occupy somewhat drier sites such as shell banks in saline lagoons; in the North African coastal marshes of Cyrenaica, Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they constitute the only Arthrocnemum formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2518","name":"Mediterranean Suaeda vera thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of Suaeda vera occupying drier elevations of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2519","name":"Mediterranean Halimione portulacoides-Arthrocnemum scrubs","description":"Halimione portulacoides-rich facies within Arthrocnemum communities of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA251A","name":"Mediterranean Halocnemum scrub","description":"Salt scrubs of Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum, characteristic of arid African coasts, with a few outposts on dry coasts of European peninsulas and islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA251B","name":"Mediterranean Limoniastrum scrubs","description":"Formations of often large, silver-glaucous shrubs of Limoniastrum monopetalum with showy pink flowers in late spring, of drier parts of Mediterranean and Iberian saltmarshes, distributed locally in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, the southern Italian peninsula, western Sicily, Lampedusa, Sardinia and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA252","name":"Mediterranean upper-mid saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds","description":"Open to closed rush communities on the high zone of Mediterranean salt marshes, where flooding frequency (by seawater) is low. The vegetation generally occupies small belts and patches, in line with the limited tidal range of the Mediterranean Sea. Inbetween the rushes, a range of halophytic grasses, herbs and low shrubs may be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2521","name":"Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows","description":"Drier, dense formations of sandy soils at the foot of dunes, or between dunes and lagoons of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa, and of the endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of Mediterranean Iberia, with Plantago crassifolia, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus littoralis, Spartina versicolor (Spartina patens, Spartina juncea), Elytrigia elongata, Limbarda crithmoides, all of which may dominate and form physiognomically distinct, sometimes almost monospecific, facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA253","name":"Mediterranean mid-low saltmarshes","description":"Open to closed halophytic communities of the lower tidal zone of Mediterranean salt marshes. Perennial chenopodioids dominate the species-poor vegetation. Different species of sea lavender form a characteristic element, some of which have a small distribution range. In the lowest parts, annual glassworts (Salicornia) and grasses (Spartina) are frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2531","name":"Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Dense formations of perennial halophile grasses, in particular, Puccinellia festuciformis (Puccinellia palustris) or Aeluropus littoralis, of Mediterranean coasts and their coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2532","name":"Mediterranean low-shore glasswort swards","description":"Glasswort swards occupying long-inundated basins of coastal saltmarshes of the western Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain, southern continental France, the Gulf of Tarento, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, with Atlantic representatives in southwestern Europe, between southern Brittany and central Portugal, dominated by the reddening tetraploid glasswort Salicornia emerici."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2533","name":"Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals (Frankenia pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola soda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa, Hordeum marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus, Polypogon maritimus, Spergulariaspp.,Carrichtera annua) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African closed drainage basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. They are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France. They occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA254","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean slowly-drying wracks under glassworts","description":"This biocoenosis is characterised by annual glassworts (Salicornia spp., Microcnemum coralloides), seablites (Suaeda spp.), or sometimes saltworts (Salsola spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA255","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the lower mediolittoral rock biocenosis","description":"The species composing these biocoenoses are strongly affected by variations in wave action and submersion.This is a rocky area located at sea level, moistened by the waves. This habitat is particularly characterised by the presence of calcareous algal formations, particularly the Lithophyllum lichenoides (=Lithophyllum tortuosum) rim, whose constructions may be 1 to 2 metres wide and have great aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2551","name":"Vermetid reefs (Dendropoma patraeum)","description":"Vermetid platforms, or reefs, are built by the gastropod mollusc Dendropoma (Novastoa) petraeum, in association with some encrusting red seaweeds like Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. These reefs are often colonised by Vermetus triquetrus, another species of vermetid which, in both solitary and gregarious forms, occupies the portions of the structure that are permanently underwater. The bioconstructing vermetid is a highly gregarious species living in the tidal zone, to which it is particularly well adapted, thanks to the horny operculum that seals its shell opening in an airtight manner, thus enabling the animal to tolerate periodic emersions between tides. Vermetid reefs colonise the tidal zone exclusively on rocky coasts, with smaller formations according to the type of rock: calcarenite, limestone, dolomite, basalt and flysch. The presence of an abrasion platform thus becomes the essential condition for the formation of a reef. A second factor limiting the distribution and size of structures on a small scale is the extent of superficial hydrodynamics, as developed reefs are unlikely to be found in sheltered environments with calm waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2552","name":"Platforms with coralline algae (Lithophyllum concretions)","description":"These platforms develop on rocky calcareous, volcanic or crystalline substrates which are regularly wetted by tides and waves.\r\nIt is therefore the highest biological construction of the benthic realm at sea level. When the water is calm, the rims emerge completely and their outer margins may be as much as 20-30 centimetres above the water.\r\nThis condition is made possible by the combined action of two factors which allow the maintaining of the correct degree of moisture: exposure to waves, and the porous nature of the calcareous structure. The height above mean sea level varies according to the force of waves and/or the presence of cracks and clefts which are vulnerable to storms off the coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA256","name":"Assemblages of the mediolittoral detritus biocenosis caracterised by temporal biogenic substrates","description":"These biocenoses consist mainly of detritus-feeding species which draw their nourishment from decaying vegetation and miscellaneous debris caught up in the shingle. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum. These communities are exposed to alternating  water submersion and emersion because of variations in the water level, and they are frequently moistened by wavelets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2561","name":"Facies of  banks of dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica","description":"This facies is characterized by the accumulation of plant debris made up mostly of dead Posidonia oceanica leaves and/or other marine phanerogams species (e. g. Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera noltei, etc.). This is a belt that is a few centimeters to several meters wide and up to 1 to 2 meters high at the edge of the littoral. These accumulations form on sand, gravels or pebbles and are called ‘banks’. The accumulation of banks varies according to the season and the site’s hydrodynamic situation. In the winter, part of these banks is reclaimed during storms at the edge of the shore and the leaf debris is once again fragmented, retted and then gradually carried out at depth down to the bathyal level. The fauna existing in these banks is temporary and made up of some detritus-scavenging species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA3","name":"Littoral coarse sediment","description":"Littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as Pectenogammarus planicrurus.\r\nSituation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA31","name":"Arctic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA32","name":"Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Atlantic littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as Pectenogammarus planicrurus.\r\nSituation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA321","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Shores of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles) or coarse gravel, typically deposited as a result of onshore wave action and long-shore drift. The particle size tends to increase along the shore in the direction of the long-shore drift. As the sediment is very coarse and often quite mobile, it typically supports little marine life, other than opportunist amphipods and oligochaete worms. Summer growths of ephemeral green algae (Enteromorpha spp.) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3211","name":"Barren littoral shingle","description":"Shingle or gravel shores, typically with sediment particle size ranging from 4 - 256 mm, sometimes with some coarse sand mixed in. This biotope is normally only found on exposed open coasts in fully marine conditions. Such shores tend to support virtually no macrofauna in their very mobile and freely draining substratum. The few individuals that may be found are those washed into the habitat by the ebbing tide, including the occasional amphipod or small polychaete.\r\nSituation: This unit often extends over the whole shore, sometimes extending into the subtidal zone. It may occur on the upper shore above MA5-231, and in moderately exposed conditions, above unit MA5-233on the lower shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur on the same shore as MA3-211, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be a temporary cover of the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva spp. during periods of stability in the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3212","name":"Pectenogammarus planicrurus in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand","description":"Shores of well-sorted gravel with a predominant particle size of 4.0 mm but ranging between 3 and 6 mm support dense populations of the amphipod  Pectenogammarus planicrurus . Material finer than 2 mm reduces the ability of the amphipod to survive. The amphipod is tolerant of variable salinity, although a preference for a specific salinity regime has not been determined. As this habitat is regularly under-surveyed, its distribution is unclear.\r\nSituation: The biotope is often associated with the lee side (wind or tide) of obstacles such as rock outcrops and groynes; this may be due to the deposition of algal debris, shelter from wave action or degree of sorting due to localised tidal flow around the obstacle (most likely a combination of the first and last influence)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA322","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and other inlets (e.g. sealochs) which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. These are typically species-poor and characterised by oligochaete worms (cf. A2.222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA33","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA331","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment characterized by  emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)in the  photic zone. e with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)in the  photic zone.  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA332","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by submerged vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species Stuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinatas","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral  coarse sediment habitats characterized by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppias pp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritima, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, Zostera noltii occurs only in the Belt Sea and Kattegat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediiment habitats characterized by Ranunculus spp","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species Ranunculus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. dominated by Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata.dominated by  Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; \r\nCharacteristic species Zostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA333","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse or no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard substrata.  Sparse  (less then 10% cover) or no macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA334","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by sparse or no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Spoarse or no macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nMapping advise (habitat delineation, identification, similar types)\r\nPhotic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA34","name":"Black sea littoral coarse sediment","description":"Littoral coarse sediments occuring on the coast of the Black Sea  include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA341","name":"Black sea mediolittoral cobbles and gravels","description":"Mediolittoral cobbles and gravel in high energy environments of the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. As the sediment is quite coarse it typically does not support large volumes of marine life. There may be accumulations of shell hash, for example of Cerastoderma, Mya and other molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA35","name":"Mediterranean littoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA351","name":"Assemblages of the slowly drying wracks biocenosis in Mediterranean supralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Decaying algae and other plants (eg Salicornia spp., Posidonia) on supralittoral cobbles inhabited by a wide range of  detrivores and their predators such as Amphipods (Orchestia), Isopods (Tylos sardous and Halophiloscia couchi), Gasteropods (Truncatella subcylindrica, Alexia mysotis, Alexia firmini and Ovatella bidentata) Centipedes, Pseudoscorpions, Coleoptera, especially of the genera Bledius,Diptera and Forficula auricularia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA352","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral coarse detritus","description":"Mid-beach with stones and pebbles, with a vertical extension that is usually slight.\r\nMid-beach pebbles which retain between them plant debris thrown up on the beach as wrack. Possible site for Posidonia banks.\r\nThis area goes through periods of alternating submersion in and emergence from the water during calm weather because of variations in the water level, and is frequently moistened by wavelets. The vertical size of the rise and fall of the water, which can be some dozens of centimetres, can mark out strips several metres wide on the beach.\r\nThe habitat can present variations according to the granulometric size in the substratum, the hydrodynamic action produced by the backwash and the quantity and quality of detritus thrown up on the beach as wreckage.\r\nThe population dynamics vary according to the humectation of the environment and, especially, the level of wave energy since hydrodynamics are the vector of the dampness and of the quality and quantity of detritus that can be used for food as well as sedimentation. Powerful hydrodynamics encourage the laying down of a coarse sediment. The fauna is basically made up of scavengers of detritus and their predators, and so essentially unstable. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA353","name":"Communities of estuarine Mediterranean mediolittoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and otherinlets which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. This habitat typically covers a comparatively small area and exhibits a great variability of physical and chemical parameters. It is usually a species-poor habitat and the fauna is characterised by oligochaete worms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA4","name":"Littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA41","name":"Arctic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Arctic shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA42","name":"Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA421","name":"Seaweed communities on Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds (MA4-211). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4211","name":"Ephemeral green and red seaweeds (freshwater influenced, or disturbed or organically enriched) on Atlantic littoral mixed substrata","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying sand or mud) that are subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation, characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds. The main species present are Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Porphyra spp., along with colonial diatoms covering the surface of the substratum. Small numbers of other species such as barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus are confined to any larger cobbles and pebbles or on the shells of larger individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The crab Carcinus maenas and the winkle Littorina littorea can be present among the boulders, cobbles and seaweeds, while gammarids can be found in patches underneath the cobbles. In common with the other biotopes found on mixed substrata, patches of sediment are typically characterised by infaunal species including bivalves, for example, Cerastoderma edule and the polychaete Arenicola marina and the polychaete Lanice conchilega.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores sheltered from wave action (compare with unit MA1-2233), with weak to moderate tidal streams and often subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone above or at the same level as the biotope dominated by the barnacles S. balanoides and/or E. modestus and Littorina spp. (unit MA4-231). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by saltmarsh species such as Salicornia sp. and Spartina sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks Fucus serratus or Fucus vesiculosus (units MA1-23F2; MA1-23D2) or by M. edulis (MA1-221) or by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) (MA6-224) depending on the substratum. This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the 'high' number of species in the characterising species list is due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness at individual sites.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be a summer variation of MA4-231, in which ephemeral algal growth has exceeded the capacity of the grazing molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA422","name":"Communities of strandline on Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4221","name":"Mytilus edulis and Fabricia sabella in Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles, gravel, sand and shell debris with mud in sheltered Firths with a strandline of fucoid algae. The fauna is characterised by juvenile mussels Mytilus edulis, often in very high numbers. The nemertean worm Lineus spp. may be abundant and oligochaetes are common. Polychaetes such as Pygospio elegans, Scoloplos armiger and Fabricia sabella may be present in high densities. Fabricia sabella is typically found amongst algal holdfasts and between cobbles on rocky shores. The bivalves Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Cerastoderma edule, typical of muddy sediments, characterise the community. The validity of this biotope is uncertain, as the only available data, from the Dornoch Firth and the Moray Firth, are poor. Its position within the classification, as a strandline community, is also very uncertain, but there is not enough information available for a better description or classification at this stage.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA423","name":"Unvegetated Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata where the substratum is too mobile or disturbed to support a seaweed community (MA4-231). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4231","name":"Barnacles and Littorina spp. on unstable Atlantic littoral mixed substrata","description":"The eulittoral zone, particularly the mid shore zone, of sheltered to extremely sheltered mixed substrata shores is often characterised by flat banks or scards of cobbles and pebbles (on sediment) which are either too small or unstable to support a seaweed community. The boulders and larger cobbles are usually colonised by the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides or in areas with variable salinity Elminius modestus and often dense aggregations of the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis are present as well. Between the cobbles and pebbles the mussel Mytilus edulis occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance. Juvenile crabs Carcinus maenas and gammarids may occur between and underneath the pebbles and cobbles. Brown seaweeds are rare, although the wrack Fucus vesiculosus may occasionally occur on larger cobbles and small boulders in the mid and upper shore zones. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may also be present. Shallow pools and patches of standing water may occur in low-lying areas and may contain amphipods and filamentous green seaweeds. Due to the unstable nature of the substratum the diversity and density of flora and fauna is characteristically low.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores in wave-sheltered conditions (compare with unit MA1-2233) and may be subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone below or at the same level as the biotope dominated by ephemeral green seaweeds (MA4-211). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by salt marsh species such as Salacornia and Spartina sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks Fucusserratus or F. vesiculosus (units MA1-23F2; MA1-23D2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4232","name":"Hediste diversicolor in Atlantic littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms Hediste diversicolor. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Manayunkia aestuarina, oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides spp., the mud shrimp Corophium volutator, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana. Sub-biotopes described as subunits of this unit have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of MA4-232and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the MA4-232 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42321","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Limecola balthica in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly mud shores, subject to reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, as well as the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The presence of the gravel in the sediment is unlikely to have a large influence on the infaunal composition, which is driven mainly by the estuarine sandy mud conditions. Coarse material on the sediment surface may however enrich the biota with additional epifaunal species such as barnacles and algae. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit MA6-224. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with MA4-2321 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-224. This biotope has been found alongside its mud equivalent in the Stour estuary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42322","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly mud on the mid and lower shore, containing little sand with occasional cobbles. The infaunal community includes the ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, as well as a range of polychaetes, oligochaetes, and molluscs. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this unit and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope MA6-225. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with unit MA4-2322 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-225."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42323","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity, on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Ampharete grubei, as well as oligochaetes and Corophium volutator. There are often low densities of Scrobicularia plana. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit MA6-2271. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with MA4-2322 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-2271. This biotope has been found along edges of tidal channels in the upper Stour estuary, below its equivalent mud biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42324","name":"Hediste diversicolor, cirratulids and Tubificoides spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and cirratulid polychaetes such as Tharyx killariensis. Nematodes and oligochaetes occur, as well as the bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope unit MA6-224. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-224."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42325","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable or reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii, Capitella capitata and Manayunkia aestuarina. Oligochaetes and Corophium volutator are abundant. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope MA6-2272. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-2272."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4233","name":"Cirratulids and Cerastoderma edule in Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. Banks of shell may be present. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including Exogone naidina, Sphaerosyllis taylori, Pygospio elegans, Chaetozone gibber, Cirriformia tentaculata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata, Mediomastus fragilis, and Melinna palmata. The oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster are abundant, as is the cockle Cerastoderma edule. A large range of amphipods may occur, including Melita palmata, Microprotopus maculatus, Aora gracilis and Corophium volutator. The bivalves Abra alba and A. nitida may occur. The barnacle Elminius modestus can be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Epifaunal algae may occur attached to stable cobbles on the sediment surface.\r\nSituation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA43","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA431","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone wwith more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA432","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment   characterized by  submerged vegetation","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of submerged rooted plants which also includes plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia spp., Chara aspera\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4322","name":"Baltic  hydrolittoral mixed sediment  habitats characterized by  Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by Charales","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groupsSubmerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGEOGRAPHIC RANGE\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment  habitats characterized by watermillifoil","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. dominated by Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4325","name":"Baltic  hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata.dominated by  Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA44","name":"Black Sea littoral mixed sediment","description":"Black Sea shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA441","name":"Communities of Marmara littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments (pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions). By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present, which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities, which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Habitats with sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore, may have an abundant community of ragworms Hediste diversicolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA45","name":"Mediterranean littoral mixed sediment","description":"Mediterranean shores of mixed sediments range from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. It is likely that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists mainly of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravel mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is no easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds which are more commonly found on rocky and boulder\r\nshores.\r\nMixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Habitats with sheltered gravel sandy mud, which are subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore, may have abundant communities of polychaetes.\r\nCharacteristic species: Polychaetes: Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata, Cirriformia tentaculata ,Sphaerosyllis taylori, Pygospio elegans; bivalves: Cerastoderma edule, Abra nitida; oligochaetes:Tubificoides pseudogaster; crustaceans: Aora gracilis, Melita palmata, Microprotopus maculatus, Corophium volutator."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA451","name":"Assemblages of the slowly drying wracks biocenosis in Mediterranean supralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Decaying algae and other plants (eg Salicornia spp, Posidonia) on supralittoral mixed sediments  inhabited by a wide range of  detrivores and their predators such as Amphipods (Orchestia), Isopods (Tylos sardous and Halophiloscia couchi), Gasteropods (Truncatella subcylindrica, Alexia mysotis, Alexia firmini and Ovatella bidentata) Centipedes, Pseudoscorpions, Coleoptera, especially of the genera Bledius,Diptera and Forficula auricularia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA452","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral mixed detritus","description":"Mid-beach with stones and pebbles, with a vertical extension that is usually slight.\r\nMid-beach pebbles which retain between them plant debris thrown up on the beach as wrack. Possible site for Posidonia banks.\r\nThis area goes through periods of alternating submersion in and emergence from the water during calm weather because of variations in the water level, and is frequently moistened by wavelets. The vertical size of the rise and fall of the water, which can be some dozens of centimetres, can mark out strips several metres wide on the beach.\r\nThe habitat can present variations according to the granulometric size in the substratum, the hydrodynamic action produced by the backwash and the quantity and quality of detritus thrown up on the beach as wreckage.\r\nThe population dynamics vary according to the humectation of the environment and, especially, the level of wave energy since hydrodynamics are the vector of the dampness and of the quality and quantity of detritus that can be used for food as well as sedimentation. Powerful hydrodynamics encourage the laying down of a coarse sediment. The fauna is basically made up of scavengers of detritus and their predators, and so essentially unstable. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA5","name":"Littoral sand","description":"Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (MA5-23), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (MA5-24). Muddy sands (MA5-25), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves.\r\nSituation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA51","name":"Arctic littoral sand","description":"Arctic shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA52","name":"Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (MA5-23), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (MA5-24). Muddy sands (MA5-25), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves.\r\nSituation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA521","name":"Strandline communities on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5211","name":"Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline","description":"A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper  Talitrus saltator . In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed,  Talorchestia deshayesii  is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly  Orchestia  species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy. Two characterising species lists are presented below. They are derived from two sets of data, which were analysed separately. The first shows data from infaunal samples, the second shows data from epifaunal samples. The epifaunal lists contains no counts per square metre, as the data were collected on the SACFOR scale.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shore as a range of sediment (especially sandy) biotopes, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. These biotopes include units MA3-211, MA5-231, MA5-232 MA5-233 and MA5-241. The biotope also occurs at the back of boulder, cobble and pebble shores, above mixed sediment and rocky biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope varies in its position between spring and neap tides, and as a result of changing weather. After storms, it may extend into the fore dunes, during spring tides it will occur high on the shore, and during neaps the greatest numbers of talitrids may be found at or just below MHWN level. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of this biotope, may also vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA522","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Dominants are Zostera  spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5221","name":"Zostera noltii or Zostera angustifolia meadows on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Formations of Zostera noltii or Zostera angustifolia of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic shores of continental Europe and of its continental shelf islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5222","name":"Zostera noltii beds on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass  Zostera noltii  at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of  Z. noltii  as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of  Z. noltii  is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans and Arenicola marina, oligochaetes, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, and the bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Limecola  balthica (Macoma balthica). The green algae Enteromorpha spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the British National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000).\r\nSituation: Z. noltii  is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as unit MA5-252.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5223","name":"Macaronesian Zostera noltii meadows","description":"Very local Zostera noltii formations of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5224","name":"Ruppia maritima on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA523","name":"Barren or amphipod-dominated Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Shores consisting of clean mobile sands (coarse, medium and some fine-grained), with little very fine sand, and no mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The sands are non-cohesive, with low water retention, and thus subject to drying out between tides, especially on the upper shore and where the shore profile is steep. Most of these shores support a limited range of species, ranging from barren, highly mobile sands to more stable clean sands supporting communities of isopods, amphipods and a limited range of polychaetes. Species which can characterise mobile sand communities include Scolelepis squamata, Pontocrates arenarius, Bathyporeia pelagica,  B. pilosa, Haustorius arenarius and Eurydice pulchra.\r\nSituation: Mobile sand shores are typically situated along open stretches of coastline, with a relatively high degree of wave exposure. Bands of gravel and shingle may be present on the upper shore of exposed beaches. Where the wave exposure is less, and the shore profile more shallow, mobile sand communities may also be present on the upper part of the shore, with more stable fine sand communities present lower down. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Mobile sand shores may show significant seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5231","name":"Barren Atlantic littoral coarse sand","description":"Freely-draining sandy beaches, particularly on the upper and mid shore, which lack a macrofaunal community due to their continual mobility. Trial excavations are unlikely to reveal any macrofauna in these typically steep beaches on exposed coasts. Oligochaetes, probably mainly enchytraeids, and the isopod Eurydice pulchra may be found in extremely low abundances, but if present in any quantity should be classed as units MA6-2273 or MA5-2332. Burrowing amphipods (Bathyporeia spp.) may be present on very rare occasions. Occasionally, other species may be left behind in low abundance by the ebbing tide.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid and/or lower shore below MA3-211 in exposed conditions. In moderately exposed conditions, and where MA5-231 occurs on the upper shore, a range of relatively more species-rich clean sand communities may occur on the mid and lower shore. These include MA5-233, MA5-232 and MA5-241, depending on the degree of wave exposure and sediment mobility. Tal may occur on the same shore as MA5-231, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5232","name":"Oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. The biotope also occurs in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. This biotope has been split into two sub-biotopes, based on the physical environment (a full-salinity and a variable salinity type).\r\nSituation: This unit often occurs in variable salinity conditions, in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MA6-22 and MA6-22 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. MA5-232also occurs on open, fully marine shores. Where it is situated on the mid shore, units MA3-211 and/or MA5-231 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, MA5-2331 and MA5-2333 may be found. MA5-232may also occur on the upper shore, with MA5-2332 present on the mid shore, and MA5-2411 or MA5-2412 on the lower shore. MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of wracks and debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to unit MA5-231. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to MA5-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52321","name":"Oligochaetes in full salinity Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. On rare occasions individuals of polychaete or crustacean species may be encountered (e.g. Nephtys spp., Eurydice pulchra, Bathyporeia spp.), though these are not characterising for the biotope and if present in any significant abundance, the area should be classed as unit MA5-233.\r\nSituation: Where MA5-2321 is situated on the mid shore, MA3-211 and/or MA5-231 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, MA5-2331 and MA5-2333 may be found. MA6-2273 may also occur on the upper shore, with MA5-2332 present on the mid shore, and MA5-2411 or MA5-2412 on the lower shore. MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to MA5-231. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to MA5-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52322","name":"Oligochaetes in variable salinity Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. There is usually very little mud in the sediment. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. Nemerteans may be present, and nematodes may be frequent.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MA6-22 and MA6-22 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Unit MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5233","name":"Amphipods and Scolelepis spp. In Atlantic littoral medium-fine sand","description":"Mobile clean sandy beaches on exposed and moderately exposed shores, with sediment grain sizes ranging from medium to fine, often with a fraction of coarser sediment. The sediment contains little or no organic matter, and usually no anoxic layer is present at all. It tends to be well-drained, retaining little water at low tide, though the sediment of the MA5-2333 sub-unit may remain damp throughout the tidal cycle. These beaches usually occur under fully marine conditions, though the MA5-2332 sub-unit may occur under moderately exposed lower estuarine conditions. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by polychaetes, isopods and burrowing amphipods. Scolelepis spp. can tolerate well-drained conditions, and are often present in well-draining, coarser sand. Burrowing amphipods that often occur in this biotope include Bathyporeia spp., Pontocrates arenarius, and Haustorius arenarius. The isopod Eurydice pulchra is also often present. On semi-exposed beaches with a moderate tide range where there is a marked high-shore berm, there can be a marked seepage at the foot of the berm that probably carries the products of the organic matter derived from strand line breakdown. Here in a narrow zone, exceptionally high populations of Bathyporeia pilosa, sometimes above 10000 per square metre, may occur. The zone may be narrower than the strandline and could easily be missed on surveys were only a few levels are sampled. Three sub-biotopes are described for this biotope, based principally on differences in infaunal species composition.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below MA5-231, or MA3-211. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the communities of unit MA5-241. Unit MA5-211 may be present on the same shores as MA5-233 where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52331","name":"Scolelepis spp. in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed shores of fully marine mobile clean sand, with particle sizes ranging from coarse to very fine. The sediment is not always well sorted, and may contain a subsurface layer of gravel or shell debris. Usually no anoxic layer is present. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by the polychaetes Scolelepis squamata and S. foliosa. The amphipod Bathyporeia pilosa may be present. Further species that may be present in this sub-biotope include the amphipods  B. pelagica and Haustorius arenarius, and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. The lugworm Arenicola marina may also occur.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below MA5-2332, MA5-231, or MA3-211, and on the same shores as MA5-2333. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the MA5-241 communities. Unit MA5-211 may be present on the same shores, where driftlines of wrack and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52332","name":"Eurydice pulchra in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Well-draining beaches of medium- to fine-grained mobile sand, often (but not always) well sorted. Occasionally, a small fraction of coarse sand may be present. The biotope generally occurs on exposed open coasts, but sometimes in estuarine conditions, supporting populations of the isopod Eurydice pulchra and burrowing amphipods which frequently include Bathyporeia pilosa and Haustorius arenarius. The degree of drainage appears to be a critical factor in determining the presence of polychaetes, with only Scolelepis squamata capable of tolerating the well-drained sediments of this biotope. This biotope has two facies: drying upper and mid shore sands, and highly mobile lower shore and shallow sublittoral sand bars. Where this biotope occurs in estuarine conditions, H. arenarius is often highly abundant.\r\nSituation:This unit may occur on the mid and upper shore together with unit MA5-2331, below MA6-2273, or above MA5-2333 and the MA5-241 communities. Under more exposed, open conditions, this unit may be restricted to the lower part of the shore, with MA6-2273, barren sand (MA5-231) or barren shingle (MA3-211) on the upper shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur where driftlines of wracks or other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52333","name":"Pontocrates arenarius in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Mainly on the mid and lower shore on wave-exposed or moderately wave-exposed coasts of medium and fine sand, sometimes with a fraction of coarse sand, which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The infauna is dominated by burrowing amphipods, most notably Pontocrates arenarius, as well as Bathyporeia pelagica, Haustorius arenarius and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. The polychaete fauna is poor, dominated by Scolelepis squamata, which tolerates the exposed and mobile sediment conditions. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be present on the lower shore, where units MA5-231, MA5-2332, or MA5-2331 are present higher up. Where this unit occurs on the mid shore in relatively sheltered conditions, unit MA5-241 may be present on the lower shore. Unit MA5-211 may be present where driftlines of fucoids and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may change to unit MA5-2332, which is very similar in character, if  P. arenarius decreases in abundance. Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA524","name":"Polychaete/amphipod-dominated Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"Shores of clean, medium to fine and very fine sand, with no coarse sand, gravel or mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The degree of drying between tides is limited, and the sediment usually remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. Typically, no anoxic layer is present. Fine sand shores support a range of species including amphipods and polychaetes. On the lower shore, and where sediments are stable, bivalves such as Angulus tenuis may be present in large numbers. An exceptionally rich fine sand community has been recorded from very sheltered reduced salinity shores in Poole Harbour. Species recorded include Anaitides maculata, Hediste diversicolor, Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans, Tharyx killariensis, oligochaetes, Gammarus locusta, Hydrobia ulvae, Cerastoderma edule and Mya truncata.\r\nSituation: Fine sand communities may be present throughout the intertidal zone on moderately exposed beaches, or they may be present on the lower parts of the shore with mobile sand communities present along the upper shore. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Fine sand shores may show seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5241","name":"Polychaetes in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"Moderately exposed or sheltered beaches of medium and fine, usually clean, sand, though the sediment may on rare occasions contain a small silt and clay fraction. The sediment is relatively stable, remains damp throughout the tidal cycle, and contains little organic matter. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Where an anoxic layer is present, it occurs at a depth below 10 cm and tends to be patchy. The biotope occurs mainly on the lower part of the shore, and relatively frequently on the mid shore. It is only rarely present above mid shore level, except where coastal defences cause backwash onto the upper shore. Conditions are usually fully marine, though the biotope can also occur in open lower estuarine conditions. The infaunal community is dominated by a range of polychaete species such as Nephtys cirrosa, Paraonis fulgens, Spio spp., Pygospio elegans, Ophelia rathkei and Scoloplos armiger. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment, and Arenicola marina casts may be present on the sediment surface. The amphipods Bathyporeia spp. and Pontocrates arenarius frequently occur, and nemerteans are often present. On some North Wales shores, the presence of Arenicola species characterises the lowest part of the shore, with a range of species characteristic of the shallow sublittoral. These include sparsely distributed Echinocardium, Amphiura brachiata, Ensis siliqua and Fabulina fabula. This biotope is split into three sub-biotopes, between which there can be a large degree of overlap. The bivalve Angulus tenuis dominates the MA5-2412 sub-biotope, which is characterised by slightly more stable and fine sediments than the other two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present below the communities of units MA5-233 or MA5-2321 on moderately exposed shores. MA5-231 may occur on the upper part of the shore if it is subject to drying in between tides. The strandline biotope MA5-211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be affected significantly by seasonal changes in degree of wave exposure. During stormy winters, the sediment may become de-stabilised, leading to the disappearance of some macroinfaunal species. The lugworm A. marina may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52411","name":"Polychaetes, including Paraonis fulgens, in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately wave-exposed coasts, with medium and fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Polychaetes make up the greater part of the community, and are dominated by Paraonis fulgens, Capitella capitata, Pygospio elegans, Ophelia rathkei and Eteone longa. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemerteans may also be present. The amphipods Bathyporeia pilosa and B. sarsi are often present.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit MA5-2412, or lower down than the MA5-233 communities or MA5-2321. The strandline community MA5-211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment. The lugworm Arenicola marina may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52412","name":"Polychaetes and Angulus tenuis in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with predominantly fine sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. The sediment is often rippled, and an anoxic layer may occasionally occur below a depth of 10 cm, though it is often patchy. The infaunal community is dominated by the abundant bivalve Angulus tenuis together with a range of polychaetes. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Polychaetes that are characterising for this biotope include Nephtys cirrosa, Paraonis fulgens and Spio filicornis. Burrowing amphipods Bathyporeia spp. may occur in some samples of this biotope.\r\nSituation: Where it occurs under moderately exposed conditions, units MA5-2332, MA5-2411 or MA5-2321 may be present higher up on the shore than this unit. Where it occurs under more sheltered conditions, it may occur below or alongside muddy sand biotopes such as units MA5-252 and MA5-254.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52413","name":"Nephtys cirrosa-dominated Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with medium to fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is not usually well sorted and may contain a fraction of coarse sand. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The polychaete infauna is dominated by Nephtys cirrosa, Magelona mirabilis, Spio martinensis, Spiophanes bombyx and Paraonis fulgens. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemertean worms may be present. The amphipods Pontocrates spp. and Bathyporeia spp., as well as Cumopsis goodsiri and the shrimp Crangon crangon are typically present. The bivalve Angulus tenuis is scarce or absent.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit MA5-2412, or lower down than MA5-2332or MA5-2321.\r\nTemporal variation: The infaunal community of this biotope may change seasonally, as increased storminess during winter months may reduce sediment stability and the ability of some species to survive. Some species, such as the shrimp C. crangon avoid these conditions by seasonal migration to deeper water (Moore, 1991)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA525","name":"Polychaete/bivalve-dominated Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment generally remains water-saturated during low water. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. An anoxic layer may be present below 5 cm of the sediment surface, sometimes seen in the worm casts on the surface. The infauna consists of a diverse range of amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods.\r\nSituation: Muddy sand communities are found predominantly on the mid and lower shore, though they may span the entire intertidal. Fine sand or mobile sand communities may be present on the upper shore with muddy sand communities present lower down. In sheltered mid estuarine conditions, muddy sand communities may be present on the upper part of the shore with mid estuarine muddy shore communities (MA6-22)  lower down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5251","name":"Limecola  balthica and Arenicola marina in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and generally remains water-saturated during low water. Scattered stones, cobbles and boulders with attached fucoids may be present. An anoxic layer is usually present within 5cm of the sediment surface and is often visible in worm casts. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. The species assemblage is characterised by the lugworm Arenicola marina and the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The polychaetes Scoloplos armiger and Pygospio elegans are typically superabundant and common, respectively. Oligochaetes, probably mainly Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster, may be common, and the cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit has broad transition areas with units MA5-252 and MA5-253, which tends to occur lower down on the shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5252","name":"Cerastoderma edule and polychaetes in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Extensive clean fine sand or muddy sand shores with abundant cockles Cerastoderma edule. The community consists of the polychaetes Eteone longa, Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans, Spio filicornis and Capitella capitata, the crustaceans Bathyporeia sarsi, Bodotria arenosa arenosa and Crangon crangon, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, as well as the cockle C. edule and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). This biotope carries commercially viable stocks of C. edule, and it is therefore possible to find areas of this habitat where the infauna may have been changed through recent cockle dredging. Cockle dredging can result in a reduced bivalve abundance and reduced densities of some polychaete species, including P. elegans (Moore, 1991). At the outer edges of large flats, there may be a zone between the cockle beds and more exposed sands, where there are fewer cockles and B. sarsi is the commoner species.\r\nSituation: The community is found mainly on the mid and lower shore where the sediment is water-saturated most of the time. Where it occurs in muddy sand, this unit has broad transition areas with units MA5-251 and the MA6-22, and where it occurs on clean sand shores, it may have broad transition areas with MA2-2712. Higher on the shore, adjacent to this biotope, MA5-254 is found, with fewer polychaete and bivalve species due to the drier sediment found on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: A layer of mud with dense spionid polychaetes may build up on cockle beds in sheltered areas, creating a cohesive muddy layer 10-15 cm thick overlying the whole area. This may break up leaving a series of pits and patches with miniature cliffs, giving it an appearance similar to a stony shore when seen from a distance. It should be noted that where it occurs, Hydrobia ulvae tends to move a lot and may be highly variable in abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5253","name":"Hediste diversicolor, Limecola  balthica and Eteone longa in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is characterised by the polychaetes Eteone longa, Hediste diversicolor (ragworm) and Pygospio elegans, oligochaetes (mostly Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster), the crustaceans Corophium volutator and Crangon crangon, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant, and the sand gaper Mya arenaria may be superabundant, though these species are not always present, or may be missed in core samples due to their large size. The polychaetes Arenicola marina, Polydora cornuta and Capitella capitata, the shrimp Crangon crangon, and the Mussel Mytilus edulis are sometimes present.\r\nSituation: This unit can occur on the mid shore of sheltered, lower estuaries, with the MA6-22 communities in muddier sediments on the lower shore. Under moderately exposed conditions in lower estuaries and towards open coasts, it may occur alongside other muddy sand units such as MA5-252 or MA5-254.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5254","name":"Bathyporeia pilosa and Corophium arenarium in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Wave-sheltered, mainly upper and mid shore flats of medium to fine sand, often muddy sand. The salinity, although predominantly recorded as variable, probably varies little from fully marine in these broad estuaries. The infauna is characterised by the amphipods Bathyporeia pilosa, Corophium arenarium and C. volutator, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae. Polychaetes and bivalves are limited in their abundance and variety, though the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may occur. Tidal streams may be strong during spring tides, accounting for the presence of amphipods B. pilosa that are more commonly associated with open coast sandflats.\r\nSituation: This biotope is typically found higher up the shore than sandflats with the cockle Cerastoderma edule (unit MA5-252) in the large sandy estuaries of the west coast of England and Wales. In moderately exposed conditions, can occur on the mid shore below units MA5-211and/or MA5-231. In more sheltered conditions, may occur above unit MA6-223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5255","name":"Lanice conchilega in Atlantic littoral sand","description":"This biotope usually occurs on flats of medium fine sand and muddy sand, most often on the lower shore but sometimes also on waterlogged mid shores. The sand may contain a proportion of shell fragments or gravel. Lan can also occur on the lower part of predominantly rocky or boulder shores, where patches of sand or muddy sand occur between scattered boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Conditions may be tide-swept, and the sediment may be mobile, but the biotope usually occurs in areas sheltered from strong wave action. The sediment supports dense populations of the sand mason Lanice conchilega. Other polychaetes present are tolerant of sand scour or mobility of the sediment surface layers and include the polychaetes Anaitides mucosa, Eumida sanguinea, Nephtys hombergii, Scoloplos armiger, Aricidea minuta, Tharyx spp. and Pygospio elegans. The mud shrimp Corophium arenarium and the cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant. The baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may be present. On boulder shores, and where pebbles and cobbles are mixed in with lower shore tide-swept sand with dense L. conchilega between the cobbles, the infaunal component is rarely sampled. The infaunal community under these circumstances, provided that the cobbles are not packed very close together, is likely to be similar to that in areas without the coarse material.\r\nSituation:This unit occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately exposed sand and muddy sand flats. Higher on the shore, other sand and muddy sand biotopes may be present, such as units MA5-231 and MA5-233on the upper shore and the MA5-241 communities on the mid shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur where driftlines of wracks and other debris accumulate. Where Lan occurs on areas of scattered boulders and cobbles on the lower shore, there may be broad transition areas with MA2-261 and other boulder shore biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: Where Lanice conchilega becomes very abundant, especially on the low shore, this can lead to the build up of sediment mounds around their tubes, thus leading to a significant alteration in the surface appearance of the biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA53","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA531","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sandy substrata characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5312","name":"Baltic hydrolittorals and dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae)","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA532","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, ponweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia spp., Ruppia spp, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Tolypella nidifica, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Najus marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5327","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.            \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to exposed;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5328","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Eleocharis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA533","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterized by sparse or no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sparse or  no macro- or microvegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA54","name":"Black sea littoral sand","description":"Black Sea shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA541","name":"Black sea mediolittoral sands","description":"Coarse, medium and fine sands in the Mediolittoral zone, typically exposed, moderately exposed or sheltered from wave action.The dominant environmental conditions which define the sediment characteristic and species composition are high levels of physical disturbance from wave action, wide temperature variability, and periods of desiccation. In the microtidal Black Sea (tidal range of about 0.3 m) this habitat is limited to narrow beach strip covered by the swash. Community composition depends on grain size and origin of sand (siliceous/calcareous, biogenic/abiogenic) with three associated biotopes distinguished. Diversity is usually low due to high physical disturbance from wave action but abundances may be high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA55","name":"Mediterranean littoral sand","description":"Sands of the Mediterranean supralittoral and mediolittoral zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean supralittoral sands","description":"Area corresponding to the upper beach which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water. The temperature is very variable and the daily differences in temperature may be extremely great: 0 to 20° in the winter, 50° in the summer. These temperatures can be lethal for individuals living in the sand.\r\nThe exogenous contribution of organic matter (wracks) is linked to the nature of what is washed up by the sea during storms or comes from the land. It is variable in time and space: tree trunks, bits of wood, detritic material which make up the wracks, algae, phanerogams, anthropic vegetable debris, dead marine organisms, aeolian-origin elements (leaves, insects), and foam from waves made up of “shaped or unshaped elements” of wind-borne marine plankton. To this can be added a fairly considerable quantity of biodegradable or non-biodegradable human-origin rubbish linked to the sea or to the direct waste from tourists frequenting the upper beach.\r\nThe physiognomy of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of fairly damp saline patches on coarse sand. The sea wracks contain floating objects basically washed up during storms and are of two major kinds: chips of wood and fairly well-shaped elements stuck in the sand and tree trunks and sizeable rubbish.\r\nThe sedimentary granulometry is relatively variable according to what fine elements have been added. The sediment is thus fairly compact. One can also notice a variability according to the quantity and quality of organic additions (sea foreshores), according to the direction and level of protection of the upper beach considered, and the degree of humectation, different facies can be observed (See facies and associations)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5511","name":"Facies of Mediterranean supralittoral sands without vegetation, with scattered debris","description":"Unvegetated supralittoral sand with scattered debris deposted during storms or floods. Characteristic species are  Talitrus saltator, Cicindela lunulata nemoralis, Nebria complanata, Scarites laevigatus, Phaleria provincialis, Labidura riparia, Bembex olivacea and Bembex oculata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5512","name":"Facies of depressions with residual humidity of Mediterranean supralittoral","description":"Depressions in sand, often enriched with finer particles which remain damp, except very briefly in summer, due to a high water table or concentration of rainfall. The habitat mostly occurs on coastlines with dunes. Characteristic species are Talitrus saltator, Bledius arenarius, Bledius unicornis, Xya variegata and Arctosa perita."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5513","name":"Mediterranean supralittoral facies of tree truncks which have been washed ashore","description":"Tree trunks or other large pieces of wood slowly decaying found on supralittoral beaches after being  washed ashore after prolonged periods in the sea.  Characteristic species are Agabiformius obtusus, Orchestia stephenseni, Dolichoiulus tongiorgii, Scarites laevigatus, Mesites pallidipennis, Orchestia sp, Porcelio sp. and  Brachytemnoides filum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5514","name":"Mediterranean supralittoral facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore","description":"On sandy beaches, in the supralittoral stage, at a higher level, rarely submerged, in the whole of the Mediterranean. Present on the upper beach, only humectated by the sea during storms. The temperature is highly variable and the daily differences in temperature may be more than 20°C. These temperatures may be extremely high, reaching 50°C in the summer, and are then lethal for individuals living in the sand. This facies is a relatively particular aspect of ‘wracks’ and corresponds to the washing up of almost exclusively marine phanerogam debris from nearby meadows and beds. These wracks always include a fairly sizeable part of other additional elements of anthropic or natural origin. The sediment of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of more or less damp saline plaques on coarse sand. The sedimentary granulometry varies according to the addition of fine elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5515","name":"Facies of slow drying Mediterranean supralittoral beaches","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA552","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral sands","description":"Mediolittoral sands are characterised by the annelids Ophelia radiata and Scolelepis squamata, the isopod crustacean Eurydice affinis and the pelecypod mollusc Donacilla cornea. Coarse sands encourage the settlement of Ophelia radiata, and fine sands that of Scolelepis squamata, while Donacilla cornea often avoids calcareous sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5521","name":"Facies with Ophelia bicornis on Mediterranean mediolittoral sands","description":"This facies of the mediolittoral sands is characterised by the abundance of the annelid polychaete Ophelia bicornis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA553","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean mediolittoral muddy sands and muds in lagoons and estuaries biocenosis","description":"Present in the mediolittoral stage and the upper part of the infralittoral. The banks are relatively stable, but the beds change with the violent winter flooding. Sediment is formed of fine sand, muddy sands and mud according to the course of the river bed. Surface salinity is low (0.03 to 2,5 for the Rhône) whereas that of the deep layer, in contact with the benthic fauna, is much higher (16 to 21 for the Rhône). A marine salty patch can be seen sunk underneath the fresh water of the river. Tides are weak and only cause minor changes in the water’s chlorinity. The winds have a more marked influence on the position of the salty patch. When parts of the estuary or the estuary lagoons are cut off, either naturally or by human action, the salinity of the water may increase considerably.\r\nPopulation variations are linked to the topography of the bed, which causes a differential distribution of the various types of sediment, and to anthropic action. These are especially reflected in the size of species populations, which varies with granulometry but can also be greatly reduced when anthropic action is too great. In the absence of the tide effect, the transition is rapid between the (freshwater) limnic environment and the marine environment. Thus there is no gradient in the distribution of the fauna, which occurs patchily. The species present are characterised by very rapid cycles of development that permit accelerated reconquest of the environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5531","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral sand association with halophytes","description":"Mediolittoral muddy sands  in lagoons and estuaries with variable salinity with a variety of salt tolerant vascular plants such as Suaeda spp, Salsola spp, Salicornia spp, Kochia spp.\r\nJuncus spp, Scirpus spp. Other genera which may be present include Aeluropus,Aster, Carex, Eleocharis, Limonium, Œnanthe, Puccinellia, Ranunculus, Senecio and Trifolium. This is an important habitat for birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5532","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral sand facies of saltworks","description":"Evaporative environments over sand and muddy sand in which water with low or normal salinity evaporates either in the summer period (northern Mediterranean: salterns) or the whole year round, except for the rainy season (in the eastern parts of the southern Mediterranean: bahiret, sebkha, chotts). Dessication may be total, with the production of ‘salt’ (evaporative brine of varied composition, usually sodium chloride (halite) but also potassic salts, magnesian salts, bromates, gypsum, etc.). Temperature plays a crucial part in establishing saltworks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA6","name":"Littoral mud","description":"Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA61","name":"Arctic littoral mud","description":"Situation: Muddy shores are principally found along the shores of estuaries where there is enough shelter from wave action to allow fine sediment to settle. Muddy shores may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA62","name":"Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA621","name":"Faunal communities of full salinity Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Intertidal mudflats in fully marine open sea (coast) only develop under macrotidal conditions such as those found in the German Bight and Mont Saint Michel, France. Also they form part of a habitat complex on a landscape scale within bays, barrier systems and estuaries. Intertidal mudflats have a low species diversity but huge overall invertebrate productivity, resulting in an important and perpetually exploited food source for waders, waterfowl and fish as well as resting, pupping and feeding areas for seals and their young."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA622","name":"Faunal communities of variable salinity Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, MA6-226 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. MA6-228 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 and MA6-226 further down the shore.\r\nTemporal variation:  Enteromorpha  spp. and  Ulva lactuca  may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.\r\nMid estuarine shores of fine sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Most mid estuarine muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, though at some locations more or less fully marine conditions may prevail. Mid estuarine muds support rich communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: Principally along mid estuarine shores. The mid estuarine communities may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems, though usually there is some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6221","name":"Saltmarsh pools on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6222","name":"Saltmarsh creeks on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62221","name":"Erosion faces with Carcinus maenas on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6223","name":"Nephtys hombergii, Limecola  balthica and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Soft mud with a fine sand fraction, in variable salinity conditions, typically close to the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the polychaete worm  Streblospio shrubsolii , the polychaete  Nephtys hombergii , oligochaetes of the genus  Tubificoides , and the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae are often common or abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in mid estuary conditions, usually on the low shore. Units MA6-228 and MA6-2273 may occur higher up the shore, as well as further towards the upper estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6224","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Limecola  balthica in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), and the oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, Tharyx killariensis, Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata and Manayunkia aestuarina. The oligochaete Heterochaeta costata and the mud shrimp Corophium volutator may be abundant. The spire shell Hydrobia ulvae is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes Eteone longa and Nephtys hombergii, and bivalves such as the cockle Cerastoderma edule and Abra tenuis. The sand gaper Mya arenaria is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. M. arenaria is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with units MA5-253 or MA5-251 on the upper shore. MA6-225, MA6-2271, MB6-253, and MA6-2272 may be present on the same shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6225","name":"Hediste diversicolor, Limecola  balthica and Scrobiculariaplana in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, Tharyx killariensis and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Oligochaetes, most notably Tubificoides benedii, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle Cerastoderma edule, the sand gaper Mya arenaria and the polychaetes Eteone longa and Nephtys hombergii.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units MA6-223, MA6-224, NhomAph, MA6-2271 and MA6-2272. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6226","name":"Nephtys hombergii and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes Nephtys hombergii, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Aphelochaeta marioni. The oligochaete Tubificoides benedii is also characterising for this biotope, and Hediste diversicolor may be common.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as the MA6-22 biotopes, MA6-2272 or MA6-2271. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6227","name":"Hediste diversicolor in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms Hediste diversicolor. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides spp., polychaetes such as Streblospio shrubsolii and Manayunkia aestuarina, the mud shrimp Corophium volutator, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae.\r\nSituation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as units MA6-224, MA6-225 and MA6-226. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, MA6-228 may occur.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62271","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense Hediste diversicolor, as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as Streblospio shrubsolii and Manayunkia aestuarina. Oligochaetes, including Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides benedii are often abundant, and the amphipod Corophium volutator is often common.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as MA6-225, MA6-224, MA6-226 or MA6-2272. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62272","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the amphipod Corophium volutator are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae may be present. Corophium multisetosum may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units MA6-225, MA6-224, MA6-226, and MA6-2271. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62273","name":"Hediste diversicolor and oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm Hediste diversicolor which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and Heterochaeta costata, can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. MA6-228 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 further down. Unit MA6-226 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with MA6-2273 and MA6-228 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6228","name":"Tubificoides benedii and other oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including Tubificoides benedii and, more rarely, Heterochaeta costata. The only polychaete species that may occur is Capitella capitata, which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. Vaucheria species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs Carcinus maenas may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes Limnodrilus spp. and Tubifex tubifex may be found.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. This unit is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 further down. Unit MA6-226 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with MA6-2273 and MA6-228 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: Green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA623","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud can have high densities of Zostera noltei (formerly known as Z.noltii or Z.nana) and/or Z.marina. Z.noltei forms stands with a cover of delicate trailing narrow leaves up to about 20 cm long. It survives the winter as rhizomes, therefore the locations remain stable over many years. It may occur monospecific, or with Z. marina or Ruppia spp. and occasional plants of lower salt-marsh species such as annual Salicornia spp. or Spartina anglica, as stands of Z. noltei may not only pass downshore to Z. marina but also to communities of the lower saltmarsh.\r\nThere may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of Z.noltei will remain in place within the sediment in both situations and plants towards the lower limit may remain winter-green."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6231","name":"Zostera noltii beds on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass Zostera noltii at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of Z. noltii as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of Z. noltii is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans and Arenicola marina, oligochaetes, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, and the bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The green algae Enteromorpha spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the British National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000).\r\nSituation: Z. noltii is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as unit MA5-252.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6232","name":"Ruppia maritima on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA624","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6241","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA63","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, Charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA631","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than  other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; .\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, sedges form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA632","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by  Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Najas marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6327","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 6 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nThe Zostera beds are common from Kattegat to the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic, and the salinity gradient from south to north causes considerable differences to the composition of the associated fauna and flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6328","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Eleocharis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). . Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA633","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by sparse or no macroscopic communities","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation, \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA64","name":"Black Sea littoral mud","description":"Black Sea shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA641","name":"Polychaete/oligochaete dominated upper estuarine Black Sea littoral mud","description":"Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes. Chironomids are present in the upper estuary where fresh water conditions are prevalent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA65","name":"Mediterranean littoral mud","description":"Mediterranean shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Frequently in estuaries and such as the Ebro (Spain), Rhone (France) and Po (Italy) and subject to some freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA651","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean littoral muddy sands and muds in lagoons and estuaries biocenosis","description":"Present in the mediolittoral stage and the upper part of the infralittoral. The banks are relatively stable, but the beds change with the violent winter flooding. Sediment is formed of fine sand, muddy sands and mud according to the course of the river bed. Surface salinity is low (0.03 to 2,5 for the Rhône) whereas that of the deep layer, in contact with the benthic fauna, is much higher (16 to 21 for the Rhône). A marine salty patch can be seen sunk underneath the fresh water of the river. Tides are weak and only cause minor changes in the water’s chlorinity. The winds have a more marked influence on the position of the salty patch. When parts of the estuary or the estuary lagoons are cut off, either naturally or by human action, the salinity of the water may increase considerably.\r\nPopulation variations are linked to the topography of the bed, which causes a differential distribution of the various types of sediment, and to anthropic action. These are especially reflected in the size of species populations, which varies with granulometry but can also be greatly reduced when anthropic action is too great. In the absence of the tide effect, the transition is rapid between the (freshwater) limnic environment and the marine environment. Thus there is no gradient in the distribution of the fauna, which occurs patchily. The species present are characterised by very rapid cycles of development that permit accelerated reconquest of the environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6511","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral mud association with halophytes","description":"Mediolittoral mud in lagoons and estuaries with variable salinity with a variety of salt tolerant vascular plants such as Suaeda spp, Salsola spp, Salicornia spp, Kochia spp.\r\nJuncus spp, Scirpus spp. Other genera which may be present include Aeluropus, Aster, Carex, Eleocharis, Limonium, Œnanthe, Puccinellia, Ranunculus, Senecio and Trifolium. This is an important habitat for birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6512","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral mud facies of saltworks","description":"Evaporative environments over mud  in which water with low or normal salinity evaporates either in the summer period (northern Mediterranean: salterns) or the whole year round, except for the rainy season (in the eastern parts of the southern Mediterranean: bahiret, sebkha, chotts). Dessication may be total, with the production of ‘salt’ (evaporative brine of varied composition, usually sodium chloride (halite) but also potassic salts, magnesian salts, bromates, gypsum, etc.). Temperature plays a crucial part in establishing saltworks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB1","name":"Infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is Laminaria hyperborea whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually Laminaria saccharina; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocksAlaria esculenta(exposed coasts) or the kelps Laminaria digitata (moderately exposed) or L. saccharina (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB11","name":"Arctic infralittoral rock","description":"Arctic infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB12","name":"Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is Laminaria hyperborea whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually Laminaria saccharina; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocks Alaria esculenta (exposed coasts) or the kelps Laminaria digitata (moderately exposed) or L. saccharina (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB121","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone dominated by kelp and seaweeds.\r\nIn areas exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams, typically the rock supports a community of kelp Laminaria hyperborea with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement (MB1-213, MB1-215 and MB1-2152). The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. In some areas, there may be a band of dense foliose seaweeds (reds or browns) below the main kelp zone (MB1-221). The sublitttoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks Alaria esculenta (MB1-211). In very strong wave action the sublittoral fringe A. esculenta zone extends to 5 to 10 m depth, whilst at Rockall A. esculenta replaces L. hyperborea as the dominant kelp in the infralittoral zone (MB1-212).              \r\nSituation: Very exposed rocky coasts, from low water to depths up to 45m.           \r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may remove patches of kelp, and fast-growing annuals may form a temporary forest (MB1-232).           \r\nOn bedrock and stable boulders subject to moderate wave exposure, or moderately strong tidal streams there is typically a narrow band of kelp Laminaria digitata in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a Laminaria hyperborea forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (A3.11). The faunal component of the understorey is also less prominant than in A3.11.         \r\nOn sheltered infralittoral rock exposed to strong tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe, dense Laminaria digitata is found together with erect seaweeds, sponges, ascidians and bryozoans (MB1-21E). Below this, on bedrock and stable boulders a canopy of mixed kelp (primarily Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina ) occurs with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (MB1-21F). This biotope is typically found in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs. Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, that also occurs in the tidal rapids of Scottish sealochs, supports a reduced kelp canopy ( L. hyperborea and L. saccharina ; typically Frequent), with a rich red seaweed component and maerl at some sites (MB1-21G). In south-west Britain, sheltered, tide-swept rock is restricted to estuarine conditions where variable salinity and increased turbidity of the water have a significant effect on the biota, limiting the infralittoral zone to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by a relatively low abundance of L. saccharina (< Common) with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.224). L. hyperborea is rarely present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1211","name":"Alaria esculenta on exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock with an Alaria esculenta forest and an encrusting fauna of the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides. The kelp Laminaria digitata can be part of the canopy. Underneath the canopy are red seaweeds such as Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata, while encrusting coralline red algae such as Lithothamnion graciale covers the rock surface. The limpet Patella vulgata can be found grazing the rock surface, while the whelk Nucella lapillus is preying on the limpets, barnacles and mussels. Two variants of this biotope are described. In more wave exposed conditions Laminaria digitata is absent and the rock surface is often characterised by dense patches of mussels (unit MB1-2111). In slightly less exposed sites the A. esculenta is mixed with L. digitata (unit MB1-2112).   \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sublittoral fringe on exposed shores, typically occupying the extreme lower shore down to 1 or 2 m depth, although it can also extend down to 15 m depth on very exposed coasts. It is generally found below the mussel-barnacle zone of the lower shore (unit MA1-221) or a narrow band of the seaweed-dominated biotopes featuring dense Himanthalia elongata or red seaweeds (units MA1-233, MA1-235). Below the A. esculenta zone, the upper infralittoral rock generally supports a Laminaria hyperborea kelp community (MB1-213, MB1-2151 or MB1-21A1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12111","name":"Alaria esculenta, Mytilus edulis and coralline crusts on very exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by the kelp Alaria esculenta and dense patches of small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, both of which grow over a dense cover of encrusting coralline algae. Foliose red seaweeds may also be present, but the species composition and their abundance vary between sites. Species such as Corallina officinalis occur widely. The kelp Laminaria digitata is usually absent, although stunted plants may be present at a few sites. The limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides are often common. Patches of anthozoans and the hydroid Tubularia spp. occur in more wave-surged areas. In extremely exposed areas the A. esculenta zone can extend as deep as 15 m, where it has less S. balanoides, M. edulis and greater densities of Tubularia spp. (e.g. Barra and shallow areas of Rockall, Scotland).           \r\nSituation: This biotope is most commonly found beneath the mussel-barnacle zone (unit MA1-221) of very exposed shores and above the upper infralittoral Laminaria hyperborea forest ( MB1-213 or MB1-213). It is at the extremely wave-surged sites, such as St Kilda, that MB1-213 occurs below MB1-2111. Occasionally, the A. esculenta zone occurs below a narrow but dense band of red seaweeds: typically Mastocarpus stellatus and/or Palmaria palmata and Corallina officinalis (unit MA1-235) or very occasionally Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233). A dense turf of C. officinalis (MA1-232) occurs above the A. esculenta zone at a few extremely exposed sites, particularly on steep or vertical rock. On less exposed shores, however, an A. esculenta dominated zone may lie immediately above a narrow L. digitata zone (MB1-2112). Unit MB1-2111 can also occur on less exposed steep or vertical shores, where wave-surge restricts the growth of L. digitata which generally dominates the sublittoral fringe rock on moderately exposed shores. On seasonally unstable boulders or sites subject to disturbance by strong wave-action, a mixed kelp canopy that characterises MB1-232 may occur beneath the MB1-2111 zone instead of the ubiquitous L. hyperborea forest; this is most common on the Shetland isles.            \r\nTemporal variation: At very exposed sites, A. esculenta may have been so wave-battered during the season as to be reduced to a tattered midrib with no blades, altering the general appearance of the biotope. Where MB1-2111 occurs on boulders and/or sites subject to disturbance during severe weather conditions, rock that is scoured clean may then be rapidly colonised by fast-growing green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. An assemblage of rapidly colonising species that characterise the disturbed MB1-231 biotope may also develop in the sublittoral fringe. A species that can fluctuate in huge numbers at these sites is the starfish Asterias rubens, sometimes forming dense aggregations across the narrow A. esculenta band whilst feeding on the mussels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12112","name":"Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata on exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by a mixture of the kelps Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta with an understorey of red seaweeds including Palmaria palmata and Corallina officinalis with encrusting coralline algal on the rock surface. Anthozoans such as Halichondria panicea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides can be found attached in cracks and crevices. The limpets Patella vulgata or on southern shores Patella ulyssiponensis can be found in their characteristic \"scars\" grazing the biofilm/algal crusts on the rock surface, while the limpet Helcion pellucidum is restricted to grazing the kelp fronds. Colonies of the bryozoan Electra pilosa can cover the red seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus or the rock surface.           \r\nSituation: This unit represents an intermediate on the wave exposure gradient, with pure stands of A. esculenta (unit MB1-2111) being found on more exposed shores and pure L. digitata (unit MB1-2112) on more sheltered shores. This biotope usually occurs immediately above a sublittoral Laminaria hyperborea forest (units MB1-213 or MB1-21A), although a narrow band of L. digitata (MB1-2112) may occur between these two zones, particularly on less exposed shores. In southwest England a zone of mixed kelp forest L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca may occur below the A. esculenta (MB1-2153). A number of different biotopes can occur above MB1-2112; most commonly these are the mussel-barnacle zone (MA1-221), Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233), a red algal turf or a Fucus serratus -red algal mosaic (MA1-2441) on the less exposed shores. This biotope also occurs on steep and vertical shores of moderately exposed coasts where a localised increase in wave action restricts the growth of L. digitata. As a result of this increased wave action the L. digitata plants are usually small and often show signs of damage.         \r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal changes in the amount of ephemeral seaweeds due to disturbance caused by winter storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1212","name":"Alaria esculenta forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed Atlantic infralittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where Alaria esculenta appears to replace Laminaria hyperborea as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical rock, a zone that extends from 14 m down to 35 m. Beneath the A. esculenta canopy, the rock surface is covered by a dense turf of anthozoans such as Sagartia elegans, Phellia gausapata and Corynactis viridis, encrusting sponges and coralline algae. The gastropod Margarites helicinus can be found grazing on the kelp fronds, whereas the crab Cancer pagurus can be found among the kelp stipes. The bryozoan Tubularia indivisa also occur, but it does not form such a dense turf as in more shallow waters, while the ascidian Botryllus leachi is found encrusting the large brown seaweeds. Cryptopleura ramosa is the dominant red seaweed on horizontal surfaces. The kelp Laminaria digitata is reported to occur mixed with A. esculenta on the nearby Helen's reef.            \r\nSituation: Above the zone with MB1-212 (about 5 m to 13 m) A. esculenta still dominates, but it resembles more closely the typical sublittoral fringe A. esculenta biotope (unit MB1-2111), though it has a very dense turf of small hydroids and few foliose algae. Towards the lower part of this A. esculenta forest (30 m to 35 m), the density of A. esculenta is reduced and the rock surface is characterised by a dense turf of red algae (unit MB1-221)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1213","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea with a high diversity of seaweeds and invertebrates. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller with heavily epiphytised stipes with foliose red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa or Plocamium cartilagineum or even the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Also found on the stipes or on the rock below the canopy are red seaweeds including Phycodrys rubens, Kallymenia reniformis, Callophyllis laciniata, Caryophyllia smithii, and Corallina officinalis, while encrusting coralline algae can cover any bare patches of rock. At some sites the red seaweeds can be virtually mono-specific, while at other sites show considerable variation containing a dense mixed turf of a large variety of species. The red seaweed Odonthalia dentata can be present in the north. The faunal and floral under-storey is generally rich in species due, in part, to the relatively low urchin-grazing pressure in such shallow exposed conditions. The faunal composition of this biotope varies markedly between sites, but commonly occurring are the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and the anthozoans Sagartia elegans and Corynactis viridis. Sponges form a prominent part of the community with variable amounts of the sponges Halichondria panicea and Pachymatisma johnstonia and several other species. The crab Cancer pagurus and the starfish Asterias rubens are normally present in small numbers foraging beneath the canopy, while the sea urchins Echinus esculentus and Urticina felina graze on the seaweeds. The hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea compete for space on the kelp, whereas the bryozoan Electra pilosa also can be found on foliose red seaweeds.      \r\nSituation: This kelp forest most commonly occurs beneath a zone of Alaria  esculenta and Mytilus edulis (unit MB1-2111) and may contain small patches of A. esculenta. As the force of the wave-surge diminishes with increased depth, density of the faunal turf reduces and the kelp forest or park changes to one characterised by kelp and dense red seaweeds (units MB1-2151 or MB1-2152). In some areas of Shetland and St Kilda the lower infralittoral zone is characterised by a park of the kelp Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides (MB1-232). Where the L. hyperborea forest continues to depths of 15 m or greater it may give way to a zone of dense foliose red algae (MB1-221 or MB1-2211)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1214","name":"Sparse Laminaria hyperborea and dense Paracentrotus lividus on exposed infralittoral limestone","description":"This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway (Ireland). Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin Paracentrotus lividus, which heavily graze and burrow into the soft limestone. So intense is the grazing pressure that the rock appears completely bare, except for a coralline algal crust and occasional Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides. The anthozoans Sagartia elegans and Corynactis viridis are also present, though at low abundance. The grazed kelp also extends deeper to 20 to 25 m further offshore. (Only one CB record within this biotope).         \r\nSituation: This rare biotope has only been recorded from one location and the neighbouring biotopes were not fully surveyed. In deeper water (30-40m) there is unit MD1-211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1215","name":"Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea, beneath which is a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds. Three variations of this biotope are described: the upper infralittoral kelp forest (unit MB1-2151), the kelp park below (unit MB1-2152) and a third type of kelp forest, confined to southern England, that is characterised by a mixture of L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca (unit MB1-2153). The fauna of these biotopes is markedly less abundant than kelp forests in areas of greater wave surge (unit MB1-213); sponges, anthozoans and polyclinid ascidians may be present, though never at high abundance. Beneath the under-storey of red seaweeds, the rock surface is generally covered with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12151","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of red foliose seaweeds including Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Phycodrys rubens and Callophyllis laciniata as well as encrusting coralline algae and the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The red algal turf can be virtually mono-specific, dominated by stands of P. cartilagineum, C. ramosa or Heterosiphonia plumosa, Kallymenia reniformis or in the north, Odonthalia dentata. Other sites may contain a dense mixed turf of these and other species. The dense turf is due, in part, to the relatively low grazing pressure from the urchin Echinus esculentus in such shallow exposed conditions. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller and the stipes are heavily epiphytised by red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Membranoptera alata. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on the foliose red seaweeds, while the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea more often can be found on the L. hyperborea fronds along with the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the hydroid Obelia geniculata. The gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum are found grazing among the kelp holdfasts, while a few individuals of the barnacle Balanus crenatus can present along with the white calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, where substratum is available. The starfish Asterias rubens can be found predating on polychaetes, mussels and small crustaceans. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum can be present covering the rock surface as well as the anthozoan Urticina felina.                            \r\nSituation: This kelp forest biotope most commonly occurs beneath a zone of Alaria esculenta/Mytilus edulis (unit MB1-2111) and above a L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-2152). At very exposed sites, such as some areas of Shetland and St Kilda, the lower infralittoral zone is often characterised by a park of Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides (MB1-232). This zone presumably develops due to the mobility of nearby cobbles, boulders and sediment during winter storms, removing the slower growing L. hyperborea. Occasionally, a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (units MB1-221 or MB1-2211)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12152","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic lower infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a kelp park of Laminaria hyperborea with a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds and encrusting coralline algae. These red seaweeds dominate kelp stipes and bedrock in a similar abundance and composition to the upper infralittoral kelp forest, the most commonly occurring species being Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Kallymenia reniformis, Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Bonnemaisonia asparagoides. In addition, moderate to high abundance of foliose brown seaweeds, such as Dictyota dichotoma are more common than in the kelp forest above. More upper circalittoral fauna occur in the park than in the kelp forest, such as the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii. Some species more often present in the kelp park than the forest include the anthozoan Alcyonium digitatum and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The urchin Echinus esculentus, the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the starfish Asterias rubens are normally present underneath the canopy along with the anthozoans Urticina felina and Corynactis viridis. The sponge Cliona celata is also present often found boring into shells or soft rock where available. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea can be found on the L. hyperborea fronds along with the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. The polychaete Pomatoceros sp. is present on the rock surface.       \r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs below the exposed kelp forests (units MB1-213 and MB1-2151). At some sites, a dense band of D. dichotoma may form a separate zone below (MB1-221). Where seasonally unstable cobbles and/or boulders are present adjacent to and/or below the bedrock supporting the L. hyperborea unit MB1-232 may occur.                        \r\nTemporal variation: In the late summer both the kelp and the foliose seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan crusts Electra pilosa and Membranipora membranacea. Temporal variation within the community structure is unknown."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12153","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forests on upper infralittoral exposed rock with a dense community of foliose red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, and Plocamium cartilagineum as well as small filamentous red seaweeds including Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Pterosiphonia parasitica and Brongniartella byssoides. L. hyperborea has a rough stipe which allow dense assemblages of epiphytic red seaweeds to form including the foliose Callophyllis laciniata, Delesseria sanguinea and Hypoglossum hypoglossoides. Unlike L. hyperborea, however, L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe and so it lacks dense assemblages of epiphytic seaweeds L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe. Encrusting coralline algae often cover much of the rock surface along with a few brown seaweeds including Dictyota dichotoma, Dictyopteris polypodioides and Desmarestia aculeata present as well. In mixed kelp forest L. ochroleuca may predominate with L. hyperborea more common at shallower depths. Whilst foliose red seaweeds dominate the upward-facing rock beneath the kelp canopy, much of the fauna is restricted to crevices or vertical faces, possibly due to grazing pressure. Echinoderms are often common in this biotope, in particular the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the starfish Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis. Verticals are colonised by anthozoans including the anthozoans Corynactis viridis, Caryophyllia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Alcyonium digitatum, while the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea colonise the Laminaria sp. fronds. This biotope is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. L. ochroleuca occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) from Dorset to Lundy Island. In such cases, records should be treated as regional variations of these biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this unit when the canopy is dominated by L. ochroleuca alone, or (more usually) by a mixture of both L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca (at similar abundance). Both this biotope and unit MB1-238 are common on the Brittany and Normandy coasts of France.                  \r\nSituation: Since L. ochroleuca is less tolerant of wave action than L. hyperborea this biotope commonly occurs below exposed kelp forests (unit MB1-2151). On occasion it is found below Alaria  esculenta in the sublittoral fringe (units MB1-2111 or MB1-2112). At some sites a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (MB1-221 or MB1-2211) whilst at other sites L. hyperborea kelp park occurs below (MB1-2152)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1216","name":"Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic vertical rock","description":"On exposed coasts with moderately strong to weak tidal currents generally at depths of 0-10m, vertical rock communities dominated by frequent Laminaria hyperborea and its commonly associated red seaweeds Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Plocamium cartilagineum can be found. Within this biotope the jewel anemone Corynactis viridis is frequently found in dense aggregations attached to the vertical rock surface. This biotope contains 5 sub-biotopes, distinguished by their biogeography. On the west coast of Scotland, the Northern Isles and the Isle of Man on extremely exposed coasts a variant of this biotope characterised by frequent Metridium senile and occasional Sagartia elegans can be found. Further south on the west coast of Ireland, southern Scotland, Wales, and south west England a second variant characterised by frequent Alcyonium digitatum and occasional Cliona celata can be distinguished. A third variant has been recorded from Northern Ireland characterised by the red seaweeds Lithophyllum and Ptilota gunneri, the sea squirt Dendrodoa grossularia and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. South from the Isle of Man, on the Welsh Coast, and on the south west and southern English coasts a fourth variant of this biotope is found, which is characterised by the barnacle Balanus crenatus, which may be more frequent in this sub-biotope, and the rarity of Alcyonium digitatum, a species which is more frequent in other variants. This variant has mainly been recorded in shallow water (0-5m). The final biogeographic variant of this biotope is, as with the previous variant, found on the coasts of Wales and south west England. It can be distinguished from the previous variant by the frequent Diplosoma listerianum and occasional Lissoclinum perforatum, although these species are not always present.           \r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts of the south-west, west and north-west."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1217","name":"Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock characterised by the kelp Laminaria digitata with coralline crusts covering the rock beneath the kelp canopy. Foliose red seaweeds such as Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus are often present along with the calcareous Corallina officinalis. The brown seaweed Fucus serratus and the green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris and Ulva lactuca can be present as well. The sponge Halichondria panicea can be found among the kelp holdfasts or underneath overhangs. Also present on the rock are the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the gastropods Patella vulgata and Gibbula cineraria. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on especially C. crispus, M. stellatus and F. serratus while the hydroid Dynanema pumila are more common on the kelp. Three variants of this biotope are described: L. digitata forest on rocky shores (unit MB1-2171). L. digitata on boulder shores (unit MB1-2172) and soft rock supporting L. digitata, such as the chalk found in south-east England (unit MB1-2173). For L. digitata in sheltered, tide-swept conditions see unit MB1-21E."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12171","name":"Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of Laminaria digitata, often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurring red seaweeds are Palmaria palmata, Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata and Membranoptera alata. Generally the rocky substratum is covered by encrusting coralline algae, on which occasional limpets Patella vulgata and topshells Gibbula cineraria graze. A wide variety of fauna occurs, some of the most commonly occurring species being the sponge Halichondria panicea and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Kelp holdfasts provide a refuge for a varied assemblage of species such as sponges and the limpet Helcion pellucidum, while encrusting bryozoans such as Electra pilosa more often are found on the fronds of foliose red seaweeds. Solitary ascidians may be locally abundant where overhanging or vertical rock occurs, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila can be abundant on Fucus serratus and Laminaria sp. fronds. On exposed, wave-surged shores, the robust red seaweeds M. stellatus, C. crispus and C. officinalis can form a dense turf beneath the kelp along with the occasional green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Similarly on such shores the mussel Mytilus edulis can occur in extremely dense aggregations on the rock, beneath the kelp canopy.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found on the extreme low shore below the Fucus serratus zone (unit MA1-244) and above the truly sublittoral Laminaria hyperborea zone (unit MB1-21A)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12172","name":"Laminaria digitata and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders","description":"This Laminaria digitata biotope is found predominantly on moderately exposed boulder shores and occasionally also on exposed or sheltered shores. Upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by dense L. digitata though other kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina or the wrack Fucus serratus can be present at lower abundance. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp canopy are a variety of red seaweeds such as Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. Green seaweeds include Cladophora rupestris and Ulva lactuca. Where space is available beneath the boulders (i.e. they are not buried in sediment) there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic species include the crabs Porcellana platycheles, Pisidia longicornis and juvenile Cancer pagurus. Also present beneath the boulders are often high densities of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, spirorbid worms, the polychaete Harmothoe sp., gammarid amphipods and a few gastropods such as Gibbula cineraria. The encrusting bryozoans Electra pilosa and Umbonula littoralis and encrusting colonies of the sponges Halichondria panicea and Halisarca dujardini are also typical of this habitat. The richest examples also contain a variety of echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, colonial ascidians such as Botryllus schlosseri and small hydroids.            \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in a similar situation to unit MB1-2171, usually beneath the Fucus serratus zone (units MA1-2441 or MA1-2442) and above the Laminaria hyperborea zone (unit MB1-21A). Many of the animals found under boulders in the lower shore in MA1-2442 are also found under boulders in the sublittoral fringe (MB1-2172), particularly the sponges and crabs. Similarly, many of the seaweeds present on the lower shore are also present in the shallow sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12173","name":"Laminaria digitata and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock","description":"Soft rock, such as chalk, in the sublittoral fringe characterised by Laminaria digitata and rock-boring animals such as piddocks Barnea candida and Pholas dactylus, the bivalve Hiatella arctica and worms Polydora spp. Beneath the kelp forest, a wide variety of foliose red seaweeds occur such as Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, Membranoptera alata and Halurus flosculosus. Filamentous red seaweeds often present are Polysiphonia fucoides and Ceramium nodulosum, while coralline crusts cover available rock surface. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea and the hydroid Dynanema pumila can form colonies on the kelp fronds, while the bryozoan Electra pilosa more often occur on the foliose red seaweeds. Empty piddock burrows are often colonised by the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa or in more shaded areas the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve. The undersides of small chalk boulders are colonised by encrusting bryozoans, colonial ascidians and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros lamarcki. The boulders and any crevices within the chalk provide a refuge for small crustaceans such as Carcinus maenas, the mussel Mytilus edulis or the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The echinoderm Asterias rubens is present as well.           \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on moderately exposed soft rock where unit MB1-2171 would normally occur. Above it may lie a zone of Fucus serratus on similarly bored soft rock (unit MA1-2443) or a variant of one of the F. serratus biotopes (e.g. MA1-2441). Lower shore sites influenced by sand may have more Mytilus edulis beneath the seaweed canopy (MA1-247) or the sand-binding red seaweed Rhodothamniella floridula (MA1-245). Below this biotope a variety of biotopes can occur such as MB1-233 on unstable infralittoral cobbles and boulders or even MC1-251 in the turbid waters of south-east England where the kelp generally extends to less than 4m BCD.          \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Since the soft rock does not provide a strong hold for the seaweeds they are easily dislodged during storm periods. After such an event the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva spp. and/or the red seaweed P. palmata may temporarily cover much of the rock. Eventually a more diverse range of seaweeds and associated animals will re-establish on the rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1218","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Wave exposed to moderately wave exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders with Laminaria hyperborea, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds including the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Cryptopleura ramosa and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Epilithic seaweeds Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum  Heterosiphonia plumosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Callophyllis laciniata, Kallymenia reniformis, Brongniartella byssoides and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising the bryozoan Electra pilosa, the sponge Pachymatisma johnstonia, anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus crenatus occur. More mobile species include the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Cancer pagurus and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus. Two variants have been described: Tide-swept kelp forest (unit MB1-2181) and tide-swept kelp park (unit MB1-2182).            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Alaria esculenta  at exposed sites or L. digitata  at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (MB1-2182)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12181","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense Laminaria hyperborea forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Callophyllis laciniata, Corallina officinalis, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata, and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and in the south-west Distomus variolosus. Epilithic seaweeds (Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Brongniartella byssoides, and Dictyota dichotoma) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising of the sponges Pachymatisma johnstonia, Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis, anthozoans such as Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophilia smithii, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria, occur. Also found on the rock is the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Cancer pagurus.            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Alaria esculenta (unit MB1-211) at exposed sites or L. digitata (unit MB1-2171) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (unit MB1-2182)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12182","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with Laminaria hyperborea park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. The red seaweed Heterosiphonia plumosa can be present. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and coralline crust are often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a rich fauna comprising sponges (Pachymatisma johnstonia, Stelligera rigida, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis), anthozoans (Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophyllia smithii), hydroids (Aglaophenia pluma and Nemertesia antennina), colonial ascidians (Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus) and bryozoans such as Electra pilosa. Both the flora and fauna of this biotope are similar to the wave exposed kelp park (unit MB1-2152), but MB1-2152 has a greater faunal component including the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Necora puber.          \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a tide-swept L. hyperborea kelp forest (unit MB1-2181). As this biotope occurs over such a range of wave exposures a variety of circalittoral biotopes can occur beneath it: for example, Exposed, tide-swept rock (unit MC1-21) or moderately exposed tide-swept rock (unit MC1-22)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1219","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Wave-exposed through to wave-sheltered, tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata with Laminaria hyperborea forest/park and other kelp species such as Laminaria saccharina. The rich under-storey and stipe flora is characterised by foliose seaweeds including the brown algae Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. Epilithic seaweeds such as Desmerestia aculeata, Odonthalia dentate, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growths of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter occurs. More mobile species include the gastropods Gibulla cineria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Cancer pagurus and the echinoderms Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata, Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus. Two variants are described; tide-swept kelp forest on upper infralittoral mixed substrata (unit MB1-2191) and tide-swept kelp park on lower infralittoral mixed substrata (unit MB1-2192)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12191","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately wave-exposed to wave sheltered, tide-swept mixed substrata, with dense Laminaria hyperborea forest and sparser Laminaria saccharina, characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Palmaria palmata  Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata, and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and in the south-west Distomus variolosus. Epilithic seaweeds (Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Dictyota dichotoma and Desmarestia aculeata) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as Urticina felina, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria, and the bryozoans Electra pilosa and Alcyonidium diaphanum occur. Also found on the rock are the echinoderms Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis, and the crabs Cancer pagurus, Pagurus bernhardus and Necora puber."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12192","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, tide-swept, Infralittoral mixed substrata with Laminaria hyperborea park characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. Epilithic seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Callophyllis laciniata, Lomentaria orcadensis and Brongniartella byssoides) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a fairly diverse fauna comprising sponges (Scypha ciliate), anthozoans (Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii), hydroids (Tubularia indivisa, Halecium halecinum, Sertularia argentea and Nemertesia antennina), colonial ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri) and bryozoans such as Alcyonium diaphanum. On the rock surface, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Cancer pagurus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum may be found. A diverse range of echinoderms are also found in this biotope: Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus and Ophiothrix fragilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121A","name":"Laminaria hyperborea and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a canopy of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea beneath which is an under-storey of foliose red seaweeds and coralline crusts. Some red seaweeds can be found as epiphytes on the kelp stipes and include Delesseria sanguinea and Phycodrys rubens. Other red seaweeds present include the Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa and the brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and Cutleria multifida. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoans Membranipora membranacea. The echinoderm Antedon bifida, the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina can be found on the rock beneath the canopy. Mobile species often present include the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderms Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens. Five variants has been described: Kelp forest (unit MB1-21A1), kelp park (unit MB1-21A2), grazed kelp forest (unit MB1-21A3), grazed kelp park (unit MB1-21A4) and kelp with Sabellaria spinulosa reefs (unit MB1-21A5). This suite of biotopes differs from the wave exposed L. hyperborea biotopes by having a lower diversity of cushion-forming faunal species. The foliose red seaweed component of the two suites of biotopes may also differ in composition with a tendency for MB1-21A to include some more delicate filamentous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A1","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. Kelp stipes are usually covered in a rich mixture of red seaweeds of which Palmaria palmata, Phycodrys rubens and Membranoptera alata are often present. Small kelp plants can also be found on the larger kelp stipes. Kelp fronds may be covered with a hydroid growth of Obelia geniculata or the bryozoans Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa. The kelp holdfasts can be colonised by bryozoans Scrupocellaria spp. and/or crisiids and colonial ascidians such as Botryllusschlosseri. The rock surface between the kelp plants is generally covered by encrusting coralline algae, often with sponge crusts Halichondria panicea. Small vertical surfaces within the kelp forest generally lack kelp plants, instead being characterised by foliose red seaweeds such as Dictyota dichotoma, the anthozoans Alcyoniumdigitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and gastropods including Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. Many grazers are found in the kelp forest, the most commonly occurring being the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderm Echinus esculentus. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.           \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs over a wide geographic area and is generally found below the sublittoral fringe Laminaria digitata zone (unit MB1-23A1) and above the L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-21A2). In the north, Shetland in particular, unit MB1-232 can occur in the lower infralittoral; where grazing influence is present the abundance of red seaweeds may be much reduced (unit MB1-21A4). In turbid water kelp park is often absent and dense foliose seaweed cover may occur instead (unit MB1-21B). In areas affected by scour, such as the rock-sediment interface at the base of bedrock slopes, a mixed kelp canopy can develop below the kelp forest (unit MB1-235).          \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise this biotope is not known to vary markedly over time. Certain areas are prone to urchin grazing and this can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, such that any site subject to intensive urchin grazing should be recorded as unit MB1-21A3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A2","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"Below the dense kelp forest (unit MB1-21A1) on moderately exposed lower infralittoral bedrock and boulders, the kelp thins out to form a park. Beneath the kelp, the rock and kelp stipes are covered by an often dense turf of foliose red seaweeds such as Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Delesseria sanguinea, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata and Phycodrys rubens. Coralline crusts are often present on the rock surface. Many species of red seaweed found in this biotope occur at greater abundance in the shallower kelp forest. Other seaweeds, such as the red seaweeds Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Hypoglossum hypoglossoides as well as the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma are more abundant in this zone than the upper infralittoral. The faunal component of this biotope is similar to that found below the kelp in the upper infralittoral zone and include the hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the anthozoans Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophyllia smithii, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. The gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderm Echinus esculentus can be found grazing on the rock. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.           \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-21A1) and marks the lower limit of the infralittoral rock. Occasionally a narrow band of foliose seaweeds (unit MB1-221) may occur below the kelp park but generally circalittoral biotopes are found.      \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. When grazing urchins (predominantly E. esculentus) reach a large number in the kelp park their voracious grazing can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, removing most of the seaweeds and leaving only coralline crusts on the rock. This is common around the coast of Scotland, particularly in Shetland and such sites should be recorded as unit MB1-21A3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A3","name":"Grazed Laminaria hyperborea forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed Laminaria hyperborea forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin Echinus esculentus. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though encrusting algae cover the rock. In addition to these encrusting coralline algae, non-calcareous crusts such as Cruoria pellita and brown algal crusts also occur. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum and Delesseria sanguinea. The hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea colonise the kelp fronds. On the rock itself certain brown seaweeds such as Cutleria multifida may persist in this grazed environment. Fast-growing species such as the kelp Laminaria saccharina may be present at sites recovering from grazing, opportunistically colonising the rock surfaces that have been cleared by grazing. The fauna within a grazed kelp forest is also relatively sparse and is mostly confined to cracks, crevices and under-boulders. Species such as the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis can often be found on vertical rock. Also found on the rock surface are the anthozoans Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum. Encrusting species such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter are resistant to grazing and may occur in abundance. The grazers present include the echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be abundant in the north-west. Moderate grazing occurs within many kelp forests; records should only be assigned to this biotope where the community has been intensively grazed leaving algal-encrusted rock with very few epilithic algae.       \r\nSituation: With increasing depth, the kelp forest grades into a grazed kelp park (unit MB1-21A4), the lower limit of which is often abrupt, representing the balance point between urchin-grazing pressure and kelp growth capabilities. In wave-exposed steep rocky areas, the shallowest water may be characterised by a forest of kelp with red seaweeds (unit MB1-2151), with a grazed kelp forest beneath. This effect may be a result of the increased wave action in shallower water, which regularly dislodges the urchins thereby reducing their grazing impact. This unit is prevalent in the north of the UK where E. esculentus populations reach high densities. Although E. esculentus is widely distributed around the UK it occurs in greatest abundance in Scotland and north-east England where urchin grazing can substantially affect infralittoral communities.           \r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in E. esculentus numbers may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed forests and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A4","name":"Grazed Laminaria hyperborea park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed Laminaria hyperborea kelp park in some areas is intensively grazed by the urchin Echinus esculentus. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though coralline algal crusts and some grazing-resistant animals such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter cover it. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea. Brown seaweeds present include Cutleria multifida, Laminaria saccharina and Dictyota dichotoma. The fauna within a grazed kelp park is also relatively sparse, though some species will survive in cracks and crevices or under boulders including the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis. The encrusting bryozoan Parasmittina trispinosa and the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii often characterise vertical or overhanging rock. Mobile species include the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus The echinoderms Ophiocomina nigra, Ophiothrix fragilis and Crossaster papposus, generally absent from the kelp forest, can be found in these kelp parks along with Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida.        \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a grazed kelp forest (unit MB1-21A3) but can also occur below ungrazed kelp forests on exposed sites where wave action can dislodge urchins from shallow rock. The grazed circalittoral unit MC1-224 often occurs on the bedrock or boulders below.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in the numbers of E. esculentus may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed kelp parks and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A5","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock","description":"Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of Sabellaria spinulosa tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant red seaweeds such as Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa and Polysiphonia elongata and Polysiphonia fucoides. Red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum and Delesseria sanguinea may also be found beneath the kelp canopy, although typically low in abundance. They can be colonised by the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. The cowrie Trivia arctica can also be found here. Much of the available rock is covered with encrusting coralline algae together with patches of the encrusting sponge Halichondria panicea and the anthozoan Urticina felina. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Echinus esculentus, and Ophiothrix fragilis, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. The scouring effect of mobile sand adjacent to the rock maintains a reduced underflora and fauna compared to the association of species found in non-scoured kelp forests (unit MB1-21A1). Scour-resistant fauna such as the barnacle Balanus crenatus can be locally abundant on the rock, while the bivalve Pododesmus patelliformis can be found seeking shelter underneath the cobbles. Above the effect of scour, kelp stipes may be densely colonised by red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Palmaria palmata and Membranoptera alata, together with some sponges and ascidians.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sand-laden waters of north-east England in conditions in which S. spinulosa is able to thrive. Nearby circalittoral rock is often also dominated by S. spinulosa (unit MC2-213) but lacks the kelp and red seaweeds. As this biotope is not commonly recorded in the UK there is a scarcity of information relating to the surrounding biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121B","name":"Dense foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral silty rock","description":"Upward-facing surfaces of shallow, infralittoral bedrock and boulders in areas of turbid water dominated by dense red seaweeds, with the notable absence of kelp. The stable rock, which can be cobbles or boulders but is more typically bedrock, is usually silted. Individual species of foliose red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum or Calliblepharis ciliata often dominate. Other red seaweeds likely to be present include Phyllophora crispa, Rhodymenia holmesii, Halurus flosculosus, Cryptopleura ramosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa and coralline crusts. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is sometimes present, although never abundant. This biotope does not generally occur below kelp park but rather occurs on shallow, silted rock on which kelp would normally grow in less turbid conditions. The fauna can be variable but is generally typified by the presence of silt-tolerant animals such as encrusting sponges, particularly Dysidea fragilis and Halichondria panicea, the hydroid Tubularia indivisa, bryozoan crusts and scattered Sabellaria spinulosa and Balanus crenatus. In the summer months the seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan Electra pilosa and the ascidian Molgula manhattensis which can also form dense mats on the rock. The polychaete Lanice conchilega can be present, where sandy and muddy patches occur. Where this biotope occurs on chalk bedrock, such as off the Sussex coast, the piddock Pholas dactylus is often found bored into the rock. This biotope is recorded from the English Channel, off Kent, Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Please notice that individual sites of this biotope can vary significantly in the species composition.\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on discrete bedrock outcrops surrounded by areas of mixed sediment or mobile sand. Off Sussex, it occurs on the horizontal chalk bedrock forming the tops of cliffs (2-3m in height).             \r\nTemporal variation: The seaweeds die back in late autumn and summer leaving, silted, coralline-encrusted rock with a sparse fauna of sponges, S. spinulosa and occasional hydroids and bryozoans. The bryozoan Amathia lendigera can also become abundant amongst the seaweeds during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121C","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on moderately exposed Atlantic vertical rock","description":"This unit is found on moderately exposed coasts in moderately strong to weak tidal streams generally in 0-20m water depth. It is characterised by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea, the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and crinoid Antedon bifida. This biotope is relatively species poor when compared to similar biotopes in more exposed environments e.g. unit MB1-216. The urchin Echinus esculentus may be frequently observed grazing the vertical rock face. This biotope may have 2 sub-biotopes. One is characterised by the frequent occurrence of the sea squirt Clavelina lepadiformis and the red seaweeds Phycodrys rubens and Cryptopleura ramosa. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma may also be frequent in this sub-biotope. The second sub-biotope is more species poor than the previous one and is characterised by the common occurrence of Alcyonium digitatum, which is only occasional in the other variant.           \r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts in northern Britain, particularly North Sea coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121D","name":"Hiatella arctica and seaweeds on vertical Atlantic littoral limestone / chalk","description":"This biotope is found in the infralittoral zone on moderately exposed vertical limestone/chalk surfaces in weak tidal streams, and has been recorded most frequently between 0-10m. This biotope is characterised by abundant Hiatella arctica and a rich sponge community including Cliona celata, Dysidea fragilis and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other species that may be frequent in this biotope are the crab Necora puber, the sea squirt Clavelina lepadiformis, and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum, although these species are found in other vertical rock biotopes, however in lesser abundance.\r\nSituation: Shallow rocky coasts with vertical limestone faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121E","name":"Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense Laminaria digitata, coralline crusts and sponges such as Halichondria panicea. Other seaweeds present include the foliose red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Mastocarpus stellatus as well as the calcareous Corallina officinalis. Green seaweeds present include Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora rupestris. The increased water movement encourages several filter-feeding faunal groups to occur. The sponges Leucosolenia spp., Scypha ciliata and Hymeniacidon perleve frequently occur on steep and overhanging rock faces. The bryozoans Electra pilosa, Membranoptera membranipora and Alcyonidium hirsutum encrust the kelp and other foliose seaweeds. In addition, ascidians such as Ascidiella scabra, Dendrodoa grossularia and colonial ascidians Botryllus byssoides and Botryllus leachi often thrive in this environment encrusting both the rock and the seaweeds. The tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be found on the rock and on the kelp holdfasts along with the barnacle Balanus crenatus. More mobile species such as the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Carcinus maenas and the starfish Asterias rubens are also common. Areas where increased tidal movement influences this community can be found in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of sealochs. \r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs immediately below the tide-swept Fucus serratus biotope (unit MA1-239) consequently, some F. serratus may occur in this biotope (typically only Occasional). The sublittoral fringe of similarly sheltered shores that are not tide-swept are generally characterised by mixed Laminaria saccharina and L. digitata (unit MB1-23A1) or L. saccharina (MB1-23A). Below MB1-21E, at these sheltered, tide-swept sites, a canopy of mixed kelp species often occurs (see units MB1-21F and MB1-21G)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121F","name":"Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Stable, tide-swept rock characterised by dense kelp Laminaria hyperborea and/or Laminaria saccharina forest on scoured, coralline-encrusted rock. This biotope occurs in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs, where there is an increase in tidal flow. Although L. hyperborea (typically Common) generally occurs in greater abundance than L. saccharina (Frequent), either kelp may dominate, sometimes to the exclusion of the other. (This biotope should not be confused with sheltered, but silted MB1-239). Large stands of the brown seaweed Halidrys siliquosa may also occur amongst the kelp along with Dictyota dichotoma on bedrock and boulders. In contrast to the scoured rock surface the kelp stipes themselves often support prolific growths of foliose red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Membranoptera alata, Delesseria sanguinea and Plocamium cartilagineum. Other foliose seaweeds may be present among the kelp holdfasts include Chondrus crispus and Dilsea carnosa. The scoured rock surface is characterised by encrusting coralline algae, barnacles Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The sponge Halichondria panicea, anthozoans Urticina felina, Anemonia viridis and Sagartia elegans can also occur on the scoured rock. Sponges, particularly Halichondria panicea and colonial and solitary ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and Ascidiella aspersa encrust the stipes, whilst hydroid growth of Obelia geniculata and seamats Membranoptera membranacea can cover the fronds, optimising the increased tidal flow. Mobile species such as the gastropod Gibbula cineraria can often be found on and around the kelp. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis and Echinus esculentus can be found underneath the kelp canopy on the rock along with the crab Carcinus maenas. Where some protection is afforded from the scour anthozoans may occur on the rock such as Alcyonium digitatum or Metridium senile.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be fringed by tide-swept kelp Laminaria digitata in shallower water (unit MB1-21E). Where mixed substrata occurs adjacent to the stable bedrock and boulders the kelp will usually diminish in density (typically Frequent), but a greater diversity of species will be found compared to the scoured bedrock, in particular there is an increase in red seaweeds and a greater infaunal component (unit MB1-21G). Maerl rhodoliths may be present amongst the bedrock and boulders of unit MB1-21F in small amounts, and at some sites may form extensive beds surrounding the bedrock outcrops (units MB3-2211 and MB3-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121G","name":"Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel","description":"Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, typically found in tidal rapids with kelp Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds. L. saccharina usually dominates this habitat although L. hyperborea may occur in equal abundance at some sites. The kelp in these tidal rapids does not form the same dense canopies associated with stable tide-swept bedrock, but generally occurs at lower abundance (Frequent). Other brown seaweeds occur in significant amounts in these tidal rapids including Dictyota dichotoma, Halidrys siliquosa and Chorda filum. These mixed substrata support a greater diversity of species than scoured bedrock narrows (MB1-21F). In particular, there is an increase in red algal species such as Corallina officinalis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Ceramium nodulosum, although none occur in any great abundance. Red seaweeds common to both MB1-21F and this biotope include Chondrus crispus, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum and Phycodrys rubens. Good examples of this biotope often have maerl gravel (Lithothamnion sp.) or rhodoliths between cobbles and boulders. Where maerl dominates, the biotope should be recorded as a maerl bed (unit MB3-22). The sponges associated with more stable, tide-swept conditions are generally absent, but the anthozoan Anemoniaviridis might be present. Cobbles and pebbles are encrusted by the ubiquitous polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and provide shelter for scavenging crabs such as Carcinusmaenas and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, gastropods such as Gibbula cineraria and echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis which favour these sites of increased water movement. Additional infaunal species, inhabiting the sediment pockets, include Lanice conchilega and Sabella pavonina, which can be locally abundant.\r\nSituation: Where stable rock fringes the shallows the tide-swept Laminaria digitata biotope often occurs (MB1-21E). Adjacent areas of stable bedrock or boulders in these sheltered, tide-swept narrows can support a similar kelp community, often with a greater percentage of L. hyperborea (MB1-21F). Maerl fragments are often found amongst the mixed substrata of MB1-21G and this biotope may abut more extensive areas of maerl bed (MB3-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121H","name":"Laminaria saccharina with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, tide-swept rock in south-western Britain tends to be restricted to estuarine conditions, where variable salinity and increased turbidity have a significant effect on the biota. Due to the turbidity of the water, the infralittoral zone is restricted to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, which support a mixed kelp canopy, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by Laminaria saccharina alone, occurring in relatively low abundance (Frequent). The brown alga Desmarestia ligulata can occur in this biotope, though never dense, along with the non-native brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. Beneath the sparse kelp, cobbles and boulders, often surrounded by sediment, are encrusted by fauna and often a dense turf of red seaweed. The foliose red seaweeds associated with this biotope include Callophyllis laciniata, Nitophyllum punctatum, Kallymenia reniformis, Gracilaria gracilis, Gymnogongrus crenulatus, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Chylocladia verticillata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Erythroglossum laciniatum as well as the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum and Pterothamnion plumula. Green seaweeds Ulva lactuca, Bryopsis plumosa and Cladophora spp. may be locally abundant. The dominating faunal species vary from site to site but include sponges such as Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum, Dysidea fragilis and Hymeniacidon perleve as well as ascidians, particularly Dendrodoa grossularia and Morchellium argus, which can cover the rocks. Also present is the anthozoan Anemonia viridis, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The hydroid Plumularia setacea can cover rocks and seaweed fronds Of the range of solitary ascidians found in the north-west, only Ascidiella aspersa tends also to be present in these south-western inlets. There is also a general absence of echinoderms. Where there is vertical rock present, it tends to support more fauna, including barnacles Balanus crenatus, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Botryllus schlosseri and sometines the featherstar Antedon bifida. Where soft rock allows, such as the limestone in Plymouth Sound, rock-boring organisms such as Polydora sp. may be locally abundant. Sheltered, tide-swept rock is generally restricted to the narrows or tidal rapids of marine inlets. The clear tide-swept waters of Scottish sealochs are significantly different to the marine inlets of south-west Britain. This biotope deals with the latter.     \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rocky outcrops interspersed by sediment areas. Where the rock extends into deeper water, beyond the limit of kelp, sponges and ascidians tend to dominate these sheltered, tide-swept circalittoral sites (MC1-241); also Alcyonium digitatum with sponges and Nemertesia antennina (MC1-213)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121J","name":"Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and Balanus crenatus on tide-swept variable-salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Tide-swept infralittoral rock subject to variable salinity and turbid waters occurs in the mid to upper reaches of the rias of south-west Britain, where riverine freshwater input reduces the salinity. Very shallow rock under these conditions is characterised by a covering of filamentous red seaweed such as Callithamnion spp., Antithamnion spp., Ceramium spp., Griffithsia devoniensis, Pterothamnion plumula and Polysiphonia fucoides, as well as the filamentous green seaweed Cladophora spp. Foliose red seaweeds such as Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa and Erythroglossum laciniatum commonly occur, as does the foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Although Laminaria saccharina is often present it is usually in very low abundance (Occasional). The fluctuating salinity limits the number of species able to exist in this habitat. The animal community is dominated by the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve and the barnacle Balanus crenatus. The ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Dendrodoa grossularia can be locally abundant at some sites. The crab Carcinus maenas is usually present, as is the mussel Mytilus edulis. The bryozoan Bugula plumosa is sometimes present. Where vertical rock is present, the seaweeds Ceramium nodulosum, P. plumula, C. ramosa, H. hypoglossoides and E. laciniatum are typically found.    \r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found amidst sediment or rock and as such there is no defined zonation of the surrounding biotopes. Shallow sediments nearby may support seagrass beds ( Zostera spp.) or infaunal-dominated sediments (unit MB3-2). Nearby, deeper tide-swept rock may support circalittoral communities dominated by sponges, hydroids and ascidians on stable rock (unit MC1-2411) or dense bryozoans on mixed substrata (units MC1-217 & MC1-219)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121K","name":"Halopteris filicina with coralline crusts on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB122","name":"Seaweed or faunal communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1221","name":"Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds on exposed or moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally, at or below the lower limit of the kelp. Most of the red seaweeds are common to the kelp zone above, while the faunal component of the biotope is made up of species that are found either in the kelp zone or the animal-dominated upper circalittoral below. Foliose species commonly present include Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Schottera nicaeensis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. The red seaweed species composition varies considerably; at some sites a single species may dominate (particularly Plocamium cartilagineum). Small filamentous red seaweeds can be found here as well. These include species such as Heterosiphonia plumosa, Brongniartella byssoides. As well as a varied red seaweed component, this biotope may also contain occasional kelp plants and patches of the brown foliose seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Coralline crusts covers the bedrock beneath the seaweeds. The fauna generally comprises low-encrusting forms such as the tubeworms Pomatoceros spp., anthozoans including Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii) and occasional sponge crusts such as Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum, Scypha ciliata and Dysidea fragilis. More mobile fauna include the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum, the echinoderms Echinus esculentus as well as the starfish Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis and lastly, the crab Cancer pagurus. Bryozoan crusts such as Electra pilosa can be found fronds on the foliose red seaweeds while scattered hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina form colonies on shells, cobbles and available rock. At some sites erect bryozoans Crisia spp. and Bugula spp. are present. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and Clavelina lepadiformis may also be common. In the north the foliose red seaweed Callophyllis laciniata may occur.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found at or below the lower limit of the kelp, below either kelp forest or park (units MB1-2151 and MB1-2152).           \r\nTemporal variation: Many of the red seaweeds, which occur in this biotope, have annual fronds, which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April to September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12211","name":"Foliose red seaweeds with dense Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris membranacea on exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds mixed with a dense turf of the foliose brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris membranacea on exposed and moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally at or below the lower limit of the kelp zone. In some areas the lower infralittoral is subject to a moderate amount of scour from nearby sand. D. dichotoma is relatively tolerant of such scour and in such areas a zone forms with other sand-tolerant seaweeds. D. membranacea is confined to south-western coasts. Typically brown seaweeds dominate the seabed or are at least in equal abundance to the red seaweeds, some of which may also form dense stands such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Delesseria sanguinea and Brongniartella byssoides. The urchin Echinus esculentus can be found grazing the rock surface which can be covered in coralline algae. The anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum are usually present in this biotope along with the tube-building worm Pomatoceros sp. which is more common in sand-scoured areas. The starfish Asterias rubens and Henricia sp. and sponge crusts including Cliona celata can also be found here. D. dichotoma also occurs in the kelp park, and records should only be assigned to this biotope where kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea is sparse or absent and a relatively high density of D. dichotoma and/or D. membranacea is present.               \r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs at or below the lower limit of kelp L. hyperborea (units MB1-2152 or MB1-21A). In south-west England a zone of mixed kelp forest L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca may occur above the dense foliose algae (unit MB1-2153). Unit MB1-2211 marks the lower limit of the lower infralittoral zone.             \r\nTemporal variation: Like many of the red seaweeds found in this biotope the dominant brown seaweeds D. membranacea and D. dichotoma have annual fronds which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April and September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1222","name":"Turf of articulated Corallinaceae on exposed to sheltered Atlantic infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1223","name":"Cystoseira spp. on exposed Atlantic infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1224","name":"Encrusting algal communities on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"This habitat comprises a community of crustose algae on rocky substrates. It occurs in locations which are exposed or moderately exposed to wave action. Algal cover is extremely poor, and almost completely restricted to encrusting species. Sessile animals are typically encrusting sponges, bryozoans, barnacles, serpulids and vermetids.  Vertical surfaces may be occupied by patches of encrusting sponges and Corynactis viridis, while hydroids such as Aglaopheniapulma may be locally abundant. In deeper water the colonial coral Madracis asperula may be present. The herbivory of the sea-urchins is very important for the maintenance of this habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1225","name":"Seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral artificial hard substrate","description":"Exposed to wave action. It is characterised by a community of crustose algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB123","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on sediment-affected or disturbed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock habitats, subject to disturbance through mobility of the substratum (boulders or cobbles) or abrasion/covering by nearby coarse sediments or suspended particulate matter (sand). The associated communities can be quite variable in character, depending on the particular conditions, which prevail. The typical Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweed communities of stable open coast rocky habitats (MB1-21) are replaced by those, which include more ephemeral species or those tolerant of sand and gravel abrasion. As such Laminaria saccharina, Saccorhiza polyschides or Halidrys siliquosa may be prominant components of the community.           \r\nInfralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with Laminaria hyperborea and/or Laminaria saccharina. Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. Some areas, particularly in the lower infralittoral zone, are subject to intense grazing by urchins and chitons and may have poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1231","name":"Saccorhiza polyschides and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed low-lying reefs in the sublittoral fringe or upper infralittoral (generally above 5m depth), mainly in the southwest and west, dominated by the kelp Saccorhiza polyschides. This opportunistic coloniser replaces Laminaria digitata or Laminaria hyperborea as the dominant kelp, following 'disturbance' of the canopy. This may be the result of storms, when loose sediment and even cobbles or boulders are mobilised, scouring most seaweeds and animals from the surrounding rock. As S. polyschides is essentially a summer annual (occasionally it lasts into a second year), it is also particularly common close to rock/sand interfaces which become too scoured during winter months to prevent the longer-living kelps from surviving. As a result of the transient nature of this biotope, its composition is varied; it may contain several other kelp species, including L. digitata, Laminaria saccharina and Alaria esculenta, at varying abundances. Laminaria spp. sporelings can also be a prominent feature of the site. Beneath the kelp, (scour-tolerant) red seaweeds including Corallina officinalis, Kallymenia reniformis, Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa and encrusting coralline algae are often present. Foliose red seaweeds such as Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Palmaria palmata also occur in this biotope. P. palmata and Delesseria sanguinea often occur as epiphytes on the stipes of L. hyperborea, when it is present. The foliose green seaweed Ulva spp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and is often present along with the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope, fauna are generally sparse, being confined to encrusting bryozoans and/or sponges, such as Halichondria panicea and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria.         \r\nSituation: On some shores (for example in Cornwall and south-west Ireland), S. polyschides competes so effectively with the other laminarians that it forms a well-defined zone in shallow water, between the L. digitata (unit MB1-23A1) and L. hyperborea zones (units MB1-213 and MB1-21A). Elsewhere, it is found at sites that have been physically disturbed, removing areas of established kelp (L. hyperborea) thus allowing this opportunistic biotope to develop over a short space of time.                \r\nTemporal variation: There may be significant variations in this biotope over time, as by its very nature, it is dominated by many fast-growing annual seaweeds. The foliose green seaweed Ulva sp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and can be present as a dense growth on the rock around the Saccorhiza polyschides. Similarly, large patches of Laminaria spp. sporelings may be present at times."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1232","name":"Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The substratum varies from large boulders in exposed areas to smaller boulders and cobbles in areas of moderate wave exposure or nearby bedrock. In these cases, movement of the substratum during winter storms prevents a longer-lived forest of Laminaria hyperborea from becoming established. This biotope also develops on bedrock where it is affected by its close proximity to unstable substrata. Other fast-growing brown seaweeds such as Desmarestia viridis, Desmarestia aculeata, Cutleria multifida and Dictyota dichotoma are often present. Some L. hyperborea plants may occur in this biotope, but they are typically small since the plants do not survive many years. The kelp stipes are usually epiphytised by red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Phycodrys rubens. Other red seaweeds present beneath the kelp canopy include Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum, Callophyllis laciniata and Cryptopleura ramosa. Encrusting algae often form a prominent cover on the rock surfaces, including red, brown and coralline crusts. Faunal richness and diversity is generally low compared to the more stable L. hyperborea kelp forest and park communities (MB1-213). Where some protection is afforded the anthozoan Alcyonium digitata can occur in addition to the more robust species such as the tube-building worm Pomatoceros triqueter. Mobile species include the to shell Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. The hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea can often be found colonising the kelp fronds.             \r\nSituation: This biotope can be found below the L. hyperborea zone (units MB1-213 or MB1-213), especially where close to a rock/ sand interface (where it is subject to sand/pebble scour in winter). Where this biotope occurs on bedrock, not scoured by mobile sediment, it is thought to occur as a result of intense wave action in winter storms which is too severe to allow L. hyperborea to develop and remain in shallow water.   \r\nTemporal variation: Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope there can be significant changes in the structure of the community. Coralline and brown algal crusts with sparse kelp plants generally dominate areas that have been recently disturbed. Diversity is low and a few species of fast-growing seaweeds can dominate the seabed. A longer established community will have larger, mixed kelp plants and a greater diversity of red seaweeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1233","name":"Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable Atlantic infralittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Seasonally disturbed unstable boulders and cobbles in very shallow water dominated by the fast-growing brown seaweed Chorda filum together with the kelp Laminaria saccharina. The brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata is also typical of this disturbed environment as well encrusting coralline algae and brown crusts. Beneath the prolific growth of C. filum, red and brown seaweeds densely cover many of the boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Other sediment-tolerant seaweeds such as species from the Ectocarpales (brown filamentous seaweeds) and the red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa and Corallina officinalis is normally present. Other red seaweeds which can be found here include Chondria dasyphylla, Brongniartella byssoides, Polysiphonia elongata, Ceramium nodolosum, Cystoclonium purpureum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Rhodomela confervoides and Plocamium cartilagineum. The brown seaweeds Punctaria sp. and Cladostephus spongiosus are generally present. The faunal component of this biotope is typically sparse - the starfish Asterias rubens and the crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Necora puber are amongst the most conspicuous animals. The bryozoan crust Electra pilosa colonise many of the algae along with the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Occasional the polychaete Lanice conchilega may occur in the sand between pebbles, and the anthozoan Urticina felina may be found amongst pockets of gravel along with the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. At some sites the rock beneath the algae can be occupied by the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. This biotope is also present at other open coast sites around the UK where suitable shallow, seasonally stable boulders, cobbles and pebbles occur. Typical examples of this biotope occur on the shallowest areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, Wales, where reef crests are formed by embedded and mobile boulders, together with cobbles and pebbles in between (typically at 2-3m depth).              \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in shallow water, often on the crest of an infralittoral boulder/cobble bank and as such will not have any biotope 'above' it. More mobile areas of smaller boulders, cobbles and pebbles nearby may support dense ephemeral red seaweeds (unit MA4-21) or robust scour-tolerant red seaweeds on sand-covered rock (unit MB1-237). The Halidrys siliquosa biotope (unit MB1-236) also thrives under similar conditions, extending deeper than the shallow MB1-233 biotope. Deeper still in the circalittoral zone encrusting fauna is found on highly mobile mixed substrata (MC3-211). At a few sites, this biotope can occur within more extensive maerl beds (MB3-22) but more commonly is surrounded by sandy sediments (MB5-2).                  \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will change markedly with the seasons. During the winter months boulders and cobbles will be storm battered and overturned and much of the biota dislodged from the rocks. During more stable conditions in the late spring and summer months the fast-growing seaweeds that characterise this biotope (C. filum and L. saccharina in particular) will be quick to re-establish, growing at a phenomenal rate. The seasonal disturbance of the substratum prevents a stable Laminaria hyperborea forest from developing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1234","name":"Dense Desmarestia spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock","description":"Wave-exposed seasonally mobile substrata (pebbles, cobbles) dominated by dense stands of the brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata and/or Desmarestia ligulata. Infralittoral pebbles and cobbles that are scoured through mobility during storms, but become stable in the summer allowing the growth of such algae as Desmarestia spp. Filamentous red seaweeds such as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Brongniartella byssoides are usually present. Stunted individuals of the kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina may be present where bedrock is available. A variety of foliose red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Chondrus crispus, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Nitophyllum punctatum may on occasion be present underneath the kelp canopy. Other red algae including Corallina officinalis, Rhodomela confervoides and coralline crusts including Lithothamnion spp. may be present as well as well as the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and the green Enteromorpha intestinalis. Due to the nature of this biotope the faunal component is very impoverished though the gastropod Gibbula cineraria can be found among the cobbles.                  \r\nSituation: Often a narrow zone on mixed substrata below a stable zone of kelp on bedrock. Where seasonally mobile substrata affect nearby bedrock this biotope may occur in place of kelp forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1235","name":"Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders, often in tide-swept areas, that are subject to scouring or periodic burial by sand, characterised by a canopy of mixed kelps such as Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides and the brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata ; there may also be an understorey of foliose seaweeds that can withstand scour such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa, Callophyllis laciniata as well as the filamentous Heterosiphonia plumosa and the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The perennial red seaweed Brongniartella byssoides re-grows in the summer months. The L. hyperborea stipes often support a growth of epiphytes, such as Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens and Cryptopleura ramosa. The scour can reduce the rock surface to bare coralline crusts at times; sponge crusts and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri can also grow on the stipes and holdfasts. The faunal diversity on the rock is usually low and restricted to robust, low-profile animals such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, encrusting bryozoans such as Membranipora membranacea, the anthozoan Urticina felina, the starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Deeper sites support more hydroids and bryozoans, particularly Bugula spp. Where this biotope occurs in very shallow water Laminaria digitata may be found in combination with the other kelp species. Other species present only in shallow water include the red algae Corallina officinalis and the sand-binding alga Rhodothamniella floridula.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs below a L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-2151, MB1-21A1 or MB1-2181), close to a rock-sediment boundary. It is also found on low-lying rock outcrops surrounded by sand or mixed sediment and nearby biotopes on mixed substrata may include units A1.45, MB1-237 or in very shallow water MB1-233. A Flustra foliacea community (MC1-216) often dominates deeper sand-scoured circalittoral rock.                            \r\nTemporal variation: During late autumn and winter seaweeds are sparse, leaving predominantly kelp and encrusting coralline algae. This is due in part to periods of intense scouring during stormy months, which may strip off all but the most tenacious seaweeds. In addition there will be the natural die back of many of the seaweeds such as B. byssoides and C. ciliata during the winter months which become conspicuous again during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1236","name":"Halidrys siliquosa and mixed kelps on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock with coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept boulders and cobbles, often with a mobile component to the substrata (pebbles, gravel and sand), characterised by dense stands of the brown seaweed Halidrys siliquosa. It is can be mixed with the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and kelp such as Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea. Below the canopy is an undergrowth of red seaweeds that are tolerant of sand-scour such as Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Rhodomela confervoides, Corallina officinalis and Chondrus crispus. Other red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Brongniartella byssoides may be locally abundant, particularly in the summer months. There may be a rich epibiota on H. siliquosa, including the hydroid Aglaophenia pluma, ascidians such as Botryllus schlosseri. There is generally a sparse faunal component colonising the boulders and cobbles, comprising the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Cancer pagurus, the starfish Asterias rubens, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the sea anthozoan Urticina felina. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on the kelp.                \r\nSituation: This unit can occur below the tide-swept Laminaria digitata zone of the sublittoral fringe bedrock or boulders (unit MB1-21E). Less stable substrata of boulders, cobbles or pebbles may support kelp and Chorda filum in the shallows (MB1-233) or dense ephemeral seaweeds (unit MA1-23). Sand-influenced rocky outcrops in deeper water may support a Flustra foliacea community (MC1-216). This biotope is widespread and is found on the open coast in Wales, the south-west and the English Channel as well as more sheltered tidal rapids in the Scottish sealochs. It can form extensive forests or parks in certain areas (Dorset, Sarns). In Wales, the south-west and west of England the red seaweeds Spyridia filamentosa and Halarachnion ligulatum and brown seaweeds Dictyopteris membranacea and Taonia atomaria are frequent. In Scotland, kelp occur at a greater proportion of sites, solitary ascidians such as Ascidiella spp. are more common and the featherstar Antedon bifida and brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis are found.                \r\nTemporal variation: Higher diversity of red seaweeds during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1237","name":"Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata and Chondrus crispus on sand-covered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Low-lying rock surrounded by mobile sand and often subject to burying by the sand, with a turf of resilient red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Polyides rotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata typically protruding through the sand on the upper surfaces of the rock. Other scour-tolerant seaweeds include Rhodomela confervoides, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Phyllophora crispa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Gracilaria gracilis, Ceramium rubrum, Plocamium cartilagineum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Cryptopleura ramosa and Dilsea carnosa. Coralline crusts typically cover the rock, while scattered individuals of the brown seaweeds Halidrys siliquosa, Cladostephus spongiosus, Dictyota dichotoma and Laminaria saccharina can be present. The large anthozoan Urticina felina can occur in this biotope but there are few other conspicuous animals.            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on shallow sand-covered rock, often below bedrock and boulders supporting kelp forest, which is above the effect of, sand scour (unit MB1-21A) or abutting sand-scoured kelp on bedrock (unit MB1-235). It may also be found adjacent to the shallow kelp and Chorda filum biotope (unit MB1-233) and similarly can be surrounded by a variety of sediment biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1238","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on moderately exposed or sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on upper infralittoral moderately exposed or sheltered rock is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Unlike L. hyperborea, however, L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe and it lacks the epiphytic growth of seaweeds. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea may encrust the very lower part of the stipe but the rest of the stipe is characteristically bare. The fronds too are generally free of encrusting hydroids, bryozoans and grazing gastropods as compared to L. hyperborea. L. ochroleuca holdfasts, however, are often encrusted with sponges and colonial ascidians. A large variety of foliose and filamentous red seaweeds are often present underneath the canopy. These include Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Dilsea carnosa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Erythroglossum laciniatum, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Polyneura bonnemaisonii and Corallina officinalis. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is frequently found in this biotope along with the occasional kelp such as Saccorhiza polyschides and Laminaria saccharina. The faunal composition of the biotope as a whole is often sparse. The anthozoans Corynactis viridis and Caryophyllia smithii are common on vertical surfaces with scattered bryozoan turf species such as Crisiidae. Grazers such as the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the urchin Echinus esculentus are often present. L. ochroleuca occurs across a wide range of wave exposures (in common with L. hyperborea) and consequently it occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) that occur in the South-West between Dorset to Lundy. In such cases, records should be considered as regional variations of the usual kelp biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this biotope when the canopy is dominated by L. ochroleuca alone, or by a mixture of both L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca (though the latter is usually at greater abundance). L. ochroleuca commonly occurs on the Brittany and Normandy coasts.              \r\nSituation: On moderately exposed to sheltered rock Laminaria ochroleuca can form a dense forest below the L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-21A1). At other sites L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-21A2) occurs below MB1-238. A band of dense foliose seaweeds can also dominate the lower infralittoral zone below the kelp zone (MB1-221 or MB1-2211). More data is required to establish further trends in neighbouring biotopes.                       \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise, this biotope is not known to change significantly over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1239","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on bedrock and boulders in sheltered infralittoral habitats. Typically subject to weak tidal streams and rather silty conditions. Beneath the kelp is an associated under-storey flora of foliose red seaweeds including Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa and Callophyllis laciniata as well as the brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma, Cutleria multifida and Desmarestia aculeata. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea as well as the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The fronds are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests, dominated by the echinoderms Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens, but the tops shells Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum can be common as well. The crab Necora puber and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis can be found in cracks and crevices, while the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and coralline crusts are present on the rock surface. Although there is a reduced number of species by comparison to the more exposed L. hyperborea forests (MB1-21A1), there are considerably more algae species than occur in the more sheltered L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2). This biotope is predominately found in the shelter of fjordic sealochs in Scotland. Where it does occur in south-west Britain the mixed kelp forest may also include the southern kelp Laminaria ochroleuca. Three variants has been described: The kelp forest in the upper infralittoral (MB1-2391), grading to a kelp park with increasing depth (MB1-2392) as well as a grazed variant (MB1-2393)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12391","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina forest on sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Cryptopleura ramosa occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum and Porphyropsis coccinea. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp Saccorhiza polyschides may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to L. hyperborea or L. saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (unit MB1-21A). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and occasional starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum.Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Cryptopleura ramosa occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum and Porphyropsis coccinea. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp Saccorhiza polyschides may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to L. hyperborea or L. saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (MB1-21A). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and occasional starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum.                \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Laminaria digitata on the sheltered sublittoral fringe (MB1-2171) or a mix of L. saccharina and L. digitata in very sheltered conditions (MB1-23A1). It can also be found on isolated rock exposures amid a sediment seabed (MC6-2141 or MB6-249). Where suitable substrata allow, the kelp thins out with increased depth to form a park below the forest (MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12392","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina park on sheltered lower Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered silted, bedrock and boulders with a park of mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina. Both kelp species are sparse in the park (Frequent). Beneath the often 'cape-form' kelp canopy, foliose red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Brongniartella byssoides are often present at high densities on the silted rock. Other red seaweeds such as encrusting coralline algae, Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Plocamium cartilagineum can be present. Other brown seaweeds include Dictyota dichotoma and Desmarestia aculeata. The animal component of this biotope is generally richer than the upper infralittoral mixed kelp forest (MB1-2391). A variety of hydroids such as Obelia geniculata grow epiphytically on the kelp fronds along with the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The echinoderm Antedon bifida and ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis attach to the kelp stipes, above the silted rock. The rock itself supports anthozoans such as Caryophyllia smithii and Urticina felina as well as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the crab Necora puber. Grazers include the prominent echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum. Where pockets of sediment occur, there may be an increase in infaunal species such as the burrowing anthozoan Cerianthus lloydii, the brittlestar Ophiura albida, and starfish Asterias rubens. Although there is a decrease in the number of algal species in the kelp park, the abundance remains relatively high.         \r\nSituation: These mixed kelp parks are generally found below the mixed kelp forest (unit MB1-2391) where there is a continuation of suitable hard substrata present. These sheltered kelps are also frequently found on bedrock or boulder exposures (MC1-21) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species. Where silted, circalittoral rock occurs below the kelp park a variety of biotopes may be found characterised by varying amounts of featherstars, anthozoans, solitary ascidians and sponge communities (e.g. units MC1-233, MC1-232, MC1-231, MC1-234 and MC2-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12393","name":"Grazed, mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Silted infralittoral rock with mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina kelp forest, intensively grazed by the echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum. Although both kelp species can occur in equal abundance (Common), L. hyperborea usually dominates. The grazing-resistant brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata and Cutleria multifida may be present. A similar variety of red seaweeds to those found in the ungrazed kelp forest (MB1-2391) may occur beneath the kelp canopy, but in much lower abundance. As grazing intensity increases the seaweed cover decreases - and some sites are reduced to the bare appearance of encrusting brown and coralline algae beneath the kelp canopy. The L. hyperborea stipes generally support more seaweeds than the rock beneath, including Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens and Bonnemaisonia hamifera. The stipes may also support sometimes dense ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis and the echinoderm Antedon bifida. The kelp fronds are often densely covered by the hydroid Obelia geniculata. At the most intensively grazed sites even the kelp stipes are bare. Although the rock appears bare, between boulders and in crevices there are often the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the crabs Necora puber and Pagurus bernhardus. The tube-building Pomatoceros triqueter and bryozoan crusts are commonly found on any vertical surfaces.                 \r\nSituation: This biotope can be found in similar conditions as units MB1-2391 and MB1-2392 but where the numbers of grazers present are in high enough numbers to cause substantially community impoverishment through grazing. Generally occurs on isolated rock, surrounded by sediment biotopes. Although it has been recorded from sites astride the ungrazed kelp biotopes (MB1-2391 and MB1-2392) it is more usually found on bedrock or boulder exposures (MC1-21) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species.                \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) the community will eventually re-establish itself as a mixed kelp forest or park (unit MB1-239)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123A","name":"Laminaria saccharina on very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered infralittoral rock dominated by the kelp Laminaria saccharina. Typically very silty and often with few associated seaweeds due to siltation, grazing or shading from the dense kelp canopy. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and coralline crusts. In addition to the kelp the brown seaweed Chorda filum and Ectocarpaceae are often present. As well as lacking Laminaria hyperborea, the MB1-23A biotopes have fewer foliose and filamentous red seaweed species by comparison to MB1-239 biotopes. A depauperate assemblage of animals is present (by comparison to MB1-21A1 and MB1-21A2) predominantly consisting of the encrusting polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter, the crabs Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus and the ubiquitous gastropod Gibbula cineraria. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, starfish Asterias rubens, brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and urchin Echinus esculentus occur in low abundance. Ascidians are commonly found in all the MB1-23A biotopes, but the large solitary ascidian Ascidia mentula are most prolific in very sheltered conditions of L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2). This biotope is most commonly associated with the sheltered fjordic sealochs of Scotland where sublittoral hard substrata can be found at the sheltered head of the lochs. Similarly the sheltered loughs of Ireland (Lough Hyne, Strangford Lough and Carlingford Lough). It is also found where suitable hard substrata exist in the sheltered inlets of south-west Britain, such as Milford Haven or Plymouth Sound. 4 variants has been described: A mixture of L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata (MB1-23A1), dense L. saccharina forest in the upper infralittoral (MB1-23A2), sparse L. saccharina in the lower infralittoral (MB1-23A3) and urchin-grazed (MB1-23A4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A1","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock and boulders in the sublittoral fringe characterised by a mixed canopy of the kelp Laminaria digitata (usually in its broad-fronded cape-form) and Laminaria saccharina - both species are generally Frequent or greater. Beneath the kelp canopy, the understorey of red seaweeds often includes Chondrus crispus, Dumontia contorta, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Plocamium cartilagineum. The surface of the rock is usually covered with encrusting coralline algae as well as non-calcified red crusts and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The brown seaweeds Chorda filum, Ectocarpaceae and Fucus serratus can be present along with the green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis. Patches of the sponge Halichondria panicea can frequently be found in cracks and crevices. Beneath and between boulders a variety of mobile crustaceans such as Carcinus maenas, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the starfish Asterias rubens are common.             \r\nSituation: Where hard substrata occur on the shore, this biotope will be found below the F. serratus zone (units MA1-23F1, MA1-244 or MA1-23F2 on mixed substrata). With such sheltered shores, the transition between sublittoral fringe and the true sublittoral zone may not be distinct; this biotope therefore extends into the shallow sublittoral kelp forest below (MB1-2391, MB1-2391 or MB1-23B)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A2","name":"Laminaria saccharina forest on very sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered sublittoral fringe and infralittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles characterised by a dense canopy of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. In such sheltered conditions, a distinct sublittoral fringe is not always apparent and this biotope can therefore extend from below the Fucus serratus zone (MA1-23F) into the upper infralittoral zone, though there may be a mixed L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata zone (MB1-23A1) in between. There is a relatively low species diversity and species density due to a combination of heavy siltation of the habitat and the lack of light penetrating through the dense kelp canopy. Only a few species of red seaweeds are present compared with MB1-23A1 or MB1-239. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and coralline crusts. Brown seaweeds are also sparse and generally comprise Chorda filum and ectocarpoids. At extremely sheltered sites, where there is a heavy silt cover on the rock and the kelp fronds, the sub-flora is reduced to a few specialised species able to tolerate these conditions, such as the cartilaginous seaweeds Polyides rotundus and Chondrus crispus. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa and Ascidia mentula can remain prominent in such conditions, often occurring on steep or vertical rock which is subject to less siltation. The variety of red seaweeds is further reduced where grazers such as the urchin Echinus esculentus and the top shell Gibbula cineraria are present. The keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Carcinus maenas and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus can be present. Geographical variations: Northern sites: in sheltered sealochs the most conspicuous fauna in these forests are the large solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Ascidiella spp. and A. mentula which tend to occur in greater abundance than in the mixed kelp forests (MB1-239). In common with mixed forests, echinoderms are consistently present in low abundance: the featherstar Antedon bifida, common starfish Asterias rubens, the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the urchin Echinus esculentus are typically present. Saddle oysters Pododesmus patelliformis and chitons Tonicella marmorea can occur in high abundance at some sites. The anthozoan Anemonia viridis is often more prevalent at the extremely sheltered sites. The communities of the sheltered voes and sounds of Shetland and Orkney are similar to those present in the mainland sealochs. Southern sites: Sheltered infralittoral rock is not commonly found outside of the fjordic sealochs. In south-west Britain, where sublittoral rock does occur in shallow marine inlets, the waters are more turbid than in the sealochs, generally limiting kelp to the sublittoral fringe zone. Echinoderms are rare or absent from the south-western L. saccharina forests. A far greater diversity of red seaweeds is associated with the south-western sites: Palmaria palmata, Gracilaria gracilis, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Cystoclonium purpureum, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Ceramium nodulosum and Polyneura bonnemaisonii typically occur.                  \r\nSituation: Although this biotope may occur below a mixed kelp canopy that occupies the sublittoral fringe (units MB1-23A1 or MB1-2171) at some sites it extends directly into the sublittoral fringe and abuts the F. serratus zone (MA1-23F or MA1-23F2 on mixed substrata). Where suitable hard substrata are available, the L. saccharina diminishes in abundance (typically Frequent) with increasing depth to form kelp park (MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A3","name":"Laminaria saccharina park on very sheltered Atlantic lower infralittoral rock","description":"Silty bedrock or boulders with a Laminaria saccharina park (often the cape-form). Beneath the canopy, the rock is covered by encrusting coralline algae, and the urchin Echinus esculentus is often present. Due to the amount of silt cover on the rock and the reduced light intensity beneath the broad-fronded kelp, only a few red seaweeds typically survive, the most common species being Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Bonnemaisonia spp. and Brongniartella byssoides. The brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and Cutleria multifida may be present in low abundance. Compared to the kelp forest zone above (MB1-2391) both the kelp and other seaweeds are sparse (Occasional). The most conspicuous animals are large solitary ascidians, particularly Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, together with the smaller Clavelina lepadiformis. In general, the faunal component of this biotope is similar to other sheltered kelp biotopes and includes a variety of mobile crustaceans such Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus, the keelworm Pomatoceros spp., terebellid worms, echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrixfragilis and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The hydroid Kirchenpauria pinnata, although only rare is often found in the kelp park along with the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the barnacle Balanus crenatus.                 \r\nSituation: L. saccharina park can be found below a similar forest (unit MB1-2391) where suitable hard substrata exist or on isolated rock exposures surrounded by sediment communities. It may also occur below a zone of mixed Laminaria hyperborea and L. saccharina forest (MB1-239). L. saccharina can also form a band below L. hyperborea forest (MB1-21A1) where some shelter from wave-action is afforded with depth (L. saccharina is not tolerant of surge), or more likely where L. hyperborea has been grazed out (below MB1-21A3) since L. saccharina grows far quicker than L. hyperborea. Where such a narrow band occurs it is generally less silted than that found below MB1-2391 in much more sheltered conditions. A range of sheltered circalittoral biotopes may occur on any deeper rock below (e.g. units MC1-233, A4 311 and MC2-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A4","name":"Grazed Laminaria saccharina with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Coralline encrusted rock with scattered tufts of red seaweed and a relatively high abundance of grazing echinoderms which typically include the urchin Echinus esculentus and/or the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis or Ophiocomina nigra. The rock often looks bare, with few conspicuous species present although Laminaria saccharina may occur it is generally in low abundance (Rare or Occasional). The red seaweeds, reduced to small tufts through grazing, include Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea and Brongniartella byssoides and although these seaweeds also occur in unit MB1-2392 they are far less frequent in this biotope. Brown seaweeds, such as Desmarestia viridis, Chorda filum and Cutleria multifida, may be present. Grazing molluscs, such as Gibbula cineraria and can be common. Under-boulder habitats can harbour the crabs Necora puber and Pagurus bernhardus, terebellid polychaetes and the polychaete Pomatoceros spp. with ascidians Ascidia mentula and Clavelina lepadiformis on the open rock along with the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the hydroids Kirchenpauria pinnata and Obelia dichotoma.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rock below a dense kelp forest of L. saccharina (unit MB1-2391) or mixed kelp (unit MB1-2391).        \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) a richer kelp community may develop (units MB1-2392 or MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123B","name":"Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Cape-form of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea on very silted rock, particularly in extremely sheltered sealochs of western Scotland. Below the huge kelp fronds (which often trail onto the seabed) foliose seaweeds form a silted understorey on the rock including Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Plocamium cartilagineum as well as coralline crusts. At some sites the filamentous red seaweed Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Brongniartella byssoides may carpet the seabed. Ascidians, particularly Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula, Ciona intestinalis and Clavelina lepadiformis thrive well in these conditions. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens are often present along with the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. An abundant growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata can cover the silted kelp fronds along with the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The anthozoan Caryophyllia smithii can be present among the kelp holdfasts. The tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be present on the rock surface along with the crab Necora puber. This biotope generally occurs on shallow bedrock or boulder slopes or isolated rocks protruding through muddy sediment.               \r\nSituation: This biotope is often present on rocky outcrops surrounded by muddy sediments (such as unit MC6-2141). Deeper, nearby rock, beyond the limit of foliose seaweeds, is often dominated by solitary ascidians (unit MC1-231)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123C","name":"Sargassum muticum on shallow slightly tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Mixed substrata from the sublittoral fringe to 5m below chart datum dominated by the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. This invasive non-native brown seaweed can form a dense canopy on areas of mixed substrata (typically 0-10% bedrock on 90-100% sandy sediment). The substrate on which this S. muticum -dominated community is able to develop is highly variable, but particularly prevalent on broken rock and pebbles anchored in sandy sediment. The pebbles, cobbles and broken bedrock provide a substrate for alga such as the kelp Laminaria saccharina. During the spring, S. muticum has large quantities of epiphytic ectocarpales and may also support some epifauna e.g. the hydroid Obelia geniculata commonly found on kelp. The brown seaweed Chorda filum, which thrives well on these mixed substrata, is also commonly found with S. muticum during the summer months. In Strangford Lough, where this biotope occurs, the amphipod Dexamine spinosa has been recorded to dominate the epiphytic fauna (this is known to be commonly found in Zostera spp. beds). S. muticum is also found on hard, bedrock substrates within L. saccharina canopies. S. muticum plants on hard substrate area, under a dense L. saccharina canopy, are typically smaller and at a much lower density, especially where a lush, under-storey exists with red seaweeds such as Ceramium nodolosum, Gracilaria gracilis, Chylocladia verticillata, Pterosiphonia plumula and Polysiphonia elongata and the green seaweeds Cladophora sp., Ulva lactuca and Bryopsis plumosa. The anthozoan Anemonia viridis and the crab Necora puber can be present. More information is necessary to validate this description.             \r\nSituation: Where there is a greater proportion of bedrock or boulders (15-100%) L. saccharina will typically dominate the canopy. Areas with pebble cover on a hard substrate are colonised by S. muticum, but individuals quickly become peripatetic and are lost."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB124","name":"Kelp communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very wave-sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to only weak tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe and infralittoral zone, in areas of variable/reduced salinity. This habitat type is characterised by the kelp Laminaria saccharina and coralline crusts such as Lithothamnion glaciale. Grazers such as the urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Echinus esculentus, and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Buccinum undatum may be present. The tube-dwelling polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella scabra, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the starfish Asterias rubens and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis may also be present. Red algal communities are composed primarily of Phycodrys rubens. The crabs Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus, and the bivalve Modiolus modiolus may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1241","name":"Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Laminaria saccharina on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of Codium spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed Ulva spp. and often only a sparse covering of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. This biotope appears to have a restricted distribution, being known at present only from the sheltered voes of Shetland, some Scottish lagoons and from the harbours of south-west England. These locations suggest the habitat is likely to be subject to reduced salinity conditions (although the habitat data indicate mostly fully marine records). Dense Codium spp. can occur at very sheltered sites, on cobbles or boulders, often in dense patches interspersed with filamentous red seaweeds Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Antithamnionella spirographidis and Ceramium spp. Where sediment is present the red seaweed Polyides rotundus is commonly found along the rock-sediment interface, and the sponge Dysidea fragilis often occurs on the rock. Other red seaweeds that may be present include Chondrus crispus, Callophyllis laciniata, Gelidium latifolium, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. The brown seaweeds Halidrys siliquosa, Desmarestia viridis or Chorda filum may be present in high abundance and although kelp L. saccharina may occur, it is usually sparse. There are no conspicuous fauna that typify this biotope, though polychaetes such as terebellids and spirorbids may occur. The opisthobranch Elysia viridis may be locally abundant on the seaweeds and is known to favour Codium fragilis in particular. Large stands of Codium sp. (generally Common abundance) are accompanied by red seaweeds such as G. latifolium, C. laciniata and A. spirographidis on the rock beneath. Cod has been reported to occur in the shallows of The Fleet, Bembridge Ledges, Pagham Harbour and Jersey (Tittley et al. 1985). In Ireland, species-poor shallow, silted bedrock in the North Water of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, is characterised by Griffithsia corallinoides (Common) and Codium tomentosum (Frequent) forming a narrow band below the kelp zone (unit MB1-23A2). Cod has not been described from any other sites in Ireland. If Codium spp. is less than Common amongst dense L. saccharina and Chorda filum, it should not be recorded as Cod.         \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on bedrock below a sublittoral fringe of mixed kelp L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata (unit MB1-23A1) or below a L. saccharina forest (MB1-23A2) or else on isolated boulders on sediment. It appears to be most frequently found in lagoons. Further information on which species of Codium is present and on the associated fauna is required."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1242","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles, in areas of reduced salinity, with kelp Laminaria saccharina, and depauperate coralline-encrusted rock supporting few foliose seaweeds but many grazing urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Echinus esculentus. The coralline crusts are typically Lithothamnion glaciale, while the brown crusts can be Pseudolithoderma extensum. Encrusting polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter, resistant to the grazing, are also present on most of the rock. The grazing fauna are a significant component of this biotope; large numbers of P. miliaris are typically present, although where absent the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis may occur. Other grazers prevalent on the rock include the chiton Tonicella marmorea, the limpet Tectura testudinalis and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. A combination of grazing pressure and lowered salinity maintains a low diversity of species in this biotope, with foliose and filamentous seaweeds generally absent or reduced to small tufts by grazing. In stark contrast to the range of seaweeds present in the L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2) the only red seaweed consistently found in this biotope is Phycodrys rubens. The range of fauna is similarly low, with a conspicuous absence of hydroids and bryozoans. Bedrock and boulders provide a firm substrate on which ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula and the bivalve Modiolus modiolus can attach. The crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Carcinus maenas can usually be found here, though Necora puber typically is absent due to the brackish conditions. The starfish Asterias rubens along with the whelk Buccinum undatum can be present. The substratum on which this biotope occurs varies from bedrock to boulders or cobbles on sediment. The kelp band is relatively narrow and shallow (upper 5 m) compared to unit MB1-2391, although the grazed coralline encrusted rock extends deeper. This depth limit becomes shallower towards the heads of the sealochs. Geographical distribution This biotope is restricted to the west coast of Scotland, usually near the head of fjordic sealochs, which are influenced by freshwater run-off.                 \r\nSituation: Where circalittoral rock occurs below this biotope, it often supports a brachiopod/anthozoan community (unit MC1-234); where mixed substrata occurs below or adjacent, beds of Modiolus modiolus are common (units MC2-223 or MC4-212).                          \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) there may be an increase in filamentous and foliose seaweeds although the diversity will remain low compared to full saline sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1243","name":"Laminaria saccharina with Phyllophora spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow infralittoral bedrock or boulder slopes, in reduced or low salinity conditions, characterised by the kelp Laminaria saccharina with dense stands of silted filamentous green seaweeds and red seaweeds Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides and Phycodrys rubens. The filamentous green seaweeds e.g. Chaetomorpha melagonium and Cladophora spp. can form a blanket cover amongst the L. saccharina in the upper zone, which is under greater influence of freshwater input. In deeper water the green seaweeds are replaced by red seaweed Phyllophora spp. or Polysiphonia fucoides which may form a distinct sub-zone in the biotope. Coralline crust can be present. The solitary ascidians Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella scabra are often epiphytic on the seaweed (particularly Phyllophora spp.) and dominate the animal community along with the starfish Asterias rubens. The small ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter occur on the rock surface. More mobile species include the crab Carcinus maenas, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the whelk Buccinum undatum. Bryozoans Electra pilosa and Spirorbis sp. may cover kelp fronds. The red seaweed Odonthalia dentata may be present in the north.                \r\nSituation: The ascidians found in this unit may continue onto the circalittoral rock below where dense colonies of anthozoans and brachiopods can also be found (MC1-2342). Where tidal streams are increased, sponge and hydroid communities may occur below (MC1-242)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB125","name":"Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very shallow submerged rocky habitats in lagoons, subject to reduced or permanently low salinity conditions. These particular conditions lead to a variety of seaweed-dominated communities, which include fucoids and green filamentous species. The fucoids, more typical of intertidal habitats, penetrate into the subtidal under the reduced salinity conditions which are not tolerated by kelps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1251","name":"Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus, but the brown seaweeds Chorda filum, Ascophyllum nodosum and Ectocarpaceae can be present as well. Red seaweeds are normally present and include Mastocarpus stellatus, Polyides rotundus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium spp. and coralline crusts. A variety of green seaweeds is also present and include Enteromorpha spp., while dense patches of Cladophora rupestris may occur on vertical rock faces. The faunal component is restricted to the mussel Mytilus edulis, the polychaete Arenicola marina and the crab Carcinus maenas. Opossum shrimps Mysidae can be present as well. The kelp Laminaria saccharina is absent, possibly due to the low salinity conditions.     \r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids (units MB1-252 and MB1-254) or where salinity is further reduced unit MB1-253 can occur. Slightly deeper rock often supports Laminaria saccharina (unit MB1-23A2), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sediments of the lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both Ruppia spp. and Zosteramarina and some locations in the Outer Hebrides support dense beds of the nationally rare stonewort Lamprothamnion papulosum (units MB5-224 and MB5-223). The sublittoral mud, which abuts most of the submerged rock, can become anoxic and covered by a bacterial mat of Beggiatoa spp. (unit MB6-24C)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1252","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Dense subtidal stands of Ascophyllum nodosum, heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus can be present along with the brown seaweed Chorda filum and the red seaweed Polyides rotundus. The crab Carcinus maenas can be present between the A. nodosum holdfasts along with the shrimps Mysidae.               \r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids and green seaweeds (unit MB1-251). Slightly deeper rock often supports Laminaria saccharina (unit MB1-23A2), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sand of these lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both Ruppia maritima and Zostera marina (units MB5-224 and MB5-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1253","name":"Polyides rotundus and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense turf of the red seaweeds Polyides rotundus and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis, often with a dense mat of filamentous brown and green seaweeds including Ectocarpaceae and Cladophora spp. Other red seaweeds presents include Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis and coralline crusts as well as the odd brown seaweed Chorda filum or Laminaria spp. Associated with these seaweeds are a variety of ascidians including Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra and Ciona intestinalis as well as the anemones Anemonia viridis and Actinia equina and the sponge Halichondria panicea. More mobile fauna include the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Carcinus maenas, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the gastropod Littorina littorea. Attached to the rock or cobbles are spirorbid polychaetes and the mussel Mytilus edulis. Please notice that part of this diversity is due to large differences between sites.            \r\nSituation: Nearby rock (units MB1-252 and MB1-251) and seagrass Ruppia maritima dominating much of the surrounding muddy sediment (unit MB5-224). Mixed sediment supports filamentous green seaweeds e.g. Cladophora spp. and Derbesiamarina on MB4-221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1254","name":"Fucus ceranoides and Enteromorpha spp. on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged lagoon fringes with dense communities of the wrack Fucus ceranoides and the green seaweed Enteromorpha spp. There is typically a very limited associated biota due to low salinity conditions, and may include the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the freshwater/brackish gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1255","name":"Codium elisabethae, Halopteris filicina and coralline crusts on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral bedrock","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB126","name":"Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow subtidal rocky habitats which support faunal-dominated communities, with seaweed communities only poorly developed or absent. In some sealochs dense mussel Mytilus edulis beds (MB1-261) develop in tide-swept channels, whilst upper estuarine rocky habitats in the south-west coast rias may support particular brackish-water tolerant faunas (MB1-262; MB1-263)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1261","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"This biotope occur in shallow, often tide-swept, reduced salinity conditions. Dense beds of the mussel Mytilus edulis with the occasional barnacle Balanus crenatus. A wide variety of epifaunal colonisers on the mussel valves, including seaweeds, hydroids and bryozoans can be present. Predatory starfish Asterias rubens can be very common in this biotope. This biotope generally appears to lack large kelp plants, although transitional examples containing mussels and kelps plants may also occur. More information needed to validate this description.          \r\nSituation: Occurs in tide-swept entrance channels in very enclosed basins of sealochs where the basins are typically of lowered salinity. Also occurs in very sheltered subtidal rock (often vertical) in lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1262","name":"Cordylophora caspia and Electra crustulenta on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow sublittoral rock in the upper estuary of one of the south-west inlets (Tamar) with very high turbidity and therefore no seaweeds. The brackish-water hydroid Cordylophora caspia and small colonies of the encrusting bryozoan Electra crustulenta and a few Balanus crenatus characterise this biotope. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1263","name":"Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In some sites, the hydroid Hartlaubella gelatinosa and bryozoan Conopeum reticulum are found on stones. In others, the bryozoan Bowerbankia imbricata is most abundant. The mussel Mytilus edulis, the crab Carcinus maenas and the hydroid Obelia dichotoma can be present. There are considerable differences in species composition between sites, but all occur in brackish turbid-water conditions. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB127","name":"Communities of surge gullies and caves on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rocky habitats subject to strong wave surge conditions, as found in surge gullies and shallow caves, and typically colonised by faunal communities of encrusting or cushion sponges, colonial ascidians, short turf-forming bryozoans, anthozoans, barnacles and, where there is sufficient light, red seaweeds. These features usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to, and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. This is reflected in communities of anthozoans, ascidians, bryozoans and red seaweeds near the entrance, leading to sponge crust-dominated communities and finally barnacle and spirorbid worm communities in the most severe surge conditions. Gully/cave floors usually have mobile boulders, cobbles, pebbles or coarse sediment. The mobile nature of the gully/cave floors leads to communities of encrusting species, tolerant of scour and abrasion or fast summer-growing ephemeral species. The lower zone of the gully side walls are also often scoured, and typically colonised by coralline crusts and barnacles.          \r\nSituation: On open rocky coasts with moderate or greater wave action.            \r\nTemporal variation: Unknown, although winter storms likly to yield scouring on gully/cave walls; some ephemeral growth likely in calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1271","name":"Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in Atlantic infralittoral surge gully entrances","description":"This biotope is found on steep wave-surged entrances to gullies and caves and on unstable boulders in the entrance to caves and gullies. The rock may be abraded by the movement of the boulders and cobbles in heavy surge and tends to be dominated by dense foliose seaweeds that grow rapidly in the calmer summer months. Beneath the foliose seaweeds the rock surface is typically covered with coralline crusts, which are longer-lived, and tolerant of abrasion. The flora of this biotope is relatively varied, depending upon the amount of light and degree of abrasion or rock mobility with red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Callophyllis laciniata, Phycodrys rubens, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Phyllophora crispa and Corallina officinalis. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma also occurs in these conditions, since it is tolerant of some sand scour. During the summer months small fast-growing kelp plants can arise in this biotope, although the mobility of the substratum prevents the kelp from forming a kelp forest. Dense swathes of very young kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea are, however, not uncommon. The faunal community consist of the anemone Urticina felina, the sponge Halichondria panicea and the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus, the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the crab Cancer pagurus.                   \r\nSituation: Further into the cave or gully, beyond the dense red seaweeds of MB1-271, the vertical rock grades to either an ascidian and sponge dominated community or sponge crusts and anthozoans (MB1-272 / MB1-273). Further into the cave or gully the floor and any boulders or cobbles are generally scoured clean or may support coralline encrusting algae (unit MB1-2762). Above the red seaweeds, steep rock surfaces often support a kelp community (units MB1-213 or MB1-21A) or in shallower water Alaria esculenta is usually present (MB1-2111)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1272","name":"Anemones, including Corynactis viridis, crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged Atlantic vertical infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical very exposed and exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave-surge dominated by sponge crusts such as Clathrina coriacea, Myxilla incrustans, Pachymatisma johnstonia and Halichondria panicea and anthozoans such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum, Corynactis viridis and dwarf Metridium senile generally dominate the area; the anthozoans often appearing to protrude through the sponge layer. There may be dense aggregations of the hydroid Tubularia indivisa, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the colonial ascidians Botrylloides leachi and Polyclinum aurantium. There may be a short crisiid turf, interspersed with Scrupocellaria reptans. Encrusting coralline algae may occur on well-illuminated rock faces. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Echinus esculentus, Antedon bifida and Ophiothrix fragilis, the topshell Calliostona zizphinum and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter may also be present on the rock face. The crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber may also be recorded. Due to the wave-surged nature and vertical orientation of these biotopes, kelps are rare and certainly never dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1273","name":"Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with Dendrodoa grossularia or barnacles on wave-surged Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical and overhanging, exposed to moderately exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave surge, and dominated by the crustose sponges Halichondria panicea, Myxilla incrustans, Clathrina coriacea, Leucosolenia botryoides, Esperiopsis fucorum and Grantia compressa. There may also be dense aggregations of the anthozoan Sagartia elegans, dwarf Metridium senile, Alcyonium digitatum, and Urticina felina, and a dense covering of the barnacle Balanus crenatus on the bare rock face. Dense aggregations of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa may be recorded, growing through the sponge crust. Colonial ascidians such as Polyclinum aurantium, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides leachi, Aplidium nordmanni and the solitary ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia may all be recorded. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus, Henricia sp., the crab Cancer pagurus and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter may also be present on the rock face, along with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1274","name":"Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina coriacea on wave-surged vertical Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical or overhanging infralittoral rock subject to considerable wave-surge, especially in the middle or back of caves but also in gullies and tunnels, and dominated by dense sheets of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, together with variable quantities of the sponge Clathrina coriacea. At some sites D. grossularia forms continuous sheets, with few other species present. Other sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Leucosolenia botryoides, Scypha ciliata and Halichondria panicea regularly occur in this biotope, though generally at low abundance. Other ascidians, especially Polyclinum aurantium, Diplosoma spp. and other didemnids may also occur, though only P. aurantium is ever as abundant as D. grossularia. Being characteristically found in the middle or towards the backs of the caves mean that there is generally insufficient light to support any foliose seaweeds, although encrusting coralline algae are not uncommon. More scoured areas may also contain the anemone Urticina felina, whilst Sagartia elegans is often present in low numbers. Mobile fauna are often limited to the starfish Asterias rubens and Henricia spp., the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata and crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber. The barnacle Balanus crenatus can occur, usually in low densities.                 \r\nSituation: Where this biotope develops in a cave or tunnel it can occur anywhere from the entrance to the rear of the system. Typically, it will give way to sponge crust or barnacle and encrusting tubeworm communities at the rear of the cave, where surge forces are amplified (units MB1-275 or MB1-2761). The vertical rock below this unit, abutting the cave/gully floor, is likely to be severely scoured, colonised by the robust MB1-2761 biotope. The cave or gully floor is generally scoured clean by boulders and/or cobbles (MB1-2762). The cave or gully entrance has more available light for algal growth so dense foliose seaweeds usually dominate the rock walls at the entrance, abutting the D. grossularia - C. coriacea zone further into the cave (MB1-271). This dense seaweed growth may also extend to the upward-facing surfaces of boulders around the entrance. Where this unit occurs in a gully situation, the rock tends to be colonised by dense Alaria esculenta in the sublittoral fringe (MB1-211) or by Laminaria hyperborea forest in the shallow infralittoral (MB1-2151)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1275","name":"Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged Atlantic infralittoral cave or gully walls","description":"Walls, or massive boulders, in caves or gullies that are subject to severe wave-surge and characterised by extensive thin crusts of the sponge Halichondria panicea with smaller patches of other sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum or Clathrina coriacea. Small turfs of robust hydroids, such as Diphasia rosacea and Ventromma halecioides, and patches of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, coralline crusts and tube-building spirorbid polychaetes may be present. The starfish Henricia spp., the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata and the crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber can be present. The anemones Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina and Actinia equina can be found in cracks and crevices or under boulders. The mussel Mytilus edulis may be present in low densities.              \r\nSituation: This surge-tolerant biotope of low-growing fauna is typically confined to the mid or rear section of caves (or the narrowest part of gullies) where the wave-surge is intensified. It generally abuts the less surged ascidian-sponge communities (units MB1-272, MB1-274 and MB1-273). A highly scoured zone of barnacles and calcareous tubeworms often form a zone below, abutting the cave/gully floor (MB1-2761)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1276","name":"Coralline crusts in Atlantic infralittoral surge gullies and scoured rock","description":"Scoured rock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available and scour is severe, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of P. triqueter and/or B. crenatus immediately above. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts such as Halichondria panicea and occasional anemones Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus as well as the crab Cancer pagurus. Two variants have been identified: Wave-surged bedrock with coralline crust, B. crenatus and P. triqueter (MB1-2761) and coralline crusts on mobile boulders in severely scoured caves (MB1-2762).                \r\nSituation: Generally occurring at the base of walls in caves and gullies and on the floors of caves and gullies. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units MB1-272, MB1-273); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (MB1-274); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (MB1-275). At some sites with extreme wave surge, MB1-2761 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12761","name":"Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Severely scoured bedrock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of P. triqueter and or B. crenatus immediately above. In some caves extreme wave surge at the back of the cave leads to a zone of this biotope which may also be dominated solely by sprorbids or by the barnacle Verruca stroemia. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts, small Mytilus edulis and occasional Actinia equina, Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Cancer pagurus. During periods of relative stability in the summer, small quantities of foliose red seaweeds and opportunistic kelps may occur where sufficient light is available; the seaweeds however do not dominate (compare with MB1-271).                   \r\nSituation: Generally occurs at the base of walls in caves and gullies, but in extreme surge may occur as a zone at the back of caves. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units MB1-272, MB1-273); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (MB1-274); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (MB1-275). At some sites, MB1-2761 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12762","name":"Coralline crusts and crustaceans on Atlantic littoral mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies","description":"Highly mobile and scoured boulders and cobbles found on cave and gully floors and which often appear bare. Where there is sufficient light and stability, however, the boulders are encrusted by coralline algal crusts. Barnacles Balanus crenatus and keelworms Pomatoceros triqueter may survive in areas protected from severe abrasion. Crabs such as Cancer pagurus and Carcinus maenas may occur, often beneath and between the rocks, along with the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum. The anemone Actinia equina may be present in low numbers.         \r\nSituation: The slightly less-scoured walls often found above this biotope in caves and gullies are generally characterised by a similar, but richer community of scour-tolerant Balanus crenatus, Pomatocerostriqueter, coralline crusts and spirorbid worms (MB1-2761). This impoverished biotope may form an intermediate between barren gravel and slightly more stable larger pebbles and cobbles which are covered by algae that are often found in the mouths of caves (unit MB1-271).              \r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms periodically mobilise the boulders and cobbles, causing abrasion to any seasonal biota that may have developed over the calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB128","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1281","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1282","name":"Oil seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1283","name":"Vents in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1284","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reef","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12841","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reefs with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12842","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reefs dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB13","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. \r\nPhysical environment \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nAttached algae and animals"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB131","name":"Perennial algae on Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually down from about 0.5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1311","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: >5; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus radicans, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1312","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, corticated red algal species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1313","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, foliose perennial red algal species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus spp, Phyllophora spp. Delesseria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1314","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae kelp constitutes  at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment              \r\nSalinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters, also deeper in areas with clear water. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1315","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 0.5 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB132","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB133","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by  sparse epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diamete, characterized by epibentic bivalves.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Dreissena polymorpha\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna associated with the mussel beds.\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB134","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: high salinity areas; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts (Ascidiaceae) Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB135","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1351","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 5 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1352","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB136","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1361","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic Bryozoa  Einhornia (Electra) crustulenta constitutes at least 50 % in volume or biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Salinity range: all\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia ( Electra) crusulenta\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1362","name":"Baltic infralittoral  rock and boulders dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock or boulders.   Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic Bryozoa, Flustra foliaceae constitutes at least 50 % in volume or biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern Baltic Sea\r\nHelcom Red List  category : near threatened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB137","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae (Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB138","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB139","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by soft crustose algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Soft crustose algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed while all perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone ‑ more common in the deepest part of the photic zone.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13A","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %. Annual algae can live as epiphytes (e.g. Pilayella/Ectocarpus on Fucus spp.) Thus this biotope only occurs when annual algae dominate the substrate and not when they grow on perennial biotic structures.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Pilayella littoralis, Ulva spp. Dictypsiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13B","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is present but none of them cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13C","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and snails dominate.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSnails, e.g. Hydrobia spp., Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Theodoxus fluviatilis, Bithynia spp., Radix spp..\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea, most typical in low salinity northern areas of the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13D","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13E","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic vegetation or macrofauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13F","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less of the seabed but  more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range              \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13G","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13H","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13J","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13K","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock characterized by marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13L","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard bottoms characterized by  ferromanganese concretion","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone   characterized by  ferromanganese concretion with at least 90 % coverage of Ferromaganese concretions\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone down from 10 meters\r\nGeographic range\r\nGulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13M","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone    with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrate dominates.  Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB14","name":"Black Sea infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock and other hard substates occuring on the shoores of the Black Sea. Depending on the exposure they may be dominated by algae or invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB141","name":"Invertebrate dominated Black sea lower infralittoral rock","description":"Rocky reefs in the lower infralittoral zone dominated by invertebrates, although there is still sufficent light  for some algae to develop. Characteristic species: Mytilus galloprovincialis, colonial ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri), hydrozoans, bryozoans and sponges, colonies of erect sponges (Halichondriaspp., Haliclonaspp.), large hydrozoan canopies (Obelia longissima), Pholadidae and solitary ascidians (Molgula manhattensis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB142","name":"Exposed Black sea upper infralittoral rock with turf of Corallinales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action with rocks, boulders and blocks typically covered with a dense turf of articulated corallines and/or crustose corallines. These habitats occur on exposed rocky coasts, from low water up to depths of 3m. Characteristic species:Articulated corallines (Corallina elongata, Corallina officinalis) and crustose corallines (Lithothamnionspp, Lithophyllumspp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB143","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (no fucales)","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action, typically covered by foliose algal communities. Mytilids are a constant component. These habitats occur on exposed rocky coasts, from low water  to depths of 10m. Winter storms may cause changes to species compositions and coverage. Characteristic species includes: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Lophosiphonia obscura, Ceramium ciliatum, Padina pavonica, Grateloupia dichotoma, Dilophus fasciola, F. repens, Polysiphonia opaca, Ceramium ciliatum, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB144","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with Fucales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to strong wave action and typically covered with Fucales communities. Cystoseria species are the most common species encountered and Mytilids are a constant component. These habitats occur on very exposed rocky coasts, from low water  to depths of 5m. Winter storms may cause changes to species compositions and coverage. Characteristic species include: Mytilus galloprincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Cystoseira bosphorica, Cystoseira barbata , Cladostephus spongiosus , Corallina elongata, Cystoseira crinita , Dictyota fasciola, Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira barbata , Polysiphonia subulifera and Ulva rigida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB145","name":"Foliose algae, other than fucales on Black sea sheltered upper infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow sheltered waters, such as semi-enclosed bays on rocky substrates. Reported at depths from 1  to 14m although known to occur in deeper waters in the pre-eutrophication period in the early 1980s. The presence of light is a key environmental factor, as the sheltered nature of the rocky habitat. The habitat is analogous to the Cystoseria canopies with the important distinction that Fucales are not present. Communities are typically comprised of Ulvaceae, Laurencia coronopus, Corralines, Ceramiumspp. and Scytosiphon lomentaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB146","name":"Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with rock borers","description":"Soft rocks (limestone) occurring in the infralittoral zone in areas of low to moderate exposure. The softer nature of limestone rocks makes them suitable for rock boring species such as Petricola lithophaga."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB147","name":"Corallinales on moderately exposed Black sea upper infralittoral rock","description":"Hard rocks  in the upper infralittoral zone where Corallinales (red algae) are the dominate species and are found in high densities on the rock surface. In moderately exposed and shaded upper infralittoral rock Corallina elongateis the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB148","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (other than fucales)","description":"Rock  in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action and typically covered by foliose algal communities occuring on exposed rocky coasts from low water  to depths of 10m. Mytilids are a constant component.  Characteristic species include: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Lophosiphonia obscura, Ceramium ciliatum, Padina pavonica, Grateloupia dichotoma, Dilophus fasciola, F. repens, Polysiphonia opaca, Ceramium ciliatum, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB149","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with fucales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to moderately exposed wave action. This habitat includes a range of rock sizes, from complete uninterrupted bedrock to fragmented rocks and boulder fields. Rocks are typically covered with Fucales,Cystoseriaspecies are the most common species encountered; Mytilids are a constant component and Corrallines are also occasionally present. The habitat occurs in shallow water and illumination is a key environmental factor. The moderately exposed nature of the habitat allows species less tolerant of high energy environments to colonise and become established. Characteristic species: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Cystoseira barbata f. hoppii, Ulva rigida, Polysiphonia subulifera / P.opaca, Cystoseira crinita,andCladostephus spongiosus, Corallina elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14A","name":"Fucales and other algae on Black sea sheltered upper infralittoral rock, well illuminated","description":"Present in shallow sheltered waters, such as semi-enclosed bays on rocky substrates. Reported at depths from 1 to 14m although known to occur in deeper waters in the pre-eutrophication period in the early 1980s. TheCystoseirabelt, in this habitat dominated by C.barbata, provides an ideal substrate and habitat for numerous photophilic and sciaphilic algal species, especially Rhodophyta.C. barbatais typically the dominant canopy-forming species in this sheltered environment, with C. crinita being more common in exposed situations. Other species present include the algaeUlva rigida, Polysiphonia subulifera, Cladophorasp., Gelidium spinosumand occasionally present C.crinita and Ceramium virgatum. The bivalves Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilaster lineatusare also very abundant in this habitat and often colonize all the substrate available between the C. barbataplants, or attach to the main axis of the plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14B","name":"Black Sea sheltered, shaded upper infralittoral rock, with sciaphilic algae","description":"Upper infralittoral zone of the Black Sea in areas sheltered from wave action and currents, as well as where light levels may be low. Algal cover is limited and patchy and includes species tolerant of low light levels but with weak attachment and which therefore cannot survive in wave exposed conditons. These sciaphilic algae generally form diffuse communities with low coverage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14C","name":"Black Sea lower infralittoral rock, with significant cover of sciaphilic algae","description":"Rocky habitat in the lower infralittoral zone characterised by low light conditions. Sciaphilic algae dominate this habitat where they form significant cover on the rocks. Characteristic species include Phyllophora crispa, Apoglossum ruscifolium, Gelidium spinosum, Zanardinia typus, Polysiphonia elongata, Antithamniom cruciatum, Lomentaria clavellosa, Nereia filiformis, Ectocarpus spp., encrusting algae (Hildenbrandia spp., Lithothamnion spp., Lithophyllum spp.) and the gastropod Gibbula sp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14D","name":"Black sea barren lower infralittoral rock","description":"Lower infralittoral rock in the Black Sea occurs between depths of 10 and 18m. These areas are low energy and poorly illuminated which limits the species suited to the situation. Barren lower infralittoral rock in these areas are devoid of species and communities. It is still unclear what are the causes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14E","name":"Caves, overhangs and surge gullys in Black sea infralittoral rock","description":"Caves and overhangs in the infralittoral zone are completely submerged at all states of the tide. Light conditions are generally poor. Communities of sciaphillic algae, sponges and mussels are commonly present. Characteristic species: Phyllophora nervosa, Lomentaria clavellosa, Hildenbrandia rubra, Zanardinia typus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, erect sponges Halichondria panicea , Haliclona simulans, Dysidea fragilis, Dysidea pallescensor thin crust sponges like Antho involvens, Haliclona flavescens , Haliclona cinerea, Suberites prototypus, Clathria cleistocheila depending on current intensity, anemones Actinia equina, red mysid shrimp Hemimysis pontica, Hemimysis serrata and turf hydrozoans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14F","name":"Invertebrate-dominated sunken timber in the Black Sea infralittoral","description":"Sunken logs are often present along forested coasts and in estuaries  in the infralittoral zone of the Black Sea,  as a result of river floods or violent storms in coastal forests. They are inhabited by shipworms (wood-boring bivalves) Teredo navalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB15","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the Mediterranean infralittoral zone. The lower limit depends on light penetration and is variable, from 35-40 m in very clear water to just a few metres in turbid water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean infralittoral algae","description":"This biocenosis is located in the infralittoral stage. The infralittoral stage extends from areas where only accidentally does something emerge above the water, to the survival limit of the marine phanerogams and the photophilous algae. This lower limit depends on the penetration of light, and thus varies greatly with the topography and the quality of the water. In areas of very clear water, it can go down to 35-40 meters, whereas it is restricted to only a few meters in turbid areas. All the rocky substrata of the infralittoral stage where the conditions of the stage prevail are covered with many different photophilous algae, an extremely rich population."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1511","name":"Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins","description":"This facies is characterised by a low coverage of algae due to grazing by sea urchins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1512","name":"Association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides","description":"The association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides is characteristic of the higher infralittoral area (near the surface up to 2 meters down) where it lives in the photophilous biotopes where there is strong wave action. It is found in biotopes where the water is cooled by the rising of deep water.\r\nOn the European Atlantic coast and that of Morocco in the Strait of Gibraltar, Cystoseira tamariscifolia constitutes an autonomous association. Saccorhiza polyschides also exists, with Laminaria ochroleuca in detritic bottoms between 45 and 85 meters down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1513","name":"Association with Cystoseira amentacea (var.amentacea, var.stricta, var.spicata)","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira amentacea, Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta and Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata, living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity. This association, described by Molinier in 1958, forms belts in the photophilous biotopes where there is strong wave action, and whose rocky substratum is subvertical. It is often accompanied by Cystoseira compressa, which may replace it completely in places.\r\nThe association with Cystoseira amentacea is represented in the three major areas of the Mediterranean by different geographical varieties of this Cystoseira. The association with Cystoseira amentacea amentacea is endemic in the eastern Mediterranean, whereas Cystoseira amentacea stricta is found in the north-western Mediterranean and the spicata variety in the Adriatic. The three varieties of this Cystoseira are good indicators of the upper limit of the infralittoral stage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1514","name":"Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis","description":"This facies characterised by the dominance of the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis is typical of areas with high levels of organic input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1515","name":"Association with Ellisolandia elongata and Herposiphonia secunda","description":"This association with the red algae Ellisolandia elongata and Herposiphonia secunda is typical of the upper infralittoral with strong wave action and strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1516","name":"Association with Corallina officinalis","description":"This association with the red alga Corallina officinalis is typical in the upper horizon of the infralittoral in areas with strong luminosity and sheltered waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1517","name":"Association with Schottera nicaeensis","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga Schottera nicaeensis living in pure, rough waters with attenued luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1518","name":"Association with Codium vermilara and Rhodymenia ardissonei","description":"This association of the green alga Codium vermilara and the red alga Rhodymenia ardissonei populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone, with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1519","name":"Association with Dasycladus vermicularis","description":"This association with the green alga Dasycladus vermicularis populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151A","name":"Association with Alsidium helmenthochorton","description":"This association is the red alga Alsidium helminthochorton, which is typical of the upper horizon of the infralittoral zone with weak light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151B","name":"Association with Gelidium spinosum v.hystrix","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga Gelidium spinosum var. hystrix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151C","name":"Association with Lobophora variegata","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga Lobophora variegata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151D","name":"Association with Ceramium rubrum","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga Ceramium virgatum (ex Ceramium rubrum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151E","name":"Facies with Cladocora caespitosa","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the Mediterranean coral Cladocora caespitosa. It exists from very superficial water (in the little bowls in the vermetid platforms) to as much as about 50 meters down in both sheltered and rough biotopes. It can withstand slightly lower salinity, as in the northern Adriatic. It can also be found in both relatively warm (25°C) areas and those where the temperature of the water in the winter is under 10°C. It is met in the biocenosis of photophilous algae, the Posidonia meadow, the coralligenous, at the entrances to caves and in the detritic bottoms. It is a polymorphous species, able to develop on rock, on concretion-forming calcareous algae, on artificial substrata or unattached in the Posidonia meadow and sandy and muddy beds. The species does not exist beyond a certain threshold of light. Indirect and diffuse light is sufficient to ensure the existence of the zooxanthellates of this hermatypic scleractinian."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151F","name":"Association with Cystoseira brachycarpa","description":"The association forms dense meadows of the brown alga Cystoseira brachycarpa in different levels of the infralittoral, in exposed and rough places. It can be found with Cystoseira amentacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151G","name":"Association with Cystoseira crinita","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira crinita, living in pure waters with strong luminosity. In the western Mediterranean, this association is found in superficial photophilous biotopes in both rough and sheltered places (0 to 0,5 meters down). In places with weak hydrodynamics, it tolerates sedimentation. In the Aegean Sea, it is known in both exposed and sheltered stations, whereas in Syria it can descend to 3 meters down on an exposed subhorizontal substratum. In other parts of the Mediterranean, its vicarians can be found: Cystoseira mediterranea (in the western Mediterranean), Cystoseira crinitophylla and Cystoseira sedoides in the Strait of Sicily, Cystoseira sedoides in Algeria, Tunisia and Pantelleria, and Cystoseira barbata in the Venice lagoon. In the eastern Mediterranean are Cystoseira barbatula and Cystoseira corniculata and others with localized distribution like Cystoseira susanensis, Cystoseira hyblaea, Cystoseira rayssiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151H","name":"Association with Cystoseira crinitophylla","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira crinitophylla. Cystoseira crinitophylla was first thought to be an endemic of the Adriatic, but has been found more or less throughout the Mediterranean, always associated with other Cystoseiras in the upper infralittoral. It has been sighted in the Gulf of Trieste (as Cystoseira crinita) in the association with Cystoseiretum barbatae, with Cystoseira barbatula in the Aegean Sea, with Cystoseira crinita or Cystoseira brachycarpa in Corsica, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the Strait of Sicily, and in the Ionian Sea. What could be meant is a stenotherm sciaphilous morphotype of a group of species (Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira pelagosae, Cystoseira crinitophylla) in an advanced state of speciation. It is thought that the association with Cystoseira crinitophylla can be considered to be a facies found in turbid water whose temperature is not above 18°C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151J","name":"Association with Cystoseira sauvageauana","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira sauvageauana. It is found in very sheltered superficial photophilous biotopes (from 0 to 1 meter) and around 15 meters into the Posidonia meadow. It forms dense prairies that cover, as substratum, a well developed sciaphilous population. In the eastern Mediterranean, it is replaced by its vicarian Cystoseira spinosa v. tenuior."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151K","name":"Association with Cystoseira spinosa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira spinosa. This is a perennial species whose thalli may be up to 20-50 cm. high. The compressa variety is localized in the lower infralittoral in limpid water with marked hydrodynamics. This variety, as well as the spinosa variety, cannot withstand an increase in sedimentation. However, the tenuior variety tolerates a certain instability of environment and is spread right through the infralittoral; in the eastern Mediterranean and the Adriatic it can replace Cystoseira sauvageauana and associate with Cystoseira brachycarpa and Cystoseira foeniculacea in the upper and middle infralittoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151L","name":"Association with Sargassum vulgare","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Sargassum vulgare, living in pure waters with strong luminosity. The Sargassum vulgare association, described for the first time in Syria, achieves maximum development in rough, shady biotopes, up to 3 meters down. It grows on substrata whose slopes vary from the subvertical to the horizontal. At surface level, it forms, with Cystoseira compressa or Cystoseira amentacea, a dense belt whose substratum is made up of sciaphilous flora. At about 3 meters deep, it is accompanied by Cystoseira barbatula and Cystoseira crinita. In the eastern Mediterranean Sargassum trichocarpum is also found, going down into the lower infralittoral and the circalittoral. This association replaces the association with Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta in areas with moderately strong wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151M","name":"Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Dictyopteris polypodioides, living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151N","name":"Association with Calpomenia sinuosa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151P","name":"Association with Rhodymenia ardissonei and Rhodophyllis divaricata","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae Rhodymenia ardissonei and Rhodophyllis divaricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Q","name":"Facies with Astroides calycularis","description":"This facies is characterised by the madreporian Astroides calycularis and is typical of the western Mediterranean pre-coralligenous zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151R","name":"Association with Flabellia petiolata and Peyssonnelia squamaria","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the green alga Flabellia petiolata and the red alga Peyssonnelia squamaria and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151S","name":"Association with Halymenia floresii and Halarachnion ligatatum","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae Halymenia floresii and Halarachnion ligulatum and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151T","name":"Association with Peyssonnelia rubra and Peyssonnelia spp.","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the red algae Peyssonnelia rubra and other members of the genus Peyssonnelia spp. and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151U","name":"Association with Halopteris scoparia","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Halopteris scoparia, living in pure, sheltered waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151V","name":"Association with Pseudobryopsis myura and Ganonema farinosum","description":"This association is characterised by the green alga Pseudobryopsis myura and the red alga Ganonema farinosum, also called \"soft spaghettiweed\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151W","name":"Association with Cystoseira compressa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira compressa. Cystoseira compressa is not an indicator of either a mode or a well-determined level, since it is found, in the first meter, in both areas with strong wave action at mid-wave level and in sheltered areas. In the eastern Mediterranean, it is met, with Sargassum vulgare and Palisada perforata, at the outside edges of the vermetid platforms where Dendropoma cristatum forms kinds of pads."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151X","name":"Association with Pterocladia capillacea and Ulva laetevirens","description":"This association is characterised by a vegetation with the red alga Pterocladia capillacea and the green alga Ulva laetevirens. It is found in areas with mixed salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Y","name":"Facies with large Hydrozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the high presence of large Hydrozoa (e.g. Aglaophenia spp.and Eudendrium spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Z","name":"Association with Pterothamnion crispum and Compsothamni on thuyoides","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed vegetation of the red algae Pterothamnion crispum and Compsothamnion thuyoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151α","name":"Facies and association of coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave)","description":"As a rule, the Coralligenous biocenosis is extremely rich and varied. It can be found as an enclave in cavities in the infralittoral in the habitat of infralittoral algae, and also  dense Posidonia oceanica meadow. In both cases, the facies is found in conditions where the light is extremely dim. The Coralligenous as an enclave in the infralittoral can also form small discontinuous organogenous formations that are sparser than those of the circalittoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151β","name":"Facies with Vermetids","description":"Vermetids are sessile gastropods which develop near the middle level of the sea. These organisms, associated with the Neogoniolithon brassica-florida calcareous algae, build up organogenous formations in three shapes:\r\n- The cornice or rim form: below the middle level of the sea on a subvertical rocky slope. In the north-western Mediterranean, these formations are covered with the Neogoniolithon brassica-florida and Lithophyllum byssoides calcareous algae.\r\n- The atoll form: observed in the eastern Mediterranean (Israel and Crete), and in the Bermudas. These are rounded structures, depressed in the centre.\r\n- The ‘pavement’ or ‘platform’ form: the standard structure described in Sicily is a horizontal corroded surface developed in the standing calcareous rock. The platform is pitted with shallow pools whose crests, as well as the outside edges (in the shape of pads or ledges) of the platform, are covered with Dendropoma cristatum Vermetids, often called Vermetus cristatus. In addition, the bottoms of the bowls of the platform can be colonised by Vermetus triquetrus, also known as Vermetus gregarius.\r\nAlthough in the western Mediterranean the position of the platform is below the middle level of the sea and is located at the upper limit of the infralittoral stage, it is always mediolittoral in the eastern Mediterranean, where the platform develops at 0,2-0,3 meters above mid-wave level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB152","name":"Biocoenosis of the Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon  on rock","description":"This biocoenosis gathers the infralittoral rock assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon. The term lagoon thus covers very diverse situations linked to the variability of salt water and fresh water additions, both on the tidal sea coasts and in the Mediterranean. Some lagoons are natural, lying in littoral depressions, periodically fed by the sea, and others are former marshes that have been developed by man over very long periods (salterns, euryhaline fish reservoirs, fish-farming basins…). Confronted with the heterogeneity of these physical conditions, there is a great variability of fauna groupings, which are characterised by low specific richness and vast populations of dominant species, being rapidly replaced and widely used by the upper links of the ecosystem."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1521","name":"Association with Gracilaria spp.","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae belonging to the genus Gracilaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1522","name":"Association with Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1523","name":"Association with Ulva laetevirens and Ulva linza","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae Ulva laetevirens and Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1524","name":"Association with Cystoseira barbata","description":"This association is characterised by the brown algae Cystoseira barbata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1525","name":"Association with Lamprothamnium papulosum","description":"This association is characterised by the foxtail stonewort (charophyte) Lamprothamnium papulosum. Lamprothamnium papulosum is a rare, brackish water stonewort growing to a height of up to 40 cm with regular whorls of slender cylindrical branches each with several spine-like bracts which give the plant a furry appearance. The foxtail stonewort has a sporadic distribution around the coast of Europe from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula. In the Mediterranean it extends eastwards to Tunisia and Sicily with isolated records from Cyprus and the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1526","name":"Association with Cladophora echinus and Rytiphloea tinctoria","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the green alga Cladophora echinus and the red alga Rytiphloea tinctoria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB2","name":"Infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"This complex includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) . These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB21","name":"Arctic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Infralittoral biogenic reef communities in the Arctic.  These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB22","name":"Atlantic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Infralittoral biogenic reef communities. This complex includes polychaete reefs and bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds). These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB221","name":"Worm reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2211","name":"Atlantic littoral Sabellaria alveolata reefs","description":"Tide-swept sandy mixed sediments with cobbles and pebbles, in variable salinity or fully marine conditions, may be characterised by surface accumulations of the reef building polychaete  Sabellaria alveolata . The presence of  Sabellaria  sp. has a strong influence on the associated infauna as the tubes bind the surface sediments together and provide increased stability. Such reefs may form large structures up to a metre in height although they are considerably less extensive than the intertidal reefs formed by this species (unit MA2-261). Other associated species may include the polychaete  Melinna cristata , itself often as dense aggregations, mobile surface feeding polychaetes including  Typosyllis armillary  and  Eulalia tripunctata . Other polychaetes may include  Mediomastus fragilis  and  Pygospio elegans  whilst amphipods such as  Harpinia pectinata  and tubificid oligochaetes may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2212","name":"Atlantic littoral Serpula vermicularis reefs","description":"Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of  Serpula vermicularis , typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include  Esperiopsis fucorum , thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians  Ascidiella aspersa ,  Ascidia mentula ,  Dendrodoa grossularia  and  Diplosoma listerianum . The echinoderms  Ophiothrix fragilis  and  Psammechinus miliaris  and the queen scallop ( Aequipecten opercularis ) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense  Phycodrys rubens  may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB222","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone","description":"Infralittoral reefs in the Atlantic formed by bivalves such as Limaria hians and Ostrea edulis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2221","name":"Limaria hians beds in tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sealochs with beds or 'nests' of Limaria hians. The Limaria form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragments of seaweeds so that the animals themselves cannot be seen from above the seabed. Modiolus modiolus sometimes occur at the same sites lying over the top of the Limaria bed. Other fauna associated with this biotope include echinoderms (Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Asterias rubens), Buccinum undatum, mobile crustaceans (e.g. Pagurus bernhardus), Alcyonium digitatum and hydroids such as Plumularia setacea, Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Nemertesia spp. Sometimes red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens occur if the beds are in shallow enough water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2222","name":"Ostrea edulis beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Dense beds of the oyster Ostrea edulis can occur on muddy fine sand or sandy mud mixed sediments. There may be considerable quantities of dead oyster shell making up a substantial portion of the substratum. The clumps of dead shells and oysters can support large numbers of Ascidiella aspersa and Ascidiella scabra. Sponges such as Halichondria bowerbanki may also be present. Several conspicuously large polychaetes, such as Chaetopterus variopedatus and terebellids, as well as additional suspension-feeding polychaetes such as Myxicola infundibulum and Sabella pavonina may be important in distinguishing this biotope, whilst the Opisthobranch Philine aperta may also be frequent in some areas. A turf of seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum and Spyridia filamentosa may also be present. This biotope description may need expansion to account for oyster beds in England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB23","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB231","name":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms dominated by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Dreissena polymorpha\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2311","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms habitat dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed  Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 5 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2312","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms dominated by Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed  Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nGeographic range                \r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2313","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms habitat dominated by valve snails","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves  valve snails  (Valvata spp.) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB232","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms characterized by shell gravel","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: down to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nSaccharina latissima. Due to the large variety of interstitial space, inhabited by very specialized fauna, for example Amphioxus spp. (HELCOM 1998)\r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2321","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of wich at least 90 %  iscoveraged of shell gravel. Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, kelp constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperboria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouth-western Baltic Sea, the Sound Helcom Hub Red List category  Near threatened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2322","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic shell gravel dominated by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves covers less then 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2323","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.  Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2324","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.  No perennial attached erect group  has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2325","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2326","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by mixed infaunal macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type of shell gravel fragments is coarse and well-sorted.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2327","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by  mixed infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like shell fragments","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type of shell gravel fragments is fine and sand-like.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel.. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2328","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel without characteristic epibenthic communities","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Epibenthic macrovegetation or –fauna does not occur.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.         \r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB233","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic peat bottoms","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of peat \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: (7.5-18 psu); exposure range: All; Depth range: from 0 to \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nNo macrophytes\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB24","name":"Black Sea infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Black Sea habitats where a solid substate is formed by organisms such as polychaete worms or bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB241","name":"Polychaete worm reefs in the Black sea infralittoral zone","description":"Biogenic circalittoral reefs formed by a variety of  polychaete worms.  In more sheltered and freshwater-influenced environments the non-native serpulid tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus is the most common reef building species. In moderately exposed environments reefs formed by the serpulid Vermiliopsis infundibulum are present. Finally, on lower infralittoral rock serpulids form massive reefs in collaboration with bivalves (i.e. Ostrea edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis). These reefs are an important component of the Black Sea ecosystem and are characterised by high biodiversity"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB242","name":"Mussel beds in the Black sea infralittoral zone","description":"Beds of Mytilus galloprovincialis found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB243","name":"Oyster reefs on Black sea lower infralittoral rock","description":"Small oyster (Ostrea edulis) reefs occur as oyster clumps (5-10 oysters) on rocky outcrops. The reefs occur along theTurkish Black sea coast in the rocky infralittoral at depths of 10-20m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB25","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Habitats formed by living organisms (eg calcareous algae, mussels, coralligenous bioconcretions, worm reefs)  in the infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB251","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reef assemblages of the infralittoral algae biocenosis","description":"This assemblage is characterised by species able to build continuous biogenic belts in the upper part of the infralittoral zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2511","name":"Facies with Vermetus spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by an high presence of vermetids building a continous belt called a \"trottoir\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB252","name":"Biocenosis of Posidonia oceanica","description":"Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile is a marine angiosperm, endemic to the Mediterranean. It forms characteristic formations called ‘meadows’ between the surface and 30 to 40 meters down. The plant’s structure shows an epigeous part, corresponding to foliar fascicles (average 30-80 cm in height) and an endogenous part, a veritable underwater terrace: the matte. This matte, composed of a tangle of rhizomes, roots and the sediment that fills in the interstices, and is specific to Posidonia oceanica meadows, presents a vertical growth that can reach 1 meter a century. These meadows, true underwater prairies, represent one of the main Mediterranean climaxes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2521","name":"Ecomorphosis of striped Posidonia oceanica meadows","description":"The Posidonia oceanica striped meadow develops between 0,5 and 3 meters down. It appears as fairly narrow (1 to 2 m wide) ribbons that are up to several dozen meters long, either rectilinear or winding but rarely ramified. The ribbons are separated by stretches of dead matte colonised by a mixed lawn made up of Cymodocea nodosa and Caulerpa prolifera. Cut into sections, the ribbons are asymmetrical with a little drop of matte on one side and a gentle slope on the other. The ribbons are dynamic structures, moving parallel to each other in the face of currents at a speed of some ten centimeters a year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2522","name":"Ecomorphosis of \"barrier-reef\" Posidonia oceanica meadows","description":"In the Posidonia beds of sheltered bays, the vertical growth of the rhizomes leads to a slow rise of the matte that enables the meadow to reach the surface; this structure is called a ‘fringe reef’. Between the emerging front of the reef and the coast, conditions become unfavorable (great variations in salinity and temperature), and the meadow dies, leaving a sort of ‘lagoon’ cut off from the open sea by a ‘barrier reef’. This lagoon is usually occupied by small magnoliophytes (Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltei) developing on dead matte.\r\nAt the level of the barrier reef, which can be up to several meters wide, the leaves emerge and spread out on the surface of the water, particularly in spring and summer. The reef extends in a gentle slope out to sea, where it constitutes a meadow with a continuous base.\r\nThe classic form of these reefs, with their front parallel to the shore, is the most widespread; however, more extensive particular structures (reef platforms) have been observed in Sicily and Corsica and many typologies have been suggested."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2523","name":"Facies of dead \"mattes\" of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora","description":"This facies is characterised by a dead \"mattes\" of Posidonia oceanica without macro-epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2524","name":"Association with Caulerpa prolifera on Posidonia beds","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the green alga Caulerpa prolifera in association with the Posidonia oceanica bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB253","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis","description":"This biocoenosis gathers the infralittoral biogenic reefs assemblages of  Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoons"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2531","name":"Facies with Ficopomatus enigmaticus","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the Annelid Ficopomatus enigmaticus.  This polychaete, also known as Mercierella enigmatica, is a marine tubeworm that build extensive concretions formed of the mass of their calcareous tubes. From the surface of the sea to depths of 1-2 meters, the species adheres to hard substrates of all kinds and sizes, ranging from shells, reeds, piles, and quayside and dockside structures, to the hulls of ships. The species is particularly tolerant of variations in salinity, adapting to both oligohaline (low salinity) and hyperhaline (high salinity) waters. It can withstand high rates of eutrophication, and is  sensitive to wave action and intense hydrodynamics. Ficopomatus reefs develop exclusively in brackish environments, where they form belts, barriers and reefs up to one metre thick and from a few dozen centimeters to several meters wide.\r\nThey may also be built in the middle of shallow brackish basins, and look like large mushrooms adhering to fragments of hard substrates (shells, branches, rocks, reeds, etc.), sometimes reaching the surface of the water. They may extend for hundreds of square metres and are produced by many generations of tubeworms all growing attached to one others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB254","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the fine sands in very shallow waters biocenosis","description":"These biogenic reefs are characteristic of very shallow sandy bottoms where the effect of the waves allows the resuspencion of particle of sediment and organic matter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2541","name":"Mediterranean Sabellaria alveolata worm reefs","description":"The species Sabellaria alveolata colonises very superficial coastal areas, from the low tide mark down to 3-5 metres, where wave action is stronger and moves particles of the sediments which are used by the worms to build their tubes. It also provides the organic matter on which these filter-feeders live. Sabellaria reefs are generally found along exposed sandy coasts, although their concretion does need a rocky base to start with (it may even be an artificial substrate, such as rubble or dockside structures, or small stones)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB3","name":"Infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB31","name":"Arctic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB311","name":"Communities of Arctic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes , cumacean crustacea  and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum  may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3111","name":"Greenland cockle Serripes in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB32","name":"Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as  Chaetozone setosa  and  Lanice conchilega , cumacean crustacea such as  Iphinoe trispinosa  and  Diastylis bradyi , and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum  may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB321","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp  Laminaria saccharina , the bootlace weed  Chorda filum  and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds on Atlantic infralittoral sediments","description":"On infralittoral mixed muddy substrata communities characterised by the kelp  Laminaria saccharina  and mixed filamentous and foliose red algae can be found. This biotope contains a number of sub-biotopes distinguished by the degree of either wave or tidal exposure. In moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas  Laminaria  is sparse and dense stands of red seaweeds are found attached to the boulders and cobbles that make up a large proportion of the sediment (MB1-274). As the degree of wave and/or tidal exposure decreases there is a change in community structure, with the density of  Laminaria  and the diversity of red algal species increasing (MB3-2112). As the environment becomes more stable a number of brown algal species are able to inhabit this environment and a rich infauna develops (MB5-211). In the most sheltered examples of this biotope a diverse muddy sediment infauna can be found and the  'Trailliella'  phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32111","name":"Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile Atlantic infralittoral cobbles and pebbles","description":"Shallow mixed substrata of cobbles and pebbles swept by moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas, and characterised by dense stands of red seaweeds. Tide-swept infralittoral cobbles and pebbles which may be highly mobile, create an environment that is difficult for many algae to survive in. Foliose and filamentous seaweeds with an encrusting phase in their life history, or those that are able to withstand rolling of the substratum and scouring, can form dense turfs of seaweed in the more settled summer months. Characteristic red seaweeds include Halarachnion ligulatum which is able to survive attached to the pebbles and cobbles. Ephemeral algae grow rapidly in periods of relative stability. Other characteristic red seaweeds include Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Brongniartella byssoides. Coralline encrusting algae cover many of the cobbles and pebbles; some areas of cobbles may be quite barren, dominated only by encrusting coralline algae and brittlestars. Of the brown seaweeds scattered Laminaria spp. and Desmarestia spp. may be present on more stable large boulders or bedrock outcrops. Chorda filum and Halidrys siliquosa may be present in low abundance but where these seaweeds occur in greater abundance (typically >Frequent) refer to MB1-233 and MB1-236 respectively. Although the faunal component of this biotope is usually relatively sparse it can include a wide variety of species. Turfs of hydroids (Nemertesia spp., Aglaophenia tubulifera) and bryozoans (Crisia spp. and Bugula spp.) are the major components but sponges and anemones may also occur. Brittlestars, sea-urchins, hydroids and solitary ascidians are more prominent in the Scottish examples of this biotope, which tend to occur in deeper water, due in part to clearer waters.                 \r\nSituation: Although not common, this biotope is widely distributed from Sussex to the shallow areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, the west coast of Scotland and the north-east coast of Ireland. Despite the wide distribution, the red seaweed composition remains remarkably constant. In areas such as the Sarns, in Wales, where mixed substrata continue into the shallows, dense swathes of MB1-233 can be found. More stable but highly scoured areas adjacent to MB1-274 can support the Halidrys biotope MB1-236. Where bedrock or large boulders occur above the mixed substrata of MB1-274 it may support a kelp forest or park (MB1-213 or MB1-21A). At many sites the mixed substrata supporting the dense seaweed turf gives way to sediment of varying composition.              \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will take on a much more depauperate appearance during the winter months, once the ephemeral seaweeds have died back in late summer/autumn. Storms can mobilise the loose pebbles and cobbles, removing all but the most resilient of seaweeds and animals. By summer, under more stable conditions, new growth will flourish and dense stands of seaweeds dominate the seabed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32112","name":"Laminaria saccharina and robust red algae on Atlantic infralittoral gravel and pebble","description":"Shallow kelp community found on gravel and gravelly sand in slightly less exposed areas than MB1-274 but in moderately strong tidal currents, and characterised by occasional Laminaria saccharina with an undergrowth of robust red seaweeds. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with MB1-274, include Plocamium cartilagineum, Halarachnion ligulatum and Brongniartella byssoides ; however the greater stability of this biotope allows a slightly more diverse range of red seaweeds to become established including Polyides rotundus, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Delesseria sanguinea and Nitophyllum punctatum. Coralline encrusting algae may be found covering the larger pebbles. Laminaria hyperborea may also be present within this biotope, although at low densities. Other brown algal species present include Desmarestia spp., Dictyotadichotoma and Chorda filum, all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed Ulva sp. may be found attached to larger pebbles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3212","name":"Laminaria saccharina with Psammechinus miliaris and/or Modiolus modiolus on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stoney mixed sediment, in full or variable salinity, in sheltered or moderately exposed conditions, with weak or very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a dense covering of Laminaria saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, frequent Psammechinus miliaris may be found grazing the algal turf and scattered Modiolus modiolus are characteristic of this biotope. Encrusting the suface of stones and pebbles are Pomatoceros triqueter and in the sediment between the stones, the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii may also be present. Small patches of Lithothamnion glaciale may be found in this biotope, although these patches do not form distinct beds as in MB3-222. In addition, a more ubiquitous fauna such as Asterias rubens and Pagurus bernhardus are also present. This biotope is generally found in sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3213","name":"Laminaria saccharina, Gracilaria gracilis and brown seaweeds on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on muddy sand, in moderately exposed or sheltered, fully marine conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of Laminaria saccharina. Frequent Chorda filum may also form part of the canopy although not at the abundance in MB6-211. Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae Gracilaria gracilis, and various brown algal species particularly Dictyota dichotoma. Other members of the understory may include a variety of other filamentous and foliose red algae in particular Ceramium nodulosum and the green alga Ulva. The muddy sand substrate supports a variety of faunal species including polychaetes  (Lanice conchilega) and gastropods (Hinia reticulata)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3214","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Gracilaria gracilis with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stony sediment, in extremely sheltered, variable salinity conditions, with moderately strong tidal currents. The community is characterised by a more sparse covering of Laminaria saccharina, particularly when compared to the fully marine version of this sub biotope (MB3-213). Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae Gracilaria gracilis, and a variety of faunal species in particular sponges (Suberites ficus and Halichondriapanacea) and ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa and Dendrodoa grossularia). The stony substrate provides a surface for attachment for these and many other filter and suspension feeding species, particularly barnacles (Balanus crenatus), hydroids (Urticina feline and Hydractinia echinata) and anemones. Other members of the understory may include a variety of filamentous and foliose red algae in particular Pterothamnion plumula, and the green alga Ulva."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB322","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnion glaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3221","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sands. Associated epiphytes may include red algae such as Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Brongniartella byssoides and Plocamium cartilagineum. Algal species may be anchored to the maerl or to dead bivalve shells amongst the maerl. Polychaetes, such as Chaetopterus variopedatus, Lanice conchilega, Kefersteinia cirrata, Mediomastus fragilis, Chone duneri, Parametaphoxus fultoni and Grania may be present. Gastropods such as Gibbulacineraria, Gibbulamagus, Calyptraea chinensisDikoleps pusilla and Onoba aculeus may also be present. Liocarcinus depurator and Liocarcinus corrugatus are often present, although they may be under-recorded; it would seem likely that robust infaunal bivalves such as Circomphalus casina, Mya truncata, Dosinia exoleta and other venerid bivalves are more widespread than available data currently suggests. It seems likely that stable wave-sheltered maerl beds with low currents may be separable from MB3-221; having a generally thinner layer of maerl overlying a sandy /muddy substratum with a diverse cover of epiphytes (e.g. Bosence 1976; Blunden et al. 1977; 1981; Davies & Hall-Spencer 1996) but insufficient data currently exists on a national scale. Wave and current-exposed maerl beds, where thicker depths of maerl accumulate, frequently occur as waves and ridge / furrows arrangements (see Bosence 1976; Blunden et al. 1977; 1981; Irvine & Chamberlain 1994; Hall-Spencer 1995). At some sites where MB3-221 occurs, there may be significant patches of maerl gravel containing the rare burrowing anemone Halcampoides elongatus ; this may be a separate biotope, but insufficient data exists at present. Northern maerl beds in the UK do not appear to contain L. corallioides but in south-west England and Ireland L. corallioides may occur to some extent in MB3-221 as well as MB4-211, where it dominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32211","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with red seaweeds in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include Dictyota dichotoma, Plocamium cartilagineum, Phycodrys rubens, Chondrus crispus, Halarachnion ligulatum, Chylocladia verticillata, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Nitophyllum punctum. These species are not restricted to maerl beds but their abundance on maerl beds differentiates this biotope from MB3-2212. Anthozoans and echinoderms are much less common in this biotope than in MB3-2212, which typically occurs deeper than MB3-2211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32212","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with Neopentadactyla mixta and other echinoderms in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Lower infralittoral maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sand with a variety of associated echinoderms. The echinoderm Neopentadactyla mixta is frequently observed in this biotope. Other echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Ophiura albida and rarely Luidia ciliaris may also be present. Red seaweed such as Plocamium cartilagineum may be present but at a much lower abundance than in MB3-2211 and with fewer species present. Other, more ubiquitous echinoderms such as Asterias rubens may also be found in low numbers throughout MB3-221 subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3222","name":"Lithothamnion glaciale maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral gravel","description":"Upper infralittoral tide-swept channels of coarse sediment in full or variable salinity conditions support distinctive beds of Lithothamnion glaciale maerl 'rhodoliths'. Phymatolithon calcareum may also be present as a more minor maerl component. Associated fauna and flora may include species found in other types of maerl beds (and elsewhere), e.g. Pomatoceros triqueter, Cerianthus lloydii, Sabella pavonina, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Lanice conchilega, Mya truncata, Plocamium cartilagineum and Phycodrys rubens. Unit MB3-222, however, also has a fauna that reflects the slightly reduced salinity conditions, e.g. Psammechinus miliaris is often present in high numbers along with other grazers such as chitons and Tectura spp. Hyas araneus, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma are also typically present at sites. In Scottish lagoons this biotope may show considerable variation but the community falls within the broad description defined here.      \r\nSituation: This biotope can often be found at the upper end of Scottish sealochs where the variable salinity of the habitat may not be immediately obvious."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB323","name":"Faunal communities in full salinity Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as Chaetozone setosa and Lanice conchilega, cumacean crustacea such as Iphinoe trispinosa and Diastylis bradyi, and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3231","name":"Sparse fauna on highly mobile Atlantic infralittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)","description":"Sublittoral clean shingle and pebble habitats with a lack of conspicuous fauna. Unstable, rounded pebbles and stones (as opposed to sub-angular cobbles, which are often found lying on or embedded in other sediment) that are strongly affected by tidal steams and/or wave action can support few animals and are consequently faunally impoverished. The species composition of this biotope may be highly variable seasonally and is likely to comprise of low numbers of robust polychaetes or bivalves with occasional epibiota including echinoderms and crustacea such as Liocarcinus spp. and Pagurus spp. In more settled periods there may be colonisation by anemones such as Urticina felina and small populations of hydroids and Bryozoa.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in marine inlets with very strong tidal currents as well as in very wave exposed open coast environments.         \r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition of this biotope is likely to be highly variable as a result of seasonal changes in wave and tidal energy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3232","name":"Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida on Atlantic infralittoral clean stone gravel","description":"Periodically (seasonally?) disturbed sublittoral stone gravel with small pebbles characterised by the presence of the anemones Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida. Associated species are often typical of a hydroid/bryozoan turf with polychaetes such as Pomatoceros spp. encrusting larger pebbles and low numbers of syllid and phyllodocid polychaetes living interstitially. In some areas this biotope may also contain opportunistic red seaweeds and infauna such as Sabella pavonina. It should be noted that this habitat may show considerable variation in community composition and it is possible that it is a sub-biotope of other gravel biotopes.          \r\nSituation: This biotope tends to occur at the entrance to marine inlets where tidal currents are moderately strong.          \r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition and species richness of this biotope may vary seasonally as a result of disturbance from increased wave or tidal action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3233","name":"Moerellaspp. with venerid bivalves in Atlantic infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"Infralittoral medium to coarse sand and gravelly sand which is subject to moderately strong water movement from tidal streams may be characterised by Moerella spp. with the polychaete Glycera lapidum (agg.) and venerid bivalves. Typical species include Moerella pygmaea or M. donacina with other robust bivalves such as Dosinia lupinus, Timoclea ovata, Goodallia triangularis and Chamelea gallina. Other infauna include nephtyd and spionid polychaetes and amphipod crustacea. Another important component of this biotope in some areas is the bivalve Spisula solida (see Khne & Rachnor 1996) which may be common or abundant. In conjunction with unit MB5-236 this biotope may form part of the 'Shallow Venus Community', the 'Boreal Off-shore Sand Association' and the ' Goniadella-Spisula association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Salzwedel, Rachor & Gerdes 1985). Epifaunal communities may be reduced in this biotope when compared to MB5-236; both types may have surface sand waves which may be indicative of the presence of venerid bivalves (Warwick & Davies 1977). This hypothesis, however, requires testing. Remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate venerid bivalves and other deep-burrowing and more dispersed species such as Paphia, Ensis and Spatangus. In southern areas of the UK and the North Sea, in slightly siltier sand and shelly sand, MB3-233 may give way to the other Spisula biotope MB5-238.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is found on the exposed open coast and in estuaries with moderately strong tidal currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3234","name":"Hesionura elongata and Microphthalmus similis with other interstitial polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral mobile coarse sand","description":"On infralittoral sandbanks and sandwaves and other areas of mobile medium-coarse sand, populations of interstitial polychaetes may be found. These habitats consist of loosely packed grains of sand forming waves up to several metres high often with gravel, or occasionally silt, in the troughs of the waves. This biotope is commonly found both inshore along the east coast of the UK e.g. around the Race Bank, Docking Shoal and Inner Dowsing banks (IECS, 1995; IECS, 1999), and in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and off the Belgian coast (Degraer et al. 1999; Vanosmael et al. 1982). These habitats support interstitial communities living in the spaces between the grains of sand, in particular hesionurid polychaetes such as Hesionura elongata and Microphthalmus similis, along with protodrilid polychaetes such as Protodrilus spp. and Protodriloides spp. Other important species may include Turbellaria spp. and larger deposit feeding polychaetes such as Travisia forbesii. An important feature of this biotope which is not reflected in much of the available data is the importance of the meiofaunal population which may exceed the macrofaunal population both in terms of abundance and biomass (Willems et al. 1982).           \r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found both in shore adjacent to the coast, and further away from the coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3235","name":"Glycera lapidum in impoverished Atlantic infralittoral mobile gravel and sand","description":"In infralittoral mixed slightly gravelly sands on exposed open coasts impoverished communities characterised by the polychaete Glycera lapidum (agg.) may be found. Glycera lapidum is a species complex and as such some variability in identification may be found in the literature. It is also quite widespread and may occur in a variety of coarser sediments and is often present in other MB3-1 subunits. However, it is rarely considered a characteristic species and where this is the case it is normally due to the exclusion of other species. Consequently it is considered that habitats containing this biotope may be subject to continual or periodic sediment disturbance from wave action, which prevents the establishment of a more stable community. Other taxa include spionid polychaetes such as Spio martinensis and Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys spp. and in some areas the bivalve Spisula elliptica. It is possible that MB3-235 is not a true biotope, rather an impoverished, transitional community, which in more settled conditions develops into other more stable communities.             \r\nSituation: In many cases e.g. along the East Yorkshire coast this biotope is found in shallow inshore areas facing directly into the prevailing wind and subject to considerable wave action.             \r\nTemporal variation: Due to the variability in sediment regime at these habitats there may be high seasonal or spatial variability within this community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3236","name":"Cumaceans and Chaetozone setosa in Atlantic infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"In shallow medium-fine sands with gravel, on moderately exposed open coasts, communities dominated by cumacean crustaceans such as Iphinoe trispinosa and Diastylis bradyi along with the cirratulid polychaete Chaetozone setosa (agg.) may occur. Chaetozone setosa is a species complex so it is likely that some variability in nomenclature will be found in the literature. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes Anaitides spp., Lanice conchilega, Eteone longa and Scoloplos armiger. This community may be subject to periodical sedimentary disturbance, such that a sub-climactic community may develop with opportunistic taxa such as C. setosa and S. armiger often dominating the community (Allen 2000).              \r\nSituation: This biotope may be found in areas with moderate currents and wave action often facing into the prevailing wind and along the Holderness coast of the North Sea. It is possible that this biotope has developed due to chronic sedimentary disturbance in areas where the units MC5-214 or MB5-236 would normally develop as these biotopes are often found in more sheltered areas adjacent to A5.136.             \r\nTemporal variation: The importance of the cumacean crustaceans in this biotope is unusual, and their numbers are likely to fluctuate over time; at times of increased disturbance it is likely that C. setosa will become more dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3237","name":"Dense Lanice conchilega and other polychaetes in Atlantic tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand","description":"Dense beds of Lanice conchilega occur in coarse to medium fine gravelly sand in the shallow sublittoral, where there are strong tidal streams or wave action. Several other species of polychaete also occur as infauna e.g. Spiophanes bombyx, Scoloplos armiger, Chaetozone setosa and Magelona mirabilis. Lanice beds are found in a wide range of habitats including muddier mixed sediment. The dense Lanice biotope (MB3-237) on certain lower shores may be a littoral extension of the current biotope. The presence of L. conchilega in high numbersmay, over time, stabilise the sediment to the extent where a more diverse community may develop (Wood, 1987). Possibly as a result of this, there is a high level of variation with regard the infauna found in MB3-237. It is likely that a number of sub-biotopes may subsequently be identified for this biotope. Offshore from the Wash and the North Norfolk coast Lanice beds are often found intermixed with Sabellaria spinulosa beds in muddier mixed sediment, particularly in the channels between the shallow sandbanks, which are so prevalent in this area (IECS, 1995; NRA, 1995). It is possible that the presence of Lanice has stabilised the habitat sufficiently to allow the deposition of finer material, which has subsequently assisted the development of S. spinulosa. It may be more accurate to define MB3-237 as an epibiotic biotope which overlays a variety of infaunal biotopes (e.g. MB5-233 in finer sands and MC5-214 or MB5-236 in slightly muddier areas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3238","name":"Faunal communities in variable salinity Atlantic sublittoral coarse sediment","description":"Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by a sparse but very robust brackish-water tolerant fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB33","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB331","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3311","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: moderately exposed; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3312","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB332","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3321","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3322","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritima, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, Zostera noltii occurs only in the Belt Sea and Kattegat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3323","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3324","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3325","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated dominated by Zostera marina.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB333","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Perennial algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3331","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3332","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae non-filamentous corticated red algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3333","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by perennial foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial foliose red algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3334","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae kelp constitute at least 50 % to the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima\r\nGeographic range\r\nBelt Sea, the Sound, (Kattegat)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3335","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB334","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Aquatic moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB335","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB336","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sedimentcharacterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups  cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\n\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3361","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form), F. radicans\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3362","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographical Range\r\nKnown from Swedish and German coasts"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3363","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by s stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB337","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3371","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %.Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB338","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae have ≥ 10 % coverage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB339","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nMytilus spp., Macoma baltica, Bathyporeia pilosa, Hediste diversicolor\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3391","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails dominates. Grazing snails (e.g. Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia, Radix) constitute 50 % in biomass or volume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Most common in low salinity\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHydrobiidae, Theodoxus spp, Bithynia spp, Radix spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3392","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epifauna and flora is present but below 10 % coverage. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Hydroids, Amphibalanus improvisus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33A","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncate, Astrarte spp. Spisula spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33A1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nQuality descriptors\r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographical Range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33A2","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 %of the infaunal macrocommunity biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp, Tanaissus spp, Streptosyllis spp.us\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33B","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.  Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33C","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBathyporeia pilosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33C1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33D","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group of infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33E","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by  no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33E1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by  dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB34","name":"Black Sea infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Black Sea including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to wave action.  They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB341","name":"Fauna-dominated Black Sea  infralittoral cobbles and gravels","description":"Black Sea  faunal communities present in infralittoral coarse sediments including pebbles, cobbles, fine gravels, coarse sands and shell hash. The habitat comprises a diverse range of communities which include: sparse fauna on pebbles and gravels, environments beneath cobbles and gravels and shell hash with well defined characteristic species (Branchiostomalanceolatum - Protodorvillea kefersteini - Ophelia limacina). This biotope is found in coastal surge zones, as well as on wave lashed bottoms in open coast environments and deposits affected by unidirectional currents. Typical characterising species in coarse sand and shell gravel environments include the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum and polychaetes Protodorvillea kefersteini and Ophelia limacina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB35","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone of the Mediteranean, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB351","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by the waves","description":"This habitat is found in coves which cut into the rocky coasts with more or less strong wave action; it goes no more than a few decimetres down. This habitat is very ill known. The population is dominated by the Saccocirrus papillocercus archiannelid and the Lineus lacteus nemertean, whose populations fluctuate strongly according to variations in the ambient factors, in particular the local hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3511","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves","description":"This association occurs on coarse sands and fine gravels subjected to strong hydrodynamic action. Calcareous algae are attached to a small mineral or organic surface and then grow in successive layers to form rhodolithes of more or less nodulous shape and varying size."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB352","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents","description":"This habitat is usually found in the Mediterranean between 3-4 meters and 20-25 meters down, but can, locally, go down to 70 meters. It lies thus on two, infra- and circalittoral, stages. It is frequent in channels between islands that are subject to frequent, violent currents, which constitute the main factor on which its existence depends. It is also found in the ‘intermatte’ channels dug out by the currents in the Posidonia meadows. This habitat, strictly subject to bottom currents, can change if the movement of the water is artificially or naturally modified, for example during long periods of calm weather. Its extension downwards, into the circalittoral stage, is linked to particularly intense hydrodynamic phenomena, either directly below rocky shelf-edge banks (the Banc des Blauquières) or in straits (the Bouches de Bonifacio). It may, in these conditions, present qualititative and quantitative modifications in its habitual population. Seasonal variations are marked by differences in the abundance, and the replacement, of species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3521","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of small calcareous algae species exposed to strong bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3522","name":"Association with maerl (= Association with Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum) on Mediterranean coarse sands and gravel","description":"An association characterised by the presence of two small many-branched calcareous algae species, Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum, unattached on sediments made up of coarse sands and gravels with a high proportion of detritic elements. Given their many-branched shape, these Lithothamnia never constitute bioconstructions or rhodolithes. Small Rhodophyceae may be present as epiphytes on the Lithothamnia.  A similar community can also be found as an association facies of the biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom (MC3.523)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB353","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean infralittoral pebbles","description":"Small strands with infralittoral pebbles are very numerous in the indentations of rocky coasts. The most typical is the biocoenosis when the pebbles are rather small. The characteristic species here are the two amphipods Melita hergensis and (Allorchestes aquilinus)Parhyale aquilina, which feed on organic detritus, and the fish Gouania wildenowii.G. willdenowi, predator on these amphipods. One finds also a characteristic crab, Xantho poressa, and several turbellerians and nemertines. After long periods of calm a thin film of diatoms is found on the pebbles. When the pebbles are larger this typical biocoenosis is often impoverished, but mixed with tolerant species coming from neighbouring rocks such as the sea-star Asterina gibbosa, the small anomuran (Porcellana bluteli)Pisidia bluteli, the gobiescoid fish (Lepadogaster gouani)L. lepadogaster, and so on. During stormy weather all the species escape from the moving pebbles to the lower parts of the boulders generally mixed with the pebbles, or to deeper bottoms, to return as soon as the sea becomes calm"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3531","name":"Facies with Gouania willdenowi","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the little clingfish Gouania willdenowi that live in shallow waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB4","name":"infralittoral mixed sediments","description":"Infralittoral mixed (heterogeneous) sediments found from the extreme low water mark to  down to the lower limit for vascular plants. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud. There is a degree of confusion with regard nomenclature within this complex as many habitats could be defined as containing mixed sediments, in part depending on the scale of the survey and the sampling method employed. The BGS trigon can be used to define truly mixed or heterogeneous sites with surficial sediments which are a mixture of mud, gravel and sand. However, another 'form' of mixed sediment includes mosaic habitats such as superficial waves or ribbons of sand on a gravel bed or areas of lag deposits with cobbles/pebbles embedded in sand or mud and these are less well defined and may overlap into other habitat or biological subtypes. These habitats may support a wide range of infauna and epibiota including polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms, anemones, hydroids and Bryozoa. Mixed sediments with biogenic reefs  classified separately as MB2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB41","name":"Arctic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Infralittoral mixed (heterogeneous) Arctic sediments found from the extreme low water mark to  down to the lower limit for vascular plants. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB42","name":"Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (MB4-233, MB4-231, and MB2-222), polychaetes (MB4-232) and file shells (MB2-221). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this biotope complex all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This biotope complex may also include a newly proposed Chaetopterus biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed Chaetopterus sp. and small Lanice conchilega. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this biotope complex are limited to that described in the biotope SMX.VsenAsquAps and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole biotope complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB421","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnionglaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4211","name":"Lithothamnion corallioides maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Live maerl beds in sheltered, silty conditions which are dominated by Lithothamnioncorallioides with a variety of foliose and filamentous seaweeds. Live maerl is at least common but there may be noticeable amounts of dead maerl gravel and pebbles. Other species of maerl, such as Phymatolithon calcareum and Phymatolithon purpureum, may also occur as a less abundant component. Species of seaweed such as Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum. and Ulva spp. are often present, although are not restricted to this biotope, whereas Dudresnaya verticillata tends not to occur on other types of maerl beds. The anemones Anemonia viridis and Cerianthus lloydii, the polychaetes Notomastus latericeus and Caulleriella alata, the isopod Janira maculosa and the bivalve Hiatella arctica are typically found in MB4-211 where as Echinus esculentus tends to occur more in other types of maerl. The seaweeds Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum may also be present in some habitats. MB4-211 has a south-western distribution in Britain and Ireland. Sheltered, stable, fully saline maerl beds in the north of Great Britain (where L. corallioides has not been confirmed to occur) may need to be described as an analogous biotope to MB4-211 (see MB3-221)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB422","name":"Vegetated communities on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.   \r\nBeds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4221","name":"Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment or rock","description":"Shallow muddy sediments, often with boulders, cobbles and pebbles around the edges of lagoons, or other areas that are exposed to wide salinity variations are unsuitable for colonisation by many species. Such areas may be colonised by a dense blanket of ephemeral green algae such as Enteromorpha spp., Chaetomorpha linum, Cladophora liniformis or Rhizoclonium riparium. This biotope may also contain some red seaweeds, such as Furcellaria lumbricalis, but always at low abundance (compare with MB1-253). Amongst the filamentous green algae, grazing molluscs and solitary ascidians may be present. Infauna may typically include Corophium volutator, Heterochaeta costata, Tubificoides benedeni and other taxa suited for low/variable salinity environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4222","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by Phragmites australis in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports Phragmites australis reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort Myriophyllum spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 in the British National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1995)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4223","name":"Association with Potamogeton pectinatus in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of Potamogeton pectinatus. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of unit MB5-224, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Potamogeton leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout ( Salmo trutta ), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB423","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediments","description":"Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (MB4-233, MB4-231, and MB2-222), polychaetes (MB4-232) and file shells (MB2-221). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this habitat type all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This habitat type may also include a newly proposed Chaetopterus biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed Chaetopterus sp. and small Lanice conchilega. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this habitat type are limited to that described in the biotope MB4-233 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4231","name":"Crepidula fornicata with ascidians and anemones on Atlantic infralittoral coarse mixed sediment","description":"Medium-coarse sands with gravel, shells, pebbles and cobbles on moderately exposed coasts may support populations of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata with ascidians and anemones. C. fornicata is common in this biotope though not as abundant as in the muddier estuarine biotope MB4-242 to which this is related. Anemones such as Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum and ascidians such as Styela clava are typically found in this biotope. Bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea are also found along with polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega. Little information is available with regard the infauna of this biotope but given the nature of the sediment the infaunal communities are liable to resemble those in biotopes from sublittoral coarse sediment and subunits. As with MC4-214 this biotope could be considered a superficial or epibiotic overlay but more data is required to support this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4232","name":"Sabella pavonina with sponges and anemones on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravelly sand with pebbles off shallow, sheltered or moderately exposed coasts or embayments may support dense populations of the peacock worm Sabella pavonina. This community may also support populations of sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum, Haliclona oculata and Halichondria panicea and anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Cerianthus lloydii and Urticina felina. Hydroids such as Hydrallmania falcata and the encrusting polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter are also important. This biotope may have an extremely diverse epifaunal community. Less is known about its infaunal component, although it is likely to include polychaetes such as Nephtys spp., Harmothoe spp., Glycera spp., syllid and cirratulid polychaetes, bivalves such as Abra spp., Aoridae amphipods and brittlestars such as Amphipholis squamata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4233","name":"Venerupis senegalensis, Amphipholis squamata and Apseudes latreilli in Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered muddy sandy gravel and pebbles in marine inlets, estuaries or embayments with variable salinity or fully marine conditions, support large populations of the pullet carpet shell Venerupis senegalensis with the brittlestar Amphipholis squamata and the tanaid Apseudes latreilli. This biotope may be found at a range of depths from 5m to 30m although populations of V. senegalensis may also be found on the low shore. Other common species within this biotope include the gastropod Calyptraea chinensis, a range of amphipod crustacea such as Corophium sextonae and Maera grossimana and polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Melinna palmata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Syllids and tubificid oligochaetes. Many of the available records for this biotope are from southern inlets and estuaries such as Plymouth Sound and Milford Haven but V. senegalensis has a much wider distribution and it should be noted that northern versions of this biotope may a have a much lower species diversity than reported here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB424","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediments in estuarine conditions, often with surface shells or stones, enabling the development of diverse epifaunal communities, e.g. Crepidula fornicata (MB4-242), as well as infaunal communities. This habitat type is therefore often quite species rich, compared with purer sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4241","name":"Aphelochaeta spp. and Polydora spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy mixed sediments in estuaries or marine inlets with variable or reduced/low salinity communities characterised by Aphelochaeta marioni and Polydora ciliata may be present. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes Nephtys hombergii, Caulleriella zetlandica and Melinna palmata, tubificid oligochaetes and bivalves such as Abra nitida. Conspicuous epifauna may include members of the bivalve family Cardiidae (cockles) and the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata. This biotope is often found in polyhaline waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4242","name":"Crepidula fornicata and Mediomastus fragilis in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Variable salinity mixed sediment characterised by the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata and the polychaetes Mediomastus fragilis and Aphelochaeta marioni. Other numerically important taxa include the oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii, syllids such as Exogone  naidina and Sphaerosyllis, and Nephtys hombergii. Lepidonotus squamatus and Scoloplos armiger may also be common. Shell debris and cobbles are colonised by the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra, Molgula sp. and Dendrodoa grossularia (the ascidians may not be recorded adequately by remote infaunal survey techniques).          \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in the lower estuary where currents allow a stable environment to develop. It is associated with oyster beds and relict oyster beds, (MB2-222) in southern England and Wales. It may be found adjacent to or in conjunction with MB6-252 and MB4-241. It may be associated with MB4-233 and possibly form a component of MB6-242."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB43","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nAttached algae, phanerogams, Charales, sessile and mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB431","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4311","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4312","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB432","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of submerged rooted plants which also includes plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia spp., Chara aspera\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4321","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4322","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp.and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4323","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4324","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Charales","description":"altic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment:       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu ; Exposure range: low  Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.       \r\nCharacteristic species Chara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida, Chara baltica               \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4325","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated  by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea\r\nHelcom Red List category : near threathened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB433","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of perennial attached algae is at least 10 % , and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea  Habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence. The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4331","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, Fucus spp. constitutesat least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4332","name":"Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4333","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated  by foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, foliose red algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp., Delesseria sanguinea\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4334","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, kelp constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata\r\nGeographic range\r\n (Kattegat), the Sound and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4335","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, perennial filamentous algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia fucoides, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris, Rhodomela confervoides\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB434","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of aquatic moss is at least 10 %, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis antipyretica\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB435","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Dreissena polymorpha\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4351","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by  sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,  Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4352","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized  by  sparse Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Zebra mussel constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nGeographic range\r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB436","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts (Ascidiacea, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula ssp )\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB437","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB438","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4381","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta   \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4382","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB439","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sedimen characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustaceans cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 3 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae (Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides)\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43A","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43B","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation is at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis, Fucus spp., Ceratophyllum demersum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sedimentdominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, Fucus radicans\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from coasts of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B3","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nTypical along the shore of the Baltic states\r\n\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B4","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Ceratophyllum demersum","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which unattached Ceratophyllum demersum (rigid hornwort) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume. Found in sheltered bays.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2 meters \r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nCeratophyllum demersum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43C","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by soft crustose algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of soft crustose algae is at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups and unattached algae cover less than 10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43D","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone to about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis, Dictyosiphon spp. Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43D1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by filamentous annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, filamentous annual alagae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone to about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis, Dictyosiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43D2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/o rHalosiphon tomentosus algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43E","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae, soft crustose algae or annual algae cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43F","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Sessile/semi-sessile macroscopic epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10 % coverage. Microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails dominate. Grazing snails (e.g. Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia, Radix) constitute 50 % in biomass or volume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43G","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized  by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile macroscopic epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43H","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: the deepest part of the photic zone                          \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB44","name":"Black Sea infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"The substrate is often patchy and is comprised of a mix of cobbles, pebbles, shelly gravels and silted cobbles. The effects of currents and wave action are varied, and influences the type of substrate present and whether it is overlain by  silt. These different substrates can support a diverse range of faunal communities. These include spirorbid worms, crustaceans and ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB441","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral (coastal) detritic bottoms","description":"The substrate is often patchy and is comprised of a mix of cobbles, pebbles, shelly gravels and silted cobbles. The effects of currents and wave action are varied, and influences the type of substrate present and whether it is overlain by  silt. These different substrates can support a diverse range of faunal communities. These include spirorbid worms, crustaceans and ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB45","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"To date, no habitats have been described under this level 3 habitat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB5","name":"Infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB51","name":"Arctic infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets of the Arctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB52","name":"Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. Clean sands typically lack a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods (Bathyporeia) and robust polychaetes including Nephtys cirrosa and Lanice conchilega. Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes (Magelona mirabilis, Spiophanes bombyx and Chaetozone setosa), bivalves (Fabulina fibula and Chamelea gallina) and the urchin Echinocardium cordatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB521","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sand and slightly gravelly sand, in moderately exposed and sheltered conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional Laminaria saccharina with an undergrowth of red algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with MB3-2112, include Plocamium cartilagineum, Polyides rotundus, Polysiphonia elongate and Lomentaria clavellosa. Coralline encrusting algae is much less important in this biotope as a result of a lack of suitable substrate. Brown algal species present, as with other subunits of MB3-211, include Desmarestia spp., Dictyota dichotoma and Chorda filum, all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed Ulva sp. may also be present. The sandy substrate is home to a variety of typical sand dwelling infauna including polychaetes (Scoloplos armiger, Exogone hebes, and Aricidea minuta), amphipods (Ampelisca brevicornis), and bivalves (Lucinoma borealis and Abra alba). Arenicola worm casts and Lanice worm tubes may be visible at the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB522","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Beds of submerged marine angiosperms in the genera  Cymodocea ,  Halophila ,  Posidonia ,  Ruppia ,  Thalassia ,  Zostera ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5221","name":"Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa of the Atlantic shores of southern Iberia, northwestern Africa and the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB52211","name":"Macaronesian Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa or Cymodocea and Caulerpa spp., in particular Caulerpa prolifera, occupying large surfaces, on sandy substrates at depths of 1-15 metres, around the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB52212","name":"Lusitanian Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa of the southernmost Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5222","name":"Canary Island Halophila beds","description":"Halophila decipiens colonies of Tenerife, at depths between 10 and 14 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5223","name":"Zostera marina/angustifolia beds on Atlantic infralittoral clean or muddy sand","description":"Expanses of clean or muddy fine sand and sandy mud in shallow water and on the lower shore (typically to about 5 m depth) can have dense stands of Zostera marina/angustifolia Note: the taxonomic status of Z. angustifolia is currently under consideration. In MB5-223 the community composition may be dominated by these Zostera species and therefore characterised by the associated biota. Other biota present can be closely related to that of areas of sediment not containing Zostera marina, for example, Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and infaunal species such as Ensis spp. and Echinocardium cordatum (e.g. Bamber 1993). From the available data it would appear that a number of sub-biotopes may be found within this biotope dependant on the nature of the substratum and it should be noted that sparse beds of Zostera marina may be more readily characterised by their infaunal community. For example, coarse marine sands with seagrass have associated communities similar to MB3-233, MB3-237 or MB3-235 whilst muddy sands may have infaunal populations related to MB5-235, MB5-237 and MB5-236. Muddy examples of this biotope may show similarities to MB6-242, MB6-249, MB6-248 or MB6-248. At present the data does not permit a detailed description of these sub-biotopes but it is likely that with further study the relationships between these assemblages will be clarified. Furthermore, whilst the Zostera biotope may be considered an epibiotic overlay of established sedimentary communities it is likely that the presence of Zostera will modify the underlying community to some extent. For example, beds of this biotope in the south-west of Britain may contain conspicuous and distinctive assemblages of Lusitanian fauna such as Laomedea angulata, Hippocampus spp. and Stauromedusae. In addition, it is known that seagrass beds play an important role in the trophic status of marine and estuarine waters, acting as an important conduit or sink for nutrients and consequently some examples of Zostera marina beds have markedly anoxic sediments associated with them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5224","name":"Ruppia maritima in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sand","description":"In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of Ruppia maritima and more rarely Ruppia spiralis may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as Gasterosteus aculeatus which is less common on filamentous algal-dominated sediments. Seaweeds such as Chaetomorpha spp., Enteromorpha spp., Cladophora spp., and Chorda filum are also often present in addition to occasional fucoids. In some cases the stoneworts Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera occur. Infaunal and epifaunal species may include mysid crustacea, the polychaete Arenicola marina, the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae, the amphipod Corophium volutator and oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata. In some areas Zosteramarina may also be interspersed with the Ruppia beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB523","name":"Faunal communities of full salinity Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets.         \r\nIn clean sands, the habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods (Bathyporeia) and robust polychaetes including Nephtys cirrosa and Lanice conchilega.          \r\nIn non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay), the habitat supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes (Magelona mirabilis, Spiophanes bombyx and Chaetozone setosa), bivalves (Fabulina fibula and Chamelea gallina) and the urchin Echinocardium cordatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5231","name":"Sparse fauna in Atlantic infralittoral mobile clean sand","description":"Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic populations of infaunal amphipods may occur, particularly in less mobile examples in conjunction with low numbers of mysids such as Gastrosaccus spinifer, the polychaete Nephtys cirrosa and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. Sand eels Ammodytes sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others). This biotope is more mobile than MB5-233 and may be closely related to MA5-231 on the shore. Common epifaunal species such as Pagurus bernhardus, Liocarcinus depurator, Carcinus maenas and Asterias rubens may be encountered and are the most conspicuous species present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5232","name":"Sertularia cupressina and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles","description":"Shallow sands with cobbles and pebbles, exposed to strong tidal streams, with conspicuous colonies of hydroids, particularly Hydrallmania falcata and to a lesser extent Sertularia cupressina and S. argentea. These hydroids are tolerant to periodic submergence and scour by sand. Both diving and dredge surveys will easily record this biotope. Flustra foliacea, Balanus crenatus and Alcyonidium diaphanum may also occur on the more stable cobbles and pebbles, with Urticina felina and occasional Lanice conchilega present in the sand. Infaunal components of the other biotopes of sublittoral sand or coarse sediments may occur in this biotope as may elements of the 'Venus' associations; indeed, this biotope may be at one extreme of the spectrum of such associations (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997) and this biotope may be best considered an epibiotic overlay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5233","name":"Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Well-sorted medium and fine sands characterised by Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. (and sometimes Pontocrates spp.) which occur in the shallow sublittoral to at least 30 m depth. This biotope occurs in sediments subject to physical disturbance, as a result of wave action (and occasionally strong tidal streams). The magelonid polychaete Magelona mirabilis may be frequent in this biotope in more sheltered, less tideswept areas whilst in coarser sediments the opportunistic polychaete Chaetozone setosa may be commonly found. The faunal diversity of this biotope is considerably reduced compared to less disturbed biotopes (such as unit MB5-236) and for the most part consists of the more actively-swimming amphipods. Sand eels Ammodytes sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others) and spionid polychaetes such as Spio filicornis and S. martinensis may also be present. Occasional Lanice conchilega may be visible at the sediment surface.                   \r\nTemporal variation: Stochastic recruitment events in the Nephtys cirrosa populations may be very important to the population size of other polychaetes present and may therefore create a degree of variation in community composition (Bamber 1994)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5234","name":"Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated by Corophium crassicorne with other tube building amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. also common. Other taxa include typical shallow sand fauna such as Spiophanes bombyx, Urothoe elegans, Bathyporeia spp. along with various polychaetes including Exogone hebes and Lanice conchilega. Polydora ciliata may also be abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface, Arenicola marina worm casts may be visible and occasional seaweeds such as Laminaria saccharina may be present. As many of the sites featuring this biotope are situated near to fish farms it is possible that it may have developed as the result of moderate nutrient enrichment. The distribution of this biotope is poorly known and like the muddier MB6-245, to which it is related, appears to have a patchy distribution.            \r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5235","name":"Echinocardium cordatum and Ensis spp. in Atlantic infralittoral slightly muddy fine sand","description":"Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin Echinocardium cordatum and the razor shell Ensis siliqua or Ensis ensis. Other notable taxa within this biotope include occasional Lanice conchilega, Pagurus and Liocarcinus spp. and Asterias rubens. This biotope has primarily been recorded by epifaunal dive, video or trawl surveys where the presence of relatively conspicuous taxa such as E. cordatum and Ensis spp. have been recorded as characteristic of the community. However, these species, particularly E. cordatum have a wide distribution and are not necessarily the best choice for a characteristic taxa (Thorson, 1957). Furthermore, detailed quantitative infaunal data for this biotope is often rather scarce, possibly as a result of survey method as remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate deep-burrowing species such as Ensis sp. (Warwick & Davis 1977). Consequently, it may be better to treat this biotope as an epibiotic overlay which is likely to overlap a number of other biotopes such as units MB5-236, MB5-233 and MC5-214 with infaunal components of these biotopes occurring within MB5-235. The precise nature of this infaunal community will be related to the nature of the substratum, in particular the quantity of silt/clay present. Infaunal species may include the polychaetes Spiophanes bombyx, Magelona mirabilis, Nephtys cirrosa and Chaetozone setosa and the amphipod Bathyporeia spp. This biotope is currently broadly defined and needs further consideration as to whether it should be placed at biotope or biotope complex level. MB5-237 is another biotope based primarily on epibiotic data. It is likely that this biotope and MB5-235 form a wider epibiotic sand /muddy sand community with MB5-235 biased towards sandier areas and MB5-237 towards slightly muddier areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5236","name":"Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis with venerid bivalves and amphipods in Atlantic infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand","description":"In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as Chamelea gallina. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis or other species of Magelona (e.g. M. filiformis). Other taxa, including the amphipod Bathyporeia spp. and polychaetes such as Chaetozone setosa, Spiophanes bombyx and Nephtys spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve Spisula elliptica may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of Magelona and F. Fabulina tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of F. fabulina in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. MB5-236 and MB3-233 are collectively considered to be the 'shallow Venus community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic Venus Community' and 'Mediterranean Venus Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the Ophelia borealis community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer et al. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes MB5-235 and MB5-237 may also overlay this biotope in some areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5237","name":"Arenicola marina in Atlantic infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand","description":"In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete Arenicola marina may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator, terebellid polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega and the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii. Occasional Sabella pavonina and frequent Ensis spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like unit MB5-235 (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other sublittoral sand biotopes.         \r\nTemporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5238","name":"Spisula subtruncata and Nephtys hombergii in Atlantic infralittoral muddy sand","description":"In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve Spisula subtruncata and the polychaete Nephtys hombergii may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between MB5-236 and MC5-214 with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than MB5-236 and less muddy than MC5-214) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include Abra alba, Fabulina fabula spp. and Mysella bidentata spp. In addition, Diastylis rathkei/typical, Philine aperta (in muddier sediments), Ampelisca spp., Ophiura albida, Phaxas pellucidus and occasionally Bathyporeia spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment S. solida or S. elliptica may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of Spisula subtruncata in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope.                \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of MB5-236 and MC5-214 rather than an established biotope in itself. For example MB5-238 has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. MC5-214) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter Melanitta nigra (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5239","name":"Turritella in Atlantic infralittoral Atlantic muddy sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB523A","name":"Ervillia castanea beds in infralittoral Atlantic sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB524","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Clean sands that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is moderately strong, allowing the sedimentation of sand but not the finer silt fraction. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by brackish-water tolerant fauna, particularly amphipods, polychaetes and mysid shrimps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5241","name":"Infralittoral Atlantic mobile sand in variable salinity","description":"Very mobile sand in areas of strong tidal currents and variable salinity. No stable community is able to develop within this extremely mobile and abrasive habitat. The fauna encountered in this habitat consists of epifaunal crustaceans or relatively low numbers of robust species, such as the isopod Eurydice pulchra or Mesopodopsis slabberi. The polychaete Capitella capitata may occur frequently in some areas. Other taxa such as the polychaetes Eteone spp. and Arenicola marina, the mysid Neomysisinteger and the amphipods Bathyporeia spp. and Haustorius arenarius may also be washed in from adjacent communities. This biotope is found in tidal channels of estuaries and areas where water movement keeps silt and mud in suspension, and excludes even the more robust infauna. If oligochaetes, polychaetes and bivalves are present in any numbers within this habitat type then care must be taken to avoid the inclusion of juvenile or spat recruitment counts which may mask the presence of this biotope. This is particularly relevant as sampling usually occurs at slack water periods when settlement takes place"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5242","name":"Nephtys cirrosa and Limecola  balthica in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Mobile sand in variable salinity conditions where tidal currents create an unstable shifting habitat. Characteristic species include the polychaetes Nephtys cirrosa and Scoloplos armiger along with amphipods of the genus Bathyporeia and Haustoriusarenarius. The bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may occur in more stable examples of this biotope, although not in the abundances found in unit MB6-241. The biotope contains relatively few species, each typically in low to moderate abundance. It is found in tidal channels with moderate tidal streams. Care should be taken in identification of this biotope due to the presence juveniles and species washed in during slack water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5243","name":"Neomysis integer and Gammarus spp. in fluctuating low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Upper estuary mobile fine muddy sands with very low fluctuating salinity characterised by the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer (see Arndt 1991) and amphipods of the genus Gammarus spp. This habitat has a rather sparse infauna and species such as N. integer will most likely be found on the sediment surface or just above it whilst Gammarus may be under loose weed, stones or other detritus on the sediment surface. The harsh physicochemical regime imposed by such environmental conditions in the upper estuary leads to a relatively impoverished community but high densities of the mobile, salinity-tolerant, crustaceans can occur. The biotope is found in the transitional zone between freshwater and brackish environments, relying on the decreased freshwater input during the summer for penetration of the brackish species up-stream. As such this biotope may also contain elements of freshwater communities.         \r\nSituation: It may be found in conjunction with MB6-257, although it lacks appreciable numbers of oligochaetes.               \r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of Neomysis may to fluctuate on a seasonal basis due high over wintering mortality (Gameson 1982) and the location of this biotope within the estuary may also shift upstream or downstream on a seasonal or yearly basis related in part to the freshwater flow into the estuary as has been noted in the Humber (Allen et al. 2003)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB53","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB531","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5311","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <3 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5312","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <1 meter\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB532","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5321","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, ponweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5322","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nZannichellia spp., Ruppia spp, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5323","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5324","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Tolypella nidifica, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5325","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Najas marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad (Najas marina) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea  Especially some very sheltered, oligohaline German Boddens, the Puck, Vistula and Curonian Lagoon, as well as Finnish and Swedish flads and glo-flads are typical localities where the biotope occurs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5326","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5327","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.            \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to exposed; Depth range: from 1 to about 8 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5328","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Eleocharis spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB533","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 %  or less of the seabed  and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5331","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,  Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.       \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicol"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB534","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.   Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum demersum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5341","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  No perennial attached erect group has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 5 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5342","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.          \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 5 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f. pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the coasts of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5343","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.       \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 10 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB535","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5351","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halisiphon tomentosus constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.     \r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5352","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  dominated by Vaucheria spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Of the annual algae, Vaucheria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <7 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVaucheria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nFrom southern Baltic Sea to northern Bothnian Bay and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB536","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae cover more than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB537","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves is at least 10 % and highest of the groups infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica) Arctica islandica, Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp., Chamelea striatula\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5371","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.         \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in all exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5372","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Cerastoderma spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Cerastoderma spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biomass         \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma glaucum, Cerastoderma edule\r\nGeographic range\r\nGerman inner bights, the Sound"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5373","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.        \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5374","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Mya arenaria","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.    \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5375","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by  multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5376","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB538","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wiwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5381","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 %of the infaunal macrocommunity biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp, Travisia forbesii, Tanaissus spp, Streptosyllis spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5382","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Arenicola marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes Arenicola marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters, Appears in from low to high wave exposure. Salinity >10 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArenicola marina, Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma sp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5383","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB539","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Bathyporeia pilosa, Oligochaeta, Haustorius arenarius, Cyathura carinata, Hediste diversicolor\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB53A","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB53B","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- or microvegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB54","name":"Black Sea infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB541","name":"Estuarine Black sea infralittoral sand","description":"Estuarine infralittoral sands in front of the large rivers such as the Danube  in the north-west Black Sea form an important habitat type, often with underwater dunes. The habitat also occurs in association with smaller rivers. Characteristic species: Mostly euryhaline species: -Gammarus marinus, Idothea tricuspidata, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Palaemon adspersus, Cerastoderma glaucum, Bittium reticulatumare common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB542","name":"Black Sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands without macroalgae","description":"Sandy habitats dominated by faunal species occurring in the infralittoral zone down to 20m depth with much variations. This ranges from medium to coarse grained sands on exposed beaches to off-shore infralittoral fine sand banks and includes many types of surface features at different scales (banks, ripples, mounds and burrows of infauna). The depth and waves or current exposure are important elements in defining the species composition"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB543","name":"Black sea infralittoral muddy sand","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) in the lower infralittoral zone. The habitat is dominated by faunal species including ghost shrimps and bivalves. Characteristic species: Upogebia pusilla, Mya arenaria, Anadara inaequivalvis, Abra alba, Spisula subtruncata and Pitar rudis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB544","name":"Black sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands with annual algae","description":"Infralittoral sands and muddy sands in the Black Sea are typically found in sheltered environments close to the coast, most commonly in deltas, bays, estuaries or lagoons. Due to the low energy environments algal species are able to form stands on the sediment surface. These algal stands are typically characterised by lamina green algae species of the genera Ulva and Cladophora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB545","name":"Black sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands with stable aggregations of perennial unattached macroalgae","description":"Infralittoral sands and muddy sands with unattached forms of macroalgae, in particular the ball-like form of the red algaPhyllophora crispavar.sphaerica. The classic example of this habitat is the Small Phyllophora field (SPF) National Botanical Reserve, which lies in shallow water (less than 16 m) on sand with shells in Karkinitsky Bay, Ukraine. Characteristic species: Macrophyte species diversity is not high, comprising about 20 species, chiefly Zostera noltii and P. crispa. The Phyllophorabeds support a specialized fauna of more than 110 species of invertebrates and 47 species of fish that use the alga for breeding, food and shelter (many even having a reddish colouration). The main groups of macrozoobenthos recorded from the SPF in 2000 in terms of number of species, abundance and biomass were molluscs, polychaetes and crustaceans, with the most common species (with occurrence 60%) being: Mytilaster linneatus, Bittium reticulatum, Harmothoe reticulata, Nereis zonataandSynisoma capito."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB546","name":"Seagrass and rhizomatous algal meadows in Black Sea freshwater influenced infralittoral muddy sands","description":"Sheltered shallow (0.5-2 m) coastal waters such as embayments, inlets, bights, harbours and estuaries, more or less influenced by freshwater (salinity 0.5-10 psu), where sedimentary stability leads to muddy sands. Mixed or monospecific meadows are formed byZostera noltei, Ruppia maritima, R. cirrhosa, Chara spp.,Stuckenia pectinata (synPotamogeton pectinatus), Najas minor and Ranunculus baudotii. Algae commonly found include species of Cladophora and Ulva which are tolerant of very low salinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB547","name":"Black sea seagrass meadows on moderately exposed upper infralittoral clean sands","description":"Seagrass meadows on clean sands in the upper infralittoral zone at depths between 0.2 to 3m and a low silt content of 5-10%. The dominant seagrass species is Zostera noltei, which may form monospecific or mixed meadows with Zostera marina, Ruppia  maritima, R cirrhosa and Zannichellia pedicellata. Red and green algae may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB548","name":"Black sea seagrass meadows on lower infralittoral sands","description":"Seagrass meadows are found on sandy and sandy-muddy bottoms in sheltered habitats with sufficient light penetration for the growth of vascular plants. Zostera marinais generally dominant and may form pure stands but other species of seagrass may occur, together with red and green algae. Characteristic species: Zostera marina, Zostera noltei, Cystoseira barbata, Gracilaria gracilis. 115 macroalgal species have been recorded in this habitat type in the Black Sea. Typical genera are: Ceramium, Cladophora, Kylinia, Laurencia, Melobesia and Polysiphonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB55","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets of the Mediterranean. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean fine surface sands","description":"These assemblages occur in very shallow water with seabottoms characterised by fine sands, usually with homogenous granulometry and of terrigenous origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5511","name":"Facies with Lentidium mediterraneum","description":"This facies is present in shallow water and is characterised by the mollusc bivalve Lentidium mediterraneum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5512","name":"Facies with Donax trunculus","description":"It is an important constituent of the surface macrofauna of the sandy bottoms and predominantly colonizes the seafloor from the shore line to -2.5m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB552","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean well sorted fine sands","description":"Stretches of fine sands continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of fine sands at high level; the sediment is usually of homogeneous granulometry and terrigenous origin. The biocenosis begins at around 2-2.5 meters and may reach a depth of 25 meters; sometimes it occupies vast areas along the coasts or in wide bays.\r\nLocally, the biocenosis of well sorted fine sands tolerates a slight lack of saltiness in the water near estuaries and surrounding some Mediterranean ponds. It thus presents a certain impoverishment, offset by the presence of some euryhaline species. When the wave action is too strong, the biocenosis can also be impoverished. Locally, the Cymodocea nodosa phanerogam can colonise certain areas, where it will constitute a local facies with epiflora. The fairly localized presence of some species (Caulerpa prolifera, Halophila stipulacea…) also determines the forming of local facies. The characteristic species are pelecypod molluscs (e.g. Donax venustus, Atlantella pulchella, Peronaea planata, Acanthocardia tuberculata), gastropods (e.g. Nassarius mutabilis sufflatus and Neverita josephinia), crustaceans (e.g. Crangon crangon and Iphinoe josephina) and small fish (e.g. Pomatoschistus microps, Callionymus risso, Solea solea and Trachinus draco)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5521","name":"Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands","description":"This association, characterised by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, lives on soft bottoms formed by well sorted fine sands and can constitute a local facies with epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5522","name":"Association with Halophila stipulacea","description":"The facies characterised by the seagrass Halophila stipulacea lives on soft bottoms with fine sands that are fairly enriched by fine particles. Colonies of Halophila stipulacea have invaded the Mediterranean as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal; they have been reported from continental Greece, the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, Samos, the Maltese Islands. Its phytosociological name: the Giaccone 1968 association with Halophiletum stipulaceae. It can be associated with Cymodocea nodosa, Caulerpa prolifera and Caulerpa racemosa. The epiphytic flora has been described; it is very typical of the phanerogams, by and large fairly poor, probably related to the fairly frequent renewal of its leaves. The fauna is probably made up of species met with among the photophilous algae, found in most phanerogam meadows. The sediment fauna is the same as that of the biocenosis of well sorted fine sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB553","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species. These variations in the environment are linked to fairly strong sedimentation conditions, to climatic conditions, with very great differences in temperature between winter and summer and even during the same day, to the possibility of rainwater runoff or ground water seepage, and to anthropic action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5531","name":"Facies with Pestarella tyrrhena and Bornia sebetia","description":"This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp Pestarella tyrrhena(formerly Callianassa tyrrhena) and the bivalve mollusc Bornia sebetia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5532","name":"Facies with fresh water resurgences with Cerastoderma glaucum and Cyathura carinata","description":"This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve molluscs Cerastoderma glaucum and Cyathura carinata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5533","name":"Facies with Loripes orbiculatus and Tapes spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by a development of several bivalve mollusc species: Loripes orbiculatus, Ruditapes decussatus, Polititapes aureus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5534","name":"Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This association is characterised by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and is present when the water is actively renewed and there is no trace of desalination."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5535","name":"Association with Zostera noltei on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"Association with the Zostera noltei on muddy sands in sheltered waters. The Zostera noltei constitutes a bed in areas where there is an active deposit of fine matter. The epifauna of the vascular plants is poor. The population can tolerate a slight local lack of salt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5536","name":"Association with Caulerpa prolifera on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This facies is characterised by the green alga Caulerpa prolifera and is present in the warmest areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5537","name":"Facies of hydrothermal oozes with Tritia neritea and nematodes","description":"This facies is characterised by the gastropod Tritia neritea and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 meters depth with high hydrothermal activity, which constitute a very special environment: greatly reduced sediment, poor macrofauna, and meiofauna dominated by a rich community of nematodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB554","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis on sand","description":"Saline lagoons or occasionally in estuaries with sandy sediments where the salinity is variable over the short or long term (daily to annual). Characteristic species include Vascular plants (Ruppia cirrhosa, R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata, Zostera marina, Z. noltei, Cymodocea nodosa); (Polychaete worms (Hediste diversicolor, Alitta succinea); Bivalves (Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra segmentum, Scrobicularia plana, Loripes orbiculatus, Gastrana fragilis, Tapes spp., Ostrea edulis); Gasteropods (Rissoa spp., Nassarius reticulatus, Cyclope neritea); Amphipods (Gammarus locusta, Microdeutopus sp.), Isopods (Lekanesphaera hookeri, Cyathura carinata, Idotea chelipes)  and the shore crab Carcinus aestuarii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5541","name":"Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on sand","description":"Submerged beds of Ruppia maritima or Ruppia cirrhosa and of Chara spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean. Ruppia are phanerogams which live submerged on sandy or muddy bottoms. This genus is cosmopolitan and the Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima species are present throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.\r\nRuppia maritima is more frequent in temporary peripheral environments, in shallow water presenting low salinity (basically from 5 to 20, never more than 30). It is accompanied by Zannichellia palustris and Chara aspera. In areas with the highest salinity, R. maritima is accompanied by Althenia filiformis and R. cirrhosa appears. The fauna has affinities with freshwater fauna, and is dominated by insects (Heteroptera, Odonata, Diptera).\r\nRuppia cirrhosa is found in permanent or semi-permanent (short drying up) environments, subject to conditions of variable salinity, basically between 5 and 35, but withstanding oversalty environments. According to the salinity, R. cirrhosa may be accompanied by R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata and/or Zostera noltei (and Cymodocea nodosa). The accompanying fauna is that of the euryhaline and eurythermal brackish environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5542","name":"Association with Stuckenia pectinata on sand","description":"Low (0 to 10) and variable salinity infralittoral  sand rich in organic matter with beds of Stuckenia pectinata (Syn Potamogeton pectinatus), associated with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Stuckenia leaves and amongst the algae. The  charophyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophiumvolutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5543","name":"Association with Halopithys incurva on sand","description":"The association with Halopithys incurva is present in the most marine sectors of Mediterranean lagoons. The salinity there is identical or close to that of the open sea, the differences in termperature are strictly seasonal, the oxygenation of the environment is normal, the concentrations of organic matter and pollutants in the water are low, and depth is of the order of 3 to 5 meters or more, according to the clearness of the water.\r\nThe main plant species belong to the Rhodophyceae: Halopithys incurva, Rythiphlaea tinctoria and Alsidium corallinum. H. incurva is more common in the Etang de Thau (southern coasts of France) and Rythiphlaea tinctoria in the Stagnone de Marsala (western Sicily, Italy).\r\nThe fauna, especially studied in Sicily, is typically that of the fronds of algae of the upper part of the infralittoral stage: Polychaete annelids Syllis spp., Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii; the mollusc Nodolus contortus; the amphipod crustaceans Elasmospus pocillimanus, Maera inaequipes, Lysiannassa longicornis, and the tanaidaceans Leptochelia guttatus, L. savignyi, Apseudes latreillii and Parapseudes latifrons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5544","name":"Association with Zostera noltii in euryhaline and eurythermal environment on sand","description":"The association with Zostera noltei develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, either at the entrances to the lagoons (graus) or even within the lagoons, where it develops monospecific phanerogam populations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. Given its wide potential, it constitutes the epiflora of various habitats. In the case of this association of the euryhaline and eurythermal lagoon biocenosis, the fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs with some addition of marine water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5545","name":"Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal environment","description":"The association with Zostera marina develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, near the entrances to lagoons (graus), even inside the lagoons, where it develops remarkably at greater depths than Z. noltei, in ‘marinized’ lagoons and, more rarely, in the open sea, in sheltered stations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. The fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, with sizeable additions of sea water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB6","name":"infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as Amphiura spp.  Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB61","name":"Arctic infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud in the Arctic extending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB611","name":"Marine Arctic infralittoral fine mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6111","name":"Astarte crenata beneath high salinity cold polar water","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB62","name":"Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents. Such habitats are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours.             \r\nInfralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, have a rich variety of polychaetes including Melinna palmate, tube building amphipods (Ampelisca spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Mysella bidentata. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.              \r\nMud with minimal sand content have populations of the lugworm Arenicolamarina may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch Philine aperta and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this biotope complex are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suit of infaunal species found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB621","name":"Vegetated communities on Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.            \r\nBeds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum on sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum. Beneath the kelp canopy, Ulva lactuca is often frequent and some filamentous and foliose red algae may be present, along with filamentous brown ectocarpoid algae although in much lower abundance than in the MB3-211 subunits. At the sediment surface ubiquitous fauna such as Asterias rubens, crabs such as Pagurus bernhardus, Carcinus maenas, and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria may be visable and in some areas Sabella pavonina may be present. Given the nature of the sediment it is likely that a wide range of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes are present including Arenicola marina, Mediomastus fragilis and Anaitides mucosa. In more tideswept areas with coarser and generally less muddy sediments MB6-211 may be replaced by one of the sub units of MB3-211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6212","name":"Mats of Trailliella on Atlantic infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Dense loose-lying beds of the ' Trailliella ' phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera may occur in extremely sheltered shallow muddy environments. Beds of this alga are often 10 cm thick but may reach 100 cm at some sites. Other loose-lying algae may also occur such as Audouinella floridula, Phyllophora crispa and species of Derbesia. Often the mud is gravelly or with some cobbles and may be black and anoxic close to the sediment surface. This biotope is widely distributed in lagoons, sealochs and voes but should only be described as MB6-212 when a continuous mat is found. It is likely that the infaunal component of this biotope may be considerably modified by the overwhelming quantity of loose-lying algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6213","name":"Loose-lying mats of Phyllophora crispa on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Infralittoral muddy sand and sandy mud, sometimes with some shells or pebbles, and a dense, loose-lying cover of Phyllophora crispa. This biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions such as those found in sealochs and voes. MB6-213 is similar to other biotopes described with dense, loose-lying algae but has been less frequently recorded, and from the few records available, appears to occur in slightly deeper infralittoral waters primarily between 10m to 30m and typically in fully saline waters. The seaweeds in this biotope may be epiphytised by ascidians such as Ascidiella aspera. Kelp such as Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds including Plocamium cartilagineum may be present in some areas. The scallops Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis may also be found occasionally in this biotope and Trailliella / Bonnemaisonia hamifera may also be present but not at the levels found in MB6-212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB622","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnion glaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6221","name":"Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow, sheltered infralittoral muddy plains with Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl. This rarely recorded maerl species forms flattened masses or balls several centimetres in diameter (Irvine & Chamberlain 1994). Unit MB6-221 may be found on mud and muddy gravel mixed with shell. Species of anemone typical of sheltered conditions may be found in association, for example, Anthopleura ballii, Cereus pedunculatus and Sagartiogeton undatus. Polychaetes such as Myxicola infundibulum and terebellids, also characteristic of sheltered conditions, may be present as may hydroids such as Kirchenpaueria pinnata. Occasional Chlamys varia and Thyone fuscus are present in all records of this biotope and red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis jubata and Chylocladia verticillata are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB623","name":"Vegetated communities in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Beds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6231","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by Phragmites australis on Atlantic reduced salinity infralittoral mud","description":"Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports Phragmites australis reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort Myriophyllum spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 in the British National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1995)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6232","name":"Association with Potamogeton pectinatus on Atlantic reduced salinity infralittoral mud","description":"Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of Potamogeton pectinatus. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of unit MB5-224, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Potamogeton leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB624","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"This habitat is generally found in sheltered bays or marine inlets and along sheltered areas of open coast.        \r\nIn infralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, typical species include a rich variety of polychaetes including Melinna palmate, tube building amphipods (Ampelisca spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Mysella bidentata. Sea pens such as Virgulariamirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.     \r\nShallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours. Populations of the lugworm Arenicola marina may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch Philine aperta and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this habitat type are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suite of infaunal species found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6241","name":"Nephtys hombergii andLimecola  balthica in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Near-shore shallow sandy muds and muds, and sometimes mixed sediments, may be characterised by the presence of the polychaete Nephtys hombergii and the bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Abra alba, and Nucula nitidosa may also be important although they may not necessarily occur simultaneously or in high numbers. Other taxa include Spiophanes bombyx, Lagis koreni, and Echinocardium cordatum. In some areas Scoloplos armiger and Crangon crangon may also be present. The community appears to be quite stable (Dewarumez et al. 1992) and the substratum is typically rich in organic content. This community has been included in the 'Boreal Offshore Muddy Sand Association' of Jones (1950) and is also described by several other authors (Petersen 1918; Cabioch & Glaçon 1975). A similar community may occur in deep water in the Baltic (Thorson 1957). This biotope may occur in slightly reduced salinity estuarine conditions where Mya sp. may become a significant member of the community (Thorson 1957).        \r\nSituation: The community may occur in small patches or swathes in shallow waters parallel to the shore (Jones 1950; Cabioch & Glaçon 1975) or in shallow nearshore depressions or trenches where finer material collects e.g. off the Suffolk coast (IECS 1991). This biotope is known to occur in patches between Denmark and the western English Channel.             \r\nTemporal variation: Sites with MB6-241 may develop into Amphiura biotopes with time (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1996)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6242","name":"Sagartiogeton undatus and Ascidiella aspersa on Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sheltered sublittoral mud or sandy mud in shallow water with relatively few conspicuous species may be characterised by the anemone Sagartiogeton undatus in low numbers and the tunicate Ascidiella aspersa. Other taxa may include Carcinus maenas, Pagurus bernhardus and terebellid polychaetes. The burrowing anemones Cerianthus lloydii may also be found occasionally. The status of this biotope is uncertain at present as it is not known whether it is an impoverished, disturbed or epifaunal variant of other sheltered, shallow mud biotopes such as MB6-249 or if the areas in which it has been recorded have been incompletely surveyed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6243","name":"Mysella bidentata and Abra spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud, sometimes with a small quantity of shell in shallow water may contain the bivalves Mysella bidentata and Abra spp. (typically A. alba and A. nitida). Other characteristic taxa may include Scoloplos armiger, Mya sp., and Thyasiraflexuosa. Tube building amphipods are also characteristic of this biotope in particular Ampelisca spp. and Aoridae such as Microprotopusmaculatus.      \r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found in sheltered marine inlets or sealochs such as Strangford Lough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6244","name":"Melinna palmata with Magelona spp. and Thyasira spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"In infralittoral cohesive sandy mud, in sheltered marine inlets, and occasionally variable salinity environments, dense populations of the polychaete Melinna palmata may occur, often with high numbers of Magelona spp. and the bivalve Thyasira flexuosa. Other important taxa may include Chaetozonegibber, Nephtys hombergii, Galathowenia oculata, Euclymene oerstedii, Ampelisca tenuicornis, Ampharete lindstroemi, Abra alba, and Phoronis sp. In addition the polychaete Aphelochaeta spp. and the gastropod Turritella communis may be common or abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface visible taxa may include occasional Virgulariamirabilis, and mobile epifauna such as Pagurus bernhardus. This biotope is characteristic in many southern UK marine inlets and in some areas e.g. Plymouth Sound during high levels of recruitment when M. palmata often occurs in abundances between 500 to 1000 per m² moderate numbers of the species often 'overspill' into adjacent biotopes (Allen et al. 2001).           \r\nSituation: In many areas this biotope is found on or near the boundary between euryhaline and polyhaline waters and in such areas moderately high numbers of Aphelochaeta spp. are often recorded.              \r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of M. palmata tend to vary considerably from year to year presumably due to recruitment and/or adult mortality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6245","name":"Ampeliscaspp., Photis longicaudata and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sublittoral stable cohesive sandy muds occurring over a wide depth range may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. In particular large numbers of the amphipods Ampelisca spp. and Photis longicaudata may be present along with polychaetes such as Lagis koreni. Other important taxa may include bivalves such as Nucula nitidosa, Chamelea gallina, Abra alba and Mysella bidentata and the echinoderms Echinocardium cordatum and Amphiura brachiata. In some areas polychaetes such as Spiophanes bombyx and Polydora ciliata may also be conspicuously numerous. This community is poorly known, appearing to occur in restricted patches. In some areas it is possible that MB6-245 may develop as a result of moderate organic enrichment. A similar community in mud has also been reported in the Baltic which is characterised by large populations of amphipods such as Ampelisca spp., Corophium spp. and Haploopstubicola (see Petersen 1918; Thorson 1957) and it is not known if MB6-245 is a UK variant of this biotope.           \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas of the Irish Sea this biotope is reported to be a temporal variant of units MB5-238, MC5-214 and MC6-215. Some researchers consider these biotopes to be part of a wider muddy sand community which varies temporally depending on changes in sediment deposition and recruitment as was reported in areas of Red Wharf Bay off the Welsh coast (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6246","name":"Capitella capitata in enriched Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediments","description":"The polychaete Capitella capitata (agg.) a widely-occurring, opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) where it may be superabundant. In very polluted/disturbed areas only Capitella, Nematodes and occasional Malacoceros fuliginosus may be found whilst in slightly less enriched areas and estuaries species such as Tubificoides, Cirriformia tentaculata, Pygospio elegans and Polydora ciliata may also be found. In some areas e.g. the Tees estuary, high numbers of the polychaete Ophryotrocha may also be present. MB6-246 may become established as a result of anthropogenic activities such as fish farming and sewerage effluent but may also occur with natural enrichment as a result of, for example, coastal bird roosts. This biotope may also occur to some extent in the intertidal and in estuaries.          \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in marine inlets, embayments or estuaries where organic enrichment allows C. capitata to out compete other taxa, although the species may also occur in enriched muddy coastal sediments and also offshore where there is a high organic input from adjacent oil drilling platforms (units MD6-216 & MD6-2161)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6247","name":"Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Sheltered shallow sublittoral muds and gravelly muds in marine embayments, inlets or harbours may contain populations of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida. Other taxa may include the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae, cirraltulid polychaetes such as Caulleriella spp. and other polychaetes including Hediste diversicolor and Aphelochaeta marioni. Available data for this biotope are limited to parts of Southampton Water, Chichester Harbour and also in the Wash. The species list given here may therefore be far from complete. It is not known at this stage whether this biotope is a sublittoral extension of intertidal cockle beds (e.g. MA5-252) or whether it exists independently of intertidal populations of C. edule."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6248","name":"Arenicola marina in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"In very shallow, extremely sheltered, very soft muds Arenicola marina may form very conspicuous mounds and casts. This biotope may also contain synaptid holothurians such as Labidoplaxmedia and Leptosynapta bergensis or L. inhaerens. However these species may be under recorded (possibly due to periodicity in feeding) and are not considered characteristic of this biotope. Other conspicuous fauna may include Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens and Pagurus bernhardus whilst the scallop Pecten maximus and the turret shell Turritella communis may also be present in some areas.                \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in waters shallower than about 5 m in sheltered basins of sealochs and lagoons that may be partially separated from the open sea by tidal narrows or rapids.      \r\nTemporal variation: Sediment surfaces may become covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6249","name":"Philine aperta and Virgularia mirabilis in soft stable Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Physically very stable muds, occasionally with small stones, with a high proportion of fine material (typically greater than 80 %) may contain the opisthobranch Philine aperta and the seapen Virgularia mirabilis. These muds typically occur in shallow water down to about 12-15 m where significant seasonal variation in temperature is presumed to occur. This habitat is restricted to the most sheltered basins in, for example, sealochs. Although most records suggest full salinity conditions are prevalent, some sites may be subject to variable salinity. Philine aperta is the most characteristic species of this habitat, occurring in high densities at many sites, whilst Virgularia mirabilis, a species found more widely in muddy sediments, appears to reach its highest densities in this shallow mud but may not be present in all examples of this biotope. Other conspicuous species found in this shallow muddy habitat include Cerianthus lloydii, Pagurus bernhardus, Sagartiogeton spp. and Hydractinia echinata. Burrowing crustacean megafauna, characteristic of deeper mud, are rare or absent from this shallow sediment although Nephrops norvegicus may sometimes be recorded. This biotope has been primarily recorded on the basis of its epifauna and a few conspicuous infauna. Little data exists on the infaunal component of this biotope but it may include Nephtys spp., spionid polychaetes, Ampelisca spp. and the bivalves Nucula spp., Thyasiraflexuosa, Mysellabidentata and Abra spp. In the south of Great Britain, the polychaete Sternaspisscutata is also characteristic of this biotope. This polychaete is rare in Great Britain (Sanderson 1996). Indeed, this southern variant of the biotope is very restricted in the UK to Portland Harbour but is known to occur further south in the Gulf of Gascony and the Mediterranean (Glemarec 1973; Dauvin et al. 1994).       \r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal variant of other subunits of A5.3. The key species, Philine aperta, may be highly variable from year to year The sediment may also be covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624A","name":"Ocnus planci aggregations on sheltered Atlantic sublittoral muddy sediment","description":"Dense aggregations of Ocnus planci [?brunneus] on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sealochs. Philine aperta also characterises this biotope but is present in lower abundances than in MB6-249. Other associated species vary but are typical of very sheltered muddy habitats and include the ophiuroids Ophiura spp. and Ophiothrixfragilis. Melanellaalba, which parasitises holothurians, has been found in large numbers at one site."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624B","name":"Oligochaetes in mobile Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624C","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asteriasrubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicolamarina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromusflexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB625","name":"Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic sublittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore into the subtidal in variable salinity (estuarine) conditions. Such habitats typically support communities characterised by oligochaetes, and polychaetes such as Aphelochaeta marioni. In lowered salinity conditions the sediments may include a proportion of coarser material, where the silt content is sufficient to yield a similar community to that found in purer muds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6251","name":"Polydora ciliata and Corophium volutator in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay","description":"Variable salinity clay and firm mud characterised by a turf of the polychaete Polydoraciliata along with the amphipod Corophium volutator. Other important taxa include the polychaetes Pygospio elegans, Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii and the oligochaete Tubificoides benedii. P. ciliata also occurs in high densities elsewhere (see unit A4.232) and may be a specific feature of the Humber Estuary in these conditions. This biotope occurs only in very firm mud and clay and possibly submerged relict saltmarsh with a high detrital content. It is characterised, and can be separated from other biotopes, by a combination of the sediment characteristics and the very high density of Polydora ciliata. In some areas, such as the Humber estuary, cyclical behaviour with regard its characteristic taxa has been reported with either P. ciliata or C. volutator increasing in dominance at the expense of the other (Gameson 1982). It is possible that changes in water quality or the sediment regime may be responsible for this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6252","name":"Aphelochaeta marioni and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Variable salinity cohesive muddy sediment (sometimes with some coarser material) dominated by the polychaete Aphelochaeta marioni (or other Aphelochaeta species e.g. A. amplivasatus) and the oligochaete Tubificoides spp. These taxa are generally accompanied by Nephtyshombergii whilst the polychaetes Capitellacapitata and Melinna palmata may also occur in high numbers in some areas. Other members of the cirratulid polychaete group e.g. Caulleriella zetlandica. and Tharyx spp. may also occur in high numbers, sometimes replacing A. marioni as the dominant polychaete. However, there is still inconsistency in the identification of the cirratulid group which is further compounded by fragmentation during sample processing. This biotope is very common in stable muddy environments and may extend from reduced salinity to fully marine conditions.           \r\nSituation: This biotope may also be found in conjunction with MB6-241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6253","name":"Nephtys hombergii and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral soft mud","description":"Variable salinity soft infralittoral mud and sandy mud characterised by the polychaete Nephtys hombergii and oligochaetes of the genus Tubificoides. Other characterising species that may be present are the polychaetes Streblospio shrubsolii and Aphelochaeta marioni, and the cumacean Diastylis rathkeitypica.             \r\nSituation: The biotope is found in areas of silt deposition in soft and sandy muds but may not form a stable habitat. It may be found adjacent to MB6-252, separated by the abundance of Aphelochaeta marioni and its more cohesive sediments"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6254","name":"Atlantic infralittoral fluid mobile mud","description":"Fluid mobile mud suspended and deposited on each tide. In areas with very high quantities of suspended particulate material in the water column it may become deposited around slack water when tidal currents fall. This can form fluid mud layers up to several metres thick (Warwick & Uncles 1980) becoming a transient habitat in its own right. Species present within this biotope will be those washed in from other communities such as Nephtys hombergii or Capitella capitata. This biotope may be under-recorded due to sampling problems, and also where sediment descriptions are absent from field data.                  \r\nSituation: It may be found adjacent to; MB6-256, MB6-253 and to some extent MB6-252."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6255","name":"Capitella capitata and Tubificoide sspp. in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the Capitella capitata species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes Tubificoides spp. may be found in conjunction with C. capitata, along with other species such as Marenzellaria sp, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Arenicola marina and Eteonelonga. In some estuaries this biotope may also include high numbers of the polychaete Ophryotrocha. This biotope usually has a moderate organic content, and is found away from tidal channels in estuaries. The presence of dense Capitella has classically been associated with organically enriched and physically disturbed habitats in the marine environment (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) and areas of higher organic loads in estuaries will typically fall into unit MB6-246. Where Capitella is less abundant and accompanied by other typical estuarine species the dominance of Capitella may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for C. capitata in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff 1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6256","name":"Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus Tubificoides or from the group Enchytraeidae. The abundance of the oligochaetes may vary by several orders of magnitude but very few other species will be present. Organic loading and poor water-exchange within the sediment lead to anoxic conditions which may explain the low species richness within this biotope.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is found towards the edges of tidal channels in estuaries where current velocities allow deposition of silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. The biotope may occur downstream of MB6-257, differentiated by the absence of the freshwater species, and adjacent to more mobile and sandier biotopes in the tidal channels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6257","name":"Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex and Gammarus spp. in low salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Upper estuary muddy sediments with very low fluctuating salinity, characterised by the oligochaetes Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tubifex tubifex. Other taxa may include Marenzelleria wireni, Gammarus zaddachi, Paranais litoralis and Heterochaeta costata. The biotope contains elements of both freshwater and brackish communities.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the transitional zone between the freshwater and brackish environments where tidal currents are sufficiently reduced to allow the deposition of fine silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. It may be found adjacent to MB5-243 away from the stronger tidal streams.           \r\nTemporal variation: The position of this biotope in the estuary may vary seasonally depending on freshwater input (Gameson, 1982)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB626","name":"Faunal communities on low or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by Arenicola marina and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, Carcinus maenas and Corophium volutator which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include Hediste diversicolor, Heterochaeta costata and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB627","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6271","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6272","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB63","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, Charales, mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB631","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than  other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species    \r\nPhragmites australis, Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa, Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp., Dreissena polymorpha, Valvata spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6311","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6312","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by  Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, sedges form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species       \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB632","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6321","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6322","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/o rRuppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6323","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated  by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6324","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6325","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Najas marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Najas marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 1 meter.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6326","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6327","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zostera marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment    Zostera beds are common from Kattegat to the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic, and the salinity gradient from south to north causes considerable differences to the composition of the associated fauna and flora. In the southern Baltic Sea the eelgrass usually forms pure stands along the outer, exposed coastline, whereas in the northern part of the Baltic Sea and in southern bays and lagoons it often grows intermixed with other aquatic angiosperms. The largest occurrences of the biotopes dominated by Zostera marina are found in the southern Baltic Sea, where they represent one of the most abundant biotopes of the sublittoral.    \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 6 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6328","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated   by Eleocharis spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush (Eleocharis spp.)  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB633","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6331","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by  sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover   10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves) Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nzebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6332","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characerized by sparse  zebra mussel","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves) zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6333","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by sparse  valve snails","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves  valve snails  (Valvata spp.) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB634","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound  (and Kattegat)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6341","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by tube-building polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes tube-building polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB635","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups  cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum demersumm\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6351","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form), F. radicans\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6352","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp. (dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nKnown along the coast of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6353","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. .Out of the unattached perennial vegetation  Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6354","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Ceratophyllum demersum","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Ceratophyllum demersum constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCeratophyllum demersum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6355","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Aegagropila linnaei","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Aegagropila linnaei constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAegagropila linnaei"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB636","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%.  Annual algae  cover at least 10 % of the seabed. such as Vaucheria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB637","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae have ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB638","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica  (Macoma balthica), Arctica islandica, Astarte spp. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6381","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Baltic tellin, Limecola (Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6382","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6383","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  dominated by Unionidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves  Unionidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. Salinity is low (below 2)\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nUnionidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nFreshwater outlets and coastal lagoons"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6384","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by dominated by Abra spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Abra spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAbra spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB639","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata,Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger, Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6391","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6392","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes various opportunistic polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63A","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63A1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Monoporeia affinis constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 100 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63A2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by mud shrimps","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Corophiidae constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters. Appears in low wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCorophium volutator, Apocorophium lacustre"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63B","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes. Salinity relatively high (above approximately 10-15)\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\n(Kattegatt) the Sound"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63C","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63D","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  without characteristic macroscopic communities","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or macro- epi-or infauna is present\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63D1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macrovegetation or – fauna is not present. Meiofauna constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63E","name":"Baltic infralittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Soft substrate dominates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB64","name":"Black Sea infralittoral mud","description":"Infralittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud of the Black Sea freqently with polychaete worms and bivalve molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB641","name":"Black sea infralittoral fine mud","description":"Fine muddy habitats  situated in the lower infralittoral zone at the mouths of large rivers (Danube, Dnepr, Bug) discharging into the Northwestern Black Sea shelf. These fine muds mixed with terrestrial and freshwater detritus form soft, unstable deposits. Where the sediment content is lower in detritic organic particles terrigenous muds are more stable and sticky. In both zones the habitat is populated by bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms adapted to living in very soft substrata with high organic content. Characteristic species:Neanthes succinea, Nephthys hombergii , Abra prismatica, Mysella bidentata, Abra albaandAcanthocardium paucicostatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB642","name":"Black sea infralittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Infralittoral coastal terrigenous muds are characterized by mud and sandy mud with a terrestrial origin. There are two distinct sub habitats which are characterized by the dominant faunal communities. The first is dominated by polychaets, whilst the second is dominated by mussels (this one does not occur in Marmara Sea). Characteristic species: Melinna palmata, Heteromastus filiformis, Aricidea claudiae, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilaster lineatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB643","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"Infralittoral sediments of pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always derived from the erosion of rocks on land carried to the sea by rivers. Any coarse debris that is deposited is quickly covered by mud, with the result that no epifauna develops. In sheltered areas this habitat is characterized by associations withCymodocea nodosaandZostera noltii. Characteristic species: Turritella sp.,Sternaspis scutata, Philine aperta, Sphaerocardium paucicostatum, Veretillum cynomorium, Aphrodita aculeata, Stichopus regalis, Holothuria tubulosa. Also Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB644","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral estuarine mud","description":"This habitat occurs mainly in sheltered inlets in or adjacent to estuaries, where wave exposure is low enough to allow fine sediments to settle. It is characterized by a variable salinity range from brackish to fully marine conditions. In all cases, the resident populations comprise a small number of species that are strongly dominant in number and weight. These are species that are able to withstand violent variations in environmental conditions, among which salinity is only one example. Sudden influxes of salt water create recurrent disturbances that sometimes cause populations to disappear. Often, especially in shallower areas, beds ofCymodocea nodosaare present. Characteristic species: Tubificoidesspp, Capitella capitata, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, Heterochaeta costata, Alitta succinea, Spio decoratus, Aphelochaeta marioni, Hydrobia acuta, Spisula subtruncata, Corophium orientale, Gammarus aequicauda, Carcinus aestuarii, Thalassodrilides gurwitschi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB65","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud in the Mediterraneanextending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as Amphiura spp.  Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean polluted infralittoral muds","description":"Infralittoral mud in ports characterised by the proliferation of annelids, in particular Capitella capitata and Magelona papillicornis, and frequently with Scolelepis ciliata as a result of pollution or the decomposition of organic matter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB652","name":"Assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis on mud","description":"Saline lagoons or occasionally in estuaries with muddy sediments where the salinity is variable over the short or long term (daily to annual). Characteristic species include Vascular plants (Ruppia cirrhosa, R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata, Zostera marina, Z. noltei, Cymodocea nodosa); (Polychaete worms (Hediste diversicolor, Alitta succinea); Bivalves (Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra segmentum, Scrobicularia plana, Loripes orbiculatus, Gastrana fragilis, Tapes spp., Ostrea edulis); Gasteropods (Rissoa spp., Nassarius reticulatus, Cyclope neritea); Amphipods (Gammarus locusta, Microdeutopus sp.), Isopods (Lekanesphaera hookeri, Cyathura carinata, Idotea chelipes)  and the shore crab Carcinus aestuarii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6521","name":"Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on mud","description":"Submerged beds of Ruppia maritima or Ruppia cirrhosa and of Chara spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean. Ruppia are phanerogams which live submerged on  muddy bottoms. This genus is cosmopolitan and the Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima species are present throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.\r\nRuppia maritima is more frequent in temporary peripheral environments, in shallow water presenting low salinity (basically from 5 to 20, never more than 30). It is accompanied by Zannichellia palustris and Chara aspera. In areas with the highest salinity, R. maritima is accompanied by Althenia filiformis and R. cirrhosa appears. The fauna has affinities with freshwater fauna, and is dominated by insects (Heteroptera, Odonata, Diptera).\r\nRuppia cirrhosa is found in permanent or semi-permanent (short drying up) environments, subject to conditions of variable salinity, basically between 5 and 35, but withstanding oversalty environments. According to the salinity, R. cirrhosa may be accompanied by R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata and/or Zostera noltei (and Cymodocea nodosa). The accompanying fauna is that of the euryhaline and eurythermal brackish environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6522","name":"Association with Stuckenia pectinata on mud","description":"Low (0 to 10) and variable salinity infralittoral mud  rich in organic matter with beds of Stuckenia pectinata  (Syn Potamogeton pectinatus), associated with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Stuckenia leaves and amongst the algae. The charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6523","name":"Association with Halopithys incurva on mud","description":"The association with Halopithys incurva is present in the most marine sectors of Mediterranean lagoons. The salinity there is identical or close to that of the open sea, the differences in termperature are strictly seasonal, the oxygenation of the environment is normal, the concentrations of organic matter and pollutants in the water are low, and depth is of the order of 3 to 5 meters or more, according to the clearness of the water.\r\nThe main plant species belong to the Rhodophyceae: Halopithys incurva, Rythiphlaea tinctoria and Alsidium corallinum. H. incurva is more common in the Etang de Thau (southern coasts of France) and Rythiphlaea tinctoria in the Stagnone de Marsala (western Sicily, Italy).\r\nThe fauna, especially studied in Sicily, is typically that of the fronds of algae of the upper part of the infralittoral stage: Polychaete annelids Syllis spp., Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii; the mollusc Nodolus contortus; the amphipod crustaceans Elasmospus pocillimanus, Maera inaequipes, Lysiannassa longicornis and the tanaidaceans Leptochelia guttatus, L. savignyi, Apseudes latreillii and Parapseudes latifrons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6524","name":"Association with Zostera noltei","description":"The association with Zostera noltei develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, either at the entrances to the lagoons (graus) or even within the lagoons, where it develops monospecific phanerogam populations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. Given its wide potential, it constitutes the epiflora of various habitats. In the case of this association of the euryhaline and eurythermal lagoon biocenosis, the fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs with some addition of marine water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6525","name":"Association with Zostera marina","description":"The association with Zostera marina develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, near the entrances to lagoons (graus), even inside the lagoons, where it develops remarkably at greater depths than Z. noltei, in ‘marinized’ lagoons and, more rarely, in the open sea, in sheltered stations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. The fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, with sizeable additions of sea water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC1","name":"Circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present but not dominant) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC11","name":"Arctic circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC12","name":"Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock in the Arctic,  characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC121","name":"Faunal turf communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs in wave-exposed, tide-swept narrows and straits on circalittoral bedrock and boulders. This complex is characterised by its diverse range of hydroids (Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa), bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea, Bugula flabellata and Bugulaplumosa) and sponges (Scypha ciliata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Cliona celeta, Raspailia ramosa, Esperiopsis fucorum, Hemimycale columella and Dysidea fragilis) forming an often dense, mixed faunal turf. Other species found within this complex are Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Caryophyllia smithii, Pomatoceros triqueter, Balanus crenatus, Cancer pagurus, Necora puber, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus and Clavelina lepadiformis. The barnacle Balanus crenatus is characteristic of MC1-211, the cushion sponges Halichondria panicea and Myxilla incrustans are characteristic of MC1-2121 and Alcyonium digitatum is characteristic of MC1-2122. The anemones Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Urticina felina, Corynactis viridis and Metridiumsenile are all found within this complex. Other species present in this high-energy complex are the sponges Esperiopsis fucorum and Pachymatisma johnstonia, the bryozoans Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea, Cancer pagurus, Sertularia argentea and Asterias rubens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1211","name":"Balanus crenatus and Tubularia indivisa on extremely tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave-exposures. It is characterised by a few species that are capable of maintaining a foothold in strong tides. These species either form a flat, adherent crust in the case of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, or have strong attachment points and are flexible, bending with the tide, such as the turf of the hydroid Tubularia indivisa. Other species able to tolerate these very strong tides, or just situated slightly out of the main force of the current, include the sponge Halichondria panicea, the robust hydroid Sertularia argentea and current-tolerant anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina and Metridium senile. Mobile species such as the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Cancer pagurus and the whelk Nucella lapillus may also be present.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is typically occurs in deep, very tide-swept straights, sounds and narrows with a bedrock/boulder/cobble slope. Kelp forest (unit MB1-218) occurs in shallower water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1212","name":"Tubularia indivisa on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is characterised by a dense carpet of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa. The barnacle Balanus crenatus, where present, is recorded as common. The accompanying species in the community are determined by tidal stream strength. On the more sheltered sides of headlands, where tidal streams are accelerated, sponges such as Pachymatisma johnstonia, Esperiopsis fucorum, Myxilla incrustans and Halichondria panicea proliferate forming the MC1-2121 sub-unit. There may also be a scattered bryozoan turf, formed by criisid bryozoans. However, where tidal streams are slightly reduced, but on more wave-exposed coasts, anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum become more prominent forming the biotope MC1-2122. Other species recorded in this biotope include the anemones Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Corynactis virdis and Urticina felina. There may be scattered clumps of hydroids such as Sertularia argentea and Nemertesia antennina. Where `relative shelter' is afforded by the topography of the seabed, the bryozoans Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and the crab Cancer pagurus may be found. More ubiqutous species such as Asterias rubens and Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12121","name":"Tubularia indivisa and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid Atlantic circalittoral bedrock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high for much of the year, for example, around Anglesey and the Lleyn Penisula. From afar, this variant appears as a dense carpet of Tubularia indivisa covering tide-swept gully walls, floors and boulders. T. indivisa is frequently observed growing through sheets of sponges such as Myxilla incrustans and Halichondria panicea as well as through dense patches of the barnacle Balanus crenatus and tubes of the amphipod Jassa spp. Several other species of sponge appear to be tolerant of the high turbidity in areas where this variant occurs, many of which are common in other biotopes. These include Esperiopsis fucorum, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Hemimycale columella, Dysidea fragilis and Clathrina coriacea. Robust hydroids (other than T. indivisa) such as Nemertesia antennina and Sertularia argentea occur in patches. The anemones Urticina felina, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans are typically common. A short bryozoan turf consisting of crisiid bryozoans, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bicellariella ciliata, Bugula turbinata and Bugula flabellata may be present. Alcyonium digitatum may occasionally be seen although it doesn't tend to be as dominant as in MC1-2122. Individual Corynactis viridis may be seen scattered across the gully walls and boulders. The starfish Henricia oculata may be seen on boulders and gully floors whilst typical under-boulder fauna includes the crab Cancer pagurus.      \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, Laminaria forest (unit MB1-213) may be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12122","name":"Alcyonium digitatum with dense Tubularia indivisa and anemones on strongly tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders in sounds, narrows and around tide-swept promontories in accelerated tidal streams. It is dominated by aggregations of dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum, and dense clumps or continuous cover of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa, particularly on prominent ledges and ridges. Anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Metridium senile, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Corynactis virdis form a prominent component of the community. Occasionally, massive sponges such as Pachymatismajohnstonia and Esperiopsis fucorum may be present. Encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus crenatus may be dotted around the rocks, and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be observed. Clumps of the bryozoan Flustra foliacea are occasionally seen. The starfish Asteriasrubens may be seen amongst a patchy turf of Crisia denticulata and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. This variant may also be found on tideswept wrecks and other artificial sustratum.           \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, it is usual to find well-developed kelp forest in the upper infralittoral, dominated by Laminaria hyperborea (unit MB1-213). In the lower infralittoral, it is usual to find a tide-swept turf of hydroids and red algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1213","name":"Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from moderately strong to strong. It often has a thin layer of silt covering the seabed, and is characterised by a bryozoan/hydroid turf with erect sponges. Typical bryozoans to be found include crisiids, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellata, while typical hydroids include Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Haleciumhalecinum. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is frequently recorded on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Characteristic erect sponges include Raspailia ramosa, Stelligera stuposa and Stelligera rigida ; other sponges present include Cliona celata, Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Polymastia boletiformis, Hemimycale columella, Esperiopsis fucorum, Polymastia mamillaris and Tethya aurantium. Other species present include Caryophylia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Corynactis viridis, Urticina felina, Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Henricia oculata, Echinus esculentus, Clavelina lepadiformis, Calliostoma zizyphinum and Necora puber. Three variants of this biotope have been described, but all are characterised by a bryozoan turf with erect sponges. MC1-2131 is found primarily on circalittoral bedrock and is dominated by the seafan Eunicella verrucosa. Unit MC1-2132 is found under slightly stronger tide-swept conditions, and is characterised particularly by the sponge D. fragilis and the anemone A. sphyrodeta. Finally unit MC1-2133 is characterised by the anemone Sagartia elegans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12131","name":"Eunicella verrucosa and Pentapora foliacea on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on wave-exposed, steep, circalittoral bedrock, boulder slopes and outcrops, subject to varying tidal streams. This silty variant contains a diverse faunal community, dominated by the seafan Eunicella verrucosa, the bryozoan Pentapora foliacea and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. There are frequently numerous Alcyonium digitatum, and these may become locally abundant under more tide-swept conditions. Alcyonium glomeratum may also be present. A diverse sponge community is usually present, including numerous erect sponges; species present include Cliona celata, Raspailia ramosa, Raspailia hispida, Axinella dissimilis, Stelligera stuposa, Dysidea fragilis and Polymastia boletiformis. Homaxinella subdola may be present in the south west. A hydroid/bryozoan turf may develop in the understorey of this rich sponge assemblage, with species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, crisiids, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Bugula plumosa. The sea cucumber Holothuria forskali may be locally abundant, feeding on the silty deposits on the rock surface. Other echinoderms encountered include the starfish Marthasterias glacialis and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Other fauna includes aggregations of colonial ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Stolonica socialis. Anemones such as Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Parazoanthus axinellae may be seen dotted across the rock surface. This biotope is present in south west England and Wales.        \r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found on rocky outcrops, surrounded by coarse sediment. This may be in the form of shelly gravel or muddy gravel, supporting Urticina felina, Cerianthus lloydi and Neopentadactyla mixta. Above MC1-2131, dense kelp forest containing Saccorhizapolyschides is usually found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12132","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Dysidia fragilis and Actinothoe sphyrodeta on tide-swept wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed and moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders subject to a variety of tidal regimes (from strong through to weak). It is found mainly in the 10-20m depth range and does not usually occur deeper than 30 m. It therefore often straddles the upper circalittoral and lower infralittoral. It often has a light covering of silt and sand may be in the vicinity. Sponges form a dominant part of this variant, although cover usually appears patchy, with no single species dominating. Species present include Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Esperiopsis fucorum, Hemimycale columella, Cliona celata, Stelligera rigida, Polymastia boletiformis, Stelligera stuposa, Raspailia ramosa, Tethya aurantium, Polymastia mamillaris and Axinella dissimilis. Tufts of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, frequently recorded on the tops of outcrops and boulders, stand out more clearly than the understorey of finer hydroid and bryozoan turf such as Aglaophenia pluma, Bugula flabellata, Bugula plumosa, crisiids, Cellaria sinuosa and Bugula turbinata. Other bryozoans such as Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea are also frequently recorded. Other more widespread species present include Asterias rubens, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Balanus crenatus, Caryophyllia smithii, Corynactis viridis, Necora puber and Clavelina lepadiformis. This variant has been recorded off the south east coast of Ireland, the welsh coast and Lundy Island.               \r\nSituation: This biotope is typically found on exposed coasts, with exposed kelp forest in the infralittoral zone, characterised by species such as Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides. The MC1-2132 variant is usually found below MC1-2131, with similar Geographic range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12133","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa, didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to slight sand-scour. It occurs predominantly in the lower circalittoral. This variant normally appears as a bedrock/boulder outcrop or reef with a dense crust of the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa and a dense turf of didemnid ascidians and scour-tolerant bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea and Cellaria species. There may be discreet clumps of Alcyonium digitatum and sparse sponges such as Tethya aurantium and Phorbas fictitius. Patchy occurrences of the small ascidians Polycarpascuba, Polycarpa pomaria and Distomus variolosus may be present on the tops of rocks and boulders whilst in crevices between, the anemone Urticina felina may be found. Species such as Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, the serpulid worm Salmacina dysteri and the anemone Sagartia elegans are occasionally seen on the rock surface. This variant has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, the Skerries and around Pembrokeshire in Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12134","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Sagartia elegans on tide-swept Atlantic ciraclittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, on steep slopes and upper faces in moderate tidal streams. This species-rich biotope is characterised by a dense sponge, hydroid and bryozoan turf and frequent Alcyonium digitatum. There are frequently large growths of Cliona celata and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other species present in this diverse sponge community include Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Polymastia mamilliaris, Scypha ciliata, Hemimycale columella and Dysidea fragilis. Axinellid sponges such as Stelligera stuposa and Raspailia ramosa may be present in low abundance, and are usually more abundant in deeper water. A dense hydroid turf forms a significant part of this biotope, with tufts of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa frequently recorded. Other hydroid turf component species include Halecium halecinum, Aglaophenia tubulifera and Abietinaria abietina. Anemones are also well represented, with species such as Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans and Metridium senile recorded. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis viridis are also frequently seen. The bryozoan turf is composed predominantly of Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea, whilst crustose species such as Parasmittina trispinosa contribute to a lesser extent. The delicate Bugula plumosa may also be present. There is a significant echinoderm component in this biotope. Species such as the starfish Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, Marthasterias glacialis and Luidia ciliaris, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the crinoid Antedon bifida are all regularly recorded. Other species which may be observed include the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinium, the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the barnacle Balanus crenatus. The crab Cancer pagurus is typically found under boulders. This variant has been recorded from from various sites including Pembrokeshire, the Calf of Man and the west coast of Ireland.             \r\nSituation: Dense kelp forests containing L. hyperborea and S. polyschides are typically found above MC1-2133."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1214","name":"Corynactis viridis and a mixed turf of crisiids, Bugula, Scrupocellaria, and Cellaria on moderately tide-swept exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on wave-exposed, vertical or steep, circalittoral bedrock or large boulders, usually subject to moderate or strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the anemone Corynactis viridis and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii intermixed with a short bryozoan turf of one or more Crisia spp., Scrupocellaria spp., Bugula spp. and Cellaria spp. Occasionally, this turf obscures the underlying C. virdis and C. smithii. Cushion and encrusting sponges, particularly Pachymatismajohnstonia, Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis, are present in moderate amounts at many sites. The axinellid sponges Stelligera spp. and Raspailia spp. are less frequently recorded. Clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesiaantennina and Nemertesia ramosa as well as the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum may be found covering the hard substratum. The anemones Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans are typically present in low numbers, while the hard `coral' Pentapora foliacea is also occasionally observed. The most frequently recorded echinoderms are Marthasterias glacialis and Asterias rubens, although other species such as Echinus esculentus may also be seen. The rocky substratum may have a patchy covering of encrusting red seaweeds/algae. The crabs Necora puber and Cancer pagurus may be seen in crevices or under overhangs. This biotope is regularly recorded around south west England and Wales, often on vertical rock faces.                    \r\nSituation: Due to its wave-exposed nature, kelp park and forest biotopes (units MB1-213 and MB1-211) are commonly found in the infralittoral zone shallower than this biotope, and feature species such as Laminaria hyperborea, Sacchoriza polyschides and Alaria esculenta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1215","name":"Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs from exposed through to sheltered circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is found in water depths ranging from 4m to 37m. This biotope is distinguished by frequently occurring Swiftia pallida, abundant Caryophilia smithii and a diverse range of ascidians including Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidia mentula, Polycarpa pomaria, Diazona violacea and Corella parallelogramma. A sparse, yet diverse hydroid turf is often apparent, with species such as Aglaophenia tubulifera, Nemertesia antennina, Polyplumaria frutescens, Halecium halecinum, Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halopteris catharina often recorded. Spaces amongst the turf are usually colonised by the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and encrusting red algae. Crinoids such as Antedon petasus, Antedon bifida and Leptometra celtica may be seen filter feeding on the tops of outcrops and boulders, along with the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum. Other echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Crossaster papposus and Asterias rubens may also be recorded. There may also be a bryozoan component to the sparse faunal turf. Species such as Securiflustra securifrons and Eucratea loricata as well as the crustose Parasmittina trispinosa are all usually present. There may be a few isolated growths of sponge, such as Iophonopsis nigricans, Axinella infundibuliformis and Haliclona urceolus. Other species that may be present include the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum. The crustacean Munida rugosa may be visible in crevices. All records are from the west coast of Scotland (east coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).             \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, kelp forests and parks are typically found in the infralittoral, with Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea. This biotope is found in Scottish Sealochs and, in the most sheltered situations, may graduate into unit MC1-234 at greater depths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1216","name":"Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders (although a variant is found on mixed substrata). It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is exposed to varying amounts of scour (due to nearby patches of sediment) and, as a consequence, is characteristically dominated by dense Flustra folicaea, a range of colonial ascidians and a variety of other scour/silt-tolerant species. In addition to F. foliacea, other bryozoans present in this biotope include Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula flabellata and Bugula plumosa. Varying amounts of the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded, depending on the amount of scouring which may vary locally. Where scour is a major factor, species such as the scour-tolerant Urticina felina are frequently observed. Hydroids present in this biotope include Nemertesia antennina, Halecium halecium, Tubularia indivisa and Hydrallmania falcata. Other species present include silt-tolerant sponges such as Scypha ciliata, Cliona celata, Leucosolenia botryoides, and the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Botryllus schlosseri. Balanus crenatus may be recorded occasionally on the boulder/rock surface, and the crab Cancer pagurus may be observed finding refuge in crevices and under boulders. More ubiquitous species present include Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Ophiothrix fragilis and Pagurus bernhardus. Three variants of this biotope have been defined. Unit MC1-2162 tends to have a high abundance of barnacles, which populate the rocky seabed. The second variant (MC1-2161) is characterised by abundant Polyclinum aurantium in addition to F. foliacea, which often incorporates sand grains into itself, giving the crustose appearance of sandy rock nodules. Finally, MC1-2163 is found on mixed substrata and is characterised by a dense hydroid turf growing alongside F. foliacea and other scour-tolerant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12161","name":"Polyclinum aurantium and Flustra foliacea on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper face of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. Sand and silt are periodically re-suspended in the water column, resulting in scour-tolerant species being characteristic of these areas. There is a dense covering of the scour-resistant bryozoan Flustra foliacea attached to the bedrock plains and boulders. The colonial ascidian Polyclinum aurantium commonly covers the rock surface at most locations within this biotope - itself incorporating sand grains into its surface to give it the appearance of sandy rock nodules. Other ascidians that may occur in this crust are the flat, encrusting colonial Botrylloides leachi, Botryllus schlosseri and the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, although in varying quantities at each location. A short turf of other bryozoans such as Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellata occur amongst the ascidians. Other species found in this biotope are the sponges Cliona celata, Leucosolenia botryoides and Scypha ciliata, the hydroids Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Halecium halecinum and the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina. Echinoderms which may be present include the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Crustaceans such as the crab Cancer pagurus, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the lobster Homarus gammarus may be observed in crevices and under boulders. The palps of the polychaete Polydora spp. may be observed whilst the nudibranch Janolus cristatus may be seen preying on the hydroid/bryozoan turf. This variant is commonly found on the Northumberland coast, Flamborough Head and the Lleyn Peninsula.            \r\nSituation: As MC1-2161 tends to occur in waters with a sediment load, the resulting light penetration is reduced, meaning that kelp forests such as unit MB1-21A, normally found shallower than MC1-2161 in the infralittoral zone, are present over a narrower depth range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12162","name":"Flustra foliacea, small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral bedrock or boulders","description":"This sub-biotope is typically found on the upper faces of exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept, scoured, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is characteristically dominated by dense Flustra foliacea with a variety of slightly scour/silt-tolerant species forming a dense turf. This turf is primarily composed of bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula flabellata, Bugula plumosa, Bicellariella ciliata) and hydroids (Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Sertularia argentea, Hydrallmania falcata, Abietinaria abietina). Where space permits, barnacles such as Balanus crenatus may be found encrusting on the rock surface. There may also be occasional crusts formed by the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa, especially where the rock is most influenced by sand. Anthozoans which may be observed include Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, whilst the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded on the tops of boulders and bedrock ridges. A range of small solitary and colonial ascidians may be seen, including Polycarpascuba, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula manhattensis, Botryllus schlosseri, Clavelina lepadiformis and polyclinids. Sponges found include Scypha ciliata, Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis. Echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata and Crossaster papposus may be seen on the rock surface. Other species found include the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber.                \r\nSituation: Above this variant, exposed kelp forest supporting Laminaria hyperborea is commonly found (unit MB1-213). At locations where wave-exposure and/or tidal streams are less, this biotope may be replaced by Alcyonium digitatum and Securiflustra securifrons (unit MC1-2243). Where the substrata changes to a less stable mixed substrata, then this biotope will be replaced by the sub-biotope MC1-2163, with more `sediment' species such as Cerianthus lloydii and Chaetopterus variopedatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12163","name":"Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This variant is typically found on very exposed to moderately exposed, circalittoral mixed substrata subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It most frequently occurs between 10m and 20m water depth. This variant is characterised by a dense hydroid and Flustra foliacea turf, along with other scour-tolerant species, growing on the more stable boulders and cobbles which overlie coarse muddy sand and gravel. Although Nemertesia antennina is the dominant species within the hydroid turf, other species such as Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia ramosa and Hydrallmania falcata may also be present. Other bryozoans found amongst the hydroid and Flustra turf include Cellepora pumicosa, Bugula flabellata, Bugula turbinata, and a crisiid turf. Encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and barnacles such as Balanus crenatus may be found on the smaller cobbles and pebbles, which may become mobile during extreme storms. Echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis may be present on the boulders, or the coarse sediment in between. On the larger, more stable boulders, isolated sponge communities may develop, with species such as Scypha ciliata, Dysidea fragilis, Hemimycale columella, Esperiopsis fucorum and Stelligera rigida. In addition, small Alcyonium digitatum, various ascidians (Clavelina lepadiformis, Botryllus schlosseri), Pododesmus patelliformis and top shells (Calliostoma zizyphinum, Gibbula cineraria) may colonise the upper faces and vertical sides of larger boulders. At some shallower sites, the foliose red algae Hypoglossum hypoglossoides may be found on the tops of larger boulders. Within the coarse sediment underlying these boulders and cobbles, anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii and Urticina felina may be recorded. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of terebellid worms, and crabs such as Pisidia longicornis and Cancer pagurus.               \r\nSituation: This variant is found in wave-exposed locations, resulting in kelp forest in the infralittoral zone being dominated by Alaria esculentus and Laminaria hyperborea. When the substratum becomes rockier, this biotope will graduate into the variant MC1-2162."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1217","name":"Sparse sponges, Nemertesia spp., and Alcyonidium diaphanum on Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed sand-scoured, circalittoral boulders, cobbles and pebbles that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams (referred to as lag-cobbles locally). It is characterised by sparse sponges and a diverse bryozoan and hydroid turf. The sparse sponge community is primarily composed of Dysidea fragilis and Scypha ciliata. The mixed faunal turf is composed of Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Halecium halecinum, Sertularia argentea, Alcyonium digitatum, Bugula flabellata, Bugula turbinata, Bugula plumosa, Flustra foliacea, Cellepora pumicosa, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Cellaria fistulosa and crisiid bryozoans. The anemones Epizoanthus couchii, Sagartia elegans and Cerianthus lloydii may also be recorded. Echinoderms such as the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata and the crinoid Antedon bifida. Other species present include the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the top shell Gibbula cineraria, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the ascidian Morchellium argus, Prosthecareus vittatus and the crab Cancer pagurus. It is distributed off Pen Llyn and over considerable areas of the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1218","name":"Suberites spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and Bugula spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found on heavily silted, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders (often limestone) that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams. A very high silt loading in the water column means that this 'circalittoral' biotope occurs at unusually shallow depths (1 - 10 m BCD). It is characterised by a mixed faunal turf and `massive' examples of the sponges Suberites ficus, Suberites carnosus and Hymeniacidon perleve. Other sponges recorded in this biotope are Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum, Raspailia ramosa, Polymastia mamillaris, Dysidea fragilis, Scypha ciliata, Stelligera rigida and Haliclona oculata. Also characteristic of this biotope is a dense bryozoan turf with one or more crisiid species, Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. The polychaete Polydora spp. and the rock-boring bivalve Hiatella arctica are able to bore into the relatively soft limestone. There is an ascidian component to the biotope, with Morchellium argus and Clavelina lepadiformis among the most abundant. There may be scattered clumps of the hydroids Abietinaria abietina and Hydrallmania falcata. Other species present include the anemones Metridium senile, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina, the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Necora puber, the nudibranch Janolus cristatus and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum. This biotope has currently only been recorded off the east coast of Anglesey, Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1219","name":"Flustra foliacea and Haliclona oculata with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on exposed slopes of silty cobble and pebble subject to strong to moderate tidal streams. From afar, large 'finger' growths of the sponge Haliclona oculata occur amongst a rich faunal turf of hydroids and bryozoans with Flustra foliacea prominent. The dense faunal turf growing on the cobbles is composed of the bryozoans F. foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Crisia eburnea and sporadic occurrences of the hydroids Nemertesia antennina, Hydrallmania falcata,Tubularia larynx, Rhizocaulus verticillatus and Halecium halecinum. Caprellid shrimps may be observed within this faunal turf. The hard substratum frequently has a dense covering of the sponge H. oculata and occasionally Esperiopsis fucorum, while the softer gravely/sand between the cobbles provides a habitat for anemones such as Urticina felina and Cerianthus lloydii. The nudibranch Janolus cristatus may be seen preying on the faunal turf and the fan worm Sabella pavonia is occasionally seen amongst the cobbles. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is often attached to the upper faces of more stable cobbles and rocks, while in the crevices between cobbles, the anemone Sagartia elegans, the crab Cancer pagurus, the prawn Pandalus montagui and the amphipod Dyopedos porrectus may be observed. Under-cobble fauna includes terebellid worms and Harmothoe spp. This biotope has been recorded from the Menai Strait, Milford Haven and Morecambe Bay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC121A","name":"Molgula manhattensis with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on slightly sand-scoured, tide-swept, moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock and cobbles. It is commonly recorded from the shallower reaches of the circalittoral around depths from 5m to 15m BCD, as it occurs mostly in very turbid waters. From afar, the physical characteristics are usually silted bedrock reefs and cobble, interspersed with patches of clean sand, causing a scour effect on the rock. Dense aggregations of the ascidian Molgula manhattensis form a silty mat on the rock and there is a sparse hydroid and bryozoan turf. A hydroid turf, composed of Nemertesia antennina, Halecium beanii, Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularella gaudichaudi, Tubularia indivisa and Alcyonium digitatum, in varying amounts, occurs at most sites on the tops of boulders and ridges. A bryozoan turf is also present, but not usually dense and includes Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Electra pilosa and the crust-forming bryozoan Conopeum reticulum. The polychaete Lanice conchilega thrives in the sandy patches which often occur between the rock ridges. The scour effect tends to reduce the diversity of sponges present with only Halichondria panicea occasionally present. Isolated clumps of the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa may be present but they do not occur in dense aggregations as in the MC2-2131 biotope. The anemones Urticina felina and Sagartia troglodytes may occur in cracks between cobbles or on stones buried in the sandy substratum. The anemone Sagartia elegans is more commonly found attached to crevices in the bedrock. Other species such as the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the polychaete Sabella pavonia and Pomatoceros triqueter may all be present whilst the crab Pisidia longicornis may be found under cobbles and stones. Records of this biotope are distributed along the south coast of England and the north Wales coast as well as Pembrokeshire near the entrance to Milford Haven.         \r\nSituation: As this biotope is often recorded on soft rock (chalk), soft rock communities (MC1-25 biotope complex) would be observed in close proximity with species of the genus Polydora and piddocks (Pholas spp. and Barnea spp). Moderately exposed kelp forests may be found within the shallow infralittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC121B","name":"Sponges and anemones on Atlantic circalittoral vertical bedrock","description":"This biotope is found on exposed to moderately wave exposed, vertical and overhanging, circalittoral bedrock, subject to strong through to weak tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by a mixed faunal turf of hydroids (Nemertesis antennina, Tubularia indivisa and Halecium halecium) and bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum and crisiid turf). There is frequently a diverse range of sponges recorded, including Cliona celata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis and Hemimycale columella. There may be dense aggregation of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum along with clumps of the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, and the anthozoans Corynactis viridis, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Sagartia elegans and Metridium senile. Other species present include the echinoderms Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Henricia oculata, Holothuria forskali and Antedon bifida, clumps of the lightbulb tunicate Clavelina lepadiformis and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. The first variant is characterised by a Bugula turf along with the pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa, and has been recorded from around southwest England and Wales. The second variant, characterised by a dense 'carpet' of Corynactis viridis and Metridiumsenile has been recorded predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. The final variant is characterised by a very diverse, dense faunal turf of hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians and has been recorded from the coasts around Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC122","name":"Echinoderms and crustose communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock and boulders. Echinoderms, faunal (Parasmittina trispinosa) and algal crusts (red encrusting algae) dominate this biotope, giving a sparse appearance. Typical echinoderms present are the starfish Asterias rubens, the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroids Nemertesia antennina and Abietinaria abietina, Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Urticina felina and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species present may include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the top shell Calliostomazizphinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1221","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and Swiftia pallida on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of very exposed through to wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders, which are typically subject to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the sea fan Swiftia pallida on the silty substratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa and encrusting red algae may be seen. This biotope may have a grazed appearance, perhaps attributable to the frequently occurring Echinus esculentus. There may be a sparse hydroid turf present, with species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halecium halecinum present. The soft corals Alcyonium glomeratum and Alcyonium digitatum may be present on the tops of boulders along with the crinoids Antedon petasus and Antedon bifida. Other echinoderms occasionally observed include the starfish Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens and Luidia ciliaris. Sponges feature only occasionally in this biotope, including species such as Cliona celata. The bryozoan Porella compressa may also be recorded. Ascidians occasionally present include Ascidia mentula, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of the crustacean Munida rugosa. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be seen encrusting the rocky surface. Two variants of this biotope have been identified; Units MC1-2211 and MC1-2212. MC1-2211 is a heavily silted biotope characterised by the sea fan S. pallida, the cup coral C. smithii and the soft coral A. glomeratum and is only present in Irish waters. MC1-2212 has been recorded off the west coast of Scotland, and is characterised by large solitary ascidians and the cup coral C. smithii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1222","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Modiolus beds on mixed substrata (cobbles, pebbles and coarse muddy sediments) in moderately strong currents or wave exposed areas, typically on the open coast but also in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. Ophiothrix fragilis are often common in this biotope along with the calcareous tubes of Pomatoceros triqueter, anemones such as Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina and hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina and Sertularia argentea. Buccinum undatum may also be important and in some areas the clam Chlamys varia may be frequent but not in the same abundances as in unit MC2-224. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the Modiolus biotopes. This biotope is typified by examples off the north-west Lleyn Peninsula in N Wales and off Co. Down, Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12221","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and Alcyonium glomeratum on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on sheltered, ridged, circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to only weak tidal streams, but may be found in somewhat more exposed conditions. It is found in water depths ranging from 15m to 32m. Commonly occurring Swiftia pallida characterises this heavily silted biotope along with Caryophyllia smithii and frequent Alcyonium glomeratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa may be found. There is a strong echinoderm component to the community, with the tentacles of Aslia lefevrei frequently seen protruding from crevices in the ridged bedrock. Holothuria forskali is often seen on the upper faces of boulders and bedrock. Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus, Henricia oculata and Luidia ciliaris may also be present. A sparse hydroid turf may also be present, with species such as Polyplumaria frutescens, Halecium halecinum and Nemertesia antennina. In addition, there may be anthozoans such as Isozoanthus sulcatus and Corynactis viridis. The sponge Suberites carnosus is typically associated with a heavily silted habitat. Other sponges present include Cliona celata, Stelligera stuposa and Polymastia boletiformis. The only records are from the west coast of Ireland.         \r\nSituation: Usually found on bedrock ridges and outcrops surrounded by sand and muddy gravel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12222","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock and boulders rock subject to mainly weak tidal streams and has a thin layer of silt present. It is found predominantly from 10-30m water depth. From afar, this biotope is mostly distinguished by the frequently occurring seafan Swiftia pallida, encrusting red algae and the abundant cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. This biotope has quite an impoverished appearance, compared with unit MC1-215 which has a strong sponge component. Other species present are typically in low abundance. Echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Antedon bifida, Antedon petasus, Leptometra celtica, Marthasterias glacialis, Luidia ciliaris and Asterias rubens may be recorded. Large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa may occasionally be seen in isolated clumps on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. The anthozoan Parazoanthus anguicomus may be recorded. Bryozoans such as Parasmittina trispinosa and Porella compressa are occasionally observed. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be observed encrusting the sides of rocks and boulders while occasional Alcyonium digitatum may also be seen. A small suite of large ascidians may be present, including Ascidia mentula, Clavelina lepadiformis, Ciona intestinalis, Diazona violacea and Ascidia virginea. Sponges are typically absent from this biotope, although Cliona celata may be recorded occasionally. The top shell Gibbulacineraria is usually present. Under boulders and overhangs, the squat lobster Munidarugosa can usually be seen hiding. All these records are from the west coast of Scotland (East coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).          \r\nSituation: Above this biotope in the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp forests are usually found, with species such as Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria saccharina and Sacchoriza polyschides. This biotope is found on bedrock and boulders, which may either be protruding from the surrounding sediment, or the sediment may be in a separate zone below the bedrock. These sediments may either be deep mud (with species such as Pachycerianthus and Nephrops) on the sheltered sites or slightly coarser sediments (with Pennatula and Virgularia) on slightly more exposed sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1223","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper and vertical faces of wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders, with a water depth range of 20-30m. This often silty biotope has a typically sparse fauna, appearing grazed, and is characterised by common cup corals Caryophyllia smithii, frequent Alcyonium digitatum and occasional urchins Echinus esculentus. There may be occasional large growths of the sponge Cliona celata, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia and the axinellid sponge Stelligera stuposa. Echinoderms form a prominent feature of the fauna within this biotope, with species such as Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Luidia ciliaris, Henricia oculata, Holothuria forskali, Antedon bifida and Aslia lefevrei present. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa and encrusting red algae cover the rock/boulder surface. The bryozoan Porella compressa may also be recorded occasionally. Isolated clumps of hydroids feature species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Abietinaria abietina, Halecium halecinum and Sertularella gayi. Other species observed include the anemone Corynactis viridis, Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, Calliostoma zizyphinum, Balanus crenatus and Pomatoceros triqueter. Two variants within this biotope have been distinguished: units MC1-2222 and MC1-2221. While MC1-2222 tends to have the bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and P. compressa, while MC1-2221 features a dynamic community of brittlestars covering the seabed in a dense mat. Ophiothrix fragilis is usually the dominant species in shallow water but tends to be replaced by Ophiocomina nigra in deeper water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12231","name":"Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts , Parasmittina trispinosa and Caryophyllia smithii on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, on open coasts. However, the depth at which the variant occurs means that wave action is not so severe on the seabed as to displace the dense mat of brittlestars that covers the seabed. Ophiothrix fragilis is usually the most dominant species in shallow water, with Ophiocomina nigra usually found amongst them, but sometimes becoming the dominant species in deeper water. Although brittlestar biotopes are typically species-poor, the underlying fauna in this variant is relatively diverse and resembles that of MC1-2222. Species such as the anemone Urticina felina, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, and the anemone Corynactis viridis may occasionally be present. There may also be sparse clumps of various hydroids including Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Sertularella gayi and Abietinaria abietina. Soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is occasionally present and there may be sparse specimens of the sponges Cliona celata and Polymastia boletiformis. In addition, various echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus, Henricia oculata, Marthasterias glacialis and Luidia ciliaris may be observed. The barnacle Balanus crenatus and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be seen attached to any available space on the bedrock and boulders not smothered by brittlestars. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa may also be present.       \r\nSituation: Wave-exposed seabed composed of bedrock ridges and/or boulder or cobble slope. Shallower than this biotope, the lower infralittoral kelp park is dominated by Laminaria hyperborea. A dense understorey may be present, containing Antedon spp., Phycodrys rubens and Plocamium cartilagineum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12232","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and sponges with Pentapora foliacea, Porella compressa and crustose communities on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces and vertical sides of wave-exposed bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The fauna is often sparse with the frequently observed Echinus esculentus giving it a grazed appearance, but the community may also be affected by violent storm action working into deep water during winter storms. Despite this spartan appearance, the community is relatively diverse and contains a wide range of sponges, hydroids, bryozoans and echinoderms. This variant is found on open coasts or offshore, and is characterised by the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii, Alcyonium digitatum, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, large specimens of the sponge Cliona celata, encrusting bryozoans and encrusting red algae. Although this variant tends to occur in deep water (depth range of 20-30m), a high degree of water clarity allows some red algae to grow at these depths. Other species recorded include large specimens of Haliclona viscosa, the bryozoans Parasmittina trispinosa, Porella compressa and Pentapora foliacea, the sea cucumbers Holothuria forskali and Aslia lefevrei and sparse hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halecium halecinum. Anemones such as Corynactis viridis, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina are also frequently seen. Various other species characteristic of wave-exposed rock include the sponges Pachymatisma johnstonia, Stelligera stuposa, the starfish Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, the crinoid Antedon bifida, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The majority of the records within this variant originate from the west coast of Ireland.            \r\nSituation: Exposed kelp forest and park biotopes such as unit MB1-213 with species such as Laminaria hyperborea are typically found shallower than this biotope. Deeper, this biotope is believed to graduate into MD1-211 (deep erect sponges), as both these biotopes are common around the west coast of Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1224","name":"Urticina felina and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, rock adjacent to mobile sand/gravel in gullies, and cobbles on gravel and sand, characterised by scour-tolerant robust species. Although many of these species are found on subtidal rock, they tend to occur in larger numbers in these highly sand-influenced conditions. The dominant species by far is the anemone Urticina felina which commonly occurs on rocks at the sand-rock interface, where the scour levels are at a maximum and few species can tolerate this abrasion. The sponge Ciocalypta penicillus is also very characteristic of shifting sand-covered rock. This biotope is only occasionally recorded as a separate entity, because its extent is typically restricted to a very narrow band of rock at the sediment interface. Only occasionally does it cover a large extent of rock (e.g. where the wave action is strong enough to cause sand abrasion well up the rock face or where the rock is low-lying). More often, this scoured zone is recorded as part of whatever biotope occurs on the nearby hard substrata. Other species (which are able to survive, and benefit from the reduced competition) include Balanus crenatus, Pomatoceros triqueter, Cellepora pumicosa, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Cliona celata, encrusting red algae and Asterias rubens.          \r\nSituation: This biotope tends to be found in close proximity to mobile sand or gravel, producing scour that tends to limit the number of species found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1225","name":"Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical and upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to mostly moderate to weak tidal streams (a variant of this biotope containing brittlestar is found on bedrock, boulders and cobbles). The biotope is dominated by faunal (e.g. Parasmittinatrispinosa) and algal (Corallinaceae) crusts, and tends to have a grazed appearance; this may be partially attributable to the abundance of Echinus esculentus found in this biotope. Occasionally, the rock may appear pink from a distance, due to the expanses of encrusting red algae on the rock surface. Alcyonium digitatum is one of the few species to stand erect from the encrusted rock surface and are frequently encountered, on the tops of rocky outcrops and boulders. Hydroids do not form a prominent feature of this biotope, with only robust species such as Abietinaria abietina frequently recorded. Sponges and Caryophyllia smithii are rarely present while erect bryozoans and ascidians are scarce (although there are exceptions, see variants). The E. esculentus grazed substratum may be interspersed with other encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis. Other species present include Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis, Urticina felina, Ophiocomina nigra, Pagurus bernhardus, Flustra foliacea, Gibbula cineraria, Calliostoma zizyphinum, Ophiura albida, Ciona intestinalis and Antedon bifida. Six variants of this biotope have been recorded. MC1-2241 is dominated by the silt and scour tolerant bryozoan F. foliacea. MC1-2242 is dominated by A. digitatum. Unit MC1-2243 is dominated by Securiflustra securifrons. MC1-2245 looks extremely impoverished (even for a grazed community). MC1-2244 has a dense covering of brittlestars while MC1-2246 is only found under weak/very weak tides and is dominated by C. smithii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12251","name":"Flustra foliacea on slightly scoured silty Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong tidal streams. These rocky patches may be interspersed with gravelly sand patches, causing a scouring effect. From afar, the variant appears dominated by the bryozoan Flustra foliacea. Alcyonium digitatum may also be seen attached to the rocky substratum. Under closer inspection, the white tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be observed on the rock and boulders, especially on vertical faces. There may be sandy/gravelly patches in between the boulders colonised by the anemone Urticina felina. The regular occurrence of large numbers of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus in this biotope may be responsible for grazing the faunal and algal turf, thus keeping species richness relatively low. Other echinoderms that may be seen include the ubiquitous starfish Asterias rubens and the common brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Sparse clumps of the hydroids Thuiaria thuja, Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina and Tubularia indivisa are occasionally seen attached to the rocky substratum. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the polychaete Sabella pavonina and sparse bryozoan crusts may also be present. This biotope is characteristic of the bedrock terraces along the Northumberland coast that are generally species impoverished compared to similar F. foliacea biotopes on the west coasts of the UK, which have a more diverse range of sponges, hydroids and bryozoans. As the turbidity levels increase in this fairly silty biotope, so the species diversity is reduced.       \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs around coasts subject to sand scour and siltation. Associated biotopes common around the north-east coast of England include circalittoral gravel and coarse sands. Typical species present include Echinocardium, Lanice conchilega, Ensis spp., Mya truncata and Myxicola. Where suitable substratum is available, exposed kelp forests occur in the infralittoral (the latter normally occupies a narrow band due to the high silt loading in the water column). Where this biotope occurs along with chalk or limestone bedrock and boulders, piddock dominated biotopes (Pid) may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12252","name":"Alcyonium digitatum, Pomatoceros triqueter, algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical, steep and upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to varying amounts of current. The variant has a very grazed, sparse appearance, dominated only by the presence of Alcyonium digitatum and large expanses of encrusting red alage and bryozoan crusts particularly (Parasmittina trispinosa). The sparse appearance can be attributed to the frequently observed sea urchin Echinus esculentus. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be locally abundant, and may in some cases cover far more rock surface than A. digitatum, especially on vertical faces. Clumps of robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina occur occasionally. Other species present include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Ophiothrix fragilis, the anemone Urticina felina, Calliostoma zizyphinum and Cancer pagurus.          \r\nSituation: Shallower than this biotope, dense kelp forest is typically found, containing species such as Laminaria hyperborea and Alaria esculentus. Occasionally, this biotope may be found on rocky outcrops surrounding by coarse sand. With this increased scour, MC1-223 may develop at the rock/sand interface. Below this biotope, coarse sediments, muddy gravel and sand are typically recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12253","name":"Alcyonium digitatum with Securiflustra securifrons on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The rock surface is dominated by Alcyonium digitatum and the bryozoan Securiflustra securifrons. The rock between these species appears fairly sparse and grazed, with expanses of encrusting red algae. The sea urchin Echinus esculentus is frequently seen, and in collaboration with the light attenuating effects of depth, is probably the principal reason for the lack of algal turf. Other species found include the hydroids Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina, Thuiaria thuja, the bryozoans Cellepora pumicosa, Parasmittina trispinosa, Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and other bryozoan crusts. Encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus balanus are frequently observed. Other species present include Asterias rubens, Antedon bifida, Ophiura albida, Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, Urticina felina, Clavelina lepadiformis, Calliostoma zizphinium and Pandalus montagui.      \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, you tend to find exposed kelp forest and park (unit MB1-213). There is a tendency for slight scouring to occur in this biotope. However, if this scour increases further, for example if water movement increases, mobilising more sand, this biotope may graduate into MC1-223. In more silty sites, there is a tendency for S. securifrons to be replaced by F. foliacea as the dominant bryozoan, turning the biotope into MC1-2241.               \r\nTemporal variation: Whilst the great majority of species in this variant are most likely present throughout the year, C. lepadiformis grows in spring and may show great variation in abundance from year to year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12254","name":"Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by high densities of brittlestars (predominantly Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida). In fact, they may form such dense beds that the seabed underneath may not be visible. The rocky substratum is usually colonised by species such as encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Only robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina, Alcyonium digitatum and bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are able to tolerate the significant smothering effect from the dense mat of brittlestars. Other species typically seen include Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus, Anapagurus hyndmanni, Gibbula cineraria, Urticina felina, Pododesmus patelliformis and Ciona intestinalis.           \r\nSituation: Shallower than the MC1-2244 variant, kelp park and forest may be found with species such as Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12255","name":"Faunal and algal crusts with Pomatoceros triqueter and sparse Alcyonium digitatum on exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. From afar, the seabed has a rather sparse, grazed appearance, reminiscent of a brittlestar bed after the brittlestars have moved elsewhere. The rocky substratum is generally covered with encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, dotted with the abundant urchin Echinus esculentus. Under closer inspection, Alcyonium digitatum are usually seen attached to the rocky surface underneath rock overhangs and large boulders. Although they may be recorded as abundant or common in some areas, their relatively small size means that their biomass is generally lower than in other biotopes. Sparse clumps of robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina are frequently observed, and bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are occasionally seen. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, and the crab Cancer pagurus may be seen within crevices in the boulders/rock whilst the starfish Asterias rubens may be seen on the rock surface. Muddy-gravel patches between boulders (especially within Scottish sealochs) provide a suitable habitat for the anemone Urticina felina. The top shell Gibbula cineraria is occasionally seen grazing on the rock surface. Within this biotope, there is some regional variation. The robust hydroid A. abietina is typically found in higher abundances in northern (Scottish) regions, especially around the Isle of May.           \r\nSituation: Above the MC1-2245 variant in the infralittoral zone, species such as Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea are found in more wave exposed sites (MB1-211 / MB1-213) while species such as Laminaria saccharina may be found above MC1-2245 in the more sheltered examples. Due to moderately tide-swept conditions this variant is found in, clean, coarse sediment biotopes are generally found below MC1-2245. Typical species found in these coarse sand/gravelly biotopes include Neopentadactyla mixta and Lanice conchilega (MC4-2). Where wave exposure increases, this variant tends to change to MC1-2222, dominated by Caryophyllia smithii, Corynactis viridis, encrusting red algae and bryozoan crusts. Where tidal stream and wave-exposure decreases, this variant develops into a similar biotope dominated by encrusting red algae, Echinus esculentus and C.smithii (MC1-2246)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12256","name":"Caryophyllia smithii with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock, subject to very little water movement. Where this variant is found on slightly more wave-exposed sites, it tends to be found towards the bottom of its depth range. The rocky substratum has a grazed appearance, with encrusting red algae. Diversity of species is very low, possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. From afar, there is little evident epifauna attached to the rocks apart from the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii. In addition, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are frequently seen. Under closer inspection, a few more species become apparent but few are typically characterising of this particular variant. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis, Marthasterias glacialis, Ophiocomina nigra and Crossaster papposus are occasionally present. Sparse clumps of hydroids such as Halecium halecinum, Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Nemertesia antennina may be found attached to rocky outcrops or boulders. Small specimens of Alcyonium digitatum may be present. The ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ascidia mentula also occur in this variant but are found in greater numbers in other biotopes. The top shells Calliostoma zizyphinum, Gibbula cineraria, and the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis may be seen on the rock surface whilst the crab Cancer pagurus may be seen under boulders and in crevices. The anemone Metridium senile may be found under rocky overhangs and on the sides of boulders.         \r\nSituation: As MC1-2246 occurs on moderately wave-exposed coasts, kelp forests in the infralittoral zone shallower than this variant tend to be dominated by robust kelp species such as Laminaria hyperborea (unit MB1-21A) and Saccorhiza polyschides. Immediately below MC1-2246 (typically bedrock/boulder substratum), sublittoral sediment biotopes such as muddy sands, containing Nephrops norvegicus, Virgularia mirabilis and Funiculina quadrangularis are found. Occasionally, biotopes composed of coarser sand/gravelly material may be present, with species such as Peachea cylindrica and Neopentadactyla mixta. When wave exposure and tidal stream increase, MC1-2246 tends to grade into MC1-2245."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1226","name":"Alcyonium digitatum and faunal crust communities on vertical Atlantic circalittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical faces and overhangs of exposed to moderately exposed lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. Due to the large numbers of the urchin Echinus esculentus often recorded, this biotope tends to have a grazed appearance, and the bedrock is often encrusted with pink coralline algae, encrusting bryozoans such as Parasmittina trispinosa and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter. Dense aggregations of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum may be present along with the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species present include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis and Antedon bifida, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula, the anthozoans Urticina feline, Cortynactis viridis, Metridium senile and Sagartia elegans, the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum and the crustacean Cancer pagurus. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. One variant found typically off the north-east coast of Scotland and around the Northern Isles, has a very impoverished appearance dominated by anthozoans. A second variant occurs along the west coast of Scotland, extending to Rockall in the west, and the Northern Isles in the north-east, and has a more fauna, characterised by hydroids, sponges, anthozoans and echinoderms. A third variant occurs along the north-east coast of England (Northumberland) up to the Northern Isles and is dominated by Alcyonium digitatum, brittlestars and Echinus esculentus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1227","name":"Mytilus edulis beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, boulders and mixed substrata exposed to varying amounts of wave action. The mussel Mytilus edulis forms dense beds, to the exclusion of other species. The starfish Asterias rubens is frequently recorded, and it predates heavily on the mussels. Occasionally, the anemone Urticina felina may be seen within crevices in the rock or on gravel patches. Crabs such as Necora puber and Carcinus maenas may be seen on the rock or mussels whilst fauna observed in crevices typically consists of the lobster Homarus gammarus and the crab Cancer pagurus. The anemone Sargatia elegans can be seen attached to bedrock and cobbles, whereas the barnacle Balanus crenatus may be seen attached to the mussels themselves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1228","name":"Musculus discors beds on moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles in slightly silty conditions. The mussel Musculus discors occurs in dense mats and occasionally completely coats all available surfaces. There is also often a layer of pseudofaeces, forming a thick, silty matrix. A relatively diverse fauna of cushion and branching sponges is often present on rocky outcrops and other hard substratum that is free of mussels. These include Tethya aurantium, Scypha ciliata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Cliona celata and Stelligera stuposa. There may be isolated clumps of silt-tolerant bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. Various species may be observed on top of the mussels, including Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and the brittlestar Ophiura albida. Occasional Alcyonium digitatum and clumps of the hydroid Nemertesia antennina are found attached to rocky outcrops and boulders whilst the anemone Urticina felina may be seen in crevices in the rock or on gravely patches between boulders. Colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and didemnids may occasionally be present. A wide range of seaweeds may be present, including Dictyota dichotoma, Plocamium cartliagineum, Dictyopteris membranacea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Heterosiphonia plumosa. The crab Cancer pagurus may be observed in crevices. The majority of the records for this biotope are from the Lleyn Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1229","name":"Faunal communities on Atlantic circalittoral artificial hard substrate","description":"This habitat type contains two biotopes which, although have different physical habitat characteristics, share the fact that they colonise new areas of artificial substrata relatively quickly. The Ascidiella aspersa fouling biotope (MC1-2282) is found on wave-sheltered artificial substrata such as discarded fishing nets/mooring lines. A separate fouling biotope (A4.721) is described for open coast wrecks. This biotope has a characteristic faunal community of Alcyonium digitatum and the anemone Metridium senile. Other species recorded in this complex (primarily under subunit A4.721) include the hydroid Nemertesia antennina, the anemones Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, the bryozoans Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa, the crabs Necora puber, Cancer pagurus and Maja squinado and the lobster Homarus gammarus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12291","name":"Alcyonium digitatum and Metridium senile on moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral steel wrecks","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks that are subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The vertical and upward facing sides of the wreck stand proud of the seabed, and may be colonised by dense aggregations of Alcyonium digitatum, Metridium senile and Actinothoe sphyrodeta. Caryophyllia smithii and Corynactis viridis are also recorded with varying abundance. A mixed faunal turf may also be present on the vertical sides, with Nemertesia antennina, Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. Where tidal stream strength is elevated, for example if the wreck is situated in a straight or sound, the hydroid Tubularia indivisa may prevail. Crustaceans such as the crabs Necora puber, Maja squinado and Cancer pagurus, the lobster Homarus gammarus and barnacles are all recorded. The top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum is also recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12292","name":"Ascidiella aspersa on Atlantic circalittoral artificial substrata","description":"Sheltered artificial substrata (such as discarded fishing nets or scrap metal on muddy sediment plains), sometimes subject to variable salinity, with high numbers of the ascidian Ascidiella aspersa which is capable of rapidly colonising hard substrata. Other species that are quickly able to take advantage of such substrata include the dahlia anemone Urticina felina and the plumose anemone Metridium senile. The edible crab Cancer pagurus, the velvet swimming crab Necora puber and the shore crab Carcinus maenas may occasionally be found hiding under the discarded nets, lobster pots or anchor chains.     \r\nSituation: As a fouling community, this biotope may be found throughout the circalittoral zone in coastal waters. It may be more prevalent around harbours, moorings, and fishing grounds where suitable substratum is available. In situations where wave exposure or tidal stream increase, biotopes dominated by bryozoans and/or robust hydroids (unit MC1-22) may arise.           \r\nTemporal variation: A gradual development of more long-lived species is expected, where the artificial substrata are of a more permanent nature (e.g. wooden or concrete pier pilings)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC123","name":"Brachiopod and ascidian communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on the wave-sheltered, circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to weak tidal streams. The biotopes within this complex are typically found in the Scottish sealochs (with the exception of MC1-232, recorded off Ireland) and are characterised by brachipod and ascidian communities. Ascidians often recorded in this complex are Ciona intestinalis, Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea and Clavelina lepadiformis. The brachiopod Neocrania anomala is also characteristic of the biotopes within this complex recorded in Scottish sealochs. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and encrusting red algae are frequently recorded on the rocky substrata. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars Ophiothrix fraglis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida, the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and Henricia oculata, the crinoid Antedon bifida and the urchin Echinus esculentus are all found in this complex. Other species present include the squat lobster Munidarugosa, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Protantheasimplex and the hydroid Kirchenpaueria pinnata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1231","name":"Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope predominantly occurs on the upper faces of wave-sheltered (often sealochs) circalittoral bedrock, boulder and cobble slopes with little tidal flow. Apart from the solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula, this biotope has a rather barren, pink appearance (due to the encrusting red algae), possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Other organisms found encrusting the rocky surface include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species occasionally encountered include Alcyonium digitatum, Asterias rubens, Pagurus berhardus, Crossaster papposus, Antedon bifida and Metridium senile. Crustaceans such as Munida rugosa and Cancer pagurus may be recorded in crevices. Two variants of this biotope exist: Units MC1-2311 and MC1-2312. MC1-2312 occurs where is a dense carpet of brittlestars which sometimes completely cover the rocky substratum. Species present include Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida.            \r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of C. intestinalis tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as A. mentula and Ascidiella aspersa tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years, respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12311","name":"Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, with Antedon spp. on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant occurs on circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes in generally wave-sheltered conditions (often in sea lochs) with little tidal flow. It is frequently found on vertical or steeply-sloping rock. Apart from the large ascidians, Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, the rock surface usually has a rather sparse appearance. Scyphistomae larvae are often present on any vertical surfaces. Grazing by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus leaves only encrusting red algae (giving the bedrock/boulder substratum a pink appearance), cup corals Caryophyllia smithii and the keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter. There may be a few hydroid species present, such as Nemertesia spp. and Kirchenpaueria pinnata, occasional Alcyonium digitatum and occasional Metridium senile. Barnacles Balanus spp. and the colonial ascidian Clavelinalepadiformis also occasionally occur. At some sites, echinoderms such as the crinoid Antedon spp., the starfish Crossaster papposus and Asterias rubens and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis (in low densities) may be found. The squat lobster Munida rugosa is likely to be found in crevices, under boulders, and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus may be observed moving around the rock surface. The brachiopod Neocrania anomala is frequently observed (especially where this biotope occurs shallower than unit MC1-234 for example). The saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis may occasionally be seen attached to the rock/boulder face.          \r\nSituation: This biotope is typical of one found in sheltered sealochs. On slightly more wave and tide exposed sites, a transition to the more diverse MC1-233 biotope will occur. Below MC1-2311, you may find the MC1-234 biotope (especially situated on the sills of sealochs).             \r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of C. intestinalis tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as A. mentula and Ascidiella aspersa tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12312","name":"Dense brittlestars with sparse Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-sheltered sites (although it may be found in wave-exposed through to extremely wave-sheltered conditions), on circalittoral mixed substrata (Bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This biotope often has a silty appearance in parallel with MC1-2311 but is characterised by a dense carpet of brittlestars (Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and to a lesser extent Ophiura albida) which virtually cover the seabed. Where the underlying substratum is visible, pink coralline crusts and the white calcareous tubes of the keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter are often observed. Hydroids and bryozoans are scarce, perhaps partly due to the smothering effect of the brittlestars and possibly due to the grazing pressure of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus which is occasionally recorded. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus. The solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis may be seen attached to isolated rocks and boulders, whilst on the tops and sides of larger boulders, dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus is often recorded, whilst under boulders and in crevices the claws belonging to the long-clawed squat lobster Munida rugosa may be seen.   \r\nSituation: MC1-2312 is found in predominantly sheltered areas, so in the infralittoral zone above, kelp forest formed by dense Laminaria saccharina and cape-form Laminaria hyperborea are frequently recorded. A dense understorey of red algae is also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1232","name":"Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"MC1-232 is characteristic of the wave-sheltered conditions found in the Kenmare River on the west coast of Ireland. This biotope is typically found on silty circalittoral bedrock and boulders in wave-sheltered channels subject to varying amounts of tidal flow. These fully marine inlets and channels have steep, often vertical sides with small terraces or ledges. This biotope, characterised by erect sponges and large solitary ascidians, appears to be biologically diverse. A diverse ascidian fauna is generally present, including Ascidia mentula, Aplidium punctum, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia virginea, Botryllus schlosseri, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis. An equally diverse sponge fauna, with massive erect sponges particularly noticeable, compliments these species. Dominant species include Esperiopsis fucorum, Dysidea fragilis, Tethya aurantium, Polymastia boletiformis, Raspailia ramosa, Stelligera stuposa, Polymastia mamilliaris and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other sponges present are Suberites carnosus, Haliclona fistulosa, Stelligera rigida, Mycale rotalis, Haliclona simulans, Iophon hyndmani and Hemimycale columella. Various sponge crusts may also be present but in most cases in lower abundances. Other significant components of the community include the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and various echinoderms, including the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the starfish Henricia oculata and Marthasterias glacialis. Small isolated clumps of Nemertesia antennina and individual Alcyonium digitatum may be seen, whilst the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be present. At present, there are relatively few records in this biotope, as it is only reported from around the south-western coast of Ireland, where sponge diversity is very high.         \r\nSituation: Due to the sheltered nature of the biotope, this unit is usually situated on bedrock/boulder outcrops associated with mud slopes and plains. Typical species found within these circalittoral muds include the seapen Virgularia mirablis and the anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus. In the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp biotopes such as MB3-211 with Laminaria saccharina occur frequently. In areas where there is a slightly stronger tidal-stream, the circalittoral muddy plains become more muddy gravel plains and slopes. Typical species found within these habitats include the anemones Mesacmaea mitchellii and Aureliana heterocera. When tidal-streams becomes negligible, but with similar wave-sheltered conditions, you tend to find MC1-2211 biotopes occurring, especially in the same geographical location (around south-west/west Ireland) as MC1-232."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1233","name":"Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on silty boulder or rock slopes, in the sheltered parts of sealochs, subject to weak or very weak tidal currents. The seabed consists of smooth, silty bedrock or boulders, often as outcrops on mixed muddy sediment. There are often small vertical faces on the sides of rock ridges, and at few sites, there may be more extensive steep or vertical bedrock. In sharp contrast to the barren, grazed appearance of MC1-2311, the species composition of unit MC1-233 is quite diverse, although no one phyla dominates. A wide range of encrusting species may be found, including the brachiopod Neocraniaanomala, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis, encrusting red algae and polychaetes (Pomatoceros triqueter and Protula tubularia). Other conspicuous species include crinoids on the tops of boulders (Antedon bifida, commoner in shallower water and Antedon petasus, commoner in deeper water), scattered solitary and colonial ascidians (Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea, Corella parallelogramma, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis) and tufts of fine hydroids (Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Nemertesia antennina, Obelia dichotoma and Halceum halecinum). The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the crustose bryozoan Parasmittina trispinosa are all typically present, as are a wide range of echinoderms, including the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, the starfish Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus, and the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiura albida. Other species recorded are the squat lobster Munida rugosa, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the chiton Tonicella marmorea.     \r\nSituation: The range of biotopes shallower and deeper than MC1-233 is typical of a sheltered sealoch. Silted kelp biotopes (e.g. units MB1-239, MB1-23A) are typically found shallower than MC1-233 in the infralittoral zone. Deeper than MC1-233, the boulder slope typically grades into a muddy slope or plain (units A5.3 or A5.4), along with fauna commonly associated with soft-sediments (e.g. seapens and the mud snail Turritella)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1234","name":"Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs in full to variable salinity conditions on very wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulder slopes subject to negligible tidal streams (this tends to be in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs). This biotope is characterised by often dense populations of the anemone Protanthea simplex, growing on the silty bedrock. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered by encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the brachiopods Neocrania anomala and Terebratulina retusa, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis and the polychaete Sabella pavonina. Scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum and the hydroid Bougainvillia ramosa may occasionally be recorded. A diverse range of ascidians including Ciona intestinalis, Ascidia mentula, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia virginea, Polycarpa pomaria and Dendrodoa grossularia are also occasionally recorded. Echinoderms such as the common brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis are frequently reported with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris are occasionally found on the boulder/rock surface. The whelk Buccinum undatum is often present but in very low numbers. The squat lobster Munida rugosa may be seen hiding in crevices. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus may also be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12341","name":"Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on deep, lower circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes (often-vertical walls) in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs. In these very sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the anemone Protanthea simplex growing on the silty boulder or rock slope, and on the tubes of the parchment worm Chaetopterus variopedatus. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered with encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the brachiopod Neocrania anomala, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis and the conspicuous fan worm Sabella pavonina. Scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum are occasionally present along with the hydroid Bougainvillia ramosa. The barnacle Balanus balanus and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus is occasionally seen on boulder or rock surface, whilst underneath in crevices, the squat lobster Munida rugosa may be present. A diverse range of solitary ascidians, typically found in sheltered conditions, are often present including Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Polycarpa pomaria, Ascidia mentula and Ascidia virginea. Echinoderms such as brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis are frequently seen with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish Asterias rubens, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris are occasionally found on the boulder or rock surface. The whelk Buccinum undatum is often present but in very low numbers.      \r\nSituation: Where this biotope occurs on vertical rock cliffs, you tend to find silted sugar kelp Laminaria saccharina communities above MC1-234, in the infralittoral zone (MB1-23A). Where MC1-234 occurs on a rock or boulder slope and due to the very sheltered nature of the habitat, it is common to find a mud plain community where slope ends (A5.3). Species such as the seapen Funiculina quadrangularis, the anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12342","name":"Neocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia and Sarcodictyon roseum on variable salinity circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on lower circalittoral silty, bedrock or boulder cliffs and ridges in very wave-sheltered fjordic sealochs subjected to variable salinity regimes (such as Loch Etive, Scotland). In these sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, the brachiopod Neocrania anomala and to a lesser extent, the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa, which are able to tolerate the variable salinity. Other solitary ascidians that may be present include Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidiella scabra, Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea and Polycarpa pomaria. The anemone Protanthea simplex is occasionally seen, although to a lesser extent than in unit MC1-234, possibly due to the variable salinity. The hydroids Bougainvillia ramosa and Lafoea dumosa, the cup-coral Caryophilia smithii and Sarcodictyon roseum are occasionally present. The tubes formed by the polychaete Sabella pavonina may be observed standing erect from the rock surface. The rest of the rock surface is usually covered by encrusting red algae and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and Protula tubularia. The sea cucumber Psolus phantapus may be found on the underside of boulders. Other species such as the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the spider crab Hyas araneus may be found amongst the rock/boulders. The starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, and Henricia spp. and the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris are also recorded within this variant. The relatively bare, silty rock supports low numbers of a relatively few species. Although barren rock grazed by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus is found in other sea loch biotopes (see units MC1-2245 and MC1-2246), E. esculentus is virtually absent within MC1-2342.         \r\nSituation: Due to the variable or reduced salinity conditions present where this biotope is found, you tend to find reduced salinity kelp biotopes above MC1-2342, such as MB1-242 and MB1-243. The very sheltered conditions give rise to muddy sediment slopes or plains beneath MC1-234 where species such as the seapen Funiculina quadrangularis, the anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC124","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-sheltered, variable salinity bedrock and cobbles, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This complex contains a suite of sponges able to tolerate the variable salinity conditions like Hymeniacidon perleve, Suberites ficus, Halichondria panicea, Halichondria bowerbanki, Cliona celata and Leucosolenia botryoides. The barnacle Balanus crenatus is frequently recorded in this complex. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of Nemertesia antennina, Nemerteis ramosa, Plumularia setacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Bugula plumosa is often recorded. Other species recorded are the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Morchellium argus and Dendrodoa grossularia, the anemones Metridium senile and Sagartia troglodytes, the starfish Asterias rubens and the crab Carcinus maenas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1241","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found in variable salinity environments and tends to occur on the upper faces of circalittoral bedrock and boulders, in sheltered sites subject to moderately strong tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by aggregations of cushion sponges such as Hymeniacidon perleve, Halichondria panicea, Halichondria bowerbanki and Cliona celata, other sponges (Leucosolenia botryoides and Suberites ficus) along with occasional hydroid tufts of Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Plumularia setacea. Other species that may be present include the colonial ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus, Dendrodoa grossularia, the anemones Metridium senile and Sagartia troglodytes, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Carcinus maenas and Bugula plumosa. Two variants of this biotope have been recorded: units MC1-2411 and MC1-2412."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12411","name":"Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in a mixture of turbid, full and variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered and moderately exposed bedrock or boulders. Tidal streams are typically moderately strong but may vary considerably. This sub-biotope occurs in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 11m water depth) and is dominated by cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians. On the silty, rocky substrata, large growths of sponge are usually associated with this biotope (Suberites ficus, Hymeniacidon perleve, Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Raspailia ramosa). The tasselled form of Esperiopsis fucorum is also notably present. Other epifauna present includes silty hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Plumularia setacea, Hydrallmaniafalcata and Halecium halecinum. Individual colonies of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum and plumose anemones Metridiumsenile may be seen attached to the tops of boulders and ridges. At some sites, whole sides of rocks may be colonised by the anemones Sagartia elegans, Sagartia troglodytes and Actinothoe sphyrodeta. Within crevices in the rocky substratum and at the base of boulders Urticina felina and Cereus pedunculatus may be found. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, Morchellium argus, Dendrodoa grossularia, Diplosoma listerianum and Distomus variolosus may all be observed. Other ubiquitous species which may be recorded include Polydora, terebellid worms, Balanus crenatus, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Asterias rubens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12412","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in turbid, variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered bedrock in estuaries subject to strong tidal regimes where circalittoral communities occur in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 8m water depth). Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians dominate the biotope. Large growths (often up to 50cm across) of the sponges Halichondria panicea mixed with Halichondria bowerbanki almost entirely cover the bedrock, appearing in places like a continuous cushion. Haliclona oculata, Suberites ficus, Leucosolenia botryoides, various hydroids such as Plumularia setacea, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and various bryozoans such as Bugula plumosa, Bugula turbinata and Bowerbankia pustulosa protude through the Halichondria spp. sponge growth. Colonial ascidians such as the lightbulb ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus may also be observed. Other more ubiquitous species include Balanus crenatus, Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens, Metridium senile, Sagartia elegans and Ophiothrix fragilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1242","name":"Halichondria bowerbanki, Eudendrium arbusculum and Eucratea loricata on reduced salinity tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope typically occurs on circalittoral mixed substrata (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel) in the moderately strong, tide-swept narrows near the entrance of Loch Etive, although not in the extremely tide-swept Falls of Lora. This sea loch is unique in having a substantial freshwater input from the surrounding moorland, yielding the most brackish, large sea loch in Scotland. Large growths of the brackish-tolerant sponge Halichondria bowerbanki cover the cobble and boulder seabed, interspersed with Mycale lobata, the hydroid Eudendrium arbusculum and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum which are particularly characteristic of these conditions. Tufts of the bryozoan Eucratea loricata are occasional in most areas. Other species recorded include Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Buccinum undatum, Pagurus berhardus, Henricia spp., Onchidoris bilamellata and Palio dubia, tolerant of the low salinity, are found in the circalittoral throughout this area. Ascidians such as Ascidiella scabra and Corella parallelogramma may also be present. A very impoverished low salinity version is present in the upper basin of Loch Etive. Unit MC1-241 is similar in several respects to this biotope and will develop in less brackish situations where species-richness is generally greater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC125","name":"Communities on Atlantic circalittoral soft rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral soft bedrock subject to moderately strong tidal streams. As this complex is found in highly turbid water conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin at the low water mark, due to poor light penetration. This complex is dominated by the piddock Pholas dactylus. Other species typical of this complex include the polychaete Polydora and Bispiravolutacornis, the sponges Cliona celata and Suberites ficus, the bryozoan Flustra foliacea, Alcyonium digitatum, the starfish Asterias rubens, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the crab Necora puber and Cancer pagurus. Foliose red algae may also be present. Please note: in areas subject to very high turbidity, biotopes within this habitat type may occur in the infralittoral and even the littoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1251","name":"Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in Atlantic circalittoral very soft chalk or clay","description":"This biotope occurs on circalittoral soft rock, such as soft chalk or clay, most often in moderately exposed tide-swept conditions. As soft chalk and firm clay are often too soft for sessile filter-feeding animals to attach and thrive in large numbers, an extremely impoverished epifauna results on upward-facing surfaces, although vertical faces may be somewhat richer. The rock is sufficiently soft to be bored by bivalves. Species vary with location, but Pholas dactylus is the most widespread borer and may be abundant. Other species present may include the sponges Dysidea fragilis and Suberites carnosus and the polychaete Bispira volutacornis. Foliose red algae may be present on the harder, more stable areas of rock. Mobile fauna often include the crabs Necora puber and Cancer pagurus.                   \r\nSituation: Subtidal chalk reefs or clay outcrops, mostly known from south-east England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1252","name":"Polydora sp. tubes on moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral soft rock","description":"Large patches of chalk and soft limestone are occasionally covered entirely by Polydora sp. tubes to the exclusion of almost all other species. This tends to occur in highly turbid conditions and spans the infralittoral and circalittoral in limestone areas such as the Great and Little Ormes (North Wales) and Gower (South Wales). It is even present on the lower shore in the Severn estuary. The boring form of the sponge Cliona celata often riddles the surface layer of the stone. Other sponges present include Halichondria panicea, Haliclona oculata and Hymeniacidon perleve. Polydora sp. also frequently occurs in small patches as part of other biotopes (e.g. unit MC1-216). Other species present include Alcyonium digitatum, Sarcodictyon roseum, the hydroids Halecium halecinum, Abietinaria abietina and Tubularia indivisa, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Botryllus schlosseri and Morchellium argus, the anemones Urticina felina, Metridium senile and Sagartia elegans and the bryozoans Flustra foliacea and a crisiid turf. The starfish Asterias rubens, the crabs Inachus phalangium and Carcinus maenas, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the brittlestar Ophiothrixfragilis may also be seen. Please note: this biotope may extend into the infralittoral and littoral zone in areas where water turbidity is sufficiently high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1253","name":"Hiatella-bored Atlantic circalittoral vertical limestone rock","description":"Moderately exposed vertical and overhanging soft rock (typically chalk), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, bored by the rock-boring mollusc Hiatella arctica. As with other biotopes in the soft rock complex, it is found in areas of high turbidity, where there is poor light penetration. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroid Nemertesia antennina and a sparse bryozoan turf formed by various crisiids, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellate (often being grazed on by the nudibranch Janolus cristatus), Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea and Cellapora pumicosa. A patchy 'carpet' of the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis is often recorded along with other echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Henricia sanguinolenta. Other species present include the colonial ascidians Polyclinum aurantium, Botrylloides leachi, Clavelina lepadiformis, Aplidium punctatum and Botryllus schlosseri, dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum and the crab Cancer pagurus. Sponges present include the boring sponge Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Myxilla incrustans, Leucosolenia botryoides and Dysidea fragilis. Occasionally, the foliose red seaweed Delessaria sanguinea may be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC126","name":"Communities of Atlantic circalittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Caves and overhanging rock in the circalittoral zone, away from significant influence of strong wave action (compare MB1-27). This habitat may be colonised by a wide variety of species, with sponges such as Dercitus bucklandi, anemones Parazoanthus spp. and the cup corals Caryophyllia inornatus, Hoplangia durotrix and others particularly characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1261","name":"Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral habitats) and almost all are different in species composition. There are also a few examples of similar communities on very deep (70-100 m+) upward-facing rock (in Loch Hourn) and more may be found through the use of ROVs. These often species-rich habitats are almost invariably adjacent to well-mixed turbulent water. Characteristic species include the sponges Stryphnus ponderosus, Dercitus bucklandi, Chelonaplysilla noevus, Pseudosuberites sp. and Spongosorites sp., the anemones Parazoanthus spp., the cup corals Leptopsammiapruvoti, Hoplangia durotrix, Caryophyllia inornatus and the soft coral Parerythropodium coralloides. Thymosia guernei is sometimes present. This biotope is likely to need further splitting with further data and analysis.      \r\nSituation: Subtidal rocky coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC127","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1271","name":"Oil seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1272","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1273","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1274","name":"Vents in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1275","name":"Atlantic circalittoral bubbling reefs","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC128","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus or the common mussel Mytilus edulis. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC13","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBlue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), barnacles (Balanidae)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC131","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover l  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC132","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1321","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAscidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Modiolus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC133","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1331","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLaomedea spp., Cordylophora caspia\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from Russian waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1332","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by sea anemones (Actiniarida)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEdwardsia spp, Metridium dianthus\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1333","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAlcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC134","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\n Einhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1341","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1342","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by erect Bryozoa (Flustra foliaceae)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC135","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1351","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, barnacles constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity approximately >3 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC136","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC137","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulderscharacterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Mixed  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrocommunity  cover at least 10 % of the seabed \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC138","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity.","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC139","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13A","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay..Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC13A1","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized  by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC13A2","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by Astarte spp","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   Epibenthic bivalves cover 10% or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Astarte spp.constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13B","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13C","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna (not  bivalves)  is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13D","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by  no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   No macro- epi- orinfauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13E","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard bottoms characterized by  marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms ibottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nAround Gotland, likely to occur in German and Danish Baltic Sea waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13F","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard bottoms characterized by ferromanganese concretion bottoms","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms ibottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of ferromanganese concretions\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nGulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13G","name":"Baltic circalittoral  hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrates dominate. Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone. All bottoms of which at least 90 % is modified by man. Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC14","name":"Black Sea circalittoral rock","description":"Rock and other hard substates in the Black Sea circalittoral zone. In the Black Sea circalittoral rock starts at the lower limit of distribution of photophilic algae (which may be as shallow a 10m on the north-western Black Sea shelf and much deeper in Crimea or Turkey) and ends where the circalittoral rocky substrate gives way to sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC141","name":"Invertebrate dominated Black sea circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock  occurs on rocky coasts in depths between 10-15 m (depending on local conditions of light penetration) down to 30-70m (depending on how deep rocky reefs occur at the location). The fauna is highly diverse, including many invertebrate and fish species which occur only in this habitat, some of them rare or protected. The dominant species is often the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, but in certain subtypes other benthic species may dominate:- crusts and turfs formed by bryozoans, crust sponges (Dysideasp.) or colonial tunicates Botryllus schlosseri;- vertical walls and ridges can be covered either by dense colonies of erect, branched sponges Halichondria sp. and Haliclona sp. or by solitary ascidians Molgula manhattensis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis;- Hydrozoans can form dense turfs and even tall canopies in the case of larger species (Obelia longissima)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC142","name":"Invertebrate dominated Marmara circalittoral rock","description":"In the Sea of Maramara a number of unique communities occur on circalittoral rock due to the high organic load characteristic of this region. In the upper levels (10-30 m) of outflowing Black Sea waters  a thick layer of Ophiurids occurs. In the lower levels (30-50 m) of inflowing Mediterranean waters a thick layer of Crinoids occurs. Throughout all depths (2 - 60m) a fragile layer of tubeworms (Serpulid polychaetes) can be found attached to rock faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC143","name":"Marmara coralligenous communities on moderately exposed circalittoral rock","description":"The habitat is found in the Sea of Marmara only and is closely related to Mediterranean types. Coralligenous habitats are hard bottoms of biogenic origin mainly produced by the accumulation of calcareous encrusting algae growing in dim light conditions. Although more typical of the circalittoral zone, they can also develop to some extent in dimly-lit infralittoral zones such as vertical walls, deep channels, or overhangs. Coralligenous bioconcretions are always very complex in structure allowing the development of several kinds of communities including those dominated by living algae (on the upper part of the concretions), suspension feeders (upper and lower part of the concretions, wall cavities, and overhangs of the build-up), borers (inside the concretions), and even soft-bottom fauna (in the sediment deposited in cavities and holes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC144","name":"Black sea barren circalittoral rock","description":"Black Sea circalittoral rock with  a complete lack of algal and faunal species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC145","name":"Black sea circalittoral rock affected by sedimentation","description":"Black Sea circalittoral rock where sedimentation  leads to lower species diversity, with polychaete worms, sponges and solitary ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC146","name":"Black sea circalittoral dark caves and tunnels","description":"Caves and overhangs in the circalittoral zone are characterised by a lack of light.  All around the Black Sea this habitat type occurs mostly on limestone but it may also occur onvolcanic and metamorphic rocks. Characteristic species: Turf hydrozoans, thin crust sponges like Antho involvens, Haliclona flavescens, Haliclona cinerea, Suberites prototypus, Clathria cleistocheiladepending on current intensity, anemones Actinia equina, red mysid shrimp Hemimysis pontica, Hemimysis serrata and the rare shrimp species Palaemon serratus and Lysmata seticaudata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC15","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by sciaphilic (shade-loving, that grow only in shady habitats) algae  dominated communities (in contrast to photophilic algal  communities of the infralittoral zone). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may occur in shallow water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC151","name":"Coralligenous biocenosis","description":"The distribution of the coralligenous assemblage  is subject to a combination of decisive biotic and abiotic factors. The main factors are light, movement of the water, temperature, the deposit of sediment and biological interactions.\r\nThe coralligenous is found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can form biogenic constructions. Due to their sensitivity to light, these calcareous algae are restricted upwards by strong illumination and have an extension downwards, restricted by the quantity of luminous energy needed for their photosynthesis. The average depth of this habitat is between 30 and 90 meters. When the water is very clear, the coralligenous begins and ends very deep (60-130 meters), but when the water is turbid, it rises to shallower depths (10/15-40 meters). Such a rise may also be seen along dimly lit rock faces (north- facing, for example). The thermal scope of seasonal variation for this habitat is variable, and a certain tolerance of fluctuation in salinity has been observed; however, the sedimentation of fine particles is particularly harmful.\r\nThe coralligenous can present various physiognomical types between the two most typical forms on our coasts, which are:\r\n- the rock wall coralligenous which covers the rocky substrata beyond the photophilous algae, with more or less thick concretions and an abundance of big erect invertebrates, such as the Paramuricea clavata, Eunicella spp., Leptogorgia sarmentosa gorgonians and the Axinella polypoides sponge\r\n- the coralligenous concretion forming biogenous clumps that can be several meters thick and cover big horizontal or non-horizontal surfaces. This coralligenous is a fully biogenic habitat. The essential species are the constructive Corallinaceae and Peyssonneliaceae species; the structure of these clumps is highly anfractuous, with many cavities of great richness (parts of the biocenosis of semi-dark caves)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1511","name":"Association with Cystoseira zosteroides","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga Cystoseira zosteroides. The association can include in its higher levels both sciaphilous and photophilous species such as Phyllariopsis brevipes, Arthrocladia villosa, Sporochnus pedunculatus, Cutleria chilosa, Dictyota dichotoma, Dictyopteris polypodioides, Halopteris filicina and Polysiphoniafoeniculacea.Sciaphilous adnate forms such as Lithophyllum incrustans, Mesophyllum alternans and Peyssonnelia rosa-marina represent a great part of the population. The association is mixed with the big erect invertebrate species of the coralligenous, like the Axinella polypoides sponge and the Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella cavolini gorgonians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1512","name":"Association with Cystoseira usneoides","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira usneoides is present in relatively deep rocky areas crossed by currents. Giaccone, who described the association, mentions the Laminaria ochroleuca, Phyllariopsis purpurascens, Umbraulva dangeardii, Callophyllis laciniata and Phyllophora heredia algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1513","name":"Association with Cystoseira dubia","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira dubia occurs on hard substrata subject to weak hydrodynamics and relatively strong sedimentation. The association was described with Nitophyllum tristomaticum, Peyssonnelia rubra, Ceramium bertholdii and Kallymenia patens. According to Giaccone, only C. dubia, N. tristomaticum and K. patens are characteristic species. Three vegetal strata can be made out in the population: a raised stratum with various scattered Cystoseira (C. spinosa, C. zosteroides) and Sargassum (S. acinarium, S. vulgare); a very dense intermediary stratum with C. dubia, rich in epiphytes, and a crust-forming stratum of calcareous algae. A very rich fauna made up of bryozoans, molluscs and polychaetes lives in these different strata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1514","name":"Association with Cystoseira corniculata","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira corniculata occurs on hard substrata in the circalittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1515","name":"Association with Sargassum spp.","description":"This association characterised by the abundance of the brown algae Sargassum spp. occurs on hard substrata, simultaneously relatively deep and well-lit, in oligotrophic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1516","name":"Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides","description":"This association characterised by the red alga Mesophyllum lichenoides occurs on hard substrata with strong deep currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1517","name":"Association with Lithophyllum stictaeforme and Halimeda tuna","description":"This association characterised by the red encrusting alga Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Lithophyllum frondosum) and the green alga Halimeda tuna is present on coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds affected by sea bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1518","name":"Association with Laminaria ochroleuca","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Laminaria ochroleuca occurs on hard or detritic substrata composed by sparse rocks located at 30 - 100 metres depth in areas affected by strong currents and the Atlantic influx (e.g. Strait of Messina, Sea of Alboran, Algerian coasts). Stipes that can be 6 meters high and fronds in wide blades that can form a continuous canopy; densities of the order of one adult per 2 square meters or more. The substratum population is sciaphilous, with the substrata and spikes heavily covered in calcareous algae, sponges, bryozoans and ascidians. The three-dimensional development of this kelp offers habitats to a diversified fish fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1519","name":"Facies with Eunicella cavolini","description":"A raised stratum of Eunicella cavolini on a surface that is often built into a concretion by algae associated with various animal species such as the crust-forming and erect bryozoans Schizomavella spp., Pentapora fascialis, Turbicellepora avicularis, Celleporina caminata and Myriapora truncata, Serpulidae, cnidarians like Alcyonium coralloides, Alcyonium acaule, Leptopsammia pruvoti and Caryophyllia smithii, ascidians like Halocynthia papillosa and Microcosmus sabatieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151A","name":"Facies with Eunicella singularis","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) Eunicella singularis. Often associated with erect brown algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151B","name":"Facies with Paramuricea clavata","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (red sea-fan) Paramuricea clavata. The lower stratum is very rich; there are found the cnidarians Caryophyllia smithii, Hoplangia durotrix, Leptopsammia pruvoti, Corallium rubrum, the bryozoans Celleporina caminata, Schizomavella mamillata, Smittina cervicornis, Myriapora truncata, Serpulidae, the sponges Ircinia variabilis, Spongia officinalis, Sarcotragus spinosulus, Scalarispongia scalaris, Aplysina cavernicola, Penares euastrum and Agelas oroides, and the molluscs Thylacodes arenarius and Lithophaga lithophaga. An intermediary level includes invertebrates colonising parts of the branches, such as the cnidarian Alcyonium coralloides, the bryozoans Adeonella calveti, Turbicellepora avicularis, Reteporella spp. and Pentapora fascialis, and the molluscs Pteria hirundo and Anomia ephippium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151C","name":"Circalittoral facies with Parazoanthus axinellae","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of the cnidarian (sea anemone) Parazoanthus axinellae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151D","name":"Association with Rodriguezella strafforelli","description":"This association populates hard poorly-lit substrata, in a sheltered environment, at about 25-45 metres depth. The association was described in 1975 by Augier and Boudouresque and contains as other characteristic plant species Blastophysa rhizopus, Ceramium bertholdii, Polysiphonia subulifera, Rodriguezella pinnata, Spermothamnion johannis and Sphacelaria plumula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151E","name":"Facies with Leptogorgia sarmentosa","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) Leptogorgia sarmentosa (syn Lophogorgia sarmentosa). Big Leptogorgia sarmentosa gorgonians with thin branches that are usually developed at several levels; yellow to orange color, forming sparse groups on rocky beds with or without concretions, or on substrata scattered over loose beds, from 15 to 300 meters down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151F","name":"Facies with Anthipatella subpinnata and sparse red algae","description":"This facies, characterised by the colonial black coral  Antipathella subpinnata, occurs on hard bottoms with different sedimentation rate and relatively dim light, generally observed on subhorizontal faces of large boulders, from 50m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151G","name":"Facies with massive sponges and sparse red algae","description":"Large sponges belonging to species Sarcotragus foetidus or Spongia lamella creates facies on patchy hard substrata of continous hard substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC152","name":"Biocoenosis of Mediterranean semi-dark caves and overhangs","description":"The front parts of caves and tunnels, overhangs and vertical faces. This habitat constitutes the transition between the beds of hard substrata with concretions, where the calcareous algae and other sciaphilous algae play a basic part, and the caves in total darkness, where the physical environment is extremely selective and the population is exclusively animal. In this habitat, light and water movement diminish rapidly the greater the distance from the entrance to the cave (i.e. the open sea) and according to topographical factors. As a result, there is a tendency to environmental stability, which increases with the distance from the entrance, and a drop in the presence and abundance of certain groups of organisms (like passive filterers). This biocenosis is characterised by a frequent juxtaposition of facies, partly linked to the variability of the habitat caused by the environmental topography, but also certainly resulting from historical recruitment events. The biocenosis of semi-dark caves only contains a few rare sciaphilous algae, restricted to the area that is nearest to the outside environment, and has no herbivores. The trophic network is thus composed of filterers, scavengers and carnivores only. A confinement appears following a gradient that goes from the outside to the inside of the cave, with a drop in external additions, and a development of organisms that are not very demanding or are well adapted to exploiting a weak, unpredictable trophic resource."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1521","name":"Caves and overhangs with Parazoanthus axinellae","description":"This facies, characterised by the colonial sea anemone Parazoanthus axinellae, occurs on hard bottoms affected by very rough water and relatively dim light. Found attached to rocks and sponges in open coast rocky habitats, it is often observed on vertical faces or beneath overhangs, at 6-100m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1522","name":"Facies with Corallium rubrum","description":"This facies, characterised by the high presence of the cnidarian (red coral) Corallium rubrum, occurs on walls of caves and/or cavities with coralligenous concretions and semi-dark overhangs. The vertical distribution of this facies occurs from 10 to 200 metres depth. Usually associated with many sponges (e.g. Haliclona fulva, Haliclona viscosa, Crella mollior, Aplysina cavernicola, Petrosia ficiformis, Pleraplysilla spinifera), scleractinians (Leptopsammia pruvoti, Caryophyllia inornata, Hoplangia durotrix), and bryozoans (e.g. Smittina cervicornis, Smittoideareticulata, Celleporina caminata, Disporella neapolitana)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1523","name":"Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti","description":"This facies with the madreporian (yellow coral) Leptopsammia pruvoti occurs on hard substrata at the entrance to caves and under overhangs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC2","name":"Circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic reefs in the circalittoral zone formed by a variety of organisms, includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs in the circalittoral zone. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC21","name":"Arctic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic reefs in the circalittoral zone of the Arctic  formed by a variety of organisms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC22","name":"Atlantic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Atlantic circalittoral biogenic reef communities. This complex includes  bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC221","name":"Worm reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2211","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa on stable Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"The tube-building polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa at high abundances on mixed sediment. These species typically forms loose agglomerations of tubes forming a low lying matrix of sand, gravel, mud and tubes on the seabed. The infauna comprises typical sublittoral polychaete species such as Protodorvillea kefersteini, Pholoe synophthalmica, Harmothoe spp, Scoloplos armiger, Mediomastus fragilis, Lanice conchilega and cirratulids, together with the bivalve Abra alba, and tube building amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. The epifauna comprise a variety of bryozoans including Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Cellepora pumicosa, in addition to calcareous tubeworms, pycnogonids, hermit crabs and amphipods. The reefs formed by Sabellaria consolidate the sediment and allow the settlement of other species not found in adjacent habitats leading to a diverse community of epifaunal and infauna species. The development of such reefs is assisted by the settlement behaviour of larval Sabellaria which are known to selectively settle in areas of suitable sediment and particularly on existing Sabellaria tubes (Tait and Dipper, 1997; Wilson 1929). These reefs are particularly affected by dredging or trawling and in heavily dredged or disturbed areas an impoverished community may be left (e.g. MC3-213) particularly if the activity or disturbance is prolonged. However, it is likely that reefs of S. spinulosa can recover quite quickly from short term or intermediate levels of disturbance as found by Vorberg (2000) in the case of disturbance from shrimp fisheries and recovery will be accelerated if some of the reef is left intact following disturbance as this will assist larval settlement of the species.             \r\nSituation: S. spinulosa reefs are often found in areas with quite high levels of natural sediment disturbance.              \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas the reefs are periodically destroyed by storm events leading to a cyclical shift in biotopes from MC2-211 to other biotopes e.g. MC3-213 or MC5-214 with re-establishment of the Sabellaria colonies in the following year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2212","name":"Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of Serpula vermicularis, typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include Esperiopsis fucorum, thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula, Dendrodoa grossularia and Diplosoma listerianum. The echinoderms Ophiothrix fragilis and Psammechinus miliaris and the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense Phycodrys rubens may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2213","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa encrusted Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found encrusting the upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to strong/moderately strong tidal streams in areas with high turbidity. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm Sabellaria spinulosa may even completely cover the rock, binding the substratum together to form a crust. A diverse fauna may be found attached to, and sometimes obscuring the crust, often reflecting the character of surrounding biotopes. Bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea and Alcyonidium diaphanum, anemones such as Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, Alcyonium digitatum, the hydroid Nemertesia antennina and echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus may all be recorded within this biotope. There are two variants. The first (unit MC2-2131) contains significant cover of barnacles (Balanus crenatus) and bryozoans. The second (unit MC1-2132) has a dense turf of didemnid ascidians as well as scour-tolerant bryozoans such as F. foliacea, sponges such as Tethya aurantium and Phorbas fictitius, colonies of the serpulid worm Salmacina dysteri and patchy occurrences of the ascidians Distomus variolosus, Polycarpa pomaria and Polycarpa scuba. This biotope has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, Lundy Island (including the wreck of the MV Robert) and the north-east and south coast of England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC22131","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found encrusting the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral rock and mixed substrata, subject to strong and moderately strong currents and high turbidity levels. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm Sabellaria spinulosa may completely cover the rock, binding gravel and pebbles together. A diverse fauna may be found attached to this crust, and in many cases reflects the character of nearby biotopes. There is normally considerable variation in the associated fauna encountered. There may be a sparse bryozoan turf (Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bicellariella ciliata, Bugula plumosa and Vesicularia spinosa) attached to the Sabellaria crust and available rocky substrata. Other scour-tolerant species such as Urticina felina are occasionally observed. Clumps of robust hydroids such as Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Hydrallmania falcata and Halecium halecinum may also be observed. Other species which may be present include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Gibbula cineraria. Occasionally, sponges such as Haliclona oculata and Halichondria panicea, and ascidians such as Dendrodoagrossularia may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2214","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of Modiolus modiolus. The clumping of the byssus threads of the M. modiolus creates a stable habitat that attracts a very rich infaunal community with a high density of polychaete species including Glycera lapidum, Paradoneis lyra, Aonides paucibranchiata, Laonice bahusiensis, Protomystides bidentata, Lumbrineris spp., Mediomastus fragilis and syllids such as Exogone spp. and Sphaerosyllis spp. Bivalves such as Spisulaelliptica, Timocleaovata and other venerid species are also common. Brittlestars such as Amphipholissquamata may also occur with this community. This biotope is very similar to MD4-211 and the 'boreal off-shore gravel association' and the 'deep Venus community' described by previous workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951). Similar Modiolus beds (though with a less diverse infauna) on open coast stable boulders, cobbles and sediment are described under MC1-221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2215","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Beds or scattered clumps of Modiolus modiolus in generally sheltered conditions with only slight tidal movement. Typically occurs in sealochs and the Shetland voes. Brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, as well as Ophiopholis aculeata are often frequent, sometimes forming a dense bed as described in MC4-215. The queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis is often present in moderate abundances. Large solitary ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa, Corella parallelogramma, Dendrodoa grossularia) and fine hydroids (Kirchenpaueria pinnata) are present attached to the mussel shells. Decapods such as hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) and spider crabs (Hyas araneus) are typically present. Coralline algal crusts may be found on the mussel shells, with some red seaweeds in shallower water such as Phycodrys rubens. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the Modiolus biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2216","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds withChlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Dense Modiolus modiolus beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop (Chlamys varia) is frequently found in large numbers amongst the Modiolus shells. Hydroids such as Halecium spp. and Kirchenpaueria pinnata and ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa, Corella parallelogramma and Ciona intestinalis may be found attached to pebbles or mussel shells. The echinoderms Ophiothrix fragilis and Antedon bifida are often frequent in this biotope as is the encrusting polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Similar communities have been found on cobble and pebble plains in stable, undisturbed conditions in some sealochs, although not all these examples have Modiolus beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2217","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on Atlantic circalittoral sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Other characterising infaunal species may include the amphipod Gammarus salinus and oligochaetes of the genus Tubificoides. The polychaetes Harmothoe spp., Kefersteiniacirrata and Heteromastusfiliformis are also important. Epifaunal species in addition to the M. edulis include the whelks Nucella lapillus and Buccinum undatum, the common starfish Asterias rubens the spider crab Maja squinado and the anemone Urticina felina. Relatively few records are available for this biotope and it is possible that as more data is accumulated separate estuarine and fully marine sub-biotopes may be described. Further clarification may also be required with regard to the overlap between littoral and sublittoral mussel beds and with regard to mussel beds biotopes on hard substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2218","name":"Hiatella arctica beds on Atlantic circalittoral silty clay with small pebbles and shells","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC222","name":"Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, Lophelia pertusa is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. Lophelia and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2221","name":"Atlantic circalittoral Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Reefs of the coral Lophelia pertusa, typically supporting a range of other biota. Lophelia reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including Paragorgia arborea, Paramuricea placomus, Primnoa resedaeformis, polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters (Munida sarsi) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish (Sebastesviviparous and Sebastes marinus), Ling (Molva molva) and tusk (Brosme brosme) (Husebo et al., 2002).       \r\nSituation: In British waters Lophelia reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC23","name":"Baltic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic circalittoral  biogenic habitats  in the aphotic zone on various sediments,  including  polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) cold water coral reefs  and shell gravel bottoms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC231","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2311","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from below 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2312","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by Astarte spp","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Astarte spp.constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC232","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC233","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel bottoms","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is shell gravel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2331","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus sp., Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2332","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zoneSessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 %of the seabedand more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2333","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2334","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range               \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Se"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2335","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2336","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Sessile/semi-sessile macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC234","name":"Baltic circalittoral peat bottoms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of peat bottoms\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: (7.5-18 psu); exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nNo macrophytes\r\n\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC24","name":"Black Sea circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Reefs in the Black Sea circalittoral zone formed by organisms such as polychaete worms and bivalve molluscs"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC241","name":"Mussel beds on Black sea circalittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Mixed circalittoral sediments  with  mud of terrestrial origin  mixed with variable amounts of recent or subfossil shells, most of them belonging to the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, occurring offshore, between depths of 20 and 45 m. At these depths environmental conditions are relatively constant year-round: low light, low temperature (6-9°C), and a constant salinity of 18 ppt.Mytilus galloprovincialisforms biogenic reefs through the accumulation of mussel shells in time and aggregation of the shells by byssal threads. Over time, a hard substratum higher than the surrounding sediment is formed, on which living mussel colonies attach themselves. The reef is formed of numerous elongated patches and/or continuous ridges, always transverse to the prevailing bottom currents (which bring food to the filter-feeders). Between these lay the organic-rich Mytilus mud formed by accumulation of mussels ; faeces and pseudofaeces. Circalittoral Mytilus galloprovincialis beds harbour a diverse range of epibiota and infauna:-cnidarians: Actinithoe clavata-sponges: Dysideasp.-molluscs: Lepidochitona cinerea, Abra alba, Calyptraea chinensis, Retusa truncatella, Nassarius nitidus, Gouldia minima, Pitar rudis, Acanthocardium paucicostatum, Rapana venosa-polychaetes: Terebellides stroemi, Aonides paucibranchiata, Melinna palmata, Capitella capitata, C. minima, Eumida sanguinea, Glycera alba, Hediste diversicolor, Heteromastus filiformis, Nephtys hombergii, Nereiphylla rubiginosa, Pectinaria koreni, Polycirrus jubatus, Polydora spp., Pomatoceros triqueter.-amphipods: Ampelisca diadema, Orchomene humilis-echinoderms: Amphiura stepanovi, Leptosynapta inhaerens-tunicates:Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis-elasmobranchs:Raja clavata, Squalus acanthias-fish: Acipenser gueldenstaedti, A. stellatus, Huso huso, Chelindonichthys lucernus, Mesogobius batrachocephalus, Psetta maeotica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC242","name":"Black sea circalittoral biogenic detritic bottoms dead or alive mussel beds with encrusting corallines and attached foliose sciaphilic macroalgae","description":"Extensive stands of perennial red algae (genera Phyllophora, Coccotylus) developing on circalittoral hard substrata and a highly diverse associated fauna occur on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and form  Zernov's Phyllophora Field. The stands develop on mixed sediments (shelly mud to pure shell debris) covered by dead or alive crustose corallines Lithothamnion crispatum, Lithothamnion propontidis, Lithophyllum cystoseirae, occurring offshore at depths of 30-50m. The crustose corallines are the preferred substrate for attachment of a more or less dense cover of Phyllophora crispa and Coccotylus truncatus. Phyllophora crispa may form extensive canopies, which harbour a characteristic and diverse fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC243","name":"Black sea circalittoral biogenic detritic bottoms with unattached Phyllophora crispa","description":"Mixed sediments (shelly mud to pure shell debris) occurring  within the circalittoral zone with a spherical form of the red algae Phyllophora (Phyllophora crispa sphaerica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC244","name":"Marmara circalittoral worm reefs","description":"Biogenic reefs  in the circalittoral zone in the Sea of Marmara  formed by several species of worm which build carbonate tubes. The most common are theHydroidesspp. and to a lesser extent Salmacina incrustans and Salmacina dysteri. Other species include Porifera like Ciocalypta penicillus, Echinoderms like Antedon mediterranea, Ophiothrix fragilis and Asterias rubens and Cnidarians like Parazoanthus axinellae, Paramuricea clavata, Paramuricea macrospina, Eunicella cavaloni, Paralcyonium spinulosum and Caryophyllia smithii. Molluscs and Decapods also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC25","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic horizontal substrata formed by coralligenous formations developed within sedimentary beds, up to 100 metres in depth, in clear waters with moderate hydrodynamic action. Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC251","name":"Coralligenous platforms","description":"These are coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds subject to currents, at up to at least 100 metres depth in clear waters. These formations are not usually built on rock substrata but result from the active development of constructor organisms (e.g. calcified algae, hard-skeleton invertebrates) from scattered elements on loose beds, shells, stones, and graves. The thickness of these coralligenous formations can vary between a few centimeters and several meters. This type of coralligenous then constitutes slab platforms, thus giving its name to this very specific facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC3","name":"Circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the circalittoral zone including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC31","name":"Arctic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the circalittoral zone of the Arctic  including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC32","name":"Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC321","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves. Certain species of sea cucumber (e.g.  Neopentadactyla ) may also be prevalent in these areas along with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3211","name":"Pomatoceros triqueter with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on Atlantic circalittoral unstable cobbles and pebbles","description":"This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and tidal action. The main cover organisms tend to be restricted to calcareous tube worms such as Pomatoceros triqueter (or P. lamarcki), small barnacles including Balanus crenatus and Balanus balanus, and a few bryozoan and coralline algal crusts. Scour action from the mobile substratum prevents colonisation by more delicate species. Occasionally in tide-swept conditions tufts of hydroids such as Sertularia argentea and Hydrallmania falcata are present. This biotope often grades into MC4-214 which is characterised by large amounts of the above hydroids on stones also covered in Pomatoceros and barnacles. The main difference here is that MC4-214, seems to develop on more stable, consolidated cobbles and pebbles or larger stones set in sediment in moderate tides. These stones may be disturbed in the winter and therefore long-lived and fragile species are not found.    \r\nSituation: This biotope is found on exposed open coasts as well as at the entrance to marine inlets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3212","name":"Mediomastus fragilis, Lumbrineris spp. and venerid bivalves in Atlantic circalittoral coarse sand or gravel","description":"Circalittoral gravels, coarse to medium sands, and shell gravels, sometimes with a small amount of silt and generally in relatively deep water (generally over 15-20m), may be characterised by polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Lumbrineris spp., Glycera lapidum with the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus. Other taxa may include Nemertea spp., Protodorvillea kefersteini, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx and Amphipholis squamata along with amphipods such as Ampelisca spinipes. This biotope may also be characterised by the presence of conspicuous venerid bivalves, particularly Timoclea ovata. Other robust bivalve species such as Moerella spp., Glycymerisglycymeris and Astartesulcata may also be found in this biotope. Spatanguspurpureus may be present especially where the interstices of the gravel are filled by finer particles, in which case, Garitellinella may also be prevalent (Glemarec 1973). Venerid bivalves are often under-sampled in benthic grab surveys and as such may not be conspicuous in many infaunal datasets. Such communities in gravelly sediments may be relatively species-rich and they may also contain epifauna such as Hydroides norvegicus and Pomatoceros lamarcki. In sand wave areas this biotope may also contain elements of the MB5-236 biotope, particularly Magelona species. This biotope has previously been described as the 'Deep Venus Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950) and may also be part of the Venus community described by Thorson (1957) and in the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973). MC3-212 may be quite variable over time and in fact may be closer to a biotope complex in which a number of biotopes or sub-biotopes may yet be defined. For example, Ford (1923) describes a 'Series A' and a 'Series B' characterised by Echinocardium cordatum-Chamelea gallina and Spatangus purpurea-Clausinella fasciata. Furthermore, mosaics of cobble and lag gravel often contain ridges of coarse gravelly sand and these localised patches are also characterised by robust veneriid and similar bivalves including Arcopagia crassa, Laevicardium crassum and others including Glycymeris glycymeris (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). This high porosity fine gravel or coarse sand may be a separate biotope.       \r\nSituation: This biotope and variants of it make up a significant proportion of the offshore Irish Sea benthos (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995).      \r\nTemporal variation: MC3-212 may be quite variable over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3213","name":"Protodorvillea kefersteini and other polychaetes in impoverished Atlantic circalittoral mixed gravelly sand","description":"In coarse gravelly or shelly sand sometimes with a slight mud content, along open coasts in depths of 10 to 30m, and in shallower offshore areas, an impoverished community characterised by Protodorvillea kefersteini may be found. This biotope has a number of other species associated with it including Nemertea spp., Caulleriella zetlandica, Minuspio cirrifera, Glycera lapidum, Ampelisca spinipes and numerous other polychaete species all occurring at low abundances. The polychaete Sabellariaspinulosa is also found in low numbers in this biotope.          \r\nSituation: This biotope has been reported in the North Sea along the Norfolk/Lincolnshire coast located in and around marine aggregate dredging areas (IECS, 1999).          \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be quite variable both spatially and temporally in terms community structure and also sediment type which is often borderline between coarse sediments & subunits and mixed sediments and subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3214","name":"Neopentadactyla mixta in Atlantic circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand","description":"Sublittoral plains of clean, shell, maerl and / or stone gravels or sometimes coarse sands, with frequent Neopentadactyla mixta. Pecten maximus may occur occasionally along with Lanice conchilega. Other epifaunal species may include Ophiura albida, Pagurus spp. and Callionymus spp. These sediments may be thrown into dunes by wave action or tidal streams. Widespread species such as Cerianthus lloydii and Chaetopterusvariopedatus are present in many examples of this biotope. Scarcely recorded species such as Molgula oculata, Ophiopsila annulosa and Amphiura securigera may also be found. O. annulosa only occurs in records from the south-west of the British Isles. It should be noted that Neopentadactyla may exhibit periodicity in its projection out of, and retraction into, the sediment (Picton 1993).This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of unit MC3-212.         \r\nSituation: This biotope may occur adjacent to maerl beds and to some extent in the lower infralittoral where some seaweeds may occur in low abundances."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3215","name":"Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Atlantic circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel","description":"Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (MC3-212). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant population of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Other conspicuous infauna may include Echinocyamus pusillus, Glycera lapidum, Polygordius, Pisione remota and Arcopagia crassa (in the south of UK). Sessile epifauna are typically a minor component of this community. This biotope has been described from a limited number of records and as such may need revising when further data become available. This biotope is related to the 'Boreal Offshore Gravel Association' and 'Deep Venus Community' described by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951), and may also be closely allied (the same?) as the ' Venus fasciata ' community of Cabioch (Glemarec 1973). This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope MB3-233 or MC3-212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3216","name":"Scallops on Atlantic circalittoral shell gravel and sand with some sand scour","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC33","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC331","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other attached erect groups. .\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC332","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized  by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC333","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment   characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBylgides sarsi etc \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3331","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment  dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3332","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp , Travisia forbesii , Tanaissus spp., Streptosyllis spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC334","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC335","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sedimentcharacterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includesinfaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\ncharacteristic species : sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)\r\nGeographic range   \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC336","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3361","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC34","name":"Black Sea circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC35","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. Characteristic species are red algae species of the family Corallinaceae; Bivalves: Atrina pectinata, Venus casina, Dosinia exoleta, Donax variegatus, Glycymeris glycymeris, Laevicardium crassum; Echinoderms:\r\nSpatangus purpureus; Hydrozoans: Lytocarpia myriophyllum; Polychaetes: Sigalion squamosus, Armandiapolyophthalma; Ophiuroids: Ophiopsila annulosa; and Crustaceans: Anapagurus breviaculeatus, Thia scutellata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC351","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coastal detritic bottoms (without rodolithes)","description":"These communities occur on a substratum whose nature varies widely and depends largely on the typology of the nearby coast and of nearby infralittoral formations. This implies that substrata can sometimes be gravels and sands originating from predominant local rocks, sometimes shell debris from various molluscs, sometimes debris from branched bryozoans or debris of dead and more or less corroded Melobesiae. The interstices between these various components are partially filled by a greater or lesser proportion of sand and mud. The muddy portion is usually less than 20%, but various more or less muddy types exist. Fragmentation of the debris is not due to the always weak hydrodynamics, but to the action of organisms that attack the limestone (Cliona spp., Polydora spp., lithophagous Pelecypoda, etc. However, the regular or intermittent existence of bottom currents has frequently been stressed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3511","name":"Facies with Ophiura ophiura","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the Echinoderm Ophiura ophiura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3512","name":"Facies with Synascidies","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of tunicate colonial ascidians or \"Synascidies\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3513","name":"Facies with large Bryozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of big colonies of arborescent bryozoans, unattached or fixed to small substrata. These bryozoans are mainly Pentapora fascialis, Smittina cervicornis, Reteporella spp., Myriapora truncata, Cellaria spp. Cheilostomatids, and also Cyclostomatids such as Hornera lichenoides and H. frondiculata. These species are also frequent on ill-lit rock faces and are then associated with the coralligenous biocenosis. Colonies of large bryozoans can form plurispecific aggregates and are often associated with concretions and nodules of calcified algae, sciaphilous soft algae like Kallymenia spathulata, Osmundaria volubilis, and big fixed invertebrates like the hydrozoans, the alcyonarians and simple ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3514","name":"Association with Arthrocladia villosa","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Arthrocladia villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3515","name":"Association with Osmundaria volubilis","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Osmundaria volubilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3516","name":"Association with Kallymenia patens","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga Kallymenia patens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3517","name":"Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic beds","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Laminaria rodriguezii. This association is very often associated with unattached melobesies referred to as big rhodolithes or, formerly, ‘pralines’. The hooks of L. rodriguezii often take root in these rhodolithes. The endobiosis of the sediment is that of the biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom, possibly slightly impoverished, with a certain abundance of gravellicolous species. The epibiosis is also that of the standard biocenosis, enriched by calcareous Rhodophyceae such as Peyssonnelia rosa-marina, Neurocaulon spp., and by species of the coralligenous biocenosis and of its facies, particularly the association with Cystoseira zosteroides. Many epibionts (hydrozoans and bryozoans, particularly, and also sponges, polychaetes and ascidians) are present on the oldest part of the fronds, one side being clearly more populated than the other because the thalli are laid down flat on the bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC352","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean coastal detritic bottoms biocenosis with rhodolithes","description":"These circalittoral assemblages occur on coarse sand or gravel affected by important seafloor currents. This habitat is known to be a hot-spot of biodiversity, hosting a high diverse invertebrate community. Moreover, it is one of the Mediterranean communities with the highest amount and production rates of carbonates, and it provides  nursery grounds for commercial fish and shellfish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3521","name":"Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms","description":"This association characterised by \"balls\" of calcareous encrusting algae occurs on coastal detritic bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3522","name":"Association with Peyssonnelia rosa-marina","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga Peyssonnelia rosa-marina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3523","name":"Association with maerl (Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatholithon calcareum) on coastal dendritic bottoms","description":"An association characterised by the presence of two small many-branched calcareous algae species, Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum, unattached on sediments made up of coarse sands and gravels with a high proportion of detritic elements. Given their many-branched shape, these Lithothamnia never constitute bioconstructions or rhodolithes. Small Rhodophyceae may be present as epiphytes on the Lithothamnia. A similar community also occurs on coarse sediments (MB3.522)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC4","name":"Circalittoral mixed sediments","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within MB-4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC41","name":"Arctic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) of the Arctic  including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC42","name":"Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within the sublittoral coarse sediment complex. However, infaunal data for this biotope complex is limited to that described under MC4-213, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this biotope complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC421","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes of sublittoral coarse sediment. However, infaunal data for this habitat type is limited to that described under the biotope MC4-213, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4211","name":"Cerianthus lloydiiand other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral plains of sandy muddy gravel may be characterised by burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii. Other burrowing anemones such as Cereus pedunculatus, Mesacmaea mitchellii and Aureliania heterocera may be locally abundant. Relatively few conspicuous species are found in any great number in this biotope but typically they include ubiquitous epifauna such as Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator with occasional terebellid polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega and also the clam Pecten maximus. Ophiura albida may be frequent in some areas, and where surface shell or stones are present ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa may occur in low numbers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC42111","name":"Cerianthus lloydii with Nemertesia spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy sandy gravel with appreciable quantities of surficial cobbles, pebbles and shells a community similar to MC4-211 may develop with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and other burrowing anemones. However, the pebbles and cobbles embedded in the sediment are colonised by hydroids and in particular Nemertesia antennina and N. ramosa. Other hydroids may include Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Halecium halecinum whilst ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa or Corella parallelogramma may also be present locally. Pecten maximus and Pomatoceros triqueter may also be frequent in certain areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4212","name":"Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sealochs with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and occasional Modiolus modiolus. Large burrowing holothurians may include Psolus phantapus, Paracucumaria hyndmani, Thyonidium commune, Thyone fusus and Leptopentacta elongate. Many of these species only extend their tentacles above the sediment surface seasonally and are likely to be under recorded by epifaunal surveys. Other more conspicuous characterising taxa include Pagurus bernhardus, Asterias rubens, and Buccinum undatum. This biotope is well developed in the Clyde sealochs, although many examples are rather species-poor. Some examples in south-west Scottish sealochs have greater quantities of boulders and cobbles and therefore have a richer associated biota (compared with other sheltered Modiolus bed biotopes such as MC2-223). Examples in Shetland are somewhat different in having the cucumber Cucumaria frondosa amongst sparse Modiolus beds and a slightly different balance in abundance of other species; for example the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata is more abundant in these far northern examples in the voes and narrows"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4213","name":"Mysella bidentata and Thyasiraspp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In moderately exposed or sheltered, circalittoral muddy sands and gravels a community characterised by the bivalves Thyasira spp. (often Thyasira flexuosa), Mysella bidentata and Prionospio fallax may develop. Infaunal polychaetes such as Lumbrineris gracilis, Chaetozone setosa and Scoloplosarmiger are also common in this community whilst amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. and the cumacean Eudorella truncatula may also be found in some areas. The brittlestar Amphiura filiformis may also be abundant at some sites. Conspicuous epifauna may include encrusting bryozoans Escharella spp. particularly Escharella immersa and, in shallower waters, maerl (Phymatolithon calcareum), although at very low abundances and not forming maerl beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4214","name":"Flustra foliacea and Hydrallmania falcataon tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sample is required to characterise it and is possibly best considered an epibiotic overlay. Flustra foliacea and the hydroid Hydrallmania falcata characterise this biotope; lesser amounts of other hydroids such as Sertularia argentea, Nemertesia antennina and occasionally Nemertesia ramose, occur where suitably stable hard substrata is found. The anemone Urticina feline and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may also characterise this biotope. Barnacles Balanus crenatus and tube worms Pomatoceros triqueter may be present and the robust bryozoans Alcyonidium diaphanum and Vesicularia spinosa appear amongst the hydroids at a few sites. Sabella pavonina and Lanice conchilega may be occasionally found in the coarse sediment around the stones. In shallower (i.e. upper circalittoral) examples of this biotope scour-tolerant robust red algae such as Polysiphonianigrescens, Calliblepharis spp. and Gracilariagracilis are found.         \r\nSituation: This biotope is found around most coasts, although regional differences are seen where one or two similarly scour-tolerant species such as Styelaclava and Crepidulafornicata (Solent) occupy the hard substrata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4215","name":"Ophiothrix fragilis and/or Ophiocomina nigra brittlestar beds on circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral sediment dominated by brittlestars (hundreds or thousands per square metre) forming dense beds, living epifaunally on boulder, gravel or sedimentary substrata. Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra are the main bed-forming species, with rare examples formed by Ophiopholis aculeate. Brittlestar beds vary in size, with the largest extending over hundreds of square metres of sea floor and containing millions of individuals. They usually have a patchy internal structure, with localized concentrations of higher animal density. Ophiothrix fragilis or Ophiocomina nigra may dominate separately or there may be mixed populations of the two species. Ophiothrix beds may consist of large adults and tiny, newly-settled juveniles, with animals of intermediate size living in nearby rock habitats or among sessile epifauna. Unlike brittlestar beds on rock, the sediment based beds may contain a rich associated epifauna (Warner, 1971; Allain, 1974; Davoult & Gounin, 1995). Large suspension feeders such as the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Metridium senile and the hydroid Nemertesia antennina are present mainly on rock outcrops or boulders protruding above the brittlestar-covered substratum. The large anemone Urticinafeline may be quite common. This species lives half-buried in the substratum but is not smothered by the brittlestars, usually being surrounded by a 'halo' of clear space (Brun, 1969; Warner, 1971). Large mobile animals commonly found on Ophiothrix beds include the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and Luidia ciliaris, the urchins Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris, edible crabs Cancer pagurus, swimming crabs Necora puber, Liocarcinus spp., and hermit crabs Pagurus bernhardus. The underlying sediments also contain a diverse infauna including the bivalve Abra alba. Warner (1971) found that numbers and biomass of sediment dwelling animals were not significantly reduced under dense brittlestar patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4216","name":"Alcyonidium diaphanum on circalittoral sandy mixed sediment","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC43","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common on elevations.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBlue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), Baltic tellin (Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica))\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC431","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 %  or les  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC432","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nsea squirts (Ascidiacea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4321","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment   dominated by Ascidiacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAscidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\n(Kattegat) and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC433","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4331","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated by hydroids (Hydrozoa)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLaomedea spp, Cordylophoracaspia\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from Russian waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4332","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated  by sea anemones (Actiniaria)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEdwardsia spp, Metridium dianthus\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4333","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAlcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea\r\nGeographic range\r\n(Kattegat) and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC434","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4341","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated  by corticated Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, corticated Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4342","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10-90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC435","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Salinity >3 psu.  Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae:  Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC436","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaliclona oculata rarely other species such as Halichondria panicea, Halisarca dujardini, Scypha ciliata. In the northern Baltic Sea only Ephydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC437","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). No perennial attached erect group (not epibentic  bivalves)  has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC438","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by sparse epibenthic fauna (not  epibentic bivalves)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Macoma balthica, \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC439","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by infaunal communities","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed. \r\nGeographic range    \r\nWhole  Baltic Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC43A","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone w with less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC44","name":"Black Sea circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. EUSeaMap suggests this habitat is most widespread in the north and west of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC45","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the Mediterranean circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC451","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean muddy detritic bottoms","description":"This biocenosis develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris or volcanic fragments (scoriae); sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4511","name":"Facies with Ophiothrix quinquemaculata","description":"This facies is exclusive to the muddy detritic biocenosis and is characterised by an unusual community of the brittlestar Ophiothrix quinquemaculata (Ophiuroidea). This species in some places forms an extremely dense population which is almost 90% ophiuran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC5","name":"Circalittoral sand","description":"Circalittoral clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay  in deeper water, or either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m or non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.This habitat extends offshore, while very little information is available on these they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC51","name":"Arctic circalittoral sand","description":"Circalittoral clean fine sands in the Arctic with less than 5% silt/clay  in deeper water, or either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m or non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC52","name":"Atlantic circalittoral sand","description":"Sand and muddy sand in the Atlantic circalittoral. Includes clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.         \r\nAlso circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa, and echinoderms such as Amphiura spp and Ophiura spp., and Astropecten irregularis. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC521","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral sand","description":"Sand communities either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m.                 \r\nClean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.         \r\nCircalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as Abraalba and Nucula nitidosa, and echinoderms such as Amphiura spp and Ophiura spp., and Astropecten irregularis. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5211","name":"Echinocyamus pusillus, Ophelia borealis and Abra prismatica in circalittoral fine sand","description":"Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus, the polychaete Ophelia borealis and the bivalve Abra prismatica. Other species may include the polychaetes Spiophanes bombyx, Pholoe sp., Exogone spp., Sphaerosyllisbulbosa, Goniada maculata, Chaetozone setosa, Owenia fusiformis, Glycera lapidum, Lumbrineris latreilli and Aricidea cerrutii and the bivalves Thracia phaseolina and Moerella pygmaea and to a lesser extent Spisula elliptica and Timocleaovata. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5212","name":"Abra prismatica, Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand","description":"In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve Abra prismatica, the amphipod Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes such as Scoloplos armiger, Spiophanes bombyx, Aonides paucibranchiata, Chaetozone setosa, Ophelia borealis and Nephtys longosetosa may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean Eudorellopsis deformis and the opheliid polychaetes such as Ophelia borealis, Travisia forbesii or Ophelina neglecta are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5213","name":"Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes Spiophanes kroyeri, Amphipectene auricoma, Myriochele sp., Aricidea wassi and amphipods Harpinia antennaria","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5214","name":"Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa. Other important taxa include Nephtys spp., Chaetozone setosa and Spiophanes bombyx with Fabulina fabula also common in many areas. The echinoderms Ophiura albida and Asterias rubens may also be present. The epibiotic biotope MB5-235 may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the Abra community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5215","name":"Amphiura brachiata with Astropecten irregularis and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand","description":"In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar Amphiura brachiata may occur with other echinoderms such as Astropecten irregularis, Asterias rubens, Ophiura ophiura and Echinocardium cordatum. Other infaunal species typically include Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega and Magelona filiformis. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC53","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC531","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalve cover  10 %  or less of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m.  Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5311","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalve cover  10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC532","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC533","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insectlarvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica) Arctica islandica, Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp, Chamelea striatula\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5331","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola ( Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5332","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5333","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Mya arenaria","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass of the infaunal bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5334","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5335","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5336","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisiaforbesi constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp., Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC534","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5341","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC535","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5351","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaces, Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth is typically from 20 to 200 meters, Appears in moderate to high energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC536","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC537","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand.Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range  \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5371","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC54","name":"Black Sea circalittoral sand","description":"Black Sea circalittoral sand and muddy sand with animal dominated communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC541","name":"Black sea circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 20% to 80% silt/clay) in the circalittoral zone. The habitat is characterised by low light and low energy conditions. Species include bivalve and polychaete worms including Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra alba, Parvicardium exiguum, Spisula subtruncatra, Pitar rudis and Aricidea claudiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC55","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral sand","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral  sands  and muddy sands. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community. This habitat extends offshore, while very little information is available on these they are likely to bemore stable than their shallower counterparts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom curents","description":"Most commonly found at depths between 3-4m and 20-25m, but locally down to 75m and related more to hydrodynamics (strong currents) than light penetration. The habitat supports a rich mesofauna including foraminifera, nematodes, Copepods and Platyhelminthes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC6","name":"Circalittoral mud","description":"Circalittoral mud and sandy mud typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC61","name":"Arctic circalittoral mud","description":"Arctic circalittoral mud and sandy mud typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC611","name":"Arctic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as  Nephrops norvegicus ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6111","name":"Spiochaetopterus beneath high salinity Atlantic water","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC62","name":"Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"The seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this biotope complex together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephropsnorvegicus.          \r\nCircalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally occurs in water depths of over 10m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes Lagis koreni and Owenia fusiformis, and deposit feeding bivalves such as Mysella bidentata and Abra spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC621","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Circalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes Lagis koreni and Oweniafusiformis, and deposit feeding bivalves such as Mysella bidentata and Abra spp.              \r\nSublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgulariamirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6211","name":"Amphiura filiformis, Mysella bidentata and Abra nitida in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant Amphiura filiformis with Mysella bidentata and Abra nitida. This community occurs in muddy sands in moderately deep water (Hiscock 1984; Picton et al. 1994) and may be related to the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and is part of the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec. This community is also characterised by the sipunculid Thysanocardia procera and the polychaetes Nephtys incisa, Phoronis sp. and Pholoe sp., with cirratulids also common in some areas. Other taxa such as Nephtyshombergii, Echinocardium cordatum, Nucula nitidosa, Callianassa subterranea and Eudorella truncatula may also occur in offshore examples of this biotope (e.g. Künitzer et al. 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6212","name":"Thyasira spp. and Nuculoma tenuis in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Circalittoral cohesive sandy muds with small quantities of gravel, off sheltered or moderately exposed coasts may support populations characterised by Thyasira spp. and in particular Thyasira flexuosa. Other characteristic taxa may include Nuculomatenuis, Goniadamaculate and in some areas Rhodinegracilior. Mysella bidentata, Abra alba, Harpinia antennaria and Amphiura filiformis may be abundant in some examples of this biotope. Whilst moderately diverse, animal abundances are often low and it is possible that the biotope is the result of sedimentary disturbance e.g. from trawling and is possibly an impoverished version of MC6-213. Collectively the biotopes MB6-248, MC6-212, MC6-213 and MD5-212, may form the Amphiura dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6213","name":"Amphiura filiformis and Nuculoma tenuis in Atlantic circalittoral and offshore muddy sand","description":"In cohesive and non-cohesive sandy mud, off moderately exposed coasts in deep water dense populations of Amphiura filiformis with the bivalve Nuculomatenuis may occur. This biotope together with MB6-248, MC6-212 and MD5-212 may be part of the Amphiura filiformis dominated infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973) and part of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). Other species characteristic of this biotope may include the echinoderms Ophiura albida and Echinocardium flavescens and the bivalve Mysella bidentata. Phaxas pellucidus, Owenia fusiformis and Virgularia mirabilis may also be present. At the sediment surface the hydroid Sertularia argentea may be present although only at very low abundances. Variations of this biotope exist in the northern North Sea and it is possible that more than one entity exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6214","name":"Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. With Pecten maximus on Atlantic circalittoral sandy or shelly mud","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud may contain Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. A variety of species may occur, and species composition at a particular site may relate, to some extent, to the proportions of the major sediment size fractions. Several species are common to most sites including Virgularia mirabilis which is present in moderate numbers, Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura which are often quite common, and Pecten maximus which is usually only present in low numbers. Virgularia mirabilis is usually accompanied by occasional Cerianthus lloydii, Liocarcinus depurator and Pagurus bernhardus. Amphiura chiajei and Amphiura filiformis may occur in some examples of this biotope. Polychaetes and bivalves are generally the main components of the infauna, although the nemerteans, Edwardsia claparedii, Phoronis muelleri and Labidoplax buski may also be widespread. Of the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Nephtys incisa, Minuspio cirrifera, Chaetozone setosa, Notomastus latericeus and Owenia fusiformis are often the most widespread species whilst Myrtea spinifera, Lucinoma borealis, Mysella bidentata, Abra alba and Corbula gibba are typical bivalves in this biotope. This biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as MC6-216, MB6-248 and MC6-213.                   \r\nSituation: Such sediments are very common in sealochs, often occurring shallower than the finest mud or in somewhat more exposed parts of the lochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC62141","name":"Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiuraspp. With Pecten maximus, hydroids and ascidians on Atlantic circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like A5.354, may contain Virgularia mirabilis, Pecten maximus and Ophiura spp. but shells and small stones scattered over the sediment surface provided sufficient stable substrata for a variety of sessile epifaunal species to occur. Of these the hydroids Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa are most common with solitary ascidians such as Corella parallelogramma and Ascidia mentula also present. The anemone Cerianthus lloydii is often found in the sediment together with occasional Lanice conchilega. The serpulids Protula tubularia, Serpula vermicularis and Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacles Balanus balanus and Balanus crenatus are also often present on pebbles and shells. Munida rugosa are occasionally found under larger stones. All these species are typical of more rocky habitats in such sheltered conditions. As with MC6-214 this biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as units MB6-248 and MC6-213."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6215","name":"Lagis koreni and Phaxas pellucidus in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"In stable circalittoral sandy mud dense populations of the tube building polychaete Lagis koreni may occur. Other species found in this habitat typically include bivalves such as Phaxas pellucidus, Mysella bidentata and Abra alba and polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Spiophanes bombyx, Owenia fusiformis and Scalibregma inflatum. At the sediment surface easily visible fauna include Lagis koreni and Ophiura ophiura. Lagis koreni is an important source of food for commercially important demersal fish, especially dab and plaice (Macer, 1967; Lockwood, 1980 and Basimi & Grove, 1985).                  \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas e.g. Liverpool Bay, MC5-214 and MC6-215 have exhibited cyclical behaviour with the community periodically switching from one biotope to another - possibly in relation to dredge spoil disposal (Rees et al. 1992) along with other environmental and biological factors. Both Lagis koreni and Phaxas pellucidus, are capable of tolerating sudden increases in the deposition of sediment and often dominate such areas following such an event. Indeed it is likely that the two biotopes are merely different aspects of the same community as Lagis koreni is often recorded with high densities of Abra alba (Eagle 1975; Rees and Walker 1983). Densities of mature populations of L. koreni may exceed 1000 per square metre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6216","name":"Seapens and burrowing megafauna in Atlantic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Plains of fine mud at depths greater than about 15 m may be heavily bioturbated by burrowing megafauna; burrows and mounds may form a prominent feature of the sediment surface with conspicuous populations of seapens, typically Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The burrowing crustacea present typically include Nephrops norvegicus, which is frequently recorded from surface observations although grab sampling may fail to sample this species. Indeed, some forms of sampling may also fail to indicate seapens as characterising species. This biotope also seems to occur in deep offshore waters in the North Sea, where densities of Nephrops norvegicus may reach 68 per 10 per square metre. (see Dyer et al. 1982, 1983), and the Irish Sea. The burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ubiquitous epibenthic scavengers Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator are present in low numbers in this biotope whilst the brittlestars Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura are sometimes present, but are much more common in slightly coarser sediments. Low numbers of the anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus may also be found, and this species, which is scarce in the UK, appears to be restricted to this habitat (Plaza & Sanderson 1997). The infauna may contain significant populations of the polychaetes Pholoe spp., Glycera spp., Nephtys spp., spionids, Pectinaria belgica and Terebellidesstroemi, the bivalves Nucula sulcata, Corbula gibba and Thyasira flexuosa, and the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera.                 \r\nSituation: These soft mud habitats occur extensively throughout the more sheltered basins of sealochs and voes (narrow inlets) and are present in quite shallow depths (as little as 15 m) in these areas probably because they are very sheltered from wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC62161","name":"Seapens, including Funiculina quadrangularis, and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed Atlantic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Deep muds, especially in sealochs, support forests of the nationally scarce Funiculina quadrangularis, in addition to populations of the seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The sediment is usually extensively burrowed by crustaceans, the most common of which is Nephrops norvegicus, but Calocaris macandreae and Callianassa subterranea may also be present (the latter is likely to be under-recorded by grab sampling because it is deep burrowing). The burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii is present in low numbers in this biotope and the rare anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus may also be found occasionally. Amphiura spp. are also often present in high densities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6217","name":"Burrowing megafauna and Maxmuelleria lankesteri in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"In circalittoral stable mud distinctive populations of megafauna may be found. These typically include Nephrops norvegicus, Calocaris macandreae and Callianassa subterranea. Large mounds formed by the echiuran Maxmuelleria lankesteri are also frequent in this biotope. The seapen Virgulariamirabilis may occur occasionally in this biotope but not in the same abundance as MC6-216 to which MC6-217 is closely allied. Infaunal species may include Nephtys hystricis, Chaetozone setosa, Amphiura chiajei and Abra alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6218","name":"Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Mud in deep offshore, or shallower stable nearshore, waters can be characterised by the urchin Brissopsis lyrifera and the brittle star Amphiura chiajei. Where intense benthic dredge fishing activity occurs, populations of the indicator species, Brissopsislyrifera may be depressed, although broken tests may still remain (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997; M. Costello pers. comm. 1997). Low numbers of the seapen Virgularia mirabilis may be found in many examples of this biotope. In addition, in certain areas of the UK such as the northern Irish Sea, this community may also contain Nephrops norvegicus and can consequently be the focus for fishing activity (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). Infaunal species in this community are similar to those found in MC6-216 and include the polychaetes Nephtys hystricis, Pectinaria belgica, Glycera spp. and Lagis koreni and the bivalves Myrtea spinifera and Nucula sulcata. This community is the 'Boreal Offshore Mud Association' and ' Brissopsis - Chiajei ' communities described by other workers (Petersen 1918; Jones 1950)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6219","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asteriasrubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicolamarina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromus flexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC622","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6221","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6222","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Features in circalittoral muddy littoral sediments  created by freshwater ‘seeps’"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC63","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC631","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6311","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover  10% or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC632","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC633","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacean cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6331","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Haploops spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, Haploops spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaploops spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the Sound, (Kattegat)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC634","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6341","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by various tube-building polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes, various tube-building polychaetes constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellidaa\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC635","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.          \r\nGeographic range              \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC636","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6361","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by seapens","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). 0><10% of the seabed is covered by sessile macroscopic epifauna. Conspicuous populations of sea-pens are present in visual samplings.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 15 to 200 meters. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVirgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC637","name":"Baltic circalittoral muds characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofaunais not present.Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in allenergy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Arctica islandica, Astarte spp. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6371","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Limecola balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves,  Limecola(Macoma)  balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola  balthica (syn Macoma balthica)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6372","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6373","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Astarte spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Astarte spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.                                                                                              \r\nAstarte borealis is found in the Western parts of the Baltic Sea, it’s most eastern populations appearing in the Bornholm Basin. Dense populations of the Astarte elliptica were common on the muddy sediments of the Kiel Bay at depths greater than 15 meters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC638","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger, Marenzelleria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6381","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Scoloplos armiger","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nScoloplos armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6382","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6383","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.Out of the infaunal polychaetes various opportunistic polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC639","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6391","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans, Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 200 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63A","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63A1","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Amphiura filiformis","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Amphiura filiformis constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >12 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura filiformis, Amphiura chiajei, Ophiura spp, Echinocardium sp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63A2","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nBrissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63B","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal insect larva","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and in the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae \r\n\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63C","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).No macro- epi- or infauna is present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63C1","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63C2","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by anaerobic organisms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macrocommunities are not present. Anaerobic organisms constitute at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 50 to 250 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. No Oxygen.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBeggiatoa spp"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63D","name":"Baltic circalittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin, includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds. Soft substrates dominate.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC64","name":"Black Sea circalittoral mud","description":"Black Sea circalittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud predominantly found in sheltered harbours, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and currents allow fine sediments to settle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC641","name":"Black sea circalittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Circalittoral mud of terrestrial origin, the fauna varies depending on the mechanism and rapidity of deposition of the sediments. Characteristic species: Abra alba , Acanthocardium paucicostatum and Plagiocardium papillosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC642","name":"Communities of Marmara circalittoral muddy detritic bottoms","description":"This habitat develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris; sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates. Characteristic species: Paradoneis lyra, Cerithium vulgatum, Bolinus brandaris, Tapes decussatus, Upogebia pusilla, Clibanarius erythropus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC643","name":"Black sea upper circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Sandy muds in the upper circalittoral zone found all around the Black Sea coast.  The habitat is characterised by faunal communities dominated by bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms. Characteristic species: Heteromastus filiformis, Dipolydora quadrilobata, Nephthys hombergii and Spisula subtruncata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC644","name":"Black sea upper circalittoral fine mud","description":"Fine muds in the upper circalittoral zone  below the photic zone at depths between 20 and 50 meters. The habitat is characterised by faunal communities dominated by bivalves and polychaete worms. Characteristic species: Mya arenaria, Spisula subtruncata, Melinna palmata, Heteromastus filiformis and Aricidea claudiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC645","name":"Black sea lower circalittoral mud","description":"Terrigenous muds (mud of terrestrial origin), calcareous muds and biogenic detritic bottoms  at depths of  60-180m. The benthic fauna is dominated by bean musselsModiolula phaseolina, polychaetes and solitary ascidians. At the greatest depths the environment becomes hypoxic. Here the sediment consists of periazoic calcareous white muds and faunal communities become impoverished. Characteristic species:Modiolula phaseolina, Amphiura stepanovi, Terebellides stroemi, Pachycerianthus solitarius, solitary ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis, Eugyra), hydrozoans (Bougainvillia ramosa), nematodes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC65","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud or sandy mud, often of terrestrial origin"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean circalittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered. Characteristic species are the cnidarian Virgularia mirabilis, the holothurian Labidoplax digitata, the decapod Goneplax rhomboides"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6511","name":"Facies of soft muds with Turritella communis","description":"This facies is characterised by presence of the gastropod Turritella communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6512","name":"Facies of soft muds with Oestergrenia digitata","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the Echinoderm Oestergrenia digitata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6513","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft corals Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6514","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft coral Alcyonium palmatum and the echinoderm Parastichopus regalis on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD1","name":"Offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD11","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD12","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates in the Atlantic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD121","name":"Sponge communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type typically occurs on deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge habitat type (MC1-213) although in this case, the sponges Phakellia ventilabrum, Axinella infundibuliformis, Axinella dissimilis and Stelligera stuposa dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include Cliona celata, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Suberites carnosus, Stelligera rigida, Hemimycale columella and Tethya aurantium. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis virdis may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian Holothuria forskali. The soft corals Alcyonium digitatum and Alcyonium glomeratum are frequently observed. The bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and Porella compressa are also more frequently found in this deep-water habitat type. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Strichastrella rosea, Henricia oculata and Aslia lefevrei may also be present. The sea fan Eunicella verucosa may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in MC1-2131. The top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum is often recorded as present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1211","name":"Phakellia ventilabrum and axinellid sponges on wave-exposed offshore circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. Although it occurs in exposed and very exposed conditions, at such depth, the turbulent wave action appears to have a much-attenuated effect on the fauna compared with shallower depths. As the majority of records are from depths between 30-50+ m, slightly deeper than the depths of most surveys, it is possible that this biotope is more widespread than the available dataset indicates. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge biotope complex (unit MC1-213) although in this case, the sponges Phakellia ventilabrum, Axinella infundibuliformis, Axinella dissimilis and Stelligera stuposa dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include Cliona celata, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Suberites carnosus, Stelligera rigida, Hemimycale columella and Tethya aurantium. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis virdis may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian Holothuria forskali. The soft corals Alcyonium digitatum and Alcyonium glomeratum are frequently observed. The bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and Porella compressa are also more frequently found in this deep-water biotope. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Strichastrella rosea, Henricia oculata and Aslia lefevrei may also be present. The seafan Eunicella verucosa may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in unit MC1-2131. The top shell Calliostomazizyphinum is often recorded as present.       \r\nSituation: Unit MC1-2222 probably occurs above unit MD1-211 in shallower water where the exposure of the coast ensures that there is more water mixing due to wave action. Deeper down, this effect is attenuated, allowing MD1-211 biotope to develop.             \r\nTemporal variation: Axinella dissimilis tends to grow extremely slowly."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD122","name":"Vents and seeps on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1221","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral bubbling reef","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD13","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Baltic offshore aphotic bottoms, below the halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD131","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by macroscopic ebibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore aphotic bottoms, below the halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibentic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species      \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range             \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass. Characterisitc species : Einhornia crustulenta (syn Electra crustulenta)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD132","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by sparse or no  macroscopic epibenthic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.   No coverage of sessile macroscopic or epifauna is 0><10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by  sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10 % of the seabed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by  no epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is not present"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1323","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrates dominate, Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds..\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD14","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Black Sea rock and other hard substrates in the circalittoral zone below the influence of waves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD15","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral rock","description":"The offshore rocky bottoms of the Mediterranean circalittoral, due to the extremely dim-light, are characterised by the absence of macroscopic plant life and by the dominance animal assemblages mainly characterised by sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods or echinoderms. Found near the border of the continental shelf, this habitat, dwelling to 250 m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean shelf-edge rock","description":"The biocoenoses of the deep circalittoral rocky bottoms mainly composed of sponges, anthozoans, bryozoans and brachiopods while macroscopic plant life is absent. Found near the border of the continental shelf, these biocoenoses, dwelling to 250 m depth, usually occupy rough bottoms where current and turbidity are reasonably important. In these habitats, the progressively lower light conditions have a profound influence on the biocoenoses composition mostly because of reduced primary production, but this zone continues to be characterised by high biodiversity and biomass levels, at times comparable to those found in shallow waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD2","name":"Offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD21","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD22","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Atlantic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD221","name":"Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic offshore circalittoral zone","description":"The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, Lophelia pertusa is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. Lophelia and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2211","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Reefs of the coral Lophelia pertusa, typically supporting a range of other biota. Lophelia reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including Paragorgia arborea, Paramuricea placomus, Primnoa resedaeformis, polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters (Munida sarsi) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish (Sebastes viviparous and Sebastes marinus), Ling (Molva molva) and tusk (Brosme brosme) (Husebo et al., 2002).            \r\nSituation: In British waters Lophelia reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD23","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with characterized by biogenic habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD231","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic bottoms characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized  dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacean, barnacles constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2314","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD232","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD233","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by sparse or no epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.  No or sparse coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna ( <10%)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2332","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by no epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Macro- epi- or infauna is not present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2333","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by sparse epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is <10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD234","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 %of the seabedand more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD235","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel No perennial attached (not bivalves)  erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD236","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel No perennial attached (not bivalves)  erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea\r\nAnthropogenic threats      \r\nIncrease in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD237","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD24","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Black Sea reefs formed by organisms in the circalittoral zone below the influence of wave action"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD25","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats","description":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats are rare habitats built by cold-water corals, able to create biodiversity hot-spots"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD3","name":"Offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope Modiolus modiolus beds with Chlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD31","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD32","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope SBR.ModMx."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD321","name":"Faunal communities in Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope MC2-222."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3211","name":"Glycera lapidum, Thyasira spp. and Amythasides macroglossus in offshore circalittoral gravelly sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel, stone or shell and occasionally a little silt (<5%) may be characterised by the polychaetes Glycera lapidum and Amythasides macroglossus with the bivalve Thyasira spp. (particularly Thyasirasuccisa). Other taxa include polychaetes such as Exogone verugera, Notomastus latericeus, Spiophanes kroyeri, Aphelochaeta marioni (Tharyx marioni) and Lumbrineris gracilis and occasional numbers of the bivalve Timocleaovata. This biotope bears some resemblance to the shallow MB3-235 and also to the circalittoral and offshore venerid biotopes (units MC3-212 and MD4-211) but differs by the range of polychaete and bivalve fauna present. This biotope is notable for the presence of the rarely recorded ampharetid polychaete Amythasides macroglossus and also for the small ear file clam Limatula subauriculata which is common in some examples of this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3212","name":"Hesionura elongata and Protodorvillea kefersteini in offshore circalittoral coarse sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sand may support populations of the interstitial polychaete Hesionura elongata with Protodorvillea kefersteini. Other notable species include the phyllodocid polychaete Protomystides limbata and the bivalve Moerella pygmaea. This biotope was reported in the offshore northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989). Relatively little data exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD33","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse habitat","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse habitat characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD332","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by macroscopic characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includesinfaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD333","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral  coarse bottoms  characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- epi- or infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD34","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell, predominately oxic but locally can be anoxic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD35","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"No information is avaialble on communities on Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment. Mediterranean detritic assemblages are composed of a mixed sustrate varying with a different degree of mud, sand and coarse composition and are included under MD4-5"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD4","name":"Offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD41","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD42","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD421","name":"Faunal communitites in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats (see MC2-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4211","name":"Polychaete-rich deep Venus community in offshore circalittoral mixed sediments","description":"In offshore circalittoral slightly muddy mixed sediments, a diverse community particularly rich in polychaetes with a significant venerid bivalve component may be found. Typical species include the polychaetes Glycera lapidum , Aonides paucibranchiata , Laonice bahusiensis , Mediomastus fragilis , Lumbrineris gracilis , Pseudomystides limbata , Protomystides bidentata and syllid species and bivalves such as Timoclea ovata , Glycymeris glycymeris , Spisula elliptica and Goodallia triangularis. This biotope has been recorded on surveys of the Lambay and Codling Deeps and other areas of the Irish Sea and collectively with MC3-212 comprise the 'Deep Venus Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' as defined by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950). Some examples of this biotope may have abundant juvenile Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD43","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD431","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized by mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile Mytilidae cover  less then10 % of the seabed but more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.Characteristic species Ascidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized dominated corticated Bryozoa","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, corticated Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD44","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats in the Black Sea with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD45","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"This habitat is composed by detritic soft bottoms characterised by subfossil dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD451","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean open-sea detritic bottoms on shelf-edge","description":"These communities are present in detritic bottoms with abundance of dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4511","name":"Facies with Neolampas rostellata","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the sea urchin Neolampas rostellata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4512","name":"Facies with Leptometra phalangium","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the crynoid Leptometra phalangium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD5","name":"Offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD51","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD52","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Atlantic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD521","name":"Faunal communities in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5211","name":"Maldanid polychaetesand Eudorellopsis deformis in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as Maldane sarsi and the cumacean Eudorellopsis deformis may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including Amphiurafiliformis, polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., Chaetozonesetosa, Levinseniagracilis, Scoloplosarmiger, the amphipod Harpinia antennaria and the bivalves Nuculoma tenuis and Parvicardium minimum. This biotope is similar to the Maldane sarsi - Ophiura sarsi community defined by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5212","name":"Owenia fusiformis and Amphiura filiformis in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete Owenia fusiformis often with the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Whilst O. fusiformis is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in MD5-212. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Pholoe inornata, Diplocirrus glaucus, Chaetozone setosa and Spiophanes kroyeri with occasional bivalves such as Timoclea ovata and Thyasira equalis. The sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the cumacean Eudorella truncatula are also commonly often found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD53","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD531","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is  ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand.  Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Epibenthic bivalves/ cover less then 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized  by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD532","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized  by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria, Macoma baltica, Arctica islandica, Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Monoporeia affinis, Chironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola (Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range \r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5323","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.constitute at least 50 % of the biomass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5324","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5325","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.Depth is typically from 20 to 200 meters, Appears in moderate to high energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5326","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal  insect larvae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD533","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by  no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand  characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand.Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range  \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD54","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Black Sea sand  circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands below the influence of wave action. Predominately oxic but can be anoxic in deeper waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD55","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand","description":"No information is available on communities on Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand and they may not occur"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD6","name":"Offshore circalittoral mud","description":"In mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone, typically below 50-70 m, a variety of faunal communities may develop, depending upon the level of silt/clay and organic matter in the sediment. Communities are typically dominated by polychaetes but often with high numbers of bivalves such as Thyasiraspp., echinoderms and foraminifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD61","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Arctic sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD62","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Atlantic sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD621","name":"Faunal communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgulariamirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6211","name":"Lumbrineris fragilis, Levinsenia gracilis and Eriopisa elongata in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6212","name":"Macoma calcarea in Atlantic offshore circalittoral soft clayey mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6213","name":"Ampharete falcata turf with Parvicardium ovale on Atlantic offshore circalittoral muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas","description":"Dense stands of Ampharete falcata tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient between areas of tide-swept mobile sands and quiescent stratifying muds. Dense populations of the small bivalve Parvicardium ovale occur in the superficial sediment. Other infauna in this diverse biotope includes Lumbrineris scopa, Levinsenia sp., Prionospio steenstrupi, Diplocirrus glaucus and Praxillella affinis although a wide variety of other infaunal species may also be found. Both the brittlestars Amphiura filiformis and Amphiura chiajei may be present together with Nephrops norvegicus in higher abundance than the A5.363 or MB6-248 biotopes. Substantial populations of mobile epifauna such as Pandalus montagui and smaller fish also occur, together with those that can cling to the tubes, such as Macropodia spp. A similar turf of worm tubes formed by the maldanid polychaete Melinna cristata has been recorded from Northumberland (Buchanan 1963). Nephrops trawling may severely damage this biotope and it is possible that such activity has destroyed examples of this biotope in the Irish Sea (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6214","name":"Foraminiferans and Thyasira spp. in Atlantic offshore circalittoral soft mud","description":"In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve Thyasira sp. (e.g. T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer et al. 1992). Foraminiferans such as Saccammina, Psammosphaera, Haplophragmoides, Crithionina and Astorhiza are important components of this community with dead tests numbering thousands per m2 (see Stephen 1923; McIntyre 1961) and sometimes visible from benthic photography (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). It is likely that a community dominated by Astorhiza in fine sands in the Irish Sea may be another distinct biotope (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). Polychaetes, e.g. Paraonis gracilis, Myriochele heeri, Spiophanes kroyeri, Tharyx sp., Lumbrineris tetraura, are also important components of this biotope. These communities appear to have no equivalent on the continental plateau further south (Glemarec 1973) but are known from the edge of the Celtic Deep in the Irish Sea (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). The benthos in these offshore areas has been shown to be principally Foraminifera and similar, rich communities may exist in Scottish sealochs (McIntyre 1961). Communities from yet deeper (northern) waters at the extremes of the North Sea may be reminiscent, although dissimilar toMD6-214 (see Pearson et al. 1996) reflecting a higher proportion of silt/clay. A fully Arctic version of this biotope has also been described (Thorson 1934, 1957) although it should be noted that Jones (1950) considered this Boreal foraminiferan community to be part of a 'Boreal Deep Mud Association'.        \r\nSituation: This community typically occurs in water deeper than 100 m in the northern North Sea (Knitzer et al. 1992) and have been referred to as 'Foraminifera communities' by other workers (e.g. Stephen 1923; Thorson 1957; McIntyre 1961)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6215","name":"Styela gelatinosa, Pseudamussium septemradiatum and solitary ascidians on sheltered Atlantic offshore circalittoral muddy sediment","description":"This biotope is known only from deep water in Loch Goil (Clyde sealochs) in fine mud at 65 m with terrigenous debris. Large numbers of solitary ascidians, including Styela gelatinosa, Ascidia conchilega, Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella spp., are characteristic of this biotope together with the bivalve Pseudamussium septemradiatum. Terebellid worms, the bivalve Abraalba and the polychaete Glyceratridactyla may also occur. It is possibly an ice age relict biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6216","name":"Capitella capitata and Thyasira spp. in organically-enriched Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the Capitella capitata, an opportunist especially associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments as described for MB6-246 (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978). The bivalves Thyasira flexuosa or Thyasira sarsi may also be found in moderate numbers at some sites. Other taxa may be present in low numbers in areas of less severe enrichment including Pholoe inornata, Lagis koreni, Philine scabra, Anaitides groenlandica, Mediomastus fragilis and Paramphinome jeffreysii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MD62161","name":"Capitella capitata, Thyasira spp. And Ophryotrocha dubia inorganically-enriched Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the pollution tolerant opportunist Capitella capitata and the polychaete Ophryotrocha dubia (or other species of Ophryotrocha). These species are generally found in extremely high abundances and accompanied by Thyasira spp., Raricirrus beryli, Paramphinome jeffreysii and Chaetozone setosa. Other taxa including Exogone verugera, Pholoe inornata and Idasola simpsoni may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6217","name":"Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filifirmis in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore mud and sandy mud a community characterised by the polychaetes Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filiformis may occur. Other important taxa may include Paramphinome jeffreysii, Nephtys hystricis and N. incisa, Spiophanes kroyeri, Orbinia norvegica, Terebellides stroemi, Thyasira gouldi and Thyasira equalis. Burrowing megafauna such as Calocaris macandreae may also be found in this biotope. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea. A similar community, dominated by L. gracilis but accompanied by Glycera spp. (particularly Glycera rouxii) and Monticellina dorsobranchialis, has also been reported from the Irish Sea. This Irish community also contains Calocaris macandreae, Mediomastus fragilis, Tubificoides amplivasatus, Nephtys incisa, Ancistrosyllis groenlandica, Nucula sulcata, Litocorsa stremma and Minuspio sp. and it is not known at present whether this represents a separate biotope or whether it is a geographic variant of a wider Levinsenia biotope.         \r\nSituation: This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea and may also occur in the Irish Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6218","name":"Paramphinome jeffreysii, Thyasira spp. and Amphiura filiformis in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore cohesive sandy mud communities characterised by the polychaete Paramphinome jeffreysii, bivalves such as Thyasira equalis and Thyasira gouldi and the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Other taxa may include Laonice cirrata, the sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Spiophanes kroyeri and Aricidea catherinae. Amphiura chiajei may be occasional in this biotope as may Philine scabra, Levinsenia gracilis and Pholoe inornata. This biotope along with MB6-248, MC6-212, MC6-213 and MD5-212, may comprise the Amphiura dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6219","name":"Myrtea spinifera and polychaetes in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore habitats with cohesive sandy mud (>20% mud) may support communities characterised by infaunal polychaetes and the bivalve Myrtea spinifera. Polychaetes typically include Chaetozone setosa, Paramphinome jeffreysii, Levinsenia gracilis, Aricidea catherinae and Prionospio malmgreni. The bivalves Thyasira spp. and Abra nitida may also be found as may seapens, such as Pennatula phosphorea. Some examples of the unit MC6-213 contain Myrtea spinifera (Mackie 1990) in lower numbers but these habitats are generally sandier than those in MD6-219.              \r\nSituation: This biotope has been recorded in the northern North Sea but may also exist in the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD621A","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asterias rubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicola marina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromus flexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD622","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6221","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6222","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD63","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD631","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).  Characterized by Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves which  cover less10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD632","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD633","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic Crustaceans","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, Haploops spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaploops spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized  by Copepods (Harpacticoida)","description":"This is a Baltic Sea benthic habitat in the aphotic zone, comprising areas of soft sediment, predominantly mud, below the halocline, typically at depths below 70-100m. The strong permanent halocline and seasonal thermocline in summer limits vertical mixing of the water column leading to the formation of oxygen-depleted zones in the deep areas of the central Baltic. The environmental conditions of the deep zone of the Baltic are not uniform but vary widely in terms of salinity (14-21 ppt) and oxygenation (3-80% saturation). During periods of stagnation, this separation by the halocline gives rise to an oxygen deficit and periodically to complete oxygen depletion and formation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In places there is a continuously oxygen poor zone which is virtually devoid of macrofauna and has an extremely impoverished meiofauna generally consisting of a few thousand nematodes per square meter only. \r\nCharacteristic species:\r\nWhere there is sufficient oxygen and elevated salinity – Copepods (Harpacticoida) e.g. Laophonte baltica,\r\nAmphiascoides dispar and Kliopsyllus constrictus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD634","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic epibentic polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6341","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by  the polychaetes Scoloplos arminger and where the substrate is predominantly clay Pontoporeia femorata and Terebellides stroemi.","description":"This is a Baltic Sea benthic habitat in the aphotic zone, comprising areas of soft sediment, predominantly mud, below the halocline, typically at depths below 70-100m. The strong permanent halocline and seasonal thermocline in summer limits vertical mixing of the water column leading to the formation of oxygen-depleted zones in the deep areas of the central Baltic. The environmental conditions of the deep zone of the Baltic are not uniform but vary widely in terms of salinity (14-21 ppt) and oxygenation (3-80% saturation). During periods of stagnation, this separation by the halocline gives rise to an oxygen deficit and periodically to complete oxygen depletion and formation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In places there is a continuously oxygen poor zone which is virtually devoid of macrofauna and has an extremely impoverished meiofauna generally consisting of a few thousandnematodes per square meter only                                                         \r\nCharacteristic speceis; .In the deeps around Gotland the polychaetes Scoloplos arminger and where the substrate is predominantly clay Pontoporeia femorata and Terebellides stroemi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD635","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.            \r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD636","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Saduria entomon, Marenzelleria spp, Monoporeia affinis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6361","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by  sea pens","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). 0><10% of the seabed is covered by sessile macroscopic epifauna. Conspicuous populations of sea-pens are present in visual samplings.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 15 to 200 meters. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVirgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD637","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6371","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  wwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6372","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6373","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Scoloplos  armiger","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nScoloplos armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6374","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp.","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6375","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes,various opportunistic polychaetes . constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6376","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans, Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 200 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6377","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by dominated by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6378","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by dominated by Brissopsis infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and in the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\n Geographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD638","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD639","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin, includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds. Soft substrates dominate.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD64","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone of the Black Sea. Predominantly oxic but also locally suboxic and anoxic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD65","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud or sandy mud, often of terrestrial origin"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterraneanoffshore circalittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered, with the result that no epifauna develops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6511","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on lower circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft corals Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6512","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on lower circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft coral Alcyonium palmatum and the echinoderm Parastichopus regalis (syn Stichopus regalis) on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME1","name":"Upper bathyal rock","description":"Upper bathyal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of bedrock, immobile boulders or artificial hard substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME11","name":"Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate have more diverse epifaunal communities than sediment as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock, mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Other hard substrate include carbonate and hard clay as well as artificial surfaces. Rock does not have an infaunal community, with the exception of boring species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME111","name":"Sparse communities on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains assembages where crinoids dominate the fauna. Crinoid assemblages are found typically in areas with higher current speeds that facilitate filter feeding, such as the shelf edge. The crinoid species Heliometra glacialis has been recorded on Arctic mid bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1111","name":"Heliometra glacialis, Actinostolid anemones and tube worm assemblage on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble and boulder matrix at the base of the Wyville Thomson Ridge in cold Arctic waters. Conspicuous fauna are the Actinostolid anemones, the crinoid Heliometra glacialis, and sabellid tube worms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME112","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Arctic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Arctic mid bathyal rock, corals recorded include hydroid Corymorpha, soft coral Gersemia and zoanthid Zoantharia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1121","name":"Corymorpha, Gersemia, Zoantharia and Heliometra glacialis on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble matrix at the base of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge. The most conspicuos fauna are an unidentified orange zoanthid, Corymorpha and Gersemia, although there is a dense ophiuroid bed present also. It is found in the cold Arctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME12","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME121","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community includes all biotopes where barnacle species are the dominant fauna. The species of barnacle will vary with depth and location. This community is found on rock and associated fauna are sparse. Currently, barnacle dominated communities in both the upper bathyal and the mid bathyal have only one child biotope (Bathylasma hirsutum assemblage) but in the future new barnacle biotopes may be discovered which differ between zones. It is likely that, due to changes in depth, associated species differ in the upper and mid bathyal versions of this broad community, but further evidence is required to describe differences.      \r\nThis broad community includes all biotopes where brachiopod species are the dominant fauna. The species of brachiopod will vary with depth and location. Associated fauna are sparse. Currently, brachiopod dominated communities in both the upper bathyal and the mid bathyal have only one child biotope (Dallina septigera assemblage), but in the future new brachiopod biotopes may be discovered which differ between zones. It is likely that, due to changes in depth, associated species differ in the upper and mid bathyal versions of this broad community, but further evidence is required to describe differences.          \r\nThis broad community includes all biotopes that are characterised by encrusting species including deep-sea sponges, serpulid worms, cup corals and Anoniimid bivalves. This community is widespread and occurs on coarse sediment and rock where erect coral species are absent. When this broad community occurs on rock it is distinguished by the present of holuthurian Psolus squamatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1211","name":"Bathylasma hirsutum assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Biotope dominated by the barnacle Bathylasma hirsutum. Observed on bedrock in high current areas. Barnacle coverage may not be dense. This assemblage was also identified in the mid bathyal, but the associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Bathylasma hirsutum assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1212","name":"Dallina septigera assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Biotope dominated by the brachiopods Dallina septigera and Macandrevia cranium. Brachiopod dominated assemblages have been observed from multiple locations with the UK deep-sea occuring on bedrock, bedrock with a sand veneer and mixed substrates. Previous observations have been made in the high current areas on the Wyville-Thomson Ridge and summit of the Anton-Dohrn Seamount, but also on Hatton Bank, Rosemary Bank Seamount, Dangaard and Explorer Canyons and the warm shallow regions of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge and Faroe-Shetland Channel. This assemblage was also identified in the mid bathyal, but the associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Dallina septigera and Macandreviacranium assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1213","name":"Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This assemblage occurs on cobble, boulder and bedrock areas with the holothurian Psolus being the most conspicuous faunal compenent and lamellate sponges also being present. A range of encrusting species are also present and are like to vary with depth and location. This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. It is likely this biotope represents more than one assemblage but data are not sufficent to separate them. Characterising species listed refer to all Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1214","name":"Psolus squamatus, Anomiidae, serpulid polychaetes and Munida on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope consists of cobble, boulder and bedrock areas with the holothurian Psolus being the most conspicuous faunal compenent. A range of encrusting species are also present but there is no conspicuous presence of lamellate sponges as there is within \"Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblage\". This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. Characterising species listed refer to all Psolus squamatus, Anomiidae, serpulid polychaetes and Munida assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME122","name":"Sponge communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of Axinellid sponges as well as lobose sponges have been recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1221","name":"Reteporella and Axinellidsponges on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope occurs on cobbles and pebbles on sandy sea bed possibly associated with shallow iceberg ploughmarks, characterised by Axinellid and massive lobose sponges, cup sponges and bryozoan Reteporella attached to the cobbles, with squat lobsters sheltering under the cobbles. It is similar to a deeper expression of the shallower biotope “deep sponge communities (circalittoral)\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1222","name":"Lobose sponge and stylasterid assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been found on bedrock and boulders on the shallow flanks of Rockall Bank and is characterised by large yellow lobose sponges and Stylasterid corals. It has only been observed on Rockall Bank most likely due to the shallow depth range over which it occurs; the summits of many of the features are too deep."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME123","name":"Mixed cold water coral communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Lophelia pertusa occur on Atlantic upper bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1231","name":"Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope occurs on bedrock, cobbles and boulders and isolated drop stones. Small growths of Lophelia pertusa and often Madrepora occulata are present. Lophelia pertusa reef framework may also be present adjacent to this biotope in areas where it occurs in an elevated position allowing dead coral framework to accumulate below. This biotope is often observed on the edge of escarpment features. The same assemblage is recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal coarse sediment. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Lophelia pertusa assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME14","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME15","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal rock","description":"This habitat is mainly characterised by deep sea corals, also called cold-water corals that are among the main habitat formers of the deep Mediterranean Sea, constituting peculiar bioconstructions and coral forests. In this situation they are growing on mineral rocky bottom."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal rock","description":"The deep sea corals, also called white corals, imperfectly known in the Mediterranean, basically includes two major ramified species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata, which are relicts of the cold fauna of the Quaternary. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth, starting from 200 meters down, on the edges of canyons, where the slope and turbulence are sufficient for the hard substratum (standing rock or consolidated thanatocoenosis) to carry little sediment. The living parts of these clumps usually seem to be reduced to the tips of the branches. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope. These species are able to create two single facies or a third, characterised by the copresence of these two species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Lophelia pertusa, accompanied by the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus, antipatharians (Leiopathes), octocorals (the calcified gorgonacean Corallium rubrum) and yellow corals (Dendrophyllia). Serpulids, cirripeds such as the large barnacle Pachylasma giganteum, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1512","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Madrepora oculata. Serpulids, cirripeds, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1513","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"This facies is characterised by the copresence of the two species of deep sea corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME152","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean  upper bathyal caves and ducts in total darkness","description":"Very large submerged cavities especially present in drowned karstic networks, isolated little cavities and microcavities in heaps of stones and within certain concretions.        \r\nThe caves in total darkness are enclaves of the aphotic area in the littoral area; they present extremely original environmental conditions, close to those found on the continental slope. The two key factors are the absence of light, which rules out photosynthetic organisms, and confinement, which rules out organisms which have a strong trophic requirement. Water renewal in the dark chambers is usually very slight or occasional and depends on local topographical, bathymetrical and geographical factors. The great hydrological stability is indicated by anomalies of temperature, extremely oligotrophic conditions, and biochemical parameters. Positive thermal anomalies are typical of caves with a rising profile (a frequent case in karstic caves) and negative anomalies have been noticed in the rare caves with a descending profile. The very great reduction in the trophic addition from the outside brings about a drastic selection of the animals established in this habitat. The rate of biological cover of the walls of this habitat may be 80 to 50% in the richest areas but can be almost nil in the most confined parts. The selection of trophic groups and morphological groups, as well as the spatial organisation, are governed by environmental conditions that are peculiar to each cave. This biocenosis includes a significant portion of typically deep-sea species, the most original of these being found in caves with a descending profile, with a thermal regime similar to that of the Mediterranean deeps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME2","name":"Upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the upper bathayl zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME21","name":"Arctic upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the upper bathayl zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME22","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures in the upper bathayl zone of the Atlantic  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME221","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal cold water coral reef","description":"Reefs formed by Scleractinian corals. In the Atlantic upper bathyal the reef forming species is Lophelia pertusa. Coral reef attaches to hard substrate, but can be found on sediments where corals initially attach to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment and then the reef grows outwards. Cold water coral reefs are associated with a variety of other coral species, sponges, and a high diversity of other fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME2211","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal live Lophelia pertusa reef","description":"Scleractinian coral reefs formed predominantly by Lophelia pertusa in the upper bathyal zone. Lophelia attaches to any hard substrate present and then grows outwards forming a hard reef structure. Lophelia reef is often associated with a range of coral species and a high diversity of other fauna. This biotope refers only to reef framework summits with live Lophelia. Further research is required to identify associated species on Lophelia reef that distinguish between reefs occuring in different vertical zones. Lophelia reef can be found in a mosaic with all substrate types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME2212","name":"Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reef framework","description":"This biotope represents the extensive, mostly dead, framework of Lophelia pertusa that support a high diversity of species including various other corals such as Caryophylliidae, Stichopathes gravieri, Antipathella, Acanthogorgia armarta and Leiopathes. Other conspicuous taxa include anemone Phelliactis and encrusting sponges. This may be found associated with Lophelia pertusa reef summit or may form beneath escarpments where live colonies of Lophelia pertusag row but subsequently break off and form a rubble framework. The same assemblage is found in the mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary. Characterising species listed refer to all mixed coral on Lophelia reef framework assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME24","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Reefs formed by organisms in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME25","name":"Mediterranean Upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is mainly built by two major cold water coral species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME3","name":"Upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME31","name":"Arctic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. Coarse sediment includes unstable pebbles, cobbles, boulders and coral rubble.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel(see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME311","name":"Burrowing anemone field in Arctic bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community includes sediment biotopes where burrowing anemones are the dominant fauna. In Arctic mid bathyal coarse sediment, the burrowing anemones have been tentatively identified as Halcampids. They are found associated gravel/ pebble coarse sediment which is interspersed with rock. This community can occur in association with ophuroid dominated communities, and crinoid dominated communities may attach to any rock present. Due to difficulties in taxonomic identification using soley video footage, no species level assemblages could be described for this type of burrowing anemone field. Species are likely to differ from those occuring in Atlantic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME32","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME321","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains assembages where crinoids dominate the fauna. Crinoid assemblages are found typically in areas with higher current speeds that facilitate filter feeding, such as the shelf edge. The crinoid species Leptometra celtica is recorded in the Atlantic upper and mid bathyal. Associated species are likely to differ with depth and substrate type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3211","name":"Leptometra celtica assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of the crinoid Leptometra celtica on coarse sediment in the upper bathyal. It occurs at the shelf edge and in the heads of canyons. It is likely that the fast currents associated with the heads of canyon systems provide a favourable habitat for suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. The same assemblage has been recorded in the mid bathyal on various substrate types but any associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Leptometra celtica assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3212","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and Actinauge richardi assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Biotope comprising cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and anemone Actinauge richardi attached to small pieces of hard material in the sediment. This assemblage is observed on the shallow parts of Rockall Bank on sand with some gravel / pebble component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3213","name":"Pale encrusting sponges and serpulids on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope consists of  gravel substrates with few visible epifauna only encrusting forms. The same assemblage  was recorded in the Atlanto-Arctic and Atlantic mid bathyal zones but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all pale encrusting sponge and serpulid assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3214","name":"Squat lobster assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment (Lophelia rubble )","description":"This biotope describes the fringing rubble apron of cold water coral mounds or accumulations of gravel size Lophelia pertusa skeleton. Freiwald et al. (2004) list those species occurring within this zone on cold water coral reefs.  The same assemblage was recorded in the Atlantic mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all squat lobster on Lophelia rubble assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3215","name":"Cidarid urchin assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope is characterised by sparse and occasionally agreggated Cidarid urchins on gravelly sand substrates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and in the mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Cidarid urchins assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME322","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Lophelia pertusa occur on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3221","name":"Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope occurs on coarse sediment and coral rubble. Small growths of Lophelia pertusa and often Madrepora occulata are present. Lophelia pertusa reef framework may also be present adjacent to this biotope in areas where it occurs in an elevated position allowing dead coral framework to accumulate below. This biotope is often observed on the edge of escarpment features.  The same assemblage is recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal rock. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Lophelia pertusa assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME323","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3231","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on coarse sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME324","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the Geodia species with other massive forms are typical of Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse or mixed sediment. Associated species are likely to differ on different sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3241","name":"Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope has been found at approximately 500m on the eastern slopes of the Faroe-Shetland Channel. It principally consists of rather small sponge specimens that practically carpet the seafloor. Large sponges (tens of centimetres in diameter) are however common. The area where the community is observed experiences temperature fluctuations between <0°C to >8°C and heightend current speeds as a result of internal tides between Arctic and Atlantic environmental data. This assemblage  is also known as Boreal Ostur. The same assemblage  was recorded on mixed sediment, but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Geodia and other massive sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME34","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea, anoxic and very local (only in the northwest part of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME35","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Mediterranean upper bathyal"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME351","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"No information is available on macrobenthic assemblages typical of this zone\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME4","name":"Upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Upper bathyal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of mixed particle size or gravel. Includes habitats with mobile substrates of biogenic origin but no longer living, and of allochthonous material such as macrophyte debris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME41","name":"Arctic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from mud to mixed sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME42","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from mud to mixed sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME421","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4211","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mixed sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME422","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the Geodia species with other massive forms are typical of Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse or mixed sediment. Associated species are likely to differ on different sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4221","name":"Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This biotope has been found at approximately 500m on the eastern slopes of the Faroe-Shetland Channel, it principally consists of rather small sponge specimens but that practically carpet the seafloor. Large sponges (tens of centimetres in diameter) are however common. The area where the community is observed experiences temperature fluctuations between <0°C to >8°C and heightend current speeds as a result of internal tides between Arctic and Atlantic environmental data. This assemblage  is also known as Boreal Ostur. The same assemblage  was recorded on sand substrate, but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Geodia and other massive sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME44","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed Anoxic sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea. Only occurs in the northwest of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME45","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME451","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean upper bathyal bathyal muds biocenosis characterised by mixed sediments","description":"Bathyal muds in the Mediterranean are mostly yellow or grey-blue clays which are very sparsely populated. The species composition is largely dependent on the consistecy and compactness of the sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of sandy muds and coarse detritus with Terebratula vitrea and Cidaris cidaris","description":"This biocenosis is mainly characterised by the brachipods Terebratula vitrea and Terebratulina caput-serpentis and  Cidaridae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME5","name":"Upper Bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the upper bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME51","name":"Arctic upper bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that small amounts of gravel with sand can move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment. Also note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME511","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic upper bathyal sand","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME52","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel  (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME521","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5211","name":"Leptometra celtica assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of the crinoid Leptometra celtica on sand in the upper bathyal. It occurs at the shelf edge and in the heads of canyons. It is likely that the fast currents associated with the heads of canyon systems provide a favourable habitat for suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. The same assemblage has been recorded in the mid bathyal on various substrate types but any associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Leptometra celtica assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5212","name":"Cidarid urchin assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope is characterised by sparse and occasionally agreggated Cidarid urchins on sand substrates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on coarse sediment and in the mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Cidarid urchins assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5213","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on sand substrate. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on mud and sand in the mid and lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME522","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME54","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal sand","description":"Predominately sandy anoxic substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME55","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal sand","description":"Little information is available on sandy sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal detritic sands with Gryphus vitreus","description":"These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod Gryphus vitreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME6","name":"Upper Bathyal mud","description":"Mud and cohesive sandy mud in the upper bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME61","name":"Arctic upper bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic upper bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME62","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6211","name":"Cerianthid anemones and burrowing megafauna in Atlantic mid bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is characterised by burrowing anemones (Cerianthidae), unidentified hydroids (Hydrozoa) and unidentified tube worms (Sabellidae) on bioturbated mud with phytodetritus. Video observations suggest there are many large burrows supporting associated unknown megafauna, the rare occurrence of sea pens (Virgularia mirabilis) and also stalked sponges (Hyalonema) associated with this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6212","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on mud substrate. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and in the lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME622","name":"Sea pens and burrowing megafauna on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of sea pens on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. Kophobelemnon has been recorded in Atlantic upper and mid bathyal mud and sand, but associated species are likely to differ with zone and substrate type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6221","name":"Kophobelemnon field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of seapens of the genus Kophobelemnon (in the UK likely to be Kophobelemnon stelliferum) on mud. Kophobelemnon fields are also found in the mid bathyal zone but the associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Kophobelemnon stelliferum assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME623","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the glass sponge Pheronema carpenteri have been recorded on Atlantic mid to lower bathyal mud. Associated species are likely to differ with depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6231","name":"Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of Pheronema carpenteri sponges on fine sandy mud and mud substrata. It is listed in the 2004 version of EUNIS as “Facies with Pheronema grayi” (A6.621) within the Bioherms section. The same assemblage was also recorded in the lower bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Pheronema carpenteri assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME624","name":"Erect coral field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of erect soft corals occuring on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. This broad community is functionally similar to sea pen fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6241","name":"Acanella arbuscula assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of the Isidid octocoral Acanella arbuscula on sandy silts and fine grained oozes. It is likely to be functionally similar to a seapen field.  Gage (1986) describes growths of the arborescent gorgonian Acanella arbuscula as providing a “perch” for such fauna as the brittle star Ophiacantha bidentata to feed in the current. This assemblage was also recorded in the lower bathyal but associated species are likely to differ with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Acanella arbuscula assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope. This assemblage is described from published literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME625","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6251","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mud substrate. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME626","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME64","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal mud","description":"Predominately anoxic muddy substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea. Fine mud is the most widespread habitat in the bathyal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME65","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal mud","description":"Bathyal muds in the Mediterranean are mostly yellow or grey-blue clayed muds, relatively consistent, which are very sparsely populated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal muds","description":"Vast stretches of clayey mud, usually compact, yellowish or bluish grey, relatively substantial, continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds or the biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom. The biocenosis of bathyal muds is characterised by a constant homoeothermy of around 13°C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. The sides of the canyons are covered with a fluid mud, sometimes merely a simple film. Sandy muds are quite frequent in the upper horizon but more exceptional underneath. Modifications in the granulometry and thickness of the mud, and additions of exogenous organic matter, result in the appearance of special facies. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc Thenea muricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6512","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6513","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of soft muds with Funiculina quadrangularis and Aporrhais serresianus","description":"This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian Funiculina quadrangularis and the gastropod Aporrhais serresianus are present with the crustaceans Parapenaeus longirostris, Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6514","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of with Pheronema carpenteri","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge Pheronema carpenteri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6515","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata","description":"This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian Isidella elongata is present. Important development of the cnidarian Isidella elongata (a white gorgonian with hard joints) on compact muds with little or no slope. Presence of a film of fluid mud above the compact mud, stirred up by the big shrimps. The Isidella elongata facies present an epibiosis formed of the actinia Amphianthus dohrnii, of Scalpellum scalpellum, of a Chlamys and of Scyliorhinidae eggs. This is a favourite area for the  Aristeus antennatus and Aristaeomorpha foliacea shrimps, which themselves are food for various cephalopods (Rossia macrosoma, Bathypolypus sponsalis, Sepietta oweniana, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus) and – especially – fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF1","name":"Lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the  lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF11","name":"Arctic lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate have more diverse epifaunal communities than sediment as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock, mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Other hard substrate include carbonate and hard clay as well as artificial surfaces. Rock does not have an infaunal community, with the exception of boring species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF111","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Arctic mid bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Arctic mid bathyal rock, corals recorded include hydroid Corymorpha, soft coral Gersemia and zoanthid Zoantharia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1111","name":"Corymorpha, Gersemia, Zoantharia and Heliometra glacialis on Arctic lower bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble matrix at the base of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge. The most conspicuos fauna are an unidentified orange zoanthid, Corymorpha and Gersemia, although there is a dense ophiuroid bed present also. It is found in the cold Arctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF12","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF121","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Solenosmilia occur on Atlantic lower bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1211","name":"Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"This biotope is a deeper variant of discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies  where L. pertusa is replaced by S. variabilis occuring on bedrock. The same assemblage was recorded oncoarse sediment but associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Solenosmilia variabilis assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF14","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substates in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF15","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the Mediterranean lower bathyal zone, this habitat is mainly characterised by deep sea corals, also called white corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower bathyal rock","description":"The deep sea corals, also called white corals, imperfectly known in the Mediterranean, basically includes two major ramified species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata, which are relicts of the cold fauna of the Quaternary. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth, starting from 200 meters down, on the edges of canyons, where the slope and turbulence are sufficient for the hard substratum (standing rock or consolidated thanatocoenosis) to carry little sediment. The living parts of these clumps usually seem to be reduced to the tips of the branches. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope. These species are able to create two single facies or a third, characterised by the copresence of these two species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1511","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Lophelia pertusa, accompanied by the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus, antipatharians (Leiopathes), octocorals (the calcified gorgonacean Corallium rubrum) and yellow corals (Dendrophyllia). Serpulids, cirripeds such as the large barnacle Pachylasma giganteum, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1512","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Madrepora oculata. Serpulids, cirripeds, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1513","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"This facies is characterised by the copresence of the two species of deep sea corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF2","name":"Lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF21","name":"Arctic lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the lower bathyal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF22","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"A biogenic structure is formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF221","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal cold water coral reef","description":"Reefs formed by Scleractinian corals. In the Atlantic lower bathyal, the reef forming species is Solenosmilia variabilis. Cold water coral reefs are associated with a variety of other coral species, sponges, and a high diversity of other fauna. Coral reef attaches to hard substrate, but can be found on sediments where corals initially attach to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment and then the reef grows outwards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF2211","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal live Solenosmilia variabilis reef","description":"This biotope is similar to Lophelia pertusa reef, but the dominant scleractinian species is Solenosmilia variabilis. It is generally found deeper than Lophelia pertusa reef in the lower bathyal zone (>1200m). Solenosmilia attaches to any hard substrate present and then grows outwards forming a hard reef structure. Solenosmilia reef is often associated with a range of coral species and a high diversity of other fauna. This biotope refers only to reef framework summits with live Solenosmilia. This biotope will generally be surrounded by dead Solenosmilia reef framework. Solenosmilia reef can be found in a mosaic with other substrate types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF2212","name":"Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal Solenosmilia reef","description":"This biotope is found on mostly dead Solenosmilia variabilis framework and is characterised by dense growths of corals of many difference species including Isididae, Anthomastus grandiflorus, zoanthids, Antipathes sp.,Leiopathes sp., Stichopathes sp. and gorgonians. It is associated with steep topography on radial ridges and parasitic cones. These mixed coral assemblages appear to provide a suitable habitat for a diverse range of fish including the false boarfish Neocyttus helgae, Lepidion eques, and orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF24","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"The bathyal zone of the Black Sea is anoxic with no biogenic habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF25","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is mainly built by two major cold water coral species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata. These white coral clumps only exist at high depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF3","name":"Lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the lower bathyal. The communities of these habitats are poorly known."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF31","name":"Arctic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. Coarse sediment includes unstable pebbles, cobbles, boulders and coral rubble.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel(see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF311","name":"Burrowing anemone field in Arctic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community includes sediment biotopes where burrowing anemones are the dominant fauna. In Arctic mid bathyal coarse sediment, the burrowing anemones have been tentatively identified as Halcampids. They are found associated gravel/ pebble coarse sediment which is interspersed with rock. This community can occur in association with ophuroid dominated communities, and crinoid dominated communities may attach to any rock present. Due to difficulties in taxonomic identification using soley video footage, no species level assemblages could be described for this type of burrowing anemone field. Species are likely to differ from those occuring in Atlantic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF32","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF321","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment discrete colonies of Solenosmilia attach to coral rubble."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF3211","name":"Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope is a deeper variant of discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies  where L. pertusa is replaced by Solenosmilia variabilis occuring on coral rubble. The same assemblage was recorded on rock but associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Solenosmilia variabilis assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF322","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggregations of solitary cup corals (Caryophylliidae and / or Flabellidae) on sediments including mud and sandy mud and coarse sediments. The species composition of the biotopes belonging to this broad community will vary with depth and location, and associated species will vary with sediment type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF323","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF3231","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on coarse sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the mid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF34","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF35","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Mediterranean lower bathyal"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF351","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"No information is available on macrobenthic assemblages typical of this zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF4","name":"Lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF41","name":"Arctic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the lower bathyal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF42","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the lower bathyal zone of the Atlantic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF421","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) which lie on the surface of the seabed. They can occur in isolation or be overlain onto other broad communities such as  'sparse encrusting fauna' and 'mixed cold water coral'. It may be necessary to assign this broad community and 'child' biotopes in conjunction with another type. Brittle star beds comprised of Ophiomusium lymani have been recorded on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF4211","name":"Ophiomusium lymani and cerianthid anemone assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Brittle star Ophiomusium lymani and associated species on mixed sediments. This may be found overlain on top of another assemblage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF422","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF4221","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mixed sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in themid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF44","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF45","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF451","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This biocenosis is mainly characterised by the brachipods Terebratula vitrea and Terebratulina caput-serpentis and  Cidaridae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF5","name":"Lower bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF51","name":"Arctic lower bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that small amounts of gravel with sand can move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment. Also note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF52","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel  (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF521","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF5211","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on sand substrate. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on mud and sand in the upper and mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF54","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal sand","description":"Predominately sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea. These sediments are anoxic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF55","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF551","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal sand","description":"These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod Gryphus vitreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF6","name":"Lower bathyal mud","description":"Mud and muddy sand in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF61","name":"Arctic lower bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic lower bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF62","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6211","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consistis of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on mud substrate. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and coarse sediment in the upper and mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6212","name":"Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of urchin Gracilechinus alexandri with seastars on mud substrate. Gage (1986) describes an assemblage from the continental slope west of the Hebrides (Rockall Trough) between 1400 and 2500m on pelagic ooze and terbidite dominated by echinoderms. The same epifaunal assemblage  is also found in the upper abyssal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF622","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the glass sponge Pheronema carpenteri have been recorded on Atlantic mid to lower bathyal mud. Associated species are likely to differ with depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6221","name":"Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of Pheronema carpenteri sponges on fine sandy mud and mud substrata. It is listed in the 2004 version of EUNIS as “Facies with Pheronema grayi” (A6.621). The same assemblage was also recorded in the mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Pheronema carpenteri assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF623","name":"Erect coral field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of erect soft corals occuring on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. This broad community is functionally similar to sea pen fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6231","name":"Acanella arbuscula assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of the Isidid octocoral Acanella arbuscula on sandy silts and fine grained oozes. It is likely to be functionally similar to a seapen field.  Gage (1986) describes growths of the arborescent gorgonian Acanella arbuscula as providing a “perch” for such fauna as the brittle star Ophiacantha bidentata to feed in the current. This assemblage was also recorded in the upper bathyal but associated species are likely to differ with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Acanella arbuscula assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope. This assemblage is described from published literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF624","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6241","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mud substrate. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal community is also found in the  mid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF625","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF64","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal mud","description":"Anoxic predominately muddy substrates in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea, this is the most widespread habitat in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF65","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal mud","description":"Mud, often clay like and yellow or bluish grey in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower bathyal muds","description":"Vast stretches of clayey mud, usually compact, yellowish or bluish grey, relatively substantial, continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds or the biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom. The biocenosis of bathyal muds is characterised by a constant homoeothermy of around 13°C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. The sides of the canyons are covered with a fluid mud, sometimes merely a simple film. Sandy muds are quite frequent in the upper horizon but more exceptional underneath. Modifications in the granulometry and thickness of the mud, and additions of exogenous organic matter, result in the appearance of special facies. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6511","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc Thenea muricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6512","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6513","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata","description":"This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian Isidella elongata is present. Important development of the cnidarian Isidella elongata (a white gorgonian with hard joints) on compact muds with little or no slope. Presence of a film of fluid mud above the compact mud, stirred up by the big shrimps. The Isidella elongata facies present an epibiosis formed of the actinia Amphianthus dohrnii, of Scalpellum scalpellum, of a Chlamys and of Scyliorhinidae eggs. This is a favourite area for the Aristeus antennatus and Aristaeomorpha foliacea shrimps, which themselves are food for various cephalopods (Rossia macrosoma, Bathypolypus sponsalis, Sepietta oweniana, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus) and – especially – fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG1","name":"Abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG11","name":"Arctic abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG12","name":"Atlantic abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate in the Atlantic, has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG14","name":"Black Sea abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the Black Sea abyssal plain. The Black Sea abyssal is dominated by anoxic sediments and this habitat may not occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG15","name":"Mediterranean abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG2","name":"Abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the abyssal zone  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG21","name":"Arctic abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the abyssal zone of the Arctic formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG22","name":"Atlantic abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the Atlantic abyssal zone  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG24","name":"Black Sea abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"The Black Sea abyssal zone is anoxic and no biogenic habitats are present"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG25","name":"Mediterranean abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Mediterranean abyssal biogenic habitats of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG3","name":"Abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG31","name":"Arctic abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG32","name":"Atlantic abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG34","name":"Black Sea abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea coarse sediments of the abyssal plain"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG35","name":"Mediterranean abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean abyssal coarse sediment of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG4","name":"Abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG41","name":"Arctic abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG42","name":"Atlantic abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. In the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If muddy sand sediment contains a high enough percentage of gravel, then it would be classed as mixed sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG44","name":"Black Sea abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed anoxic sediments of the Black Sea abyssal plain, rare and restricted to the western part of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG45","name":"Mediterranean abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mediterranean abyssal mixed sediments of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG5","name":"Abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG51","name":"Arctic abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG52","name":"Atlantic abyssal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG54","name":"Black Sea abyssal sand","description":"Sandy anoxic sediments of the Black Sea abyssal plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG55","name":"Mediterranean abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone of the Mediterranean, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG6","name":"Abyssal mud","description":"Mud and muddy sediments of the abyssal zone with with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG61","name":"Arctic abyssal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic abyssal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG62","name":"Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where holothurians dominate. They are generally very deep (abyssal) and occur on silt or pelagic ooze. The species composition will vary with depth. The holuthurian species Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta have been recorded on Atlantic upper abyssal mud."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6211","name":"Hygrosoma petersii, Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of assemblages dominated by holothurians Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta with echinoderm Hygrosoma petersiion mud. Gage (1986) describes this assemblage from his deepest station in the southern Rockall Trough at 2900m on pelagic ooze. No other detail are available on this assemblage and it is possible that it may represent a transitional assemblage between the Acanella arbuscula assemblage (found shallower) and the abyssal Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage found deeper. This assemblage has been described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6212","name":"Psycropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of assemblages dominated by holothurians Psycropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilison mud. Lavaleye et al. (2002) describe this assemblage from their two deepest stations at 3650 and 4500m at the base of the Pendragon Escarpment, presumably on pelagic ooze. Billett et al. (2001) describe holothurians as dominating the megafaunal biomass at approximately 5000m on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain and cite Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis, together with Pseudostichopus villosusas contributing substantially to the total holothurian biomass. This assemblage was described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6213","name":"Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of urchin Gracilechinus alexandri with seastars on mud substrate. Gage (1986) describes an assemblage from the continental slope west of the Hebrides (Rockall Trough) between 1400 and 2500m on pelagic ooze and terbidite dominated by echinoderms. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6214","name":"Thaumatocrinus jungerseni assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"Hughes and Gage (2004) describe this biotope from the mouth of Rockall Trough at 3580m dominated by the comatulid crinoid Thaumatocrinus jungerseni on fine silt or pelagic ooze. It is possible that this site experiences increased current speeds as a result of the constriction of the topography in this area, making it favourable to suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. This assemblage may therefore be a variation on the Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage. This assemblage was described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG622","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG64","name":"Black Sea abyssal mud","description":"Anoxic fine and sandy mud which covers most of the  the abyssal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG65","name":"Mediterranean abyssal mud","description":"Mud which covers most of the  the abyssal zone of the Mediterranean. No information is available on the biology of these sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG651","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean abyssal muds","description":"These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone of the mediterranean. No information is avaialble on the biology of these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":1,"code":"MH","name":"Pelagic water column","description":"The water column of shallow or deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters. Note that because of the strong temporal nature of the pelagic environment, the water column at a given location will be classified differently at different times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH1","name":"Neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH11","name":"Arctic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Arctic ocean and associated seas, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH111","name":"Arctic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH112","name":"Arctic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH12","name":"Atlantic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Atlantic Ocean and associated seas, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH121","name":"Atlantic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH122","name":"Atlantic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH13","name":"Baltic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Black Sea, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH131","name":"Baltic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH132","name":"Baltic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH14","name":"Black Sea neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Baltic Sea, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH141","name":"Black Sea temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH142","name":"Black Sea permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH15","name":"Mediterranean neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Mediterranean, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH151","name":"Mediterranean temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH152","name":"Mediterranean permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH2","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH21","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Arctic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH211","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH212","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH213","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH22","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Atlantic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH221","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH222","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH223","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH23","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Baltic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” as in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH231","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2311","name":"Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH232","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2321","name":"Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH233","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2331","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2332","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2333","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2334","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH24","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Black Sea which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH241","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH242","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH243","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH25","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Mediterranean which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH251","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH252","name":"Mediterraneancompletely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH253","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH3","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH31","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH311","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH312","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH313","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH32","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH321","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH322","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH323","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH33","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Baltic water column in the Kattegatt which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH331","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH332","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH333","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH34","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Black Sea water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations without river inflow."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH341","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH342","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH343","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH35","name":"Mediterranean completely  mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Mediterranean water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations without river inflow."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH351","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH352","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH353","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH4","name":"Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH41","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH411","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH412","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH42","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH421","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH422","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH43","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH431","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH432","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH44","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH441","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH442","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH45","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH451","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH452","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH5","name":"Unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH51","name":"Arctic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"An Arctic  water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH511","name":"Arctic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH512","name":"Arctic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH513","name":"Arctic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH514","name":"Arctic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH52","name":"Atlantic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH521","name":"Atlantic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH522","name":"Atlantic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH523","name":"Atlantic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH524","name":"Atlantic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH53","name":"Baltic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” and  fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH531","name":"Baltic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH532","name":"Baltic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH533","name":"Baltic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH534","name":"Baltic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH54","name":"Black Sea unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH541","name":"Black Seaeuphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH542","name":"Black Sea mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH543","name":"Black Sea bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH544","name":"Black Sea abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH55","name":"Mediterranean unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Mediterranean  water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH551","name":"Mediterranean euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH552","name":"Mediterranean mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH553","name":"Mediterranean bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH554","name":"Mediterranean abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH6","name":"Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH61","name":"Arctic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH611","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH612","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH613","name":"Arctic water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH614","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH615","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH616","name":"Arctic water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH617","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH618","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH619","name":"Arctic water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH62","name":"Atlantic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH621","name":"Atlantic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH622","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH623","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH624","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH625","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH626","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH627","name":"Atlantic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH628","name":"Atlantic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH629","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH63","name":"Baltic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”and in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH631","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH632","name":"Baltic   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH633","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH634","name":"Baltic   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH635","name":"Baltic   water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH636","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH6361","name":"Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH6362","name":"Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH637","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH638","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH639","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH64","name":"Black Sea vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH641","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH642","name":"Black Sea   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH643","name":"Black Sea   water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH644","name":"Black Sea   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH645","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH646","name":"Black Sea   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH647","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH648","name":"Black Sea water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH649","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH65","name":"Mediterranean vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence ). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH651","name":"Mediterranean   water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH652","name":"Mediterranean   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH653","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH654","name":"Mediterranean   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH655","name":"Mediterranean   water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH656","name":"Mediterranean   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH657","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH658","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH659","name":"Mediterranean    water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH7","name":"Fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH71","name":"Arctic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH711","name":"Arctic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH712","name":"Arctic  seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH713","name":"Arctic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH72","name":"Atlantic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH721","name":"Atlantic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH722","name":"Atlantic seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH723","name":"Atlantic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH73","name":"Baltic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” and in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH731","name":"Baltic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH732","name":"Baltic seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH733","name":"Baltic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH74","name":"Black Sea fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH741","name":"Black Sea ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH742","name":"Black Sea seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH743","name":"Black Sea persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH75","name":"Mediterranean fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”t. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH751","name":"Mediterranean ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH752","name":"Mediterranean seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH753","name":"Mediterranean persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH8","name":"Unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH81","name":"Arctic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH811","name":"Arctic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH812","name":"Arctic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Arctic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH813","name":"Arctic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH814","name":"Arctic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Arctic waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH82","name":"Atlantic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH821","name":"Atlantic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH822","name":"Atlantic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Atlantic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH823","name":"Atlantic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH824","name":"Atlantic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Atlantic waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH83","name":"Baltic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH831","name":"Baltic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH832","name":"Baltic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Baltic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH833","name":"Baltic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH84","name":"Black Sea unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH841","name":"Black Sea euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH842","name":"Black Sea mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Black Sea waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH843","name":"Black Sea bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH844","name":"Black Sea abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Black Sea waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH85","name":"Mediterranean unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH851","name":"Mediterranean euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH852","name":"Mediterranean mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Mediterranean waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH853","name":"Mediterranean bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH854","name":"Mediterranean abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Mediterranean waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH9","name":"Vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"Awater column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH91","name":"Arctic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH911","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH912","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH913","name":"Arctic water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH914","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH915","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH916","name":"Arctic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH917","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH918","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH919","name":"Arctic water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9191","name":"Arctic anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH92","name":"Atlantic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH921","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH922","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH923","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH924","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH925","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH926","name":"Atlantic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH927","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH928","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH929","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9291","name":"Atlantic  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH93","name":"Baltic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH931","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH932","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH933","name":"Baltic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH934","name":"Baltic water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH935","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH936","name":"Baltic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH937","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH938","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH939","name":"Baltic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9391","name":"Baltic  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH94","name":"Black Sea vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Black Seawater column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH941","name":"Black Sea  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH942","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH943","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH944","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH945","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH946","name":"Black Sea water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH947","name":"Black Sea  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH948","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH949","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9491","name":"Black Sea  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH95","name":"Mediterranean vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH951","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH952","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH953","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH954","name":"Mediterranean water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH955","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH956","name":"Mediterranean water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH957","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH958","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH959","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9591","name":"Mediterranean  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MHA","name":"Fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA1","name":"Arctic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA11","name":"Arctic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA12","name":"Arctic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA13","name":"Arctic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA2","name":"Atlantic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA21","name":"Atlantic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA22","name":"Atlantic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA23","name":"Atlantic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA3","name":"Baltic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA31","name":"Baltic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA32","name":"Baltic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA33","name":"Baltic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA4","name":"Black Sea fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA41","name":"Black Sea ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA42","name":"Black Sea seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA43","name":"Black Sea persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA5","name":"Mediterranean fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA51","name":"Mediterranean ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA52","name":"Mediterranean seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA53","name":"Mediterranean persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":1,"code":"MJ","name":"Ice-associated marine habitats","description":"Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ1","name":"Sea ice","description":"Ice formations floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ11","name":"Arctic sea ice","description":"Ice formations of the Arctic floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ12","name":"Baltic sea ice","description":"Ice formations of the Baltic  floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ111","name":"Seasonal Arctic pack-ice","description":"Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of the Arctic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ121","name":"Seasonal Baltic pack-ice","description":"Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of  Bothnia Bay, the Bothnia Sea, and coastal areas of the Åland Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga, exceptional in other areas. In the Bay of Bothnia ice cover is typically for 5-7 months, but only 1 month around Gotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ112","name":"Permanent Arctic pack-ice","description":"Semicontinuous ice sheets covering the sea throughout the year, limited to the Arctic Ocean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ113","name":"Arctic Ice floes","description":"Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack in the Arctic Ocean, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ122","name":"Baltic Ice floes","description":"Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack in the Arctic Ocean, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions in the Baltic ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ2","name":"Freshwater ice","description":"Floating and drifting blocks of ice detached from coastal glaciers (U4.2). These are separated by size at level 4. Within Europe this habitat is only found in the Arctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ21","name":"Arctic freshwater ice","description":"Floating and drifting blocks of ice in the Arctic detached from coastal glaciers (U4.2). These are separated by size at level 4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ211","name":"Large tabular iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ212","name":"Medium iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ213","name":"Small iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ214","name":"Bergy bit","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ215","name":"Growler","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ3","name":"Brine channels","description":"During freezing of seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ31","name":"Arctic brine channels","description":"During freezing of Arctic  seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ32","name":"Baltic brine channels","description":"During freezing of Baltic  seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ311","name":"Arctic brine channels in first year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ312","name":"Brine channels in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ4","name":"Under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus spp., Gammarus wilkitzkii), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ41","name":"Arctic under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between Arctic sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus spp., Gammarus wilkitzkii), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ42","name":"Baltic under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between Baltic sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is used in winter by rotifers and copepods such as Acartia bifilosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ411","name":"Arctic under-ice habitat in first-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2019","section":"marine","version":"2019","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ412","name":"Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":1,"code":"M","name":"Marine benthic habitats","description":"Marine benthic habitats are the bed of seas directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. They may be under waters which are fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine benthic habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Marine benthic habitats also include marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Marine benthic habitats further include constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The splash zone immediately above the mean water line, as well the spray zone and any zone subject to sporadic inundation with salt water and inhabited predominantly by marine species, is included in marine habitats. The adjacent zone only very rarely subject to salt spray and dominated by terrestrial species is considered part of coastal habitats (N). Supralittoral sands and wracks may be found also in coastal habitats (N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA1","name":"Littoral rock","description":"Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders  and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the  area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the  top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many  physical variables affecting rocky shore communiti es - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the  diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise  littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast  to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets.  Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some  robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable  for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with  distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on  moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical.\r\n\r\nThe vertical continuation of littoral rock as sea cliffs,  is considered part of the coastal habitat section (N)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA11","name":"Arctic littoral rock","description":"Arctic littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA12","name":"Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Atlantic littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA121","name":"Lichens or small green algae on Atlantic supralittoral and littoral fringe rock","description":"Lichen communities typically form a distinct zone or band in a 'splash' zone on most rocky shores. This splash zone occurs above the main intertidal zone (i.e. that subject to regular covering by the tide) and blends into angiosperm-dominated communities of coastal (terrestrial) habitats at its upper limits. The width of the splash zone varies considerably, depending on the degree of exposure of the shore to wave action. On very exposed coasts the zone is very wide, extending 10s of meters up cliffs, whilst in very sheltered sites it may be only a metre or so high. Several biotopes have been identified. Yellow and grey lichens such as Xanthoria parietina, Caloplaca marina, Caloplaca thallincola or Ramalina sp. dominate the supralittoral rock (MA1-211) with the distinctive black band of  Verrucaria maura occurring below in the littoral fringe (MA1-2131, MA1-2132). Small green seaweeds can sometimes be found in this splash zone, where localised conditions allow growth in what would otherwise be inhospitable conditions for seaweeds. Such an example is the green seaweed Prasiola stipitata which occurs in areas of nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting seabirds (MA1-212). The littoral fringe on soft rock can be characterised by the green seaweed Blidingia minima (MA1-214) while steep and vertical rock influenced by freshwater in the littoral fringe can be dominated by the green seaweeds Ulothrix flacca, Urospora penicilliformis and Urospora wormskioldii (MA1-215). The winkle Littorina saxatilis is one of the few 'marine' species found in this environment.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the littoral fringe and the supralittoral zone on all rocky shores if there is sufficient seawater spray to maintain a viable community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1211","name":"Yellow and grey lichens on Atlantic supralittoral rock","description":"Vertical to gently sloping bedrock and stable boulders in the supralittoral (or splash zone) of the majority of rocky shores are typically characterised by a diverse maritime community of yellow and grey lichens, such as  Xanthoria parietina, Caloplaca marina,  Lecanora atra and Ramalina spp. The black lichen Verrucaria maura is also present, but usually in lower abundance than in the littoral fringe zone. In wave exposed conditions, where the effects of sea-spray extend further up the shore, the lichens generally form a wide and distinct band. This band then becomes less distinct as wave exposure decreases, and in sheltered locations, cobbles and pebbles may also support the biotope. Pools, damp pits and crevices in the rock are occasionally occupied by winkles such as Littorina saxatilis and halacarid mites may also be present.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found at the top of the shore, immediately above a zone of the black lichen V. maura (MA1-2131, MA1-2132). Above the band of MA1-211, and occasionally in crevices in the rock alongside the lichens, terrestrial plants such as the thrift Armeria maritima and other angiosperms often occur. In sheltered areas the transition from MA1-211 to MA1-2132 is often indistinct and a mixed zone of MA1-211 and MA1-2132 may occur. In estuaries, this biotope is often restricted to artificial substrata such as sea defences. With decreasing influence of saltwater this habitat gives way to N3"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1212","name":"Prasiola stipitata on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and large boulders in the supralittoral and littoral fringe that receives nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting sea birds and is characterised by a band or patches of the ephemeral tufty green seaweed Prasiola stipitata or Prasiola spp. This typically grows over the black lichen Verrucaria maura in the littoral fringe or yellow and grey lichens in the supralittoral zone. In damp pits and crevices, species such as the winkle Littorina saxatilis, amphipods and halacarid mites are occasionally found. MA1-212 often covers a smaller area than 5m x 5m and care should be taken to notice/record this biotope. The biotope can be associated with artificial substrata such as septic tanks, and in supralittoral areas influenced by sewage seeps or agricultural run-off.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the top of rocky shores in the splash zone below colonies of nesting or roosting birds growing. MA1-212 may also be found at the entrances to and on the ceilings of littoral caves or in patches on large boulders, where birds may be roosting. It can be found in the MA1-211 or MA1-2132 zones.\r\nTemporal variation: P. stipitata reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, when the biotope reverts to either MA1-211 or MA1-2132. In the cooler northern areas it may be present all year round."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1213","name":"Verrucaria maura on littoral fringe rock","description":"Bedrock or stable boulders and cobbles in the littoral fringe which is covered by the black lichen Verrucaria maura. This lichen typically covers the entire rock surface giving a distinct black band in the upper littoral fringe. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is usually present. Two variants are defined which both occur in a wide range of wave exposures. On exposed shores V. maura may occur with sparse barnacles such as Chthamalus spp. or Semibalanus balanoides and may be covered by a band of ephemeral seaweeds such as Porphyra umbilicalis or Enteromorpha spp. (MA1-2131). Above MA1-2131 or on more sheltered shores is a species poor community consisting mainly of V. maura and L. saxatilis (MA1-2132).\r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below the yellow and grey lichen zone (MA1-211) and above eulittoral communities of barnacles and fuciod algae.\r\nTemporal variation: Distinct band of red or green ephemeral algae may obscure the black lichen band at certain times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12131","name":"Verrucaria mauraand sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"The littoral fringe of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores with a sparse covering of the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and/or Chthamalus montagui over the black lichen Verrucaria maura. Winkles Littorina saxatilis and Melarhaphe neritoides are usually present although M. neritoides tends to be found on more exposed shores. The limpet Patella vulgata is often present though at a low abundance (Occasional). This biotope can be dominated by ephemeral seaweeds including the red seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis, the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. or, particulary in the north, microscopic blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), which overgrow V. maura. The wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (Rare) may also be present, becoming increasingly more common with greater shelter (see MA1-241). Geographical variation: On northern and eastern shores the barnacle is usually S. balanoides, which is normally restricted to the lower littoral fringe, with a band of V. maura only in the upper littoral fringe. On south-west and western shores the barnacle is usually C. montagui which may extend over the whole of the littoral fringe zone.\r\nSituation: MA1-2131 is usually found on more exposed coasts below the V. maura biotope MA1-2132. It is found above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles biotope (MA1-241) or above the barnacle and Patella spp. zone (MA1-2221; MA1-223). MA1-2131 also occurs on vertical faces of moderately exposed shores where the P. canaliculata biotope (MA1-241) usually dominates on non-vertical faces.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of P. umbilicalis shows considerable seasonal and geographical variation. During warm weather P. umbilicalis is often bleached light brown and sticks to the rock as it dries out. On southern shores it may be absent during the summer on all but the most exposed shores, as it dies back leaving a barnacle and lichen dominated community. In the cooler north the P. umbilicalis covering persists throughout the year. Porphyra linearis can also be found in the among the P. umbilicalis during the late winter and spring."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12132","name":"Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock","description":"Upper littoral fringe bedrock, boulders and stable cobbles on very exposed to very sheltered shores which have a blanket covering of the black lichen Verrucaria maura. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is often present. Due to the nature of this biotope it is species poor, but occasionally a range of species may be present in low abundance. These species include the yellow lichen Caloplaca marina and the winkle Melarhaphe neritoides, the barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Semibalanus balanoides or the ephemeral seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Enteromorpha spp. can be present in low abundance (see MA1-2131). If one or more of these species is present compare with MA1-2131. On northern shores Littorina saxatilis var. rudis can dominate along with the occasional presence of the lichens Verrucaria mucosa and Xanthoria parietina. V. maura can be found overlying stable mud in N. Ireland sea loughs.\r\nSituation: The black lichen zone is normally found below the yellow and grey lichen zone (MA1-211). In very sheltered areas there is not always a clear transition from one zone to the next and a mixed zone of MA1-211 and MA1-2132 is common. The wrack Pelvetia canaliculata can occur on these more sheltered shores. With increasing wave exposure the two lichen zones become wider and more distinct, and MA1-2132 gives way to a lichen and barnacle dominated community (MA1-2131) in the lower littoral fringe.\r\nTemporal variation: In areas with nitrate enrichment V. maura can be overgrown by the small green seaweed Prasiola stipitata (MA1-212) which reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, reverting the biotope to MA1-2132."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1214","name":"Blidingia spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk","description":"Vertical soft rock in the littoral fringe may be characterised by a band of the green seaweeds Blidingia minima and Blidingia marginata. Unbranched filamentous green seaweeds, including Ulothrix flacca and Urospora wormskioldii, are found amongst the Blidingia spp. The siphonous Xanthophyceae Vaucheria spp. can also occur in high abundance in this biotope, where they can form dense mats. During low tide terrestrial fauna such as red mites, insects and centipedes migrate into this zone. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: MA1-214 is found below the Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2132) and above a band of the similar looking green algae Enteromorpha spp. (MA1-223 and MA1-23H), where these occur in habitats not influenced by freshwater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1215","name":"Ulothrix flacca and Urosporaspp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock","description":"An assemblage of the small un-branched filamentous green seaweeds Ulothrix flacca, Urospora penicilliformis and Urospora wormskioldii at High Water Spring Tide level on steep and vertical rock often influenced by freshwater. The community is also present in areas with freshwater seepage. It is visually recognised as a closely adherent, often shiny, green mat of filamentous growth. Associated species include the green seaweeds Blidingia minima and Enteromorpha prolifera, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata, but these species are not common. Although this biotope does occur on rock other than chalk, this description has been derived from chalk coast sites. More information is needed to improve this description.\r\nSituation: On chalk coasts this community can include Enteromorpha spp. and the transition from MA1-215 to MA1-23G is often indistinct and a mixed zone of MA1-215 and MA1-23G can occur.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope is more easily identifiable from autumn to spring as both Urospora spp. and Bangia atropurpurea may dry out and disappear during the summer. In late winter the red seaweed B. atropurpurea may be predominant and the community then appears as shiny blackish mats of filamentous growth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA122","name":"Mytilus edulis and/or barnacle communities on wave-exposed Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel Mytilus edulis (MA1-221), barnacles Chthamalus spp. and/or Semibalanus balanoides and limpets Patella  spp. (MA1-222, MA1-223). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata (MA1-223). The barnacles may be covered by Porphyra umbilicalis on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel M. edulis, winkles Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly Ceramium shuttleworthianum, Corallina officinalis, Osmundea pinnatifida and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus might be present (MA1-2232). Large numbers of the winkle Littorina littorea often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (MA1-2233). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west C. montagui and/or C. stellatus can form a distinct band above S. balanoides. In the south-west C. montagui and/or C. stellatus can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (MA1-2221). On the east coasts S. balanoides is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of Chthamalus spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen Lichina pygmaea may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the Chthamalus spp. (MA1-2222). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by P. vulgata.\r\nSituation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (MA1-215) and is typically characterised by patches of mussels M. edulis interspersed with barnacles. Below MA1-22 is a community dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds such as C. officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and O. pinnatifida (MA1-23). With decreasing wave exposure F. vesiculosus is able to survive, gradually replacing the barnacles and P. vulgata biotope (MA1-243). On such moderately exposed shores MA1-22 may occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232, MA1-243)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1221","name":"Mytilus edulis and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock","description":"On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis interspersed with patches of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and individuls of the limpet Patella vulgata. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including Ceramium spp., Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus can be found. The foliose red seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Palmaria palmata are commonly found as epiphytes on M. edulis where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (MA1-23, MA1-2321 or MA1-233). Where M. edulis occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk Nucella lapillus and a few winkles such as Littorina spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate Fucus vesiculosus may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (MA1-23), Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp Alaria esculenta (MB1-211) zone. Above MA1-221 there may be a Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2132), a V. maura and sparse barnacle zone (MA1-2131), often with P. umbilicalis or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (MA1-223; MA1-243). In addition, patches of lichen Lichina pygmaea with the barnacle Chthamalus montagui (MA1-2221) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1222","name":"Chthamalus spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including Chthamalus montagui ,  Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the limpet Patella vulgata. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis and the winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina. Black patches of the lichen Verrucaria maura may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of Chthamalus spp. On the west coast Chthamalus spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. C. montaguiis better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, Chthamalus spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (MA1-2221). On other shores, particularly in the south, Lichina pygmaea can form a distinct zone (MA1-2222).\r\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) on very exposed shores and above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacle biotope (MA1-221). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack Fucus vesiculosusis able to survive and a mixed barnacle and F. vesiculosus biotope may occur (MA1-2232) beneath MA1-222. On such moderately exposed shores MA1-222 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232), though these communities should not be confused with MA1-2232. This unit can also occur above MA1-223. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland Chthamalus spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12221","name":"Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus on exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including Chthamalus montagui, Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the limpet Patella vulgata. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, and the winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina. Patches of the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds Catenella caespitosa, Bostrychia scorpioides and/or Lomentaria articulata. Where the turf of C. caespitosa is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of Chthamalus spp. On the west coast Chthamalus spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. C. montagui is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west Chthamalus spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone.\r\nSituation: This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles biotope (MA1-221). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack Fucus vesiculosus is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and F. vesiculosus biotope may occur (MA1-2232) beneath MA1-2221. On such moderately exposed shores MA1-2221 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232), though these communities should not be confused with MA1-2232. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland Chthamalus spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12222","name":"Chthamalus spp. and Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen Lichina pygmaea and the barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus, although long-established patches of L. pygmaea ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of L. pygmaea provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve Lasaea adasoni, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Melarhaphe neritoides. The anemone Actinia equina and the mussel Mytilus edulis are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet Patella vulgata is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell Gibbula umbilicalis can be found on L. pygmaea. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have Chthamalus spp., L. pygmaea being the most important characterising species on these sites.\r\nSituation: The band of L. pygmaea lies between the Verrucaria maura zone (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) above and the barnacle P. vulgata zone below. Other upper shore biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) may contain occasional patches of L. pygmaea, particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. L. pygmaea also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of L. pygmaea results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On Chthamalus spp . dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of L. pygmaea lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on Semibalanus balanoides dominated shores (north and east coasts) MA1-2222 lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1223","name":"Semibalanus balanoides on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the winkle Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis. On some shores the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated community on bedrock (MA1-2231); S. balanoides and sparse Fucus vesioculosus and red seaweeds (MA1-2232); and barnacles and L. littorea eulittoral boulders and cobbles (MA1-2233).\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores Chthamalus spp. (see MA1-222 and subunits for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen Verrucaria maura dominated biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) may be found above MA1-223. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata and various red seaweeds such as Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-233; MA1-232; MA1-236) often occurs. MA1-223 may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-243; MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. MA1-23D or MA1-243). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12231","name":"Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the winkle Littorina spp. and the whelk Nucella lapillus. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds.\r\nSituation: On very exposed to exposed shores Chthamalus spp. (see MA1-2221 for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of S. balanoides in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above MA1-223 are the black lichen Verrucaria maura dominated biotopes (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack Himanthaliaelongata and various red seaweeds including Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-233; MA1-232; MA1-236) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope MA1-221. This unit may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (MA1-2232; MA1-243).\r\nTemporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. MA1-23D). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12232","name":"Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and the whelk Nucella lapillus with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of F. vesiculosus can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus are usually present along with the Corallina officinalis and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis and the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone Actinia equina.\r\nSituation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores. This unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (MA1-2131) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotopes (MA1-222). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or the red seaweed biotopes (MA1-232).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232) and a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D). Individuals of F. vesiculosus growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12233","name":"Semibalanus balanoides and Littorinaspp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and, on larger rocks, the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone Actinia equina occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel Mytilus edulis occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab Carcinus maenas and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds Chondruscrispus,Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida as well as the wrack Fucus vesiculosus may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle Elminius modestus is present on some shores.\r\nSituation: On exposed shores with large boulders this unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (MA1-2131or MA1-2132) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotope (MA1-222). Below this biotope the Himanthalia elongata dominated biotopes may occur (MA1-232; MA1-233). On less exposed shores it can be found above the Fucus serratus biotope on boulders (MA1-2442).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA123","name":"Seaweed communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral rock","description":"This habitat type encompasses littoral rock habitats dominated by seaweeds. The seaweed community varies depending on the wave exposure and tidal currents. \r\n\r\nIn areas of high energy, the physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (MA1-231). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (MA1-232). The wrack Himanthalia elongata occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (MA1-233). The red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, MA1-235). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweedPalmaria palmata. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (MA1-234). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of Osmundea pinnatifida (MA1-236). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis, to bore into them (MA1-237). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone Halichondria panicea, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the whelk Nucella lapillus can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in MA1-22. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red Palmaria palmata,Lomentaria articulata, Ceramium spp. and the brown seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are occasionally present.\r\n\r\nIn tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs, the middle shore can be dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-238), while Fucus serratus is dominating the lower shore (MA1-239, MA1-23A). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges Grantia compressa,Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts Dendrodoa grossularia and Ascidiella scabra, which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink Clava multicornis can form colonies on A. nodosum while Dynamena pumila is more often found on Fucus vesiculosus or F. serratus. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds Gelidium pusillum, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can usually be found growing on A. nodosum. On the rock beneath are the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while the crab Carcinus maenas and a variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina mariae and Littorina obtusata can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk Nucella lapillus can either be found in cracks and crevices.\r\nSituation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the Fucus spiralis and F. vesiculosus band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral.\r\n\r\nDense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominate in sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (MA1-23B) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum or the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D, MA1-23E) or a mixture of both. The wrack Fucus serratus covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (MA1-23F). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (MA1-23C2; MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2; MA1-23F2).\r\n\r\nEphemeral seaweeds can occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and the red seaweeds Rhodothamniella floridula and Porphyra purpurea. Winkles such as Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis, the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab Carcinus maenas can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle Elminius modestus is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is Enteromorpha spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (MA1-23G) or P. purpurea and/or Enteromorpha spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (MA1-23H). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1231","name":"Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana, the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites F. distichus dominates and F. spiralis is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red Porphyra umbilicalis and the green Enteromorpha spp. The winkles Melarhaphe neritoides and Littorina saxatilis can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of Hildenbrandia rubra and the mussel Mytilus edulis are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens Verrucaria maura and Verrucaria mucosa can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts.\r\nSituation: This mixed band of F. distichus and F. spiralis f. nana is generally found between the Verrucaria maura and Porphyra spp. zone (MA1-2131 or MA1-2132) above, and the M. edulis and barnacle zone below (MA1-221). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of Mastocarpus stellatus as recorded on Barra (Scotland).\r\nTemporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and unit MA1-2131 from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1232","name":"Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including Lomentaria articulata,  Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata  and Osmundea pinnatifida. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria digitata while the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the anemone Actinia equina and the limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: C. officinalis and kelp (MA1-2321) and C. officinalis, H. elongata and the limpet P. ulyssiponensis (MA1-2322).\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211, MB1-2112 or MB1-2172). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-223; MA1-2232)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12321","name":"Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Osmundea pinnatifida. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack Himanthalia elongata and the kelp Laminaria digitata, while the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete Pomatoceros sp. and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The mussel Mytilus edulis is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211, MB1-2112 or MB1-2172). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-2231; MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: If there are many of the characteristic H. elongata buttons present in early spring careful comparison with unit MA1-233 should be made (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12322","name":"Corallina officinalis, Himanthalia elongata and Patella ulyssiponensis on very exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack Himanthalia elongata. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus or the limpet Patella vulgata, while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as Actinia equina or the mussel Mytilus edulis. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium spp. and Osmundea  pinnatifida which can be found along with the kelp Laminaria digitata. Foliose green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may also be present along with siphonous Codium spp. Sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west.\r\nSituation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (MB1-211 or MB1-217). It can be found below the barnacle and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-222; MA1-223 or MA1-2232).\r\nTemporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either MA1-2321 or MA1-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1233","name":"Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack Himanthalia elongata with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. H. elongata may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack Fucus serratus is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Corallina officinalis and Palmaria palmata that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae Lithothamnion spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, or Balanus perforatus in the south-west, and by the limpet Patella vulgata. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk Nucella lapillus, the winkle Littorina spp. and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds Dumontia contorta, Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra spp., the kelp Laminaria digitata and the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris.\r\nSituation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a Fucus serratus and red algal turf (MA1-2441) and the kelp Alaria esculenta and L. digitata community (MB1-2112). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for F. serratus to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the F. serratus / red seaweed turf zone (MA1-2441). Consequently, F. serratus plants frequently occur amongst the H. elongata and red seaweed turf.\r\nTemporal variation: In early spring only characteristic H. elongata buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to MA1-2321 in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See Similar biotopes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1234","name":"Palmaria palmata on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse Palmaria palmata as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. P. palmata favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis or the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris may also occur in this biotope although P. palmata always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as MA1-234 where P. palmata forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the P. vulgata, S. balanoides, the wrack Fucus distichus or E. intestinalis (MA1-223; MA1-231; MA1-23G). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112; MB1-2171).\r\nTemporal variation: It is likely that the P. palmata biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack Fucus serratus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1235","name":"Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red Lomentaria articulata and Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. The wrack Fucus serratus and the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may also be present though usually at a low abundance. Although both M. stellatus and C. crispus are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from MA1-2441. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (MA1-232; MA1-233). M. stellatus can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (MA1-232: MA1-233; MA1-2441 etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above Alaria esculenta (MB1-211) or the mussel Mytilus edulis (MA1-221) or within a F. serratus -red algal mosaic (MA1-2441).\r\nTemporal variation: M. stellatus is more resistant to wave action than C. crispus and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, M. stellatus may give way to C. crispus which has a faster growth rate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1236","name":"Osmundea pinnatifida on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of Osmundea pinnatifida and Gelidium pusillum (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium spp. and Callithamnion hookeri may be present, although O. pinnatifida always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, Osmundea hybrida may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the whelk Nucella lapillus and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of G. pusillum occur in the mid eulittoral above the main O. pinnatifida zone.\r\nSituation: This biotope can be found below barnacles S. balanoides or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species Palmaria palmata, C. officinalis or M. stellatus (MA1-222; MA1-232; MA1-262). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus and red seaweeds (MA1-23; MA1-247; MA1-2441) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2171)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1237","name":"Ceramium sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat","description":"Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed Ceramium spp. and with the green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes Lanice conchilega and Polydora sp. The crabs Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as Obelia longissima and Kirchenpaueria pinnata, the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma and the crustacean Crangon crangon. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other \"soft\" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1238","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges Leucosolenia spp., Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts Dendrodoa grossularia and Ascidiella scabra, which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink Clava multicornis can form colonies on A. nodosum while Dynamena pumila is more often found on F. vesiculosus or F. serratus. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds Gelidium pusillum, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can usually be found growing on A. nodosum. On the rock beneath are the limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while the crab Carcinus maenas and a variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina mariae and Littorina obtusata can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk Nucella lapillus can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles. \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the Fucus spiralis biotope (MA1-242) although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (unit MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. MA1-238 is found above the tide-swept F. serratus dominated biotope (unit MA1-239).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually very stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1239","name":"Fucus serratus, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the F. serratus canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including Mastocarpus stellatus, Lomentaria articulata, Membranoptera alata and Chondrus crispus. The green seaweeds Cladophora spp., Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca and the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Balanus crenatus and the whelk Nucella lapillus can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles Littorina mariae and Littorina littorea, the top shell Gibbulacineraria and the crab Carcinus maenas. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including Electra pilosa and Alcyonidium gelatinosum, all competing for space with the hydroid Dynamena pumila, which can form dense populations on the F. serratus fronds.\r\nSituation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as MA1-256 rather than the present biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123A","name":"Fucus serratus with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the sea squirts Ascidiella aspera, Ascidiella scabra, Styela clava and Botryllus schlosseri. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including Halurus flosculosus, Ceramium spp., Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides and foliose seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus are usually present. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and the wrack Fucus serratus with colonies of the hydroid Dynamena pumila, and Ectocarpus sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell Gibbulacineraria, the whelk Nucella lapillus and barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus, or in areas with variable salinity Elminius modestus, and the tube-forming polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete Lanice conchilega and the polychaete Sabella pavonina. Aggregations of the mussel Mytilus edulis and, in southern and eastern England the limpet Crepidula fornicata, may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl Lithothamnion spp. and bivalves Venerupis senegalensis (see also MB4-233).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112) or seagrass beds dominated by Zostera marina (MB5-223) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or M. edulis beds (MA4-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123B","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. P. canaliculata overgrows a crust of black lichens Verrucaria maura or the non-calcified red algae Hildenbrandia rubra on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack Fucus spiralis can usually be found among the P. canaliculata and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the P. canaliculata on more exposed shores. The winkle Littorina saxatilis occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga Catenella caespitosa can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed Enteromorpha spp. can be present in moist areas.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by V. maura (unit MA1-2132) and above biotopes dominated by F. spiralis (unit MA1-242). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123C","name":"Fucus spiralis on sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis and the occasional Pelvetia canaliculata is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by F. spiralis, the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa (unit MA1-23C1). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by F. spiralis with occasional clumps of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-23C2). Note that a F. spiralis biotope in variable salinity conditions (MA1-252) has also been descibed.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack (units MA1-241: MA1-23B), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (MA1-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123C1","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and sparse individuals of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides while the mussel Mytilus edulis can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including Hildenbrandia rubra may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (units MA1-241; MA1-23B), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C1 occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123C2","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack Fucus spiralis. Occasional clumps of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata can be overgrowing the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra can be found along with the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab Carcinus maenas can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis can occur in some abundance especially during the summer.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack P. canaliculata (units MA1-241; MA1-23B). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (MA1-223).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. MA1-23C2 occur above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E2) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D2) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the F. spiralis, although F. spiralis always dominates. Fucus spiralis can also be found above a barnacle S. balanoides and winkle L. littorea dominated biotope (MA4-231).\r\nTemporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as E. intestinalis can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123D","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The mussel Mytilus edulis is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk Nucella lapillus is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab Carcinus maenas may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (unit MA1-23D1) and mixed substrata (unit MA1-23D2). Please notice that a F. vesioculosus biotope subject to variable salinity (unit MA1-253) has been identified.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and the Fucus serratus (MA1-23F) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas F. vesiculosus forms a narrow zone above the A. nodosum zone (MA1-23E). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores F. vesiculosus may be replaced by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123D1","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata.The mussel Mytilus edulis is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis and the whelk Nucella lapillus are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst Littorina obtusata/mariae graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete Spirorbis spirorbis may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus and even the wrack Fucus serratus may be present. The crab Carcinus maenas may be present in pools or among the boulders.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and theF. serratus(MA1-23F) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas F. vesiculosus forms a narrow zone above the A. nodosum zone (MA1-23E). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores F. vesiculosus may be replaced by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123D2","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk Nucella lapillus preying on the barnacles and on the mussel Mytilus edulis. Winkles, particularly Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata, commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while Littorina saxatilis can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete Arenicola marina or the polychaete Lanice conchilega, while a variety of gastropods and the crab Carcinus maenas occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack Fucus spiralis (unit MA1-23C2) or a community dominated by S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea (unit MA4-231). It is found above a community dominated by M. edulis beds (MA1-221) or the wrack Fucus serratus (MA1-23F2).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123E","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa is often found growing as an epiphyte on the A. nodosum fronds while disturbed areas among the A. nodosum is colonised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis.e barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea can all be found on the bedrock underneath the A. nodosum canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (unit MA1-23E1), mixed substrata (unit MA1-23E2) and the loose lying growth form A. nodosumecad mackaii found on very sheltered shores (MA1-255). Two other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (MA1-238) and variable salinity (MA1-254).\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack Fucus spiralis (MA1-23C) and F. serratus dominated biotopes (MA1-23F), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy is replaced by F. vesiculosus (MA1-243; MA1-23D). Unit MA1-23E can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123E1","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. Another wrack Fucus vesiculosus may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the wracks F. vesiculosus and Fucus serratus. Variations in the ratio of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa is usually present on A. nodosum as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including Cladophora rupestris and Enteromorpha spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone Actinia equina. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata, the whelk Nucella lapillus or even the crab Carcinus maenas. At the top of the A. nodosum zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa.\r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack Fucus spiralis (unit MA1-23C) and F. serratus dominated biotopes (MA1-23F), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy is replaced by F. vesiculosus (MA1-243; MA1-23D). This unit can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the communities are, once established, usually very stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123E2","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. The red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can often be found as an epiphyte on the A. nodosum. The mussel Mytilus edulis often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as Polysiphonia spp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis or the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. Winkles are common and Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata/mariae may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the crab Carcinus maenas and the whelk Nucella lapillus may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the F. vesiculosus. Infaunal species including the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega may occur in the sediment between the cobbles.\r\nSituation: A sparse S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea community (unit MA4-231) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large A. nodosum plants become uncommon and F. vesiculosus dominates the canopy (MA1-23D2). F. vesiculosus also tends to replace A. nodosum in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a Fucus serratus dominated biotope (MA1-23F2) or a M. edulis dominated biotope (MA1-221).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual A. nodosum, but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum can be expected."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123F","name":"Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with Fucus serratus (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see unit MA1-23F1). Two variants of this biotope have been described; - Fully marine conditions (MA1-23F1) and mixed substrata (MA1-23F2). Please notice that three other biotopes with aF. serratusdominance have been described: Variable salinity (MA1-256), tide-swept (MA1-239) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (MA1-23A).\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-23D) on sheltered shores or an Ascophyllum nodosum zone (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-2391)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123F1","name":"Fucus serratus on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack Fucus serratus. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, limpets Patella vulgata, winkles Littorina littorea, and even mussels Mytilus edulis  can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus, the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and the green Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca or Cladophora rupestris, though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge Halichondria panicea can be present underneath the F. serratus canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as Pomatoceros triqueter and Spirorbis spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2172; MB1-2172), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-2391).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the F. serratus and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either MA1-2441 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA123F2","name":"Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack Fucus serratus. The crab Carcinus maenas and a large number of winkles such as Littorina littorea and Littorina obtusata/mariae can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. Red algae such as coralline crusts including Lithothamnion spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter and Spirorbis spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. Spirorbis spp. can also be found on the F. serratus fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete Arenicola marina. The red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus and the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the F. serratus canopy.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and A. nodosum (MA1-23D2 or MA1-23E2) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. MA1-23D2 occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata or Laminaria saccharina (MB1-2171; MB1-23A1; MB1-2391) depending on the substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123G","name":"Enteromorpha spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock","description":"Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of Enteromorpha spp., though Ulva lactuca can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets Patella vulgata, winkles Littorina littorea or Littorina saxatilis and barnacles Semibalanus balanoides.\r\nSituation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. (unit MA1-23H) or a Fucus spiralis or Fucus ceranoides zone (units MA1-23C; MA1-257), and may replace the Pelvetia canaliculata zone (MA1-241). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass Ruppia maritima can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as Fucus spp. can dominate the zone below (MB5-224; MA1-23E; MA1-23C).\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the Enteromorpha spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA123H","name":"Porphyra purpurea or Enteromorpha spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as Fucus vesiculosus or Fucus spiralis are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed Porphyra purpurea and green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides or Elminius modestus and the limpet Patella vulgata may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis. Few other species are present.\r\nSituation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by Enteromorpha spp. (unit MA1-23G) and above the F. spiralis zone (MA1-23C). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (MA1-241). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga Rhodothamniella floridula occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack Fucus serratus, along with the mussel Mytilus edulis.\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the Enteromorpha spp. and the P. purpurea will occur, especially as a result of storm action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA124","name":"Mussel and/or barnacle communities with seaweeds on Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habitat including the winkle Littorina littorea, the whelk Nucella lapillus and the red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata, scattered barnacles, while the black lichen Verrucaria maura covers the rock surface (MA1-241). Below, on the mid shore the wrack Fucus vesiculosus generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata (MA1-243). Finally, the wrack Fucus serratus, dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the F. serratus canopy (MA1-244). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of F. serratus and turf-forming red seaweeds (MA1-2441); where the density of F. serratus is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less MA1-23F1 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to MA1-23F1 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and MA1-2442 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of Rhodothamniella floridula (MA1-245).\r\nSituation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone.\r\nMid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-246). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (MA1-247). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including Pholas dactylus, Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis, while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel M. edulis, the barnacle Elminius modestus and the winkle Littorina littorea (MA1-248). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk Nucella lapillus and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense M. edulis community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (MA2-271).\r\nSituation: Above this habitat type is a M. edulis and S. balanoides dominated zone or a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (MA1-243). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus, M. edulis and a variety of red seaweeds (MA1-24) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1241","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata and sparse barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Semibalanus balanoides. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet Patella vulgata and the wrack Fucus spiralis are usually present as well. P. canaliculata typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen Verrucaria maura or on occasion Verrucaria mucosa, in contrast to the red crust Hildenbrandia rubra on very sheltered shores. The winkle Littorina saxatilis is frequently present underneath the fronds of P. canaliculata. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle C. montagui or Chthamalus stellatus while S. balanoides dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle Elminius modestus may be present.\r\nSituation: This unit is generally found below the V. maura and barnacle zone (MA1-2131; MA1-2132). On exposed shores it is found above the biotope dominated by F. spiralis (unit MA1-23C) or the mussel Mytilus edulis  and barnacles biotope (unit MA1-221) or the barnacles and P. vulgata biotopes (unit MA1-223). In addition, patches of lichen Lichina pygmaea with the barnacle Chthamalus montagui (unit MA1-2222) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1242","name":"Fucus spiralis on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis overlying the black lichen Verrucaria maura and the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa. Underneath the fronds of F. spiralis is a community consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can be common. The insect Anurida maritima can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-241), but occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. This unit occurs above the wrack Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-243) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (unit MA1-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1243","name":"Fucus vesiculosus and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The limpet Patella vulgata and the whelk Nucella lapillus are typically present, whilst the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis  are confined to crevices. Underneath the F. vesiculosus is a community of red seaweeds, including Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus and Osmundea pinnatifida, usually with the winkles Littorina littorea andLittorinaspp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the M. edulis.\r\nSituation: On exposed shores this unit is found below the black lichen Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles biotope (unit MA1-2131) and/or below the Chthamalus spp. and P. vulgata biotopes (MA1-2221). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233) or the red seaweed biotopes (MA1-232; MA1-2441). This unitforms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle- P. vulgata biotopes (unit MA1-2232) and the sheltered shore F. vesiculosus biotope (MA1-23D). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle- P. vulgata biotope (MA1-222).\r\nTemporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle- P. vulgata dominated biotope (MA1-2232), through this mosaic (MA1-243) to a F. vesiculosus -dominated biotope (MA1-23D)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1244","name":"Fucus serratus on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack Fucus serratus and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the whelk Nucella lapillus, the anemone Actinia equina and the sponge Halichondria panicea. Green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are usually present among/beneath the F. serratus canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: F. serratus with red seaweeds (MA1-2441) and F. serratus with under-boulder communities (MA1-2442) with sponges. Lastly, a F. serratus and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (MA1-2443). Dense F. serratus with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (unit MA1-23F).\r\nSituation: Above the F. serratus biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the Fucus vesiculosus and/or S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-223; MA1-2232; MA1-243). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks F. vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D; MA1-23E1). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata and on vertical faces the kelp Alaria esculenta may be present (MB1-2172; MB1-2112). On more sheltered shores the kelp Laminaria saccharina is found among the L. digitata (MB1-23A1; MB1-23A2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12441","name":"Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack Fucus serratus and turf-forming red seaweeds including Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus or Corallina officinalis. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can occur in dense populations on theF. serratusfronds whilst the sponge Halichondria panicea can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including Palmaria palmata, Lomentaria articulata,Membranoptera alata and Chondrus crispus. Green seaweeds such as Cladophora rupestris, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides or the whelk Nucella lapillus can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle Littorina littorea and the crab Carcinus maenas can be found on or underneath the boulders.\r\nSituation: Above the F. serratus biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack Fucus vesiculosus and/or S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (MA1-223; MA1-2232; MA1-243). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata and on vertical faces the kelp Alaria esculenta (MB1-2172; MB1-2112). On uneven bedrock F. serratus and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by S. balanoides and P. vulgata dominated biotopes (see above).\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of theF. serratusand the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either MA1-23F1 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The C. maenas population may migrate offshore during the winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12442","name":"Fucus serratus and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders","description":"Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack Fucus serratus community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other F. serratus biotopes, including species such as the limpet Patella vulgata, the whelk Nucella lapillus, the anemone Actinia equina and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including Mastocarpus stellatus, Lomentaria articulata, Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus. Coralline algae such as Corallina officinalis and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis andUlva lactuca, can be found underneath theF. serratuscanopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete Cirratulus cirratus. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs Porcellana platycheles and Carcinus maenas. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as Littorina obtusata/mariae and Littorina littorea or even the top shell Gibbula cineraria. Encrusting colonies of the sponge Halichondria panicea are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila colonies can be found on theF. serratusfronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores. The sublittoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2172; MB1-2172), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1;MB1-2391). Low abundance of these kelp may also occur in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12443","name":"Fucus serratus and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock","description":"The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope MA1-23F1, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocksBarneaspp., Pholas dactylus and Hiatella arctica can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as Polydora spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the F. serratus and includes Gelidium pusillum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata, Lomentaria articulata and Rhodothamniella floridula, but also calcareous algae such as Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae Phymatolithon lenormandii are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone Actinia equina and the mussel Mytilus edulis  while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpetPatella vulgatacan be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk Nucella lapillus, the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina mariae and the top shell Gibbula cineraria are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a Fucus vesiculosus -barnacle mosaic (unit MA1-243) or a Mytilus edulis  and piddocks-dominated biotope (MA1-248) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) or Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23E1) on sheltered shores. The littoral fringe below are on moderately exposed shores dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2173), while the kelp Laminaria saccharina may co-dominate on sheltered shores (MB1-23A1; MB1-23A2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1245","name":"Rhodothamniella floridula on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks Fucus serratus or Fucus vesiculosus, beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed Rhodothamniella floridula occurs. These mats can form distinct areas withoutF. serratus. The small hummocks of R. floridula also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, coralline crusts and Mastocarpus stellatus. The brown seaweed Cladostephus spongiosus or the ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca or Cladophora rupestris may occur. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the F. serratus fronds. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata, the anemone Actinia equina and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as Littorina littorea. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the R. floridula mat, while the mussel Mytilus edulis  is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by M. edulis and F. vesiculosus or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha spp. and the red seaweed Porphyra spp. (unit MA1-23H). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated byF. serratusand/or red seaweeds (see subunits of MA1-244) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as Alaria esculenta and/or Laminaria digitata (MB1-2112).\r\nTemporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and R. floridula may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (unit MA1-23H)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1246","name":"Mytilus edulis and Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock","description":"Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel Mytilus edulis . The community often supports scattered Fucus vesiculosus and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata or the calcareous algae Corallina officinalis. The ephemeral green seaweedsEnteromorpha intestinalisand Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata also can be found. The whelk Nucella lapillus and the winkle Littorina littorea can be found within the mussel bed.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope is a M. edulis and S. balanoides dominated biotope (unit MA1-223) or a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (unit MA1-243). In the lower eulittoral zone below MA1-246 is a biotope dominated by the wrack Fucusserratus, M. edulis and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (units MA1-247; MA1-2441)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1247","name":"Mytilus edulis, Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock","description":"Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis , often with a scarce covering of the wrack Fucus serratus and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium spp., Audouinella spp. and Chondrus crispus. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet Patella vulgata is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk Nucella lapillus and the winkle Littorina littorea occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the crab Carcinus maenas. The anemone Actinia equina is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a M. edulis and F. vesiculosus dominated biotope (unit MA1-246). In the sublittoral fringe below MA1-247 is a biotope dominated by the kelp Laminaria digitata (MB1-2171)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1248","name":"Mytilus edulis and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay","description":"Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including Pholas dactylus, Barnea candida and Petricola pholadiformis. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel Mytilus edulis, the barnacle Elminius modestus and the winkle Littorina littorea. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus, Halurus flosculosus and Ceramium spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may be present. The sand mason Lanice conchilega can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab Carcinus maenas is present as well. More data are required to validate this description.\r\nSituation: This unit can usually be found beneath a M. edulis or barnacle and Littorina spp.-dominated biotope (MA2-271; MA4-231). It is found above a Laminaria digitata and piddocks-dominated biotope (unit MB1-2173).\r\nTemporal variation: The C. maenas population may migrate offshore during the winter season."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA125","name":"Fucoids on variable salinity Atlantic littoral rock","description":"Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack  Pelvetia canaliculata  (MA1-251) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack  Fucus spiralis  (MA1-252) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack  Ascophyllum nodosum  or the wrack  Fucus vesiculosus  (MA1-253, MA1-254) or a mixture of both. The wrack  Fucus serratus  covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (MA1-256). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (MA1-257). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including  Enteromorpha intestinalis  and  Cladophora  spp., while the red seaweed  Polysiphonia lanosa  can be found as an epiphyte on  A. nodosum . On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles  Littorina littorea  and  Littorina saxatilis , the crab  Carcinus maenas , the barnacles  Semibalanus balanoides  and  Elminius modestus  and even the occasional mussel  Mytilus edulis.\r\nSituation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1251","name":"Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock","description":"Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata, which often overgrows a crust of black lichens Verrucaria maura. The wrack Fucus spiralis can be present among the P. canaliculata. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the P. canaliculata on more exposed shores though the occasional Semibalanus balanoides or Elminius modestus can be found. The winkle Littorina saxatilis occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga Catenella caespitosa can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis.\r\nSituation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by V. maura (unit MA1-2132) and above biotopes dominated by F. spiralis (MA1-23C)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1252","name":"Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack Fucus spiralis. The ephemeral green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of F. spiralis and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea and the crab Carcinus maenas.\r\nSituation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack Pelvetia canaliculata (unit MA1-23B) and occasional clumps of P. canaliculata may be present (usually less than common) amongst the F. spiralis. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the P. canaliculata and F. spiralis zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. This unit occurs above the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-254) and/or Fucus vesiculosus (MA1-253) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although F. spiralis always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack Fucus ceranoides (MA1-257).\r\nTemporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as E. intestinalis can be common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1253","name":"Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack Fucus vesiculosus. The wrack Ascophyllum nodosum can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and the mussel Mytilus edulis can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly Littorina littorea, commonly graze on the seaweeds, while Littorina saxatilis can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm Arenicola marina or the sand mason Lanice conchilega, while the crab Carcinus maenas, gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles.\r\nSituation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks Fucus spiralis or Fucus ceranoides (units MA1-23C2; MA1-257) or a community dominated by S. balanoides, P. vulgata and L. littorea (MA4-231). It is found above a community dominated by M. edulis (MA1-221) or the wrack Fucus serratus (MA1-256).\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1254","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora spp., while the red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa can be found as an epiphyte on A. nodosum. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis, the crab Carcinus maenas, the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and even the occasional mussel Mytilus edulis. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually lies below the Fucus spiralis biotope (unit MA1-252) or the Fucus ceranoides dominated biotopes (MA1-257) and above the variable salinity F. serratus dominated biotope (MA1-256), although on some shores a narrow zone of F. vesiculosus (MA1-23D) may occur immediately above the A. nodosum. With increasing wave exposure the A. nodosum canopy can be more dense (MA1-23E1).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. F. vesiculosus or F. serratus can occur in patches where the A. nodosum has been removed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1255","name":"Ascophyllum nodosume cad. Mackaii beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata","description":"Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of A. nodosum with the red seaweed Polysiphonia lanosa growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as Fucus vesiculosus. The loose mats of A. nodosum ecad mackaii provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab Carcinus maenas and the winkles Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata and Littorina saxatilis. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the mussel Mytilus edulis are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega.\r\nSituation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas).\r\nTemporal variation: A. nodosum ecad mackaii develops initially from broken fragments of A. nodosum and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: \"Ecad\" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of A. nodosum since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1256","name":"Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock","description":"Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus. The hydroid Dynamena pumila can form colonies on the F. serratus and clumps of large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis may be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of F. serratus is not usually as dense as in the other F. serratus dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus, which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus and Elminius modestus, the limpet Patella vulgata or the occasional presence of the winkles Littorina obtusata and Littorina mariae and the crab Carcinus maenas. The tube-forming polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as MA1-256 rather than MA1-239.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or A. nodosum dominated biotope (MA1-254; MA1-253), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. It can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp Laminaria saccharina (units MB1-242; MB1-243).\r\nTemporal variation: The canopy of F. serratus is not as dense as in the other F. serratus dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, which are better adapted to the variable salinity.\r\nThey will therefore out-compete F. serratus on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea F. vesiculosus is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the variable or low salinity conditions the individual red seaweeds may not be as large as specimens found in fully marine conditions and they can lack sexually reproductive structures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1257","name":"Fucus ceranoides on reduced salinity eulittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack Fucus ceranoides. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca may be present together with the crab Carcinus maenas and the occasional barnacle Elminius modestus and Semibalanus balanoides.\r\nSituation: As F. ceranoides is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, F. ceranoides tends to replace the wracks Fucus spiralis,Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although F. ceranoides always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA126","name":"Communities of Atlantic littoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in MA1-52. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and Corallina officinalis (MA1-262); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (MA1-2622, MA1-2623 and MA1-2624). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (MA1-263). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polyides rotundus (MA1-264). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (MA1-265). A very rough guideline to the terms \"shallow\" and \"deep\" rockpools: \"shallow\" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas \"deep\" rockpools do. MA1-26 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata.\r\nSituation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1261","name":"Green seaweeds (Enteromorpha spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus Enteromorpha, along with Cladophora spp. and Ulva lactuca. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet Patella vulgata and the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod Tigriopus fulvus is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. Enteromorpha intestinalis can often be bleached during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1262","name":"Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum. The ephemeral green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle Littorina littorea (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet Patella vulgata. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see unit MA1-2621). In Ireland, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see MA1-2622). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata (MA1-2623) or Cystoseira spp. (MA1-2624) can be regionally dominant.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12621","name":"Coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum. The ephemeral green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle Littorina littorea (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet Patella vulgata and top shell Gibbula cineraria. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone Actinia equina and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, while the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides can be found on the rock surface. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12622","name":"Coralline crusts and Paracentrotus lividus in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which Corallina officinalis forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of P. lividus, the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis, and winkles such as Littorina littorea. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The siphonous green seaweed Codium spp. can also be present along with the wrack Himanthalia elongata and the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis and the filamentous red seaweed Ceramium spp. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk Nucella lapillus. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows P. lividus to bore into the rock.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12623","name":"Bifurcaria bifurcata in shallow eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and encrusting coralline algae and Corallina officinalis. Kelps are present and include the species Laminaria digitata, Laminaria saccharina and the wrack Himanthalia elongata. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species Chondrus crispus,Palmaria palmata, Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus. Other red seaweeds include Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium nodulosum, Calliblepharis jubata and Mesophyllum lichenoides. The green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis, while the limpet Patella vulgata can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where Gibbula umbilicalis can be found.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. B. bifurcata is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of C. officinalis and coralline crusts.\r\nTemporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca can occur during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12624","name":"Cystoseira spp. in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga Cystoseira spp. (including Cystoseira tamariscifolia), coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: Ceramium spp., Calliblepharis jubata, Chondrus crispus,Osmundea pinnatifida and Gelidium latifolium. Wracks such as Himanthalia elongata and the epiphytic brown seaweed Colpomenia peregrina are present while the kelp Laminaria digitata can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and Pomatoceros spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis but also the limpet Patella vulgata, while sponges such Hymeniacidon perleve and Halichondria panicea can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny Lipophrus pholis is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone Actinia equina is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1263","name":"Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools","description":"Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus and the kelp Laminaria digitata and the red seaweed Corallina officinalis while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp Laminaria saccharina and Halidrys siliquosa may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum and Dumontia contorta, but green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis,Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge Halichondria panicea and anemones including Actinia equina and Urticina felina. Grazing molluscs including the limpet Patella vulgata, the top shell Gibbulacineraria and the winkle Littorina littorea are present on the rock surface while the mussel Mytilus edulis can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Carcinus maenas, brittlestars such as Ophiothrix fragilis and Amphipholis squamata, encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores.\r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12631","name":"Sargassum muticum in eulittoral rockpools","description":"Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum and the red seaweed Corallina officinalis. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata and the wrack Fucus serratus may occur along with Dictyota dichotoma, but S. muticum always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus,Lomentaria articulata, Osmundea pinnatifida, Ceramium spp. and Dumontia contorta. Encrusting coralline algae and Hildenbrandia rubra often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as Cladophora rupestris and Enteromorpha intestinalis. The winkle Littorina littorea, the limpet Patella vulgata and the top shells Gibbula cineraria and Gibbula umbilicalis can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis, cover while the prawn Palaemon serratus often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native S. muticum is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as Laminaria spp. and fucoids.\r\nTemporal variation: As all the available records are from the south-west of Britain some changes in the species composition can be expected from more northern sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1264","name":"Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools","description":"Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to unit MA1-263, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp (Fucus serratus, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria saccharina and Saccorhiza polyschides). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as Furcellaria lumbricalis, Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata and Rhodochorton purpureum (compare with unit MA1-263). Chorda filum may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell Gibbula cineraria can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as Arenicola marina and Lanice conchilega often occur. The seagrass Zostera spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, Corallina officinalis, Chondrus crispus,Mastocarpus stellatus mixed with Ceramium spp. and the green seaweeds Cladophora spp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.\r\nSituation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1265","name":"Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools","description":"Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma, O. longissima, Sertularia cupressina, Tublaria indivisa and Thuiaria thuja. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae (Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva sp.), red algae (Chondrus crispus and Coralline algae) and the winkle Littorina littorea. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm Arenicola marina and sand mason worms Lanice conchilega. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (unit MA2-2711), with Mytilus edulis frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus) and the keel worm Pomatoceros triqueter may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as Crangon crangon and Pomatoschistus minutus will also be found within the pool."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA127","name":"Communities of Atlantic littoral caves and overhangs","description":"Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as MA1-221, MA1-223 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. MA1-223 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed Prasiola stipitata on cave roofs where birds roost (MA1-212), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (MA1-23G). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (MA1-262), fucoids and kelp (MA1-263) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed Audouinella purpurea and/or patches of the green seaweed Cladophora rupestris may occur on the upper walls (MA1-274). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae Pilinia maritima occurring in mats with the red alga A. purpurea on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (MA1-273) should not be confused with the green (MA1-272) or golden brown algal stains often found above this zone on the ceilings of the caves (MA1-273; MA1-271). Below is a zone of Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on the inner and outer reaches (MA1-275). Fauna usually only occur on the lower and mid walls of the caves and generally comprise barnacles, anemones and tube-forming polychaetes (MA1-278; MA1-279) depending on the level of boulder scour or wave surge. Where the floors of caves consist of mobile cobbles and small boulders, little algae and fauna occur due to the effects of scouring (MA1-27A). Vertical or steeply sloping cave walls and overhangs on the mid and lower shore, subject to wave-surge but without scour, support a rich biota of sponges, hydroids, ascidians and shade-tolerant red algae (MA1-277, MA1-276 or MA1-2761).\r\nSituation: Caves and overhangs in the littoral zone in hard rock and limestone (including chalk)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1271","name":"Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock","description":"Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as Apistonema spp., Pleurochrysis carterae and the orange Chrysotila lamellosa, but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as Entodesmis maritima and Thallochrysis littoralis and the filamentous green alga Epicladia perforans are often associated with Apistonema spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the Apistonema spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle Melarhaphe neritoides.\r\nSituation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope.\r\nTemporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1272","name":"Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified Hildenbrandia rubra may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga Pilinia maritima and the bright green algae Pseudendoclonium submarinum and Entocladia perforans that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as Patella vulgata and the winkle Littorina saxatilis. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description.\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated above the zones of units MA1-274 or MA1-275, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. This unit can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of MA1-273. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (MA1-273) or Haptophyceae (MA1-271) occur as separate zones or MA1-272 may occur on its own."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1273","name":"Audouinella purpurea and Pilinia maritima crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings","description":"Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae Pilinia maritima occurring in mats with the red alga Audouinella purpurea forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle Littorina saxatilis and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001).\r\nSituation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of unit MA1-274 and the MA1-272 zone above.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1274","name":"Audouinella purpurea and Cladophora rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls","description":"Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed Audouinella purpurea. Patches of green filamentous seaweed Cladophora rupestris can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets Patella spp., the winkle Littorina saxatilis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with A. purpurea, often becoming a zone in its own right (unit MA1-273) above this unit. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as Catenella caespitosa and Lomentaria articulata may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, Enteromorpha intestinalis can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. A. purpurea can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: A. purpurea has changed name to Rhodochorton purpurea.\r\nSituation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above units MA1-279 and MA1-278 and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (MA1-272; MA1-273). In chalk caves, this unit may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below units MA1-272 and/or MA1-273."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1275","name":"Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on upper to mid shore cave walls","description":"The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen Verrucaria mucosa and the non-calcified encrusting red alga Hildenbrandia rubra. The black lichen Verrucaria maura and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and winkles Littorina saxatilis may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed Audouinella purpurea (syn Rhodochorton purpurea ) may occasionally occur in low abundance (where A. purpurea covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as unit MA1-274).\r\nSituation: This unit generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where this unit occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of unit MA1-223 and below MA1-272 or MA1-274. Further into the cave MA1-223 is replaced completely by MA1-275. There are no records for MA1-275 in soft rock caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1276","name":"Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances","description":"Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata and Osmundea pinnatifida, but Lomentaria articulata and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros spp., while sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve can be common. The hydroid Dynamena pumila (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri can be found on the rock, along with the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Balanus perforatus (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone Actinia equina thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk Nucella lapillus can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness.\r\nSituation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the MA1-277 biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, this unit may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the MA1-277 biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia can be abundant (unit MA1-2761)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA12761","name":"Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and Dendrodoa grossularia on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves","description":"Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia. The sponges Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros spp. along with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides. The anemone Actinia equina thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include Membranoptera alata, Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella spp. and coralline crusts.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the MA1-27A biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves.\r\nTemporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1277","name":"Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves","description":"Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including Umbonula littoralis, sponges such as Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata and Hymeniacidon perleve and the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. On overhangs, the hydroid Dynamena pumila hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles Balanus crenatus, Balanus perforatus (sometimes at high densities) and Semibalanus balanoides, and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes Spirorbis spp. and Pomatoceros triqueter can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones Metridiumsenile and Corynactis viridis, may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as Actinia equina are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of unit MA1-2761."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1278","name":"Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls","description":"The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, and Verruca stroemia, with patches of encrusting sponges such as Halichondria panicea and Grantia compressa and occasional patches of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than unit MA1-279 to develop within the cave. The limpet Patella vulgata and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid Dynamena pumila and anemones such as Metridium senile and Actinia equina may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense Sabellaria alveolata. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle Balanus perforatus. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured MA1-279 zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1279","name":"Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves","description":"Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges Halichondria panicea, barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides or often large Balanus crenatus and the limpet Patella vulgata. The isopod Ligia oceanica may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone Actinia equina and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of Pomatoceros triqueter and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as Chthamalus montagui with scattered Pomatoceros sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional Sabellaria alveolata. Shade-tolerant red algae such as Lomentaria articulata may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor zone (unit MA1-27A) and the wave-surged, more densely populated zone (MA1-278). On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (unit MA1-274)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA127A","name":"Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors","description":"Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet Patella spp. and the winkle Littorina saxatilis.\r\nSituation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of unit MA1-279 above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of unit MA1-223 may occur above the MA1-27A, becoming a zone of MA1-275 further into the cave. In mid shore caves, this unit is above by a zone of unit MA1-279 (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant unit MA1-2761 may occur above this zone.\r\nTemporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. Enteromorpha intestinalis) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA13","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Characteristic species: Attached algae and animals. Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, More common in exposed areas"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA131","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: >5; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus radicans, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus\r\nQuality descriptors\r\nLower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland approximately to the Russian border in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nLower limit of vegetation, amount of epiphytic algae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA132","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA133","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA134","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders  characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Pilayella littoralis, Ulva spp. Dictypsiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA135","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is present but none of them cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nMapping advise (habitat delineation, identification, similar types)              \r\nMapping should take place during the months when the vegetation is fully developed.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA136","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA137","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic vegetation or macrofauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA138","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA139","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13A","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) wwith at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13B","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the hydrolittoral zone (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather ) with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nPhotic zone bottoms of marlstone rock"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA13C","name":"Permanent brackish pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the waterlevel. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height.three main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C1","name":"Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C2","name":"Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA13C3","name":"Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the Baltic geolittoral zone","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA14","name":"Black sea littoral rock","description":"Littoral rock along the shores of the Black Sea, includes  bedrock, boulders and cobbles"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA141","name":"Black sea supralittoral rock","description":"The rocky supralittoral zone (depth 0-5 m)  where the upper supralittoral rock is colonised by yellow lichens and cyanobacteria such as Lyngbiasp. and the lower supralittoral rock is colonised by encrusting black lichens, littorinids, isopods and barnacles. In locations with freshwater runoff and where nitrate levels are elevated the rock surfaces may be coated with green algae and a film of cyanobacteria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA142","name":"Sheltered Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Soft rocks (such as chalk,  marl and hard clay) at shallow depths ( 0-0.5 m deep ) in sheltered situations with burrowing species such as Pholas dactylus.  Empty burrows are often utilized by other invertebrate and fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA143","name":"Invertebrate dominated exposed Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Exposed mediolittoral rock zone  in the microtidal Black Sea (tide range approx. 0.3 m) is limited to a narrow strip which receives regular but not continuous submersion. In such situations the abiotic conditions (i.e. waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and variations in wind) define the species composition. These conditions mean that there are few associated species and those which are present are typically encrusting, tolerant to desiccation, and capable of very firm attachment. They include barnacles, lichens and small mussels, crabs may be found in sheltered crevices."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA144","name":"Turf algae on Black sea exposed lower mediolittoral rock","description":"Exposed bedrock and boulders with algal turf cover in the lower mediolittoral zone. High and constant humidity, strong wave action and strong light are the dominant environmental factors for this habitat. In the Black Sea the lower mediolittoral rock is a narrow zone located in the lower part of the swash zone and is covered by water most of the time.Characteristic species: Urospora penicilliformis, Bangia atropurpurea, Nemalion helminthoides, Cladophora laetevirens, Feldmannia irregularis, Gelidium pusillum/Gelidium crinale, Ceramiales (Ceramium-Polysiphonia), Laurencia, Ceramium virgatum, Corallinaspp. and Grateloupia dichotoma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA145","name":"Black sea exposed lower mediolittoral barren rock","description":"Exposed barren rock in the lower mediolittoral rock  just below the swash zone and  covered by water most of the time. The habitat is scoured by sand and rock resulting in areas lacking both faunal and floral communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA146","name":"Invertebrate dominated moderately exposed Black sea mediolittoral rock","description":"Invertebrate communities found in the moderately exposed mediolittoral rock zone. Characteristic species include Mytilids (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus), barnacles (Chthamalus stellatus, Amphibalanus improvisus), Actinia equina, bryozoans, crust sponges and articulated corallines (Corallina elongata, C. officinalis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA147","name":"Turf algae on Black sea moderately exposed lower mediolittoral rock","description":"Typically a narrow zone characterised by a cover of algal turf, particularly erect and crustose coralline algae on areas of moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the lower mediolittoral zone. Characteristic species: Encrusting corallines (Lithophyllum incrustans), articulated corallines (Corallina officinalis) and ephemeral macrophytes like Ulva compressa, Cladophora sp. and Ceramiales make up the algal cover. Characteristic fauna includes the chiton Lepidochitona caprearum, the limpet Patella caerulea, barnacles Balanus improvisus, anemones Diadumene lineata, mussels Mytilaster lineatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis, bryozoans, amphipods (Hyale pontica, Ampithoe ramondi) and isopods (Idotea balthica, Sphaeroma pulchellum) crustaceans, and the crabs Pachygrapsus marmoratus and Eriphia verrucosa. If the water is clean Corallina and Mytilaster may form dense turfs/belts, with sparse cover of other algae (Ceramiales, Porphyra leucosticta, Ulva rigida, Scytosiphon lomentaria). In degraded, enriched areas Mytilus galloprovincialis and Balanus improvisusdominate, with some cover of the algae Cladophora vagabunda, Cladophora laetevirens, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis and Ulothrix flacca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA148","name":"Black sea mediolittoral rock pools","description":"Permanent pools in rocky depressions, characteristic species includeCladophora, Ulva, Ceramiales and Corallinales. Also present are Mytilus, Mytilaster, Pachygrapsus, Actinia equina, Diadumene lineataand small fish."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA149","name":"Black sea mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during  periods of low water which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid- and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. All around the Black Sea this habitat type occurs in the Sarmatian limestone cliffs in Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. It may also occur in volcanic and metamorphic rocks, such as Maslen Nos Cape in Bulgaria. The height of the entrance varies from 50 cm up to 25 m depending on the strength of the waves. The length of the water gallery is between 3 and 50 m and is sometimes followed by dry or semi-dry galleries with sand, gravel and larger stones. Natural light does not reach the inner reaches of the longest caves. Characteristic species: During the warm season some of the larger caves are inhabited by colonies of bat species (Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythii, Myotis myotis and Myotis capaccinii). Birds may often also nest at the entrance of the caves. Caves with sandy underground banks were once regularly inhabited by the Monk Seal (Monachus monachus), which is now extinct in the Black Sea. The marine part of the caves is covered by invertebrate- dominated communities. Sciaphilic algae is only present at or near the entrance, where there is still some, albeit diminished, light. Most frequent at the entrance are the red alga Phyllophora crispaand the brown alga Zanardinia typus, while inside the cave only encrusting algae (Hildenbrandia, Lithophyllum, Phymatolithon) occur. The completely dark interior is dominated by either hydrozoan and bryozoan turfs or extensive sponge crusts (erect sponges Halichondia, Haliclona, Dysidea spp. or thin crust sponges), depending on current intensity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA14A","name":"Communities of Marmara mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Mediolittoral caves and overhangs with low light levels where algal growth is  restricted to a very few species that can withstand low light levels, low to high hydrodynamism, and extended periods of desiccation. Canopy-forming macroalgae are overall absent whilst encrusting rhodophytes are preponderant. The communities are, however, very poor in species. Two species of Rodophyta dominate: Hildenbrandia rubra and Phymatholithon lenormandii.Other species include Gymnothamnion elegans, Corallina elongata, Isopoda: Ligia italica, Cirripedia: Perforatus perforatus, Chthamalus stellatus, and Chthamalus montagui."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA14B","name":"Black Sea sulphide vents in littoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA15","name":"Mediterranean littoral rock","description":"Mediterranean shores with bedrock, boulders and stones. The species composition varies with the period of emersion and with exposure to wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean supralittoral rock","description":"Cliffs and rocks of the supralittoral spray zone, mostly occupied by lichens such as Caloplaca spp. and Verrucaria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1511","name":"Association with Entophysalis deusta and Verrucaria amphibia","description":"Littoral rocks, mostly limestone, with the lichen Hydropunctaria amphibia (Syn. Verrucaria amphibia) and Cynaobacteria forming coloured belts. Characteristic species include  Entophysalis deusta, Euraphia depressa, Fucellia maritima, Hydropunctaria amphibia, Ligia italica, Mastigocoleus testarum, Melarhaphe neritoides and Scytonematopsis crustacea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA152","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean pools of variable salinity","description":"Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus Ulva along with Cladophora spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA153","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper mediolittoral rock","description":"The distribution and type of the populations of the solid substratum in the mediolittoral stage are profoundly affected by the submersion variability due to waves and to the irregular rise in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind. Two horizons corresponding to different average values of the dominant factors (humectation, light, nutrients, topography and type of substratum) can be made out. The upper horizon corresponds to the area that is only moistened by the tops of the waves and spray. The upper mediolittoral which corresponds to this habitat is the horizon where the environmental conditions are most restrictive. According to the hydrodynamics and the local topography, it can extend over a vertical area of a few centimeters to two meters.\r\nVariations in the environmental conditions affect the vertical extension of the biocenosis of the upper mediolittoral rock, and also the density of its cover and its dominant composition. This habitat also varies according to the nature of the substratum. Development of endolithic Cyanobacteria (=Cyanophyceae) is intense on the calcareous coasts.\r\nA certain number of facies which may appear as belts can be made out (See facies and associations)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1531","name":"Association with Bangia atropurpurea","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga Bangia atropurpurea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1532","name":"Association with Pyropia leucosticta","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga Pyropia leucosticta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1533","name":"Association with Nemalion lubricum and Rissoella verruculosa","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species Nemalion lubricum and Rissoella verruculosa. This association is present all year round, although it develops fully in winter and spring. The Rissoella verruculosa alga is present on siliceous or dolomite substrata. Exceptionally, it can be found on calcareous substrata, but then it exploits the presence of siliceous fragments to attach itself. The main characteristic species are Nemalion lubricum, Rissoella verruculosa and Audouinella nemalionis. The fauna is very impoverished and is essentially composed of Chtamales; where the Rissoella are abundant and retain sufficient dampness between the thalli, the Hyale perieri amphipods can be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1534","name":"Association with Lithophyllum papillosum and Polysiphonia spp.","description":"This association is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species Lithophyllum papillosum and Polysiphonia spp. Lithophyllum papillosum is a crust-forming  species found with Lithophyllum byssoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1535","name":"Facies with Patella and Chthamalus","description":"Upper mediolittoral rocks during the summer when algae have disappeared due to desiccation. Characteristic species are Chthamalus montagui, Chthamalus stellatus and Patella rustica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA154","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower mediolittoral rock","description":"The lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock results from the coming together of three essential factors: presence of waves, irregular variations in atmospheric pressure, and wind and tide when present. The constant humectation, greater than in the higher horizon, is the dominant factor, followed by light. Its size depends on the morphology of the substratum and – especially – on the intensity of the humectation, and may vary from several centimeters to one meter.\r\nThis habitat, particularly characterised by the presence of crust-forming melobesiae algae, varies according to the nature of the substratum and the humectation, thus causing the forming of local facies.\r\nThis formation is frequent in the western Mediterranean in areas with pure water and rough waters. It constitutes a major and particularly attractive element in the rocky coast landscape. It is found in the area where the waves break; its upper surface may emerge at 20-30 centimeters above the middle level of the sea. It develops on every type of substratum and can be up to 1 to 2 meters wide. The rim is formed by successive, more or less indurate and re-crystallised, layers of alga, with which the calcareous tests of some animals are mixed. The lower side presents many cavities that have been enlarged by rock-destroying organisms and in which a rich sciaphilous fauna finds refuge."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1541","name":"Facies with Pollicipes pollicipes","description":"This facies, very rare in the western Mediterranean, is characterised by an aggregation of Pollicipes pollicipes on steep rocky walls in areas of pure water and extremely rough waters with waves breaking. Its upper surface may emerge a few decimeters above the middle sea level. It is particularly hard to see, rarely mentioned, and ill known."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1542","name":"Association with Lithophyllum byssoides","description":"The association with the Lithophyllum byssoides is the highest biological construction in the Mediterranean. When the water is calm, the rim emerges completely, and its outer edge extends to 20 to 30 centimeters above the water, a position that is possible because it is present where there is strong wave action and because of the porosity of the formation. The height above the middle level is linked to the local degree of roughness. In crevices and little coves that are open to the swell and sheltered from the direct rays of the sun, it may be of considerable width and thickness. Rims that are over two meters wide have been seen. The rim is formed by the stacking up of calcareous Lithophyllum byssoides thalli with a re-crystallising of the deeper layers. Three successive layers may be seen, whose respective thickness depends on environmental and local history conditions. Only the upper part is alive. At the base of the living part of the Lithophyllum byssoides many endolithic Cyanophyceae (Brachytrichia, Calothrix and Entophysalis genuses) can be observed. The lower surface of the ledge, often below the average level, is dead and covered with sciaphilous animal and plant assemblages. Destructive animals (Cliona, Lithophaga) bore into the rock, creating cavities which contain an upper infralittoral type of fauna and flora. In less favourable environmental conditions, the Lithophyllum constructions are mere pads in the mediolittoral area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1543","name":"Association with Tenarea undulosa","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga Lithophyllum tortuosum (ex Tenarea undulosa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1544","name":"Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis in waters enriched in organic matter","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1545","name":"Association with Ceramium ciliatum and Ellisolandia elongata","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae Ceramium ciliatum and Ellisolandia elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1546","name":"Association with Neogoniolithon brassica-florida","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the red alga Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. The association, when present, occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral, where there is strong wave action. It may be present as a plaque on this lower mediolittoral rock. With it are found many species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, and, particularly, Ralfia verrucosa, Rivularia atra and Acrochaetium spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1547","name":"Association with Gelidium spp.","description":"This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus Gelidium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1548","name":"Association with Fucus virsoides","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga Fucus virsoides. The association, when it is present, occupies the entire mediolittoral, related to the presence of the significant tides and the relatively cool, unsalty, eutrophic water that are peculiar to these coasts. According to Giaccone (1991), this is probably a Parathetis relict. The association is basically formed by the Fucus virsoides, Gelidium spathulatum, G. pulvinatum and Phormidium flexuosum. There are also Bangia spp. and Rivularia polyotis. Patella pellucida, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Actinia equina and Balanus spp. are among the animal species found. This is really more like an infralittoral enclave, finding a favourable biotope under the Fucus fronds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1549","name":"Association with Enteromorpha compressa","description":"This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species Ulva compressa (ex Enteromorpha compressa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA154A","name":"Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with Vermetus spp. (infralittoral enclave)","description":"This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA155","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Mediolittoral caves correspond to crevices or the entrances of caves that are partially out of the water. These are usually located in karstic or volcanic systems.\r\nThese formations can be almost totally covered by the sea, and as one penetrates further into the submerged part two other habitats can be made out – the semi-dark caves and the caves in total darkness. In the exposed cavity formations, a terrestrial fauna is found based on acari, pseudo-scorpions and Chilopoda. The supralittoral and – especially – mediolittoral parts are covered with crust-forming algae.\r\nThe crevices or the entrances of the caves present variation gradients of the ambient factors that are essential for the distribution of species: reduction in hydrodynamics, and in light. The bottom of these cavities presents an area of very high humidity that encourages organisms that usually live more deeply to live there, and this results in the zonation getting mixed up.\r\nGiven the reduced hydrodynamics, there is in this habitat an accumulation of floating detritus and objects.\r\nThe variability is linked to both the size of crevice or cave, and the position of the openings in relation to the dominant hydrodynamics. The cave’s geomorphology and the possibility of a flow of fresh water also have a big influence on the quality itself of the habitat and its development over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA1551","name":"Association with Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the red algae Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra. This association lives under the red alga Lithophyllum byssoides (ex Lithophyllum lichenoides) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves, in sciaphilous ambiences. Some writers signal it at the level of small cavities in the substratum of Cystoseira amentacea. There it is probably an enclave in the superficial fringe of the infralittoral stage. Characteristic species are few: Phymatolithon lenormandii, Cruoriella armorica, Hildenbrandia rubra and Gymnothamnion elegans. In the most sciaphilous situations Phymatolithon lenormandii disappears."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA2","name":"Littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms and mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA21","name":"Arctic Littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Arctic littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms and mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA211","name":"Arctic coastal saltmarshes","description":"Salt marshes along muddy and sandy intertidal shores in Arctic Europe dominated by halophytic plants with a circumpolar distribution. Stands are usually small and often occurring in a mosaic with bare sediment, as they are subject to erosion by waves and ice. Although the tidal differences are relatively low, the species composition varies according to the frequency and duration of flooding."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2111","name":"Sulphurous Arctic salt meadows","description":"Communities of the arctic coasts of Eurasia developed in brackish water on sulphurous gleys, in particular, Hippuris tetraphylla  beds of brackish shores of Finnmark and northern Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2112","name":"Lower shore Arctic salt meadows","description":"Species-poor communities of the lower shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland, submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2113","name":"Upper shore arctic salt meadows","description":"Coastal saltmarshes of the upper shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland submitted to winter sea ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA22","name":"Atlantic littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Littoral biogenic habitats on Atlantic coasts include saltmarshes and reefs formed by Sabellaria alveolata and Mytilus edulis.\r\n\r\nSaltmarshes are angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater.\r\n\r\nLittoral biogenic reefs include Sabellaria reefs (MA2-26) dominated by the honeycomb worm Sabellaria alveolata and mixed sediment shores with mussels (MA2-27) with Mytilus edulis- dominated communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA221","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Driftline communities with annual nitrophilous plant species along and inside Atlantic salt marshes, often with a linear structure in the upper zone incidentally or regularly flooded by high tides. Species composition indicates both high nutrient content and saline conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2211","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2212","name":"Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2213","name":"Elymus pycnanthus with Suaeda vera or Inula crithmoides saltmarsh driftlines","description":"Saltmarshes are angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2214","name":"Elymus repens saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2215","name":"Suaeda vera saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2216","name":"Suaeda vera - Limonium binervosum saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2217","name":"Spergularia marina - Puccinellia distans saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2218","name":"Frankenia laevis - Halimione portulacoides saltmarsh driftlines","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2219","name":"Inula crithmoides on saltmarshes","description":"Coastal saltmarsh habitat dominated by the halophyte shrub Inula crithmoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA221A","name":"Sagina maritima ephemeral salt marsh in sand","description":"Sagina maritima is a characteristic plant of the ephemeral vegetation colonising open pans and disturbed areas in upper saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA222","name":"Atlantic upper saltmarshes","description":"Upper zone of Atlantic salt marshes, with fluctuating salinity and often influenced by freshwater seepage from surrounding dunes. This specific setting is reflected by species ranging from obligate halophytes to brackish and freshwater and dry dune indicators. Stands are often small and ephemeral, often embedded in wet grassland or dry dune habitat. They may be relatively species-rich, with many annuals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2221","name":"Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Communities of saltmarshes developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, in particular, in estuarine saltmarshes, in saltmarsh inner basins, in dike-enclosed saltmarshes, with Spergularia marina, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia fasciculata, Puccinellia retroflexa, Puccinellia maritima, Triglochin maritima, Potentilla anserina and Halimione portulacoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2222","name":"Halimione portulacoides scrubs","description":"Shrubby Halimione portulacoides communities of middle levels of Atlantic schorres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2223","name":"Atlantic Arthrocnemum perenne mats","description":"Arthrocnemum perenne -dominated formations of the British Isles, the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2224","name":"Atlantic Suaeda vera scrubs","description":"Suaeda vera -dominated formations of the British Isles, where they are limited to the coast of Norfolk, and of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2225","name":"Atlantic Arthrocnemum fruticosum scrubs","description":"Arthrocnemum fruticosum -dominated formations of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2226","name":"Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs","description":"Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or Zygophyllum, characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Canary Island coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA223","name":"Atlantic upper-mid saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds","description":"Middle zone of Atlantic salt marshes with closed swards of graminoids, herbs and low shrubs on sandy or clayey flats. The communities are regularly but not daily flooded by seawater. Helophytes may dominate in areas with freshwater influence. The communities are grazed or occur in unmanaged situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2231","name":"Atlantic Juncus gerardii saltmeadows","description":"Often species-rich, closed, flowery, upper level salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, dominated by, or rich in, Juncus gerardi. Glaux maritima can dominate facies, forming thick carpets, in particular, in pioneer situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2232","name":"Atlantic Plantago maritima saltmeadows","description":"Communities of upper saltmarshes dominated by Plantago maritima or Plantago maritima and Bupleurum tenuissimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2233","name":"Atlantic Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera swards","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2234","name":"Atlantic Armeria maritima swards","description":"Communities of salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Armeria maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2235","name":"Atlantic Carex distans beds","description":"Communities of Atlantic salt meadows dominated by Carex distans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2236","name":"Atlantic Carex extensa saltmeadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Carex extensa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2237","name":"Atlantic Limonium vulgare meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Limonium vulgare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2238","name":"Atlantic Blysmus salt meadows","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Blysmus rufus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2239","name":"Atlantic Eleocharis salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh or brackish marsh communities dominated by Eleocharis uniglumis or Eleocharis palustris, associated with Agrostis stolonifera or Carex paleacea. They constitute a common upper shore community in Scotland; in western Scandinavia they are restricted to estuaries and fjord heads. They occur on saline littorals in Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223A","name":"Atlantic Juncus maritimus beds","description":"Saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, dominated by, or rich in, Juncus maritimus, with Oenanthe lachenalii, mostly characteristic of the upper shore, in moderately salty or brackish conditions, of the sandy-clayey transition to green beaches, also occurring, in the southern Baltic, on brackish lower shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223B","name":"Atlantic Artemisia maritima salt meadows","description":"Atlantic saltmarsh communities dominated by, or rich in, Artemisia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223C","name":"Atlantic Potentilla anserina carpets","description":"Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, Potentilla anserina,including both Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina,and, in Fennoscandia, Iceland and Greenland, Potentilla anserina ssp. egedii ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223D","name":"Atlantic Frankenia laevis communities","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities of the English Channel and the Franco-Iberian coasts of the Atlantic, with an isolated station on Anglesey, dominated by, or rich in, Frankenia laevis, associated with Limonium spp., in particular with Limonium lychnidifolium in France, or Limonium vulgare in southern England, characteristic of the sandy transition zone between saltmarshes and dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223E","name":"Atlantic upper schorre Aster tripolium beds","description":"Atlantic upper schorre communities dominated by Aster tripolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223F","name":"Atlantic Trifolium fragiferum swards","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by Trifolium fragiferum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223G","name":"Atlantic Carex nigra salt meadows","description":"Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by Carex nigra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223H","name":"Scandinavian Schoenus shore communities","description":"Upper and middle saltmarsh communities dominated by Schoenus nigricans or Schoenus ferrugineus, with Molinia caerulea and Campylium polygamum, developed on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223J","name":"Northern Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon communities","description":"Upper shore swards of northern Norway, Iceland and the Faeroes dominated by Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca rubra, Plantago maritima and Leontodon autumnalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223K","name":"Juncus maritimus mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh dominated by the reed species Juncus maritimus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223L","name":"Juncus maritimus mid-upper saltmarshes with Triglochin maritima","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh dominated by the reed species Juncus maritimus and Triglochin maritima, the latter species becoming more frequent with increasing altitude."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223M","name":"Eleocharis uniglumis mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh characterised by Eleocharis uniglumis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223N","name":"Blysmus rufus mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"Mid to upper saltmarsh characterised by Blysmus rufus, found in sandy or gravelly wet runnels and depressions in saltmarshes, and in brackish ditches and dune-slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223P","name":"Artemisia maritima with Festuca rubra, or open canopy of Artemisia maritima and Halimione mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"The mid to upper reaches of saltmarshes dominated by Artemisia maritima with Festuca rubra or an open canopy of Artemisia maritima and Halimione."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223Q","name":"Festuca rubra mid-upper saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223R","name":"Mid-upper saltmarshes: sub-communities of Festuca rubra with Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus gerardi, Puccinellia maritima, Glaux maritima, Triglochin maritima, Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223S","name":"Saline beds of Phragmites australis","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA223T","name":"Fenno-Scandian Calamagrostis stricta-sedge swards","description":"Upper saltmarsh tall graminoid communities of the Gulf of Bothnia and the northern Atlantic coasts of Scandinavia, south of Finnmark, dominated by Calamagrostis stricta, Carex aquatilis, Carex juncella, Eriophorum angustifolium, rich in arctic halophytes, transitional towards fens which form flood belts near fresh water. This unit is replaced northwards by the truly arctic formations of unit A2.533."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA224","name":"Atlantic mid-low saltmarshes","description":"Low zone of Atlantic salt marshes with open to closed swards of halophytic graminoids, herbs and low shrubs on sandy or clayey flats. The communities are regularly flooded (100-200 days/year) by seawater. In the southern part of the distribution range, perennial glassworts may dominate, indicating transitions toward Mediterranean salt marshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2241","name":"Atlantic Puccinellia maritima lawns","description":"Communities of the lower and middle schorre of the shores of the Atlantic ocean and connected seas with an overwhelming dominance of Puccinellia maritima, often in almost monospecific stands forming bright green lawns characteristic, in particular, of pioneer stages of the lowest levels and of intensely grazed areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2242","name":"Halimione portulacoides -Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Halimione portulacoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2243","name":"Puccinellia maritima-Aster tripolium meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Aster tripolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2244","name":"Salicornia-Sueda maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima, annual Salicornia spp. and Suaeda maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2245","name":"Atlantic Halimione pedunculata beds","description":"Formations dominated by the rare, threatened Halimione pedunculata, developing very locally in the Puccinellion maritimae of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, extinct in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2246","name":"Pelvetia-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Species-poor salt meadows restricted to the shores of northern Norway and southwestern Iceland in the vicinity of the Reykjanes peninsula, codominated by Puccinellia maritima and the brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata, accompanied by Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2247","name":"Catabrosa-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Salt meadows of Iceland and northern Norway, mostly of the lower shore, dominated by Puccinellia maritima, with Catabrosa aquatica, Carex mackenziei, Carex subspathacea, Stellaria crassifolia, Glaux maritima, Gentianella detonsa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2248","name":"Glaux maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Glaux maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2249","name":"Plantago maritima-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Plantago maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224A","name":"Limonium-Puccinellia maritima meadows","description":"Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare, characteristic of undrained depressions on lightly grazed salt meadows of the Netherlands and the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224B","name":"Halimione portulacoides low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224C","name":"Puccinellia maritima low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224D","name":"Sub-communities of Puccinellia maritima saltmarsh with Limonium vulgare and Armeria maritima; P. maritima with Glaux maritima  co-dominant in species-poor vegetation; Puccinellia maritima with Plantago maritima and/or Armeria maritima","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA224E","name":"Annual Salicornia, Suaeda and Puccinellia maritima low-mid saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA225","name":"Atlantic pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Pioneer zone of Atlantic salt marshes with open vegetation dominated by annual chenopodioids and grasses (Spartina). Stands are daily (twice) flooded by seawater and relatively species-poor. Dominating species are obligate halophytes and may occupy both sandy and clayey sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2251","name":"Suaeda maritima pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2252","name":"Salicornia spp. pioneer saltmarshes","description":"Mud, often consolidated with coarse sand or gravel, on the extreme upper shore with Salicornia spp. plants forming a pioneer saltmarsh community. This habitat typically occurs in very sheltered estuarine conditions. Usually a reduced marine fauna is present which may include the amphipod Corophium volutator, the ragworm Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor and often the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. The fucoid alga Pelvetia canaliculata may be found on hard substrata, consolidated mud or lying unattached. This community is equivalent to saltmarsh community SM8 in the British National Vegetation Classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2253","name":"Atlantic Sagina maritima communities","description":"Formations of annual pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal systems and in the saltmarshes. They are usually limited to small surfaces and best developed in the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Characteristic species include Sagina maritima, Sagina nodosa, Cochlearia danica, Gentiana uliginosa, Centaurium littorale, Bupleurum tenuissimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2254","name":"Spartina anglica pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2255","name":"Spartina alterniflora with Spartina anglica, Puccinellia maritima and Aster tripolium","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2256","name":"Spartina maritima pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2257","name":"Spartina densiflora swards","description":"Perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved Spartina densiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2258","name":"Rayed Aster tripolium pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2259","name":"Aster tripolium var.discoides pioneer saltmarshes","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA225A","name":"Arthrocnemum perenne pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with Halimione, Puccinellia and Suaeda","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA226","name":"Sabellaria reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone","description":"The sedentary polychaete Sabellaria alveolata (honeycomb worm) builds tubes from sand and shell. On exposed shores, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment, S. alveolata can form honeycomb reefs on boulders and low-lying bedrock on the mid to lower shore. These S. alveolata reefs are quite distinct from the mosaic of seaweeds and barnacles or red seaweeds generally associated with moderately exposed rocky shores though many of the same species are present. These include the anemone Actinia equina , the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus , the limpet Patella vulgata , the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the winkle Littorina littorea.The whelk Nucella lappilus and the mussel Mytilus edulis is also present on the boulders whereas the polychaete Lanice conchilega is restricted to the associated sediment areas. Scour resistent red seaweeds including Palmaria palmata, Corallina ifficinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Polysiphonia spp. and coralline crusts can also be present where suitable substrata exsist. Brown and green seaweeds also present include Fucus serratus, Fucus vesioculosus, Cladostephus spongiosus, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca .\r\nSituation: Above MA2-26 are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. or the perennial wrack Fucus vesiculosus on mixed substrata (MA1-243; MA1-23D2; MA4-211; MA1-23H). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed Corallina officinalis (MA1-262), by wracks such as Fucus spp. or by kelp such as Laminaria spp. (MA1-263) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp Laminaria digitata and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as Polyides rotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata (MB1-2171; MB1-235;MB1-237)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2261","name":"Sabellaria alveolata reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the eastern basin of the Irish Sea (and as far south as Cornwall) characterised by reefs of the polychaete Sabellaria alveolata. The sand based tubes formed by S. alveolata form large reef-like hummocks, which serve to stabilise the boulders and cobbles. Other species in this biotope include the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus and the limpet Patella vulgata, the winkle Littorina littorea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the whelk Nucella lapillus. The anemone Actinia equina and the crab Carcinus maenas can be present in cracks and crevices on the reef. Low abundance of seaweeds tend to occur in areas of eroded reef. The seaweed diversity can be high and may include the foliose red seaweeds Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus and some filamentous species e.g. Polysiphonia spp. and Ceramium spp. Coralline crusts can occur in patches. Wracks such as Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and the brown seaweed Cladostephus spongiosus may occur along with the ephemeral green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca. On exposed surf beaches in the south-west S. alveolata forms a crust on the rocks, rather than the classic honeycomb reef form, and may be accompanied by the barnacle Balanus perforatus (typically common to abundant). On wave-exposed shores in Ireland, the wrack Himanthalia elongata can also occur.\r\nSituation: Above this unit are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha spp. and Porphyra spp. or the perennial wrack Fucus vesiculosus on mixed substrata (units MA1-243; MA1-23D2; MA4-211; MA1-23H). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed Corallina officinalis (unit MA1-262), by wracks such as Fucus spp. or by kelp such as Laminaria spp. (MA1-263) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp Laminaria digitata and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as Polyidesrotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata (units MB1-2171; MB1-235; A1.45;MB1-237). In adjacent sediment areas Lanice conchilega may dominante (MA5-255).\r\nTemporal variation: These reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. S. alveolata is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA227","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone","description":"Sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels Mytilus edulis occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: High densities of juvenile mussels attached to seaweed have been recorded from sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth. Adult mussel beds can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (MA4-211) on more exposed, predominantly rocky shores. On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a Fucus vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above, or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233).\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2271","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sediments","description":"Dense aggregations of Mytilus edulis on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack Fucus vesiculosus is often found attached to either the mussels or cobbles and it can be abundant. The mussels are often encrusted with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Elminius modestus or Balanus crenatus. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet Patella vulgata. The winkles Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis and small individuals of the crab Carcinus maenas are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm Arenicola marina, the sand mason Lanice conchilega, the cockle Cerastoderma edule, and other infaunal species. The characterising species list shown below is based on data from epifaunal sampling only. Three sub-biotopes are recognised for this biotope, distinguished principally on the basis of the sediment type associated with the mussel beds. The three types of intertidal mussel beds may be part of a continuum on an axis that is most strongly influenced by the amount of pseudofaeces that accumulate amongst the mussels. The differences may not always be directly connected to the underlying substratum on which the mussel bed may have started a long time ago. It should be noted that there are few data available for the muddy (MA2-2713) and sandy (MA2-2712) subunits, therefore there are no characterising species lists or comparative tables for these two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit MA4-211). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233). On mudflats and sandflats, this biotope may be found alongside Cerastoderma edule beds (MA5-252) and other MA5-2 and MA6-2 biotopes. The intertidal MA2-271 biotope can extend seamlessly into the subtidal.\r\nTemporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22711","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on mixed substrata","description":"Mid and lower shore mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions and with aggregations of the mussel Mytilus edulis colonising mainly the sediment between cobbles, though they can extend onto the cobbles themselves. The mussel aggregations can be very dense and support various age classes. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack Fucus vesiculosus is often found attached to either the mussels or the cobbles and it can occur at high abundance. The mussels are also usually encrusted with the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, Elminius modestus or Chtamalus spp., especially in areas of reduced salinity. The winkles Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis and small individuals of the crab Carcinus maenas are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm Arenicola marina, the sand mason Lanice conchilega and other infaunal species. Pools are often found within the mussel beds that support algae such as Chondrus crispus. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet Patella vulgata, the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus and the anemone Actinia equina. Ostrea edulis may occur on the lowest part of the shore. There are few infaunal samples for this biotope, hence the characterising species list below shows only epifauna. Where infaunal samples have been collected for this biotope, they contain a highly diverse range of species including nematodes, Anaitides mucosa, Hediste diversicolor, Polydora spp., Pygospio elegans, Eteone longa, oligochaetes such as Tubificoides spp., Semibalanus balanoides, a range of gammarid amphipods, Corophium volutator, Jaera forsmani, Crangon crangon, Carcinus maenas, Hydrobia ulvae and Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica).\r\nSituation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (unit MA4-211). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a F. vesiculosus dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (units MA1-23D2; MA1-23E2) can be found above or the barnacle dominated biotope (MA1-2233). This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs.\r\nTemporal variation: Under sheltered conditions, pseudofaeces may build up over time, creating a layer of mud and changing the biotope to unit MA2-2713. Where the stability of the mussed bed depends on the mussels being attached to stable cobbles, a build-up of mud from pseudofaeces may prevent this attachment, making the mussel bed unstable and liable to be washed away during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22712","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on sand","description":"This sub-biotope occurs on mid to lower shore sand and muddy sand. Mussels Mytilus edulis grow attached to shell debris and live cockles Cerastoderma edule, forming patches of mussels on consolidated shell material, and often growing into extensive beds. The mussel valves are usually encrusted with barnacles such as Elminius modestus and Semibalanus balanoides, and the mussel bed provides a habitat for a range of species including Littorina littorea. The sediment infaunal community is usually rich and very similar to that of cockle beds (MA5-252), including cockles Cerastoderma edule, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), and a range of burrowing crustaceans and polychaetes typical for MA5-252. Further species may be present are the sand mason Lanice conchilega, the sand gaper Mya arenaria, the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, Nephtys spp., and the ragworm Hediste diversicolor. Scattered fronds of eelgrass Zostera noltii may occur.\r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs in large sandy estuaries, or on enclosed shores, alongside other sand and muddy sand biotopes, most notably unit MA5-252. It is possible that Lanice beds (unit MA5-255) occur lower down on the shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Where this sub-biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions on muddy sand, it could change to MA2-2713 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat (\"mussel crumble\") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral, as is the case in the Burry Inlet (south Wales, UK)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA22713","name":"Atlantic littoral Mytilus edulis beds on mud","description":"Dense mussel beds found in sheltered conditions on mud. There is a build up of pseudofaeces that results in a bed that is very soft to walk on, and sediment which is anoxic to the surface. Pools are often present in the mussel bed but they tend to contain few species. The sediment infauna is very poor as a result of anoxic conditions. The mussel valves are usually clean, without epifaunal growth. Where this biotope occurs naturally, all age classes are found within the mussel bed. This biotope also includes commercially laid mussel beds on soft sediments, which tend to be of uniform age structure. The species diversity of this sub-biotope is a lot lower than that of the other MA2-271 sub-units.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered mudflats, or areas that were previously rocky or cobble fields, but where pseudofaeces have accumulated, leading to the presence of a thick layer of mud.\r\nTemporal variation: Mussels may settle on areas of cobble or mixed sediment (unit MA2-2711), and lead to the build-up of a thick layer of pseudofaeces, changing the biotope to unit MA2-2713 over time. The layer of mud can prevent the attachment of mussels to the underlying stable substratum, thus making the mussel bed liable to be washed away during storms. This is known to occur in areas of Morecambe Bay, northern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA228","name":"Atlantic littoral Cyperaceae beds","description":"Dominants are Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis parvula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2281","name":"Atlantic littoral Eleocharis parvula beds","description":"Emergent Eleocharis parvula -dominated formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA23","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms, mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA231","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral shell gravel","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: down to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high;\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhotic zone areas consisting of dead mollusc shells or shell fragments. \r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA232","name":"Baltic coastal meadow","description":"Baltic coastal meadows, mostly with short vegetation in the geolittoral zone (above the mean high tide). Salinity is low (brackish water), and tidal ranges are small. Most of the areas were traditionally used for mowing or grazing. Abandonment of traditional management leads to the dominance of reed beds. Although the tidal range is small, the vegetation occurs in distinct zones, with saline vegetation closest to the sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA24","name":"Black sea littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Black Sea littoral habitats formed by animals such as worms, mussels or plants (salt marshes)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA241","name":"Black Sea littoral saltmarsh","description":"Black Sea salt marshes on sandy and muddy substrates along sheltered shores, characterized by small tidal ranges and relatively low salinity. Tall rushes dominate at most sites, but locally shrub and herb communities may occur that are typical of inland continental salt pans. Due to desiccation, the substrate of such communities in the upper zone can be hypersaline."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA25","name":"Mediterranean littoral biogenic habitat","description":"Mediterranean littoral habitats formed by living organisms or their remains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA251","name":"Mediterranean upper saltmarshes","description":"Open communities of the upper fringe of Mediterranean salt marshes, dominated by annual species, often under the influence of salt spray. The vegetation often occupies small but relatively species-rich patches. Many species are vernal, ending their life cycle before summer, and many are also found outside the coastal region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2511","name":"Mediterranean Juncus maritimus and Juncus acutus saltmarshes","description":"Beds of tall Juncus maritimus, Juncus rigidus (Juncus maritimus var. arabicus,Juncus arabicus) or Juncus acutus of saline grounds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastlands and of endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of mediterranean Iberia and Mediterranean North Africa, forming, in particular, in periodically inundated depressions, where they may associate with Carex extensa, Iris spuria, Gladiolus communis, Aster tripolium, Sonchus maritimus, Sonchus crassifolius or other elements of units MA2.512 and D6.23, and in sandy dunal depressions, where they may alternate with stands of Schoenus nigricans or other formations of unit MA2.521."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2512","name":"Mediterranean Juncus, Carex, Hordeum and Trifolium short saltmeadows","description":"Humid meadows of low vegetation dominated by Juncus gerardii, Carex divisa, Carex extensa, Schoenus nigricans, Triglochin maritimum, Hordeum marinum or Trifolium spp. and Lotus spp. of the edges of brackish lagoons of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2513","name":"Mediterranean Elymus or Artemisia stands","description":"Formations of Elymus or Artemisia fringing Mediterranean and interior Iberian saline wetlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2514","name":"Mediterranean Juncus subulatus beds","description":"Medium-tall Juncus subulatus beds, often forming facies within Arthrocnemum scrubs of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2515","name":"Mediterranean Sarcocornia perennis mats","description":"Low shrubby carpets of prostrate Sarcocornia perennis of wettest areas of coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2516","name":"Mediterranean Sarcocornia fruticosa thickets","description":"Stands of robust Sarcocornia fruticosa, capable of forming extensive low, dense thickets in coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2517","name":"Mediterranean Arthrocnemum macrostachyum thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Along northern Mediterranean shores, they often occupy somewhat drier sites such as shell banks in saline lagoons; in the North African coastal marshes of Cyrenaica, Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they constitute the only Arthrocnemum formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2518","name":"Mediterranean Suaeda vera thickets","description":"Shrubby formations of Suaeda vera occupying drier elevations of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2519","name":"Mediterranean Halimione portulacoides-Arthrocnemum scrubs","description":"Halimione portulacoides-rich facies within Arthrocnemum communities of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA251A","name":"Mediterranean Halocnemum scrub","description":"Salt scrubs of Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum, characteristic of arid African coasts, with a few outposts on dry coasts of European peninsulas and islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA251B","name":"Mediterranean Limoniastrum scrubs","description":"Formations of often large, silver-glaucous shrubs of Limoniastrum monopetalum with showy pink flowers in late spring, of drier parts of Mediterranean and Iberian saltmarshes, distributed locally in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, the southern Italian peninsula, western Sicily, Lampedusa, Sardinia and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA252","name":"Mediterranean upper-mid saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds","description":"Open to closed rush communities on the high zone of Mediterranean salt marshes, where flooding frequency (by seawater) is low. The vegetation generally occupies small belts and patches, in line with the limited tidal range of the Mediterranean Sea. Inbetween the rushes, a range of halophytic grasses, herbs and low shrubs may be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2521","name":"Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows","description":"Drier, dense formations of sandy soils at the foot of dunes, or between dunes and lagoons of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa, and of the endoreic (closed drainage) interior basins of Mediterranean Iberia, with Plantago crassifolia, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus littoralis, Spartina versicolor (Spartina patens, Spartina juncea), Elytrigia elongata, Limbarda crithmoides, all of which may dominate and form physiognomically distinct, sometimes almost monospecific, facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA253","name":"Mediterranean mid-low saltmarshes","description":"Open to closed halophytic communities of the lower tidal zone of Mediterranean salt marshes. Perennial chenopodioids dominate the species-poor vegetation. Different species of sea lavender form a characteristic element, some of which have a small distribution range. In the lowest parts, annual glassworts (Salicornia) and grasses (Spartina) are frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2531","name":"Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards","description":"Dense formations of perennial halophile grasses, in particular, Puccinellia festuciformis (Puccinellia palustris) or Aeluropus littoralis, of Mediterranean coasts and their coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2532","name":"Mediterranean low-shore glasswort swards","description":"Glasswort swards occupying long-inundated basins of coastal saltmarshes of the western Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain, southern continental France, the Gulf of Tarento, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, with Atlantic representatives in southwestern Europe, between southern Brittany and central Portugal, dominated by the reddening tetraploid glasswort Salicornia emerici."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2533","name":"Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals (Frankenia pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola soda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa, Hordeum marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus, Polypogon maritimus, Spergulariaspp.,Carrichtera annua) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African closed drainage basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. They are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France. They occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA254","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean slowly-drying wracks under glassworts","description":"This biocoenosis is characterised by annual glassworts (Salicornia spp., Microcnemum coralloides), seablites (Suaeda spp.), or sometimes saltworts (Salsola spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA255","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the lower mediolittoral rock biocenosis","description":"The species composing these biocoenoses are strongly affected by variations in wave action and submersion.This is a rocky area located at sea level, moistened by the waves. This habitat is particularly characterised by the presence of calcareous algal formations, particularly the Lithophyllum lichenoides (=Lithophyllum tortuosum) rim, whose constructions may be 1 to 2 metres wide and have great aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2551","name":"Vermetid reefs (Dendropoma patraeum)","description":"Vermetid platforms, or reefs, are built by the gastropod mollusc Dendropoma (Novastoa) petraeum, in association with some encrusting red seaweeds like Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. These reefs are often colonised by Vermetus triquetrus, another species of vermetid which, in both solitary and gregarious forms, occupies the portions of the structure that are permanently underwater. The bioconstructing vermetid is a highly gregarious species living in the tidal zone, to which it is particularly well adapted, thanks to the horny operculum that seals its shell opening in an airtight manner, thus enabling the animal to tolerate periodic emersions between tides. Vermetid reefs colonise the tidal zone exclusively on rocky coasts, with smaller formations according to the type of rock: calcarenite, limestone, dolomite, basalt and flysch. The presence of an abrasion platform thus becomes the essential condition for the formation of a reef. A second factor limiting the distribution and size of structures on a small scale is the extent of superficial hydrodynamics, as developed reefs are unlikely to be found in sheltered environments with calm waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2552","name":"Platforms with coralline algae (Lithophyllum concretions)","description":"These platforms develop on rocky calcareous, volcanic or crystalline substrates which are regularly wetted by tides and waves.\r\nIt is therefore the highest biological construction of the benthic realm at sea level. When the water is calm, the rims emerge completely and their outer margins may be as much as 20-30 centimetres above the water.\r\nThis condition is made possible by the combined action of two factors which allow the maintaining of the correct degree of moisture: exposure to waves, and the porous nature of the calcareous structure. The height above mean sea level varies according to the force of waves and/or the presence of cracks and clefts which are vulnerable to storms off the coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA256","name":"Assemblages of the mediolittoral detritus biocenosis caracterised by temporal biogenic substrates","description":"These biocenoses consist mainly of detritus-feeding species which draw their nourishment from decaying vegetation and miscellaneous debris caught up in the shingle. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum. These communities are exposed to alternating  water submersion and emersion because of variations in the water level, and they are frequently moistened by wavelets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA2561","name":"Facies of  banks of dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica","description":"This facies is characterized by the accumulation of plant debris made up mostly of dead Posidonia oceanica leaves and/or other marine phanerogams species (e. g. Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera noltei, etc.). This is a belt that is a few centimeters to several meters wide and up to 1 to 2 meters high at the edge of the littoral. These accumulations form on sand, gravels or pebbles and are called ‘banks’. The accumulation of banks varies according to the season and the site’s hydrodynamic situation. In the winter, part of these banks is reclaimed during storms at the edge of the shore and the leaf debris is once again fragmented, retted and then gradually carried out at depth down to the bathyal level. The fauna existing in these banks is temporary and made up of some detritus-scavenging species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA3","name":"Littoral coarse sediment","description":"Littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as Pectenogammarus planicrurus.\r\nSituation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA31","name":"Arctic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA32","name":"Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Atlantic littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as Pectenogammarus planicrurus.\r\nSituation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA321","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Shores of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles) or coarse gravel, typically deposited as a result of onshore wave action and long-shore drift. The particle size tends to increase along the shore in the direction of the long-shore drift. As the sediment is very coarse and often quite mobile, it typically supports little marine life, other than opportunist amphipods and oligochaete worms. Summer growths of ephemeral green algae (Enteromorpha spp.) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3211","name":"Barren littoral shingle","description":"Shingle or gravel shores, typically with sediment particle size ranging from 4 - 256 mm, sometimes with some coarse sand mixed in. This biotope is normally only found on exposed open coasts in fully marine conditions. Such shores tend to support virtually no macrofauna in their very mobile and freely draining substratum. The few individuals that may be found are those washed into the habitat by the ebbing tide, including the occasional amphipod or small polychaete.\r\nSituation: This unit often extends over the whole shore, sometimes extending into the subtidal zone. It may occur on the upper shore above MA5-231, and in moderately exposed conditions, above unit MA5-233on the lower shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur on the same shore as MA3-211, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be a temporary cover of the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva spp. during periods of stability in the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3212","name":"Pectenogammarus planicrurus in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand","description":"Shores of well-sorted gravel with a predominant particle size of 4.0 mm but ranging between 3 and 6 mm support dense populations of the amphipod  Pectenogammarus planicrurus . Material finer than 2 mm reduces the ability of the amphipod to survive. The amphipod is tolerant of variable salinity, although a preference for a specific salinity regime has not been determined. As this habitat is regularly under-surveyed, its distribution is unclear.\r\nSituation: The biotope is often associated with the lee side (wind or tide) of obstacles such as rock outcrops and groynes; this may be due to the deposition of algal debris, shelter from wave action or degree of sorting due to localised tidal flow around the obstacle (most likely a combination of the first and last influence)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA322","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic littoral coarse sediment","description":"Shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and other inlets (e.g. sealochs) which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. These are typically species-poor and characterised by oligochaete worms (cf. A2.222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA33","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA331","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment characterized by  emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)in the  photic zone. e with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral littoral coarse sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)in the  photic zone.  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA332","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by submerged vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species Stuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinatas","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral  coarse sediment habitats characterized by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppias pp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritima, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, Zostera noltii occurs only in the Belt Sea and Kattegat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediiment habitats characterized by Ranunculus spp","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species Ranunculus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. dominated by Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA3326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata.dominated by  Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; \r\nCharacteristic species Zostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA333","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse or no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard substrata.  Sparse  (less then 10% cover) or no macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA334","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterized by sparse or no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Spoarse or no macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nMapping advise (habitat delineation, identification, similar types)\r\nPhotic zone areas with coarse sediment such as gravel. Sediment must contain less than 20 % of silt, clay or mud, and at least 30 % of grain size 2–63 mm. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA34","name":"Black sea littoral coarse sediment","description":"Littoral coarse sediments occuring on the coast of the Black Sea  include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA341","name":"Black sea mediolittoral cobbles and gravels","description":"Mediolittoral cobbles and gravel in high energy environments of the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. As the sediment is quite coarse it typically does not support large volumes of marine life. There may be accumulations of shell hash, for example of Cerastoderma, Mya and other molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA35","name":"Mediterranean littoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA351","name":"Assemblages of the slowly drying wracks biocenosis in Mediterranean supralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Decaying algae and other plants (eg Salicornia spp., Posidonia) on supralittoral cobbles inhabited by a wide range of  detrivores and their predators such as Amphipods (Orchestia), Isopods (Tylos sardous and Halophiloscia couchi), Gasteropods (Truncatella subcylindrica, Alexia mysotis, Alexia firmini and Ovatella bidentata) Centipedes, Pseudoscorpions, Coleoptera, especially of the genera Bledius,Diptera and Forficula auricularia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA352","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral coarse detritus","description":"Mid-beach with stones and pebbles, with a vertical extension that is usually slight.\r\nMid-beach pebbles which retain between them plant debris thrown up on the beach as wrack. Possible site for Posidonia banks.\r\nThis area goes through periods of alternating submersion in and emergence from the water during calm weather because of variations in the water level, and is frequently moistened by wavelets. The vertical size of the rise and fall of the water, which can be some dozens of centimetres, can mark out strips several metres wide on the beach.\r\nThe habitat can present variations according to the granulometric size in the substratum, the hydrodynamic action produced by the backwash and the quantity and quality of detritus thrown up on the beach as wreckage.\r\nThe population dynamics vary according to the humectation of the environment and, especially, the level of wave energy since hydrodynamics are the vector of the dampness and of the quality and quantity of detritus that can be used for food as well as sedimentation. Powerful hydrodynamics encourage the laying down of a coarse sediment. The fauna is basically made up of scavengers of detritus and their predators, and so essentially unstable. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA353","name":"Communities of estuarine Mediterranean mediolittoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and otherinlets which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. This habitat typically covers a comparatively small area and exhibits a great variability of physical and chemical parameters. It is usually a species-poor habitat and the fauna is characterised by oligochaete worms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA4","name":"Littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA41","name":"Arctic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Arctic shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA42","name":"Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA421","name":"Seaweed communities on Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds (MA4-211). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4211","name":"Ephemeral green and red seaweeds (freshwater influenced, or disturbed or organically enriched) on Atlantic littoral mixed substrata","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying sand or mud) that are subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation, characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds. The main species present are Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Porphyra spp., along with colonial diatoms covering the surface of the substratum. Small numbers of other species such as barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius modestus are confined to any larger cobbles and pebbles or on the shells of larger individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. The crab Carcinus maenas and the winkle Littorina littorea can be present among the boulders, cobbles and seaweeds, while gammarids can be found in patches underneath the cobbles. In common with the other biotopes found on mixed substrata, patches of sediment are typically characterised by infaunal species including bivalves, for example, Cerastoderma edule and the polychaete Arenicola marina and the polychaete Lanice conchilega.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores sheltered from wave action (compare with unit MA1-2233), with weak to moderate tidal streams and often subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone above or at the same level as the biotope dominated by the barnacles S. balanoides and/or E. modestus and Littorina spp. (unit MA4-231). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by saltmarsh species such as Salicornia sp. and Spartina sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks Fucus serratus or Fucus vesiculosus (units MA1-23F2; MA1-23D2) or by M. edulis (MA1-221) or by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) (MA6-224) depending on the substratum. This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the 'high' number of species in the characterising species list is due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness at individual sites.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be a summer variation of MA4-231, in which ephemeral algal growth has exceeded the capacity of the grazing molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA422","name":"Communities of strandline on Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4221","name":"Mytilus edulis and Fabricia sabella in Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles, gravel, sand and shell debris with mud in sheltered Firths with a strandline of fucoid algae. The fauna is characterised by juvenile mussels Mytilus edulis, often in very high numbers. The nemertean worm Lineus spp. may be abundant and oligochaetes are common. Polychaetes such as Pygospio elegans, Scoloplos armiger and Fabricia sabella may be present in high densities. Fabricia sabella is typically found amongst algal holdfasts and between cobbles on rocky shores. The bivalves Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Cerastoderma edule, typical of muddy sediments, characterise the community. The validity of this biotope is uncertain, as the only available data, from the Dornoch Firth and the Moray Firth, are poor. Its position within the classification, as a strandline community, is also very uncertain, but there is not enough information available for a better description or classification at this stage.\r\nSituation: Occurs on sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA423","name":"Unvegetated Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Eulittoral mixed substrata where the substratum is too mobile or disturbed to support a seaweed community (MA4-231). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4231","name":"Barnacles and Littorina spp. on unstable Atlantic littoral mixed substrata","description":"The eulittoral zone, particularly the mid shore zone, of sheltered to extremely sheltered mixed substrata shores is often characterised by flat banks or scards of cobbles and pebbles (on sediment) which are either too small or unstable to support a seaweed community. The boulders and larger cobbles are usually colonised by the barnacles Semibalanus balanoides or in areas with variable salinity Elminius modestus and often dense aggregations of the winkles Littorina littorea and Littorina saxatilis are present as well. Between the cobbles and pebbles the mussel Mytilus edulis occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance. Juvenile crabs Carcinus maenas and gammarids may occur between and underneath the pebbles and cobbles. Brown seaweeds are rare, although the wrack Fucus vesiculosus may occasionally occur on larger cobbles and small boulders in the mid and upper shore zones. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as Enteromorpha intestinalis may also be present. Shallow pools and patches of standing water may occur in low-lying areas and may contain amphipods and filamentous green seaweeds. Due to the unstable nature of the substratum the diversity and density of flora and fauna is characteristically low.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores in wave-sheltered conditions (compare with unit MA1-2233) and may be subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone below or at the same level as the biotope dominated by ephemeral green seaweeds (MA4-211). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by salt marsh species such as Salacornia and Spartina sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks Fucusserratus or F. vesiculosus (units MA1-23F2; MA1-23D2)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4232","name":"Hediste diversicolor in Atlantic littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms Hediste diversicolor. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Manayunkia aestuarina, oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides spp., the mud shrimp Corophium volutator, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana. Sub-biotopes described as subunits of this unit have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of MA4-232and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the MA4-232 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42321","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Limecola balthica in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly mud shores, subject to reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, as well as the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The presence of the gravel in the sediment is unlikely to have a large influence on the infaunal composition, which is driven mainly by the estuarine sandy mud conditions. Coarse material on the sediment surface may however enrich the biota with additional epifaunal species such as barnacles and algae. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit MA6-224. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with MA4-2321 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-224. This biotope has been found alongside its mud equivalent in the Stour estuary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42322","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in littoral gravelly mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly mud on the mid and lower shore, containing little sand with occasional cobbles. The infaunal community includes the ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana, as well as a range of polychaetes, oligochaetes, and molluscs. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this unit and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope MA6-225. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with unit MA4-2322 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-225."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42323","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity, on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Ampharete grubei, as well as oligochaetes and Corophium volutator. There are often low densities of Scrobicularia plana. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope, unit MA6-2271. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with MA4-2322 present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-2271. This biotope has been found along edges of tidal channels in the upper Stour estuary, below its equivalent mud biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42324","name":"Hediste diversicolor, cirratulids and Tubificoides spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, and cirratulid polychaetes such as Tharyx killariensis. Nematodes and oligochaetes occur, as well as the bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope unit MA6-224. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-224."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA42325","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral gravelly sandy mud","description":"Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable or reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii, Capitella capitata and Manayunkia aestuarina. Oligochaetes and Corophium volutator are abundant. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list.\r\nSituation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope MA6-2272. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with this unit present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is MA6-2272."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4233","name":"Cirratulids and Cerastoderma edule in Atlantic littoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. Banks of shell may be present. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including Exogone naidina, Sphaerosyllis taylori, Pygospio elegans, Chaetozone gibber, Cirriformia tentaculata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata, Mediomastus fragilis, and Melinna palmata. The oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster are abundant, as is the cockle Cerastoderma edule. A large range of amphipods may occur, including Melita palmata, Microprotopus maculatus, Aora gracilis and Corophium volutator. The bivalves Abra alba and A. nitida may occur. The barnacle Elminius modestus can be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Epifaunal algae may occur attached to stable cobbles on the sediment surface.\r\nSituation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA43","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA431","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone wwith more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA432","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment   characterized by  submerged vegetation","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of submerged rooted plants which also includes plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia spp., Chara aspera\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4322","name":"Baltic  hydrolittoral mixed sediment  habitats characterized by  Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterized by Charales","description":"Baltic  hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groupsSubmerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGEOGRAPHIC RANGE\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment  habitats characterized by watermillifoil","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. dominated by Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA4325","name":"Baltic  hydrolittoral mixed sediment habitats characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather)  in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata.dominated by  Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA44","name":"Black Sea littoral mixed sediment","description":"Black Sea shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA441","name":"Communities of Marmara littoral mixed sediment","description":"Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments (pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions). By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present, which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities, which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Habitats with sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore, may have an abundant community of ragworms Hediste diversicolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA45","name":"Mediterranean littoral mixed sediment","description":"Mediterranean shores of mixed sediments range from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. It is likely that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists mainly of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravel mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is no easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds which are more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores.\r\nMixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Habitats with sheltered gravel sandy mud, which are subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore, may have abundant communities of polychaetes.\r\nCharacteristic species: Polychaetes: Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata, Cirriformia tentaculata ,Sphaerosyllis taylori, Pygospio elegans; bivalves: Cerastoderma edule, Abra nitida; oligochaetes:Tubificoides pseudogaster; crustaceans: Aora gracilis, Melita palmata, Microprotopus maculatus, Corophium volutator."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA451","name":"Assemblages of the slowly drying wracks biocenosis in Mediterranean supralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Decaying algae and other plants (eg Salicornia spp, Posidonia) on supralittoral mixed sediments  inhabited by a wide range of  detrivores and their predators such as Amphipods (Orchestia), Isopods (Tylos sardous and Halophiloscia couchi), Gasteropods (Truncatella subcylindrica, Alexia mysotis, Alexia firmini and Ovatella bidentata) Centipedes, Pseudoscorpions, Coleoptera, especially of the genera Bledius,Diptera and Forficula auricularia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA452","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral mixed detritus","description":"Mid-beach with stones and pebbles, with a vertical extension that is usually slight.\r\nMid-beach pebbles which retain between them plant debris thrown up on the beach as wrack. Possible site for Posidonia banks.\r\nThis area goes through periods of alternating submersion in and emergence from the water during calm weather because of variations in the water level, and is frequently moistened by wavelets. The vertical size of the rise and fall of the water, which can be some dozens of centimetres, can mark out strips several metres wide on the beach.\r\nThe habitat can present variations according to the granulometric size in the substratum, the hydrodynamic action produced by the backwash and the quantity and quality of detritus thrown up on the beach as wreckage.\r\nThe population dynamics vary according to the humectation of the environment and, especially, the level of wave energy since hydrodynamics are the vector of the dampness and of the quality and quantity of detritus that can be used for food as well as sedimentation. Powerful hydrodynamics encourage the laying down of a coarse sediment. The fauna is basically made up of scavengers of detritus and their predators, and so essentially unstable. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma serratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA5","name":"Littoral sand","description":"Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (MA5-23), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (MA5-24). Muddy sands (MA5-25), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves.\r\nSituation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA51","name":"Arctic littoral sand","description":"Arctic shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA52","name":"Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (MA5-23), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (MA5-24). Muddy sands (MA5-25), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves.\r\nSituation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA521","name":"Strandline communities on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae.\r\nSituation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores.\r\nTemporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5211","name":"Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline","description":"A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper  Talitrus saltator . In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed,  Talorchestia deshayesii  is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly  Orchestia  species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy. Two characterising species lists are presented below. They are derived from two sets of data, which were analysed separately. The first shows data from infaunal samples, the second shows data from epifaunal samples. The epifaunal lists contains no counts per square metre, as the data were collected on the SACFOR scale.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shore as a range of sediment (especially sandy) biotopes, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. These biotopes include units MA3-211, MA5-231, MA5-232 MA5-233 and MA5-241. The biotope also occurs at the back of boulder, cobble and pebble shores, above mixed sediment and rocky biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope varies in its position between spring and neap tides, and as a result of changing weather. After storms, it may extend into the fore dunes, during spring tides it will occur high on the shore, and during neaps the greatest numbers of talitrids may be found at or just below MHWN level. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of this biotope, may also vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA522","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Dominants are Zostera  spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5221","name":"Zostera noltii or Zostera angustifolia meadows on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Formations of Zostera noltii or Zostera angustifolia of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic shores of continental Europe and of its continental shelf islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5222","name":"Zostera noltii beds on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass  Zostera noltii  at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of  Z. noltii  as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of  Z. noltii  is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans and Arenicola marina, oligochaetes, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, and the bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Limecola  balthica (Macoma balthica). The green algae Enteromorpha spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the British National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000).\r\nSituation: Z. noltii  is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as unit MA5-252.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5223","name":"Macaronesian Zostera noltii meadows","description":"Very local Zostera noltii formations of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5224","name":"Ruppia maritima on Atlantic littoral sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA523","name":"Barren or amphipod-dominated Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Shores consisting of clean mobile sands (coarse, medium and some fine-grained), with little very fine sand, and no mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The sands are non-cohesive, with low water retention, and thus subject to drying out between tides, especially on the upper shore and where the shore profile is steep. Most of these shores support a limited range of species, ranging from barren, highly mobile sands to more stable clean sands supporting communities of isopods, amphipods and a limited range of polychaetes. Species which can characterise mobile sand communities include Scolelepis squamata, Pontocrates arenarius, Bathyporeia pelagica,  B. pilosa, Haustorius arenarius and Eurydice pulchra.\r\nSituation: Mobile sand shores are typically situated along open stretches of coastline, with a relatively high degree of wave exposure. Bands of gravel and shingle may be present on the upper shore of exposed beaches. Where the wave exposure is less, and the shore profile more shallow, mobile sand communities may also be present on the upper part of the shore, with more stable fine sand communities present lower down. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Mobile sand shores may show significant seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5231","name":"Barren Atlantic littoral coarse sand","description":"Freely-draining sandy beaches, particularly on the upper and mid shore, which lack a macrofaunal community due to their continual mobility. Trial excavations are unlikely to reveal any macrofauna in these typically steep beaches on exposed coasts. Oligochaetes, probably mainly enchytraeids, and the isopod Eurydice pulchra may be found in extremely low abundances, but if present in any quantity should be classed as units MA6-2273 or MA5-2332. Burrowing amphipods (Bathyporeia spp.) may be present on very rare occasions. Occasionally, other species may be left behind in low abundance by the ebbing tide.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid and/or lower shore below MA3-211 in exposed conditions. In moderately exposed conditions, and where MA5-231 occurs on the upper shore, a range of relatively more species-rich clean sand communities may occur on the mid and lower shore. These include MA5-233, MA5-232 and MA5-241, depending on the degree of wave exposure and sediment mobility. Tal may occur on the same shore as MA5-231, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5232","name":"Oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. The biotope also occurs in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. This biotope has been split into two sub-biotopes, based on the physical environment (a full-salinity and a variable salinity type).\r\nSituation: This unit often occurs in variable salinity conditions, in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MA6-22 and MA6-22 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. MA5-232also occurs on open, fully marine shores. Where it is situated on the mid shore, units MA3-211 and/or MA5-231 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, MA5-2331 and MA5-2333 may be found. MA5-232may also occur on the upper shore, with MA5-2332 present on the mid shore, and MA5-2411 or MA5-2412 on the lower shore. MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of wracks and debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to unit MA5-231. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to MA5-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52321","name":"Oligochaetes in full salinity Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. On rare occasions individuals of polychaete or crustacean species may be encountered (e.g. Nephtys spp., Eurydice pulchra, Bathyporeia spp.), though these are not characterising for the biotope and if present in any significant abundance, the area should be classed as unit MA5-233.\r\nSituation: Where MA5-2321 is situated on the mid shore, MA3-211 and/or MA5-231 may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, MA5-2331 and MA5-2333 may be found. MA6-2273 may also occur on the upper shore, with MA5-2332 present on the mid shore, and MA5-2411 or MA5-2412 on the lower shore. MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate.\r\nTemporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to MA5-231. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to MA5-233."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52322","name":"Oligochaetes in variable salinity Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. There is usually very little mud in the sediment. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. Nemerteans may be present, and nematodes may be frequent.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MA6-22 and MA6-22 biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Unit MA5-211 may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5233","name":"Amphipods and Scolelepis spp. In Atlantic littoral medium-fine sand","description":"Mobile clean sandy beaches on exposed and moderately exposed shores, with sediment grain sizes ranging from medium to fine, often with a fraction of coarser sediment. The sediment contains little or no organic matter, and usually no anoxic layer is present at all. It tends to be well-drained, retaining little water at low tide, though the sediment of the MA5-2333 sub-unit may remain damp throughout the tidal cycle. These beaches usually occur under fully marine conditions, though the MA5-2332 sub-unit may occur under moderately exposed lower estuarine conditions. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by polychaetes, isopods and burrowing amphipods. Scolelepis spp. can tolerate well-drained conditions, and are often present in well-draining, coarser sand. Burrowing amphipods that often occur in this biotope include Bathyporeia spp., Pontocrates arenarius, and Haustorius arenarius. The isopod Eurydice pulchra is also often present. On semi-exposed beaches with a moderate tide range where there is a marked high-shore berm, there can be a marked seepage at the foot of the berm that probably carries the products of the organic matter derived from strand line breakdown. Here in a narrow zone, exceptionally high populations of Bathyporeia pilosa, sometimes above 10000 per square metre, may occur. The zone may be narrower than the strandline and could easily be missed on surveys were only a few levels are sampled. Three sub-biotopes are described for this biotope, based principally on differences in infaunal species composition.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below MA5-231, or MA3-211. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the communities of unit MA5-241. Unit MA5-211 may be present on the same shores as MA5-233 where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52331","name":"Scolelepis spp. in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Exposed and moderately exposed shores of fully marine mobile clean sand, with particle sizes ranging from coarse to very fine. The sediment is not always well sorted, and may contain a subsurface layer of gravel or shell debris. Usually no anoxic layer is present. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by the polychaetes Scolelepis squamata and S. foliosa. The amphipod Bathyporeia pilosa may be present. Further species that may be present in this sub-biotope include the amphipods  B. pelagica and Haustorius arenarius, and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. The lugworm Arenicola marina may also occur.\r\nSituation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below MA5-2332, MA5-231, or MA3-211, and on the same shores as MA5-2333. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the MA5-241 communities. Unit MA5-211 may be present on the same shores, where driftlines of wrack and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52332","name":"Eurydice pulchra in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Well-draining beaches of medium- to fine-grained mobile sand, often (but not always) well sorted. Occasionally, a small fraction of coarse sand may be present. The biotope generally occurs on exposed open coasts, but sometimes in estuarine conditions, supporting populations of the isopod Eurydice pulchra and burrowing amphipods which frequently include Bathyporeia pilosa and Haustorius arenarius. The degree of drainage appears to be a critical factor in determining the presence of polychaetes, with only Scolelepis squamata capable of tolerating the well-drained sediments of this biotope. This biotope has two facies: drying upper and mid shore sands, and highly mobile lower shore and shallow sublittoral sand bars. Where this biotope occurs in estuarine conditions, H. arenarius is often highly abundant.\r\nSituation:This unit may occur on the mid and upper shore together with unit MA5-2331, below MA6-2273, or above MA5-2333 and the MA5-241 communities. Under more exposed, open conditions, this unit may be restricted to the lower part of the shore, with MA6-2273, barren sand (MA5-231) or barren shingle (MA3-211) on the upper shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur where driftlines of wracks or other debris accumulate on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52333","name":"Pontocrates arenarius in Atlantic littoral mobile sand","description":"Mainly on the mid and lower shore on wave-exposed or moderately wave-exposed coasts of medium and fine sand, sometimes with a fraction of coarse sand, which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The infauna is dominated by burrowing amphipods, most notably Pontocrates arenarius, as well as Bathyporeia pelagica, Haustorius arenarius and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. The polychaete fauna is poor, dominated by Scolelepis squamata, which tolerates the exposed and mobile sediment conditions. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be present on the lower shore, where units MA5-231, MA5-2332, or MA5-2331 are present higher up. Where this unit occurs on the mid shore in relatively sheltered conditions, unit MA5-241 may be present on the lower shore. Unit MA5-211 may be present where driftlines of fucoids and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may change to unit MA5-2332, which is very similar in character, if  P. arenarius decreases in abundance. Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA524","name":"Polychaete/amphipod-dominated Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"Shores of clean, medium to fine and very fine sand, with no coarse sand, gravel or mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The degree of drying between tides is limited, and the sediment usually remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. Typically, no anoxic layer is present. Fine sand shores support a range of species including amphipods and polychaetes. On the lower shore, and where sediments are stable, bivalves such as Angulus tenuis may be present in large numbers. An exceptionally rich fine sand community has been recorded from very sheltered reduced salinity shores in Poole Harbour. Species recorded include Anaitides maculata, Hediste diversicolor, Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans, Tharyx killariensis, oligochaetes, Gammarus locusta, Hydrobia ulvae, Cerastoderma edule and Mya truncata.\r\nSituation: Fine sand communities may be present throughout the intertidal zone on moderately exposed beaches, or they may be present on the lower parts of the shore with mobile sand communities present along the upper shore. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (MA5-211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates.\r\nTemporal variation: Fine sand shores may show seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5241","name":"Polychaetes in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"Moderately exposed or sheltered beaches of medium and fine, usually clean, sand, though the sediment may on rare occasions contain a small silt and clay fraction. The sediment is relatively stable, remains damp throughout the tidal cycle, and contains little organic matter. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Where an anoxic layer is present, it occurs at a depth below 10 cm and tends to be patchy. The biotope occurs mainly on the lower part of the shore, and relatively frequently on the mid shore. It is only rarely present above mid shore level, except where coastal defences cause backwash onto the upper shore. Conditions are usually fully marine, though the biotope can also occur in open lower estuarine conditions. The infaunal community is dominated by a range of polychaete species such as Nephtys cirrosa, Paraonis fulgens, Spio spp., Pygospio elegans, Ophelia rathkei and Scoloplos armiger. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment, and Arenicola marina casts may be present on the sediment surface. The amphipods Bathyporeia spp. and Pontocrates arenarius frequently occur, and nemerteans are often present. On some North Wales shores, the presence of Arenicola species characterises the lowest part of the shore, with a range of species characteristic of the shallow sublittoral. These include sparsely distributed Echinocardium, Amphiura brachiata, Ensis siliqua and Fabulina fabula. This biotope is split into three sub-biotopes, between which there can be a large degree of overlap. The bivalve Angulus tenuis dominates the MA5-2412 sub-biotope, which is characterised by slightly more stable and fine sediments than the other two sub-biotopes.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present below the communities of units MA5-233 or MA5-2321 on moderately exposed shores. MA5-231 may occur on the upper part of the shore if it is subject to drying in between tides. The strandline biotope MA5-211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be affected significantly by seasonal changes in degree of wave exposure. During stormy winters, the sediment may become de-stabilised, leading to the disappearance of some macroinfaunal species. The lugworm A. marina may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52411","name":"Polychaetes, including Paraonis fulgens, in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately wave-exposed coasts, with medium and fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Polychaetes make up the greater part of the community, and are dominated by Paraonis fulgens, Capitella capitata, Pygospio elegans, Ophelia rathkei and Eteone longa. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemerteans may also be present. The amphipods Bathyporeia pilosa and B. sarsi are often present.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit MA5-2412, or lower down than the MA5-233 communities or MA5-2321. The strandline community MA5-211 may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment. The lugworm Arenicola marina may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52412","name":"Polychaetes and Angulus tenuis in Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with predominantly fine sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. The sediment is often rippled, and an anoxic layer may occasionally occur below a depth of 10 cm, though it is often patchy. The infaunal community is dominated by the abundant bivalve Angulus tenuis together with a range of polychaetes. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Polychaetes that are characterising for this biotope include Nephtys cirrosa, Paraonis fulgens and Spio filicornis. Burrowing amphipods Bathyporeia spp. may occur in some samples of this biotope.\r\nSituation: Where it occurs under moderately exposed conditions, units MA5-2332, MA5-2411 or MA5-2321 may be present higher up on the shore than this unit. Where it occurs under more sheltered conditions, it may occur below or alongside muddy sand biotopes such as units MA5-252 and MA5-254.\r\nTemporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA52413","name":"Nephtys cirrosa-dominated Atlantic littoral fine sand","description":"This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with medium to fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is not usually well sorted and may contain a fraction of coarse sand. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The polychaete infauna is dominated by Nephtys cirrosa, Magelona mirabilis, Spio martinensis, Spiophanes bombyx and Paraonis fulgens. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemertean worms may be present. The amphipods Pontocrates spp. and Bathyporeia spp., as well as Cumopsis goodsiri and the shrimp Crangon crangon are typically present. The bivalve Angulus tenuis is scarce or absent.\r\nSituation: This unit may be present higher up on the shore than unit MA5-2412, or lower down than MA5-2332or MA5-2321.\r\nTemporal variation: The infaunal community of this biotope may change seasonally, as increased storminess during winter months may reduce sediment stability and the ability of some species to survive. Some species, such as the shrimp C. crangon avoid these conditions by seasonal migration to deeper water (Moore, 1991)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA525","name":"Polychaete/bivalve-dominated Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment generally remains water-saturated during low water. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. An anoxic layer may be present below 5 cm of the sediment surface, sometimes seen in the worm casts on the surface. The infauna consists of a diverse range of amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods.\r\nSituation: Muddy sand communities are found predominantly on the mid and lower shore, though they may span the entire intertidal. Fine sand or mobile sand communities may be present on the upper shore with muddy sand communities present lower down. In sheltered mid estuarine conditions, muddy sand communities may be present on the upper part of the shore with mid estuarine muddy shore communities (MA6-22)  lower down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5251","name":"Limecola  balthica and Arenicola marina in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and generally remains water-saturated during low water. Scattered stones, cobbles and boulders with attached fucoids may be present. An anoxic layer is usually present within 5cm of the sediment surface and is often visible in worm casts. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. The species assemblage is characterised by the lugworm Arenicola marina and the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The polychaetes Scoloplos armiger and Pygospio elegans are typically superabundant and common, respectively. Oligochaetes, probably mainly Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster, may be common, and the cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit has broad transition areas with units MA5-252 and MA5-253, which tends to occur lower down on the shore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5252","name":"Cerastoderma edule and polychaetes in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Extensive clean fine sand or muddy sand shores with abundant cockles Cerastoderma edule. The community consists of the polychaetes Eteone longa, Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans, Spio filicornis and Capitella capitata, the crustaceans Bathyporeia sarsi, Bodotria arenosa arenosa and Crangon crangon, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, as well as the cockle C. edule and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). This biotope carries commercially viable stocks of C. edule, and it is therefore possible to find areas of this habitat where the infauna may have been changed through recent cockle dredging. Cockle dredging can result in a reduced bivalve abundance and reduced densities of some polychaete species, including P. elegans (Moore, 1991). At the outer edges of large flats, there may be a zone between the cockle beds and more exposed sands, where there are fewer cockles and B. sarsi is the commoner species.\r\nSituation: The community is found mainly on the mid and lower shore where the sediment is water-saturated most of the time. Where it occurs in muddy sand, this unit has broad transition areas with units MA5-251 and the MA6-22, and where it occurs on clean sand shores, it may have broad transition areas with MA2-2712. Higher on the shore, adjacent to this biotope, MA5-254 is found, with fewer polychaete and bivalve species due to the drier sediment found on the upper shore.\r\nTemporal variation: A layer of mud with dense spionid polychaetes may build up on cockle beds in sheltered areas, creating a cohesive muddy layer 10-15 cm thick overlying the whole area. This may break up leaving a series of pits and patches with miniature cliffs, giving it an appearance similar to a stony shore when seen from a distance. It should be noted that where it occurs, Hydrobia ulvae tends to move a lot and may be highly variable in abundance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5253","name":"Hediste diversicolor, Limecola  balthica and Eteone longa in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is characterised by the polychaetes Eteone longa, Hediste diversicolor (ragworm) and Pygospio elegans, oligochaetes (mostly Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster), the crustaceans Corophium volutator and Crangon crangon, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant, and the sand gaper Mya arenaria may be superabundant, though these species are not always present, or may be missed in core samples due to their large size. The polychaetes Arenicola marina, Polydora cornuta and Capitella capitata, the shrimp Crangon crangon, and the Mussel Mytilus edulis are sometimes present.\r\nSituation: This unit can occur on the mid shore of sheltered, lower estuaries, with the MA6-22 communities in muddier sediments on the lower shore. Under moderately exposed conditions in lower estuaries and towards open coasts, it may occur alongside other muddy sand units such as MA5-252 or MA5-254.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5254","name":"Bathyporeia pilosa and Corophium arenarium in Atlantic littoral muddy sand","description":"Wave-sheltered, mainly upper and mid shore flats of medium to fine sand, often muddy sand. The salinity, although predominantly recorded as variable, probably varies little from fully marine in these broad estuaries. The infauna is characterised by the amphipods Bathyporeia pilosa, Corophium arenarium and C. volutator, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae. Polychaetes and bivalves are limited in their abundance and variety, though the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may occur. Tidal streams may be strong during spring tides, accounting for the presence of amphipods B. pilosa that are more commonly associated with open coast sandflats.\r\nSituation: This biotope is typically found higher up the shore than sandflats with the cockle Cerastoderma edule (unit MA5-252) in the large sandy estuaries of the west coast of England and Wales. In moderately exposed conditions, can occur on the mid shore below units MA5-211and/or MA5-231. In more sheltered conditions, may occur above unit MA6-223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5255","name":"Lanice conchilega in Atlantic littoral sand","description":"This biotope usually occurs on flats of medium fine sand and muddy sand, most often on the lower shore but sometimes also on waterlogged mid shores. The sand may contain a proportion of shell fragments or gravel. Lan can also occur on the lower part of predominantly rocky or boulder shores, where patches of sand or muddy sand occur between scattered boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Conditions may be tide-swept, and the sediment may be mobile, but the biotope usually occurs in areas sheltered from strong wave action. The sediment supports dense populations of the sand mason Lanice conchilega. Other polychaetes present are tolerant of sand scour or mobility of the sediment surface layers and include the polychaetes Anaitides mucosa, Eumida sanguinea, Nephtys hombergii, Scoloplos armiger, Aricidea minuta, Tharyx spp. and Pygospio elegans. The mud shrimp Corophium arenarium and the cockle Cerastoderma edule may be abundant. The baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may be present. On boulder shores, and where pebbles and cobbles are mixed in with lower shore tide-swept sand with dense L. conchilega between the cobbles, the infaunal component is rarely sampled. The infaunal community under these circumstances, provided that the cobbles are not packed very close together, is likely to be similar to that in areas without the coarse material.\r\nSituation:This unit occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately exposed sand and muddy sand flats. Higher on the shore, other sand and muddy sand biotopes may be present, such as units MA5-231 and MA5-233on the upper shore and the MA5-241 communities on the mid shore. Unit MA5-211 may occur where driftlines of wracks and other debris accumulate. Where Lan occurs on areas of scattered boulders and cobbles on the lower shore, there may be broad transition areas with MA2-261 and other boulder shore biotopes.\r\nTemporal variation: Where Lanice conchilega becomes very abundant, especially on the low shore, this can lead to the build up of sediment mounds around their tubes, thus leading to a significant alteration in the surface appearance of the biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA53","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA531","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sandy substrata characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by common reed","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5312","name":"Baltic hydrolittorals and dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae)","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA532","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, ponweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia spp., Ruppia spp, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Tolypella nidifica, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Najus marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5327","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.            \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to exposed;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5328","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand dominated by Eleocharis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA533","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterized by sparse or no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sparse or  no macro- or microvegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA54","name":"Black sea littoral sand","description":"Black Sea shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA541","name":"Black sea mediolittoral sands","description":"Coarse, medium and fine sands in the Mediolittoral zone, typically exposed, moderately exposed or sheltered from wave action.The dominant environmental conditions which define the sediment characteristic and species composition are high levels of physical disturbance from wave action, wide temperature variability, and periods of desiccation. In the microtidal Black Sea (tidal range of about 0.3 m) this habitat is limited to narrow beach strip covered by the swash. Community composition depends on grain size and origin of sand (siliceous/calcareous, biogenic/abiogenic) with three associated biotopes distinguished. Diversity is usually low due to high physical disturbance from wave action but abundances may be high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA55","name":"Mediterranean littoral sand","description":"Sands of the Mediterranean supralittoral and mediolittoral zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean supralittoral sands","description":"Area corresponding to the upper beach which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water. The temperature is very variable and the daily differences in temperature may be extremely great: 0 to 20° in the winter, 50° in the summer. These temperatures can be lethal for individuals living in the sand.\r\nThe exogenous contribution of organic matter (wracks) is linked to the nature of what is washed up by the sea during storms or comes from the land. It is variable in time and space: tree trunks, bits of wood, detritic material which make up the wracks, algae, phanerogams, anthropic vegetable debris, dead marine organisms, aeolian-origin elements (leaves, insects), and foam from waves made up of “shaped or unshaped elements” of wind-borne marine plankton. To this can be added a fairly considerable quantity of biodegradable or non-biodegradable human-origin rubbish linked to the sea or to the direct waste from tourists frequenting the upper beach.\r\nThe physiognomy of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of fairly damp saline patches on coarse sand. The sea wracks contain floating objects basically washed up during storms and are of two major kinds: chips of wood and fairly well-shaped elements stuck in the sand and tree trunks and sizeable rubbish.\r\nThe sedimentary granulometry is relatively variable according to what fine elements have been added. The sediment is thus fairly compact. One can also notice a variability according to the quantity and quality of organic additions (sea foreshores), according to the direction and level of protection of the upper beach considered, and the degree of humectation, different facies can be observed (See facies and associations)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5511","name":"Facies of Mediterranean supralittoral sands without vegetation, with scattered debris","description":"Unvegetated supralittoral sand with scattered debris deposted during storms or floods. Characteristic species are  Talitrus saltator, Cicindela lunulata nemoralis, Nebria complanata, Scarites laevigatus, Phaleria provincialis, Labidura riparia, Bembex olivacea and Bembex oculata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5512","name":"Facies of depressions with residual humidity of Mediterranean supralittoral","description":"Depressions in sand, often enriched with finer particles which remain damp, except very briefly in summer, due to a high water table or concentration of rainfall. The habitat mostly occurs on coastlines with dunes. Characteristic species are Talitrus saltator, Bledius arenarius, Bledius unicornis, Xya variegata and Arctosa perita."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5513","name":"Mediterranean supralittoral facies of tree truncks which have been washed ashore","description":"Tree trunks or other large pieces of wood slowly decaying found on supralittoral beaches after being  washed ashore after prolonged periods in the sea.  Characteristic species are Agabiformius obtusus, Orchestia stephenseni, Dolichoiulus tongiorgii, Scarites laevigatus, Mesites pallidipennis, Orchestia sp, Porcelio sp. and  Brachytemnoides filum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5514","name":"Mediterranean supralittoral facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore","description":"On sandy beaches, in the supralittoral stage, at a higher level, rarely submerged, in the whole of the Mediterranean. Present on the upper beach, only humectated by the sea during storms. The temperature is highly variable and the daily differences in temperature may be more than 20°C. These temperatures may be extremely high, reaching 50°C in the summer, and are then lethal for individuals living in the sand. This facies is a relatively particular aspect of ‘wracks’ and corresponds to the washing up of almost exclusively marine phanerogam debris from nearby meadows and beds. These wracks always include a fairly sizeable part of other additional elements of anthropic or natural origin. The sediment of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of more or less damp saline plaques on coarse sand. The sedimentary granulometry varies according to the addition of fine elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5515","name":"Facies of slow drying Mediterranean supralittoral beaches","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA552","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean mediolittoral sands","description":"Mediolittoral sands are characterised by the annelids Ophelia radiata and Scolelepis squamata, the isopod crustacean Eurydice affinis and the pelecypod mollusc Donacilla cornea. Coarse sands encourage the settlement of Ophelia radiata, and fine sands that of Scolelepis squamata, while Donacilla cornea often avoids calcareous sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5521","name":"Facies with Ophelia bicornis on Mediterranean mediolittoral sands","description":"This facies of the mediolittoral sands is characterised by the abundance of the annelid polychaete Ophelia bicornis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA553","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean mediolittoral muddy sands and muds in lagoons and estuaries biocenosis","description":"Present in the mediolittoral stage and the upper part of the infralittoral. The banks are relatively stable, but the beds change with the violent winter flooding. Sediment is formed of fine sand, muddy sands and mud according to the course of the river bed. Surface salinity is low (0.03 to 2,5 for the Rhône) whereas that of the deep layer, in contact with the benthic fauna, is much higher (16 to 21 for the Rhône). A marine salty patch can be seen sunk underneath the fresh water of the river. Tides are weak and only cause minor changes in the water’s chlorinity. The winds have a more marked influence on the position of the salty patch. When parts of the estuary or the estuary lagoons are cut off, either naturally or by human action, the salinity of the water may increase considerably.\r\nPopulation variations are linked to the topography of the bed, which causes a differential distribution of the various types of sediment, and to anthropic action. These are especially reflected in the size of species populations, which varies with granulometry but can also be greatly reduced when anthropic action is too great. In the absence of the tide effect, the transition is rapid between the (freshwater) limnic environment and the marine environment. Thus there is no gradient in the distribution of the fauna, which occurs patchily. The species present are characterised by very rapid cycles of development that permit accelerated reconquest of the environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5531","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral sand association with halophytes","description":"Mediolittoral muddy sands  in lagoons and estuaries with variable salinity with a variety of salt tolerant vascular plants such as Suaeda spp, Salsola spp, Salicornia spp, Kochia spp.\r\nJuncus spp, Scirpus spp. Other genera which may be present include Aeluropus,Aster, Carex, Eleocharis, Limonium, Œnanthe, Puccinellia, Ranunculus, Senecio and Trifolium. This is an important habitat for birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA5532","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral sand facies of saltworks","description":"Evaporative environments over sand and muddy sand in which water with low or normal salinity evaporates either in the summer period (northern Mediterranean: salterns) or the whole year round, except for the rainy season (in the eastern parts of the southern Mediterranean: bahiret, sebkha, chotts). Dessication may be total, with the production of ‘salt’ (evaporative brine of varied composition, usually sodium chloride (halite) but also potassic salts, magnesian salts, bromates, gypsum, etc.). Temperature plays a crucial part in establishing saltworks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MA6","name":"Littoral mud","description":"Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA61","name":"Arctic littoral mud","description":"Situation: Muddy shores are principally found along the shores of estuaries where there is enough shelter from wave action to allow fine sediment to settle. Muddy shores may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA62","name":"Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA621","name":"Faunal communities of full salinity Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Intertidal mudflats in fully marine open sea (coast) only develop under macrotidal conditions such as those found in the German Bight and Mont Saint Michel, France. Also they form part of a habitat complex on a landscape scale within bays, barrier systems and estuaries. Intertidal mudflats have a low species diversity but huge overall invertebrate productivity, resulting in an important and perpetually exploited food source for waders, waterfowl and fish as well as resting, pupping and feeding areas for seals and their young."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA622","name":"Faunal communities of variable salinity Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, MA6-226 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. MA6-228 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 and MA6-226 further down the shore.\r\nTemporal variation:  Enteromorpha  spp. and  Ulva lactuca  may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.\r\nMid estuarine shores of fine sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Most mid estuarine muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, though at some locations more or less fully marine conditions may prevail. Mid estuarine muds support rich communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes.\r\nSituation: Principally along mid estuarine shores. The mid estuarine communities may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems, though usually there is some freshwater influence.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6221","name":"Saltmarsh pools on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6222","name":"Saltmarsh creeks on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62221","name":"Erosion faces with Carcinus maenas on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6223","name":"Nephtys hombergii, Limecola  balthica and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Soft mud with a fine sand fraction, in variable salinity conditions, typically close to the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the polychaete worm  Streblospio shrubsolii , the polychaete  Nephtys hombergii , oligochaetes of the genus  Tubificoides , and the Baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae are often common or abundant.\r\nSituation: This unit occurs in mid estuary conditions, usually on the low shore. Units MA6-228 and MA6-2273 may occur higher up the shore, as well as further towards the upper estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6224","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Limecola  balthica in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), and the oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii and T. pseudogaster. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, Tharyx killariensis, Aphelochaeta marioni, Capitella capitata and Manayunkia aestuarina. The oligochaete Heterochaeta costata and the mud shrimp Corophium volutator may be abundant. The spire shell Hydrobia ulvae is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes Eteone longa and Nephtys hombergii, and bivalves such as the cockle Cerastoderma edule and Abra tenuis. The sand gaper Mya arenaria is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. M. arenaria is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with units MA5-253 or MA5-251 on the upper shore. MA6-225, MA6-2271, MB6-253, and MA6-2272 may be present on the same shore.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6225","name":"Hediste diversicolor, Limecola  balthica and Scrobiculariaplana in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm Hediste diversicolor, Pygospio elegans, Streblospio shrubsolii, Tharyx killariensis and the baltic tellin Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Oligochaetes, most notably Tubificoides benedii, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle Cerastoderma edule, the sand gaper Mya arenaria and the polychaetes Eteone longa and Nephtys hombergii.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units MA6-223, MA6-224, NhomAph, MA6-2271 and MA6-2272. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6226","name":"Nephtys hombergii and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes Nephtys hombergii, Streblospio shrubsolii, and Aphelochaeta marioni. The oligochaete Tubificoides benedii is also characterising for this biotope, and Hediste diversicolor may be common.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as the MA6-22 biotopes, MA6-2272 or MA6-2271. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6227","name":"Hediste diversicolor in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms Hediste diversicolor. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides spp., polychaetes such as Streblospio shrubsolii and Manayunkia aestuarina, the mud shrimp Corophium volutator, and the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae.\r\nSituation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as units MA6-224, MA6-225 and MA6-226. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, MA6-228 may occur.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62271","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in Atlantic littoral sandy mud","description":"Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense Hediste diversicolor, as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as Streblospio shrubsolii and Manayunkia aestuarina. Oligochaetes, including Heterochaeta costata and Tubificoides benedii are often abundant, and the amphipod Corophium volutator is often common.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as MA6-225, MA6-224, MA6-226 or MA6-2272. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62272","name":"Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the amphipod Corophium volutator are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae may be present. Corophium multisetosum may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment.\r\nSituation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units MA6-225, MA6-224, MA6-226, and MA6-2271. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, MA6-2273 may occur, changing to MA6-228 at the upper extreme of the estuary.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MA62273","name":"Hediste diversicolor and oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm Hediste diversicolor which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and Heterochaeta costata, can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell Scrobicularia plana may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. MA6-228 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 further down. Unit MA6-226 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with MA6-2273 and MA6-228 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: Enteromorpha spp. or Ulva lactuca may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6228","name":"Tubificoides benedii and other oligochaetes in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including Tubificoides benedii and, more rarely, Heterochaeta costata. The only polychaete species that may occur is Capitella capitata, which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. Vaucheria species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs Carcinus maenas may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes Limnodrilus spp. and Tubifex tubifex may be found.\r\nSituation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. This unit is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with MA6-2273 further down. Unit MA6-226 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with MA6-2273 and MA6-228 higher up.\r\nTemporal variation: Green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA623","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud can have high densities of Zostera noltei (formerly known as Z.noltii or Z.nana) and/or Z.marina. Z.noltei forms stands with a cover of delicate trailing narrow leaves up to about 20 cm long. It survives the winter as rhizomes, therefore the locations remain stable over many years. It may occur monospecific, or with Z. marina or Ruppia spp. and occasional plants of lower salt-marsh species such as annual Salicornia spp. or Spartina anglica, as stands of Z. noltei may not only pass downshore to Z. marina but also to communities of the lower saltmarsh.\r\nThere may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of Z.noltei will remain in place within the sediment in both situations and plants towards the lower limit may remain winter-green."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6231","name":"Zostera noltii beds on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass Zostera noltii at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of Z. noltii as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of Z. noltii is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans and Arenicola marina, oligochaetes, the spire shell Hydrobia ulvae, and the bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). The green algae Enteromorpha spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the British National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000).\r\nSituation: Z. noltii is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as unit MA5-252.\r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6232","name":"Ruppia maritima on Atlantic littoral mud","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA624","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6241","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic littoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA63","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, Charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA631","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than  other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6311","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; .\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6312","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, sedges form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA632","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6321","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered;\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6322","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6323","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Myriophyllum","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6324","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by  Charales","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6325","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Najas marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6326","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6327","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 6 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nThe Zostera beds are common from Kattegat to the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic, and the salinity gradient from south to north causes considerable differences to the composition of the associated fauna and flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6328","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by Eleocharis","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). . Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA633","name":"Baltic hydrolittoral mud characterized by sparse or no macroscopic communities","description":"Baltic hydrolittoral bottoms (with level fluctuations due to tide or weather) in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation, \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA64","name":"Black Sea littoral mud","description":"Black Sea shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA641","name":"Polychaete/oligochaete dominated upper estuarine Black Sea littoral mud","description":"Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes. Chironomids are present in the upper estuary where fresh water conditions are prevalent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MA65","name":"Mediterranean littoral mud","description":"Mediterranean shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Frequently in estuaries and such as the Ebro (Spain), Rhone (France) and Po (Italy) and subject to some freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MA651","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean littoral muddy sands and muds in lagoons and estuaries biocenosis","description":"Present in the mediolittoral stage and the upper part of the infralittoral. The banks are relatively stable, but the beds change with the violent winter flooding. Sediment is formed of fine sand, muddy sands and mud according to the course of the river bed. Surface salinity is low (0.03 to 2,5 for the Rhône) whereas that of the deep layer, in contact with the benthic fauna, is much higher (16 to 21 for the Rhône). A marine salty patch can be seen sunk underneath the fresh water of the river. Tides are weak and only cause minor changes in the water’s chlorinity. The winds have a more marked influence on the position of the salty patch. When parts of the estuary or the estuary lagoons are cut off, either naturally or by human action, the salinity of the water may increase considerably.\r\nPopulation variations are linked to the topography of the bed, which causes a differential distribution of the various types of sediment, and to anthropic action. These are especially reflected in the size of species populations, which varies with granulometry but can also be greatly reduced when anthropic action is too great. In the absence of the tide effect, the transition is rapid between the (freshwater) limnic environment and the marine environment. Thus there is no gradient in the distribution of the fauna, which occurs patchily. The species present are characterised by very rapid cycles of development that permit accelerated reconquest of the environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6511","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral mud association with halophytes","description":"Mediolittoral mud in lagoons and estuaries with variable salinity with a variety of salt tolerant vascular plants such as Suaeda spp, Salsola spp, Salicornia spp, Kochia spp.\r\nJuncus spp, Scirpus spp. Other genera which may be present include Aeluropus, Aster, Carex, Eleocharis, Limonium, Œnanthe, Puccinellia, Ranunculus, Senecio and Trifolium. This is an important habitat for birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MA6512","name":"Mediterranean mediolittoral mud facies of saltworks","description":"Evaporative environments over mud  in which water with low or normal salinity evaporates either in the summer period (northern Mediterranean: salterns) or the whole year round, except for the rainy season (in the eastern parts of the southern Mediterranean: bahiret, sebkha, chotts). Dessication may be total, with the production of ‘salt’ (evaporative brine of varied composition, usually sodium chloride (halite) but also potassic salts, magnesian salts, bromates, gypsum, etc.). Temperature plays a crucial part in establishing saltworks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB1","name":"Infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is Laminaria hyperborea whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually Laminaria saccharina; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocksAlaria esculenta(exposed coasts) or the kelps Laminaria digitata (moderately exposed) or L. saccharina (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB11","name":"Arctic infralittoral rock","description":"Arctic infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB12","name":"Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is Laminaria hyperborea whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually Laminaria saccharina; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocks Alaria esculenta (exposed coasts) or the kelps Laminaria digitata (moderately exposed) or L. saccharina (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB121","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone dominated by kelp and seaweeds.\r\nIn areas exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams, typically the rock supports a community of kelp Laminaria hyperborea with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement (MB1-213, MB1-215 and MB1-2152). The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. In some areas, there may be a band of dense foliose seaweeds (reds or browns) below the main kelp zone (MB1-221). The sublitttoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks Alaria esculenta (MB1-211). In very strong wave action the sublittoral fringe A. esculenta zone extends to 5 to 10 m depth, whilst at Rockall A. esculenta replaces L. hyperborea as the dominant kelp in the infralittoral zone (MB1-212).              \r\nSituation: Very exposed rocky coasts, from low water to depths up to 45m.           \r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms may remove patches of kelp, and fast-growing annuals may form a temporary forest (MB1-232).           \r\nOn bedrock and stable boulders subject to moderate wave exposure, or moderately strong tidal streams there is typically a narrow band of kelp Laminaria digitata in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a Laminaria hyperborea forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (A3.11). The faunal component of the understorey is also less prominant than in A3.11.         \r\nOn sheltered infralittoral rock exposed to strong tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe, dense Laminaria digitata is found together with erect seaweeds, sponges, ascidians and bryozoans (MB1-21E). Below this, on bedrock and stable boulders a canopy of mixed kelp (primarily Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina ) occurs with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (MB1-21F). This biotope is typically found in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs. Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, that also occurs in the tidal rapids of Scottish sealochs, supports a reduced kelp canopy ( L. hyperborea and L. saccharina ; typically Frequent), with a rich red seaweed component and maerl at some sites (MB1-21G). In south-west Britain, sheltered, tide-swept rock is restricted to estuarine conditions where variable salinity and increased turbidity of the water have a significant effect on the biota, limiting the infralittoral zone to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by a relatively low abundance of L. saccharina (< Common) with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.224). L. hyperborea is rarely present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1211","name":"Alaria esculenta on exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock with an Alaria esculenta forest and an encrusting fauna of the mussel Mytilus edulis and barnacles such as Semibalanus balanoides. The kelp Laminaria digitata can be part of the canopy. Underneath the canopy are red seaweeds such as Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata, while encrusting coralline red algae such as Lithothamnion graciale covers the rock surface. The limpet Patella vulgata can be found grazing the rock surface, while the whelk Nucella lapillus is preying on the limpets, barnacles and mussels. Two variants of this biotope are described. In more wave exposed conditions Laminaria digitata is absent and the rock surface is often characterised by dense patches of mussels (unit MB1-2111). In slightly less exposed sites the A. esculenta is mixed with L. digitata (unit MB1-2112).   \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sublittoral fringe on exposed shores, typically occupying the extreme lower shore down to 1 or 2 m depth, although it can also extend down to 15 m depth on very exposed coasts. It is generally found below the mussel-barnacle zone of the lower shore (unit MA1-221) or a narrow band of the seaweed-dominated biotopes featuring dense Himanthalia elongata or red seaweeds (units MA1-233, MA1-235). Below the A. esculenta zone, the upper infralittoral rock generally supports a Laminaria hyperborea kelp community (MB1-213, MB1-2151 or MB1-21A1)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12111","name":"Alaria esculenta, Mytilus edulis and coralline crusts on very exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by the kelp Alaria esculenta and dense patches of small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, both of which grow over a dense cover of encrusting coralline algae. Foliose red seaweeds may also be present, but the species composition and their abundance vary between sites. Species such as Corallina officinalis occur widely. The kelp Laminaria digitata is usually absent, although stunted plants may be present at a few sites. The limpet Patella vulgata and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides are often common. Patches of anthozoans and the hydroid Tubularia spp. occur in more wave-surged areas. In extremely exposed areas the A. esculenta zone can extend as deep as 15 m, where it has less S. balanoides, M. edulis and greater densities of Tubularia spp. (e.g. Barra and shallow areas of Rockall, Scotland).           \r\nSituation: This biotope is most commonly found beneath the mussel-barnacle zone (unit MA1-221) of very exposed shores and above the upper infralittoral Laminaria hyperborea forest ( MB1-213 or MB1-213). It is at the extremely wave-surged sites, such as St Kilda, that MB1-213 occurs below MB1-2111. Occasionally, the A. esculenta zone occurs below a narrow but dense band of red seaweeds: typically Mastocarpus stellatus and/or Palmaria palmata and Corallina officinalis (unit MA1-235) or very occasionally Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233). A dense turf of C. officinalis (MA1-232) occurs above the A. esculenta zone at a few extremely exposed sites, particularly on steep or vertical rock. On less exposed shores, however, an A. esculenta dominated zone may lie immediately above a narrow L. digitata zone (MB1-2112). Unit MB1-2111 can also occur on less exposed steep or vertical shores, where wave-surge restricts the growth of L. digitata which generally dominates the sublittoral fringe rock on moderately exposed shores. On seasonally unstable boulders or sites subject to disturbance by strong wave-action, a mixed kelp canopy that characterises MB1-232 may occur beneath the MB1-2111 zone instead of the ubiquitous L. hyperborea forest; this is most common on the Shetland isles.            \r\nTemporal variation: At very exposed sites, A. esculenta may have been so wave-battered during the season as to be reduced to a tattered midrib with no blades, altering the general appearance of the biotope. Where MB1-2111 occurs on boulders and/or sites subject to disturbance during severe weather conditions, rock that is scoured clean may then be rapidly colonised by fast-growing green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. An assemblage of rapidly colonising species that characterise the disturbed MB1-231 biotope may also develop in the sublittoral fringe. A species that can fluctuate in huge numbers at these sites is the starfish Asterias rubens, sometimes forming dense aggregations across the narrow A. esculenta band whilst feeding on the mussels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12112","name":"Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata on exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by a mixture of the kelps Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta with an understorey of red seaweeds including Palmaria palmata and Corallina officinalis with encrusting coralline algal on the rock surface. Anthozoans such as Halichondria panicea, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides can be found attached in cracks and crevices. The limpets Patella vulgata or on southern shores Patella ulyssiponensis can be found in their characteristic \"scars\" grazing the biofilm/algal crusts on the rock surface, while the limpet Helcion pellucidum is restricted to grazing the kelp fronds. Colonies of the bryozoan Electra pilosa can cover the red seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus or the rock surface.           \r\nSituation: This unit represents an intermediate on the wave exposure gradient, with pure stands of A. esculenta (unit MB1-2111) being found on more exposed shores and pure L. digitata (unit MB1-2112) on more sheltered shores. This biotope usually occurs immediately above a sublittoral Laminaria hyperborea forest (units MB1-213 or MB1-21A), although a narrow band of L. digitata (MB1-2112) may occur between these two zones, particularly on less exposed shores. In southwest England a zone of mixed kelp forest L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca may occur below the A. esculenta (MB1-2153). A number of different biotopes can occur above MB1-2112; most commonly these are the mussel-barnacle zone (MA1-221), Himanthalia elongata (MA1-233), a red algal turf or a Fucus serratus -red algal mosaic (MA1-2441) on the less exposed shores. This biotope also occurs on steep and vertical shores of moderately exposed coasts where a localised increase in wave action restricts the growth of L. digitata. As a result of this increased wave action the L. digitata plants are usually small and often show signs of damage.         \r\nTemporal variation: There may be seasonal changes in the amount of ephemeral seaweeds due to disturbance caused by winter storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1212","name":"Alaria esculenta forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed Atlantic infralittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where Alaria esculenta appears to replace Laminaria hyperborea as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical rock, a zone that extends from 14 m down to 35 m. Beneath the A. esculenta canopy, the rock surface is covered by a dense turf of anthozoans such as Sagartia elegans, Phellia gausapata and Corynactis viridis, encrusting sponges and coralline algae. The gastropod Margarites helicinus can be found grazing on the kelp fronds, whereas the crab Cancer pagurus can be found among the kelp stipes. The bryozoan Tubularia indivisa also occur, but it does not form such a dense turf as in more shallow waters, while the ascidian Botryllus leachi is found encrusting the large brown seaweeds. Cryptopleura ramosa is the dominant red seaweed on horizontal surfaces. The kelp Laminaria digitata is reported to occur mixed with A. esculenta on the nearby Helen's reef.            \r\nSituation: Above the zone with MB1-212 (about 5 m to 13 m) A. esculenta still dominates, but it resembles more closely the typical sublittoral fringe A. esculenta biotope (unit MB1-2111), though it has a very dense turf of small hydroids and few foliose algae. Towards the lower part of this A. esculenta forest (30 m to 35 m), the density of A. esculenta is reduced and the rock surface is characterised by a dense turf of red algae (unit MB1-221)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1213","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea with a high diversity of seaweeds and invertebrates. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller with heavily epiphytised stipes with foliose red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa or Plocamium cartilagineum or even the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Also found on the stipes or on the rock below the canopy are red seaweeds including Phycodrys rubens, Kallymenia reniformis, Callophyllis laciniata, Caryophyllia smithii, and Corallina officinalis, while encrusting coralline algae can cover any bare patches of rock. At some sites the red seaweeds can be virtually mono-specific, while at other sites show considerable variation containing a dense mixed turf of a large variety of species. The red seaweed Odonthalia dentata can be present in the north. The faunal and floral under-storey is generally rich in species due, in part, to the relatively low urchin-grazing pressure in such shallow exposed conditions. The faunal composition of this biotope varies markedly between sites, but commonly occurring are the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and the anthozoans Sagartia elegans and Corynactis viridis. Sponges form a prominent part of the community with variable amounts of the sponges Halichondria panicea and Pachymatisma johnstonia and several other species. The crab Cancer pagurus and the starfish Asterias rubens are normally present in small numbers foraging beneath the canopy, while the sea urchins Echinus esculentus and Urticina felina graze on the seaweeds. The hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea compete for space on the kelp, whereas the bryozoan Electra pilosa also can be found on foliose red seaweeds.      \r\nSituation: This kelp forest most commonly occurs beneath a zone of Alaria  esculenta and Mytilus edulis (unit MB1-2111) and may contain small patches of A. esculenta. As the force of the wave-surge diminishes with increased depth, density of the faunal turf reduces and the kelp forest or park changes to one characterised by kelp and dense red seaweeds (units MB1-2151 or MB1-2152). In some areas of Shetland and St Kilda the lower infralittoral zone is characterised by a park of the kelp Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides (MB1-232). Where the L. hyperborea forest continues to depths of 15 m or greater it may give way to a zone of dense foliose red algae (MB1-221 or MB1-2211)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1214","name":"Sparse Laminaria hyperborea and dense Paracentrotus lividus on exposed infralittoral limestone","description":"This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway (Ireland). Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin Paracentrotus lividus, which heavily graze and burrow into the soft limestone. So intense is the grazing pressure that the rock appears completely bare, except for a coralline algal crust and occasional Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides. The anthozoans Sagartia elegans and Corynactis viridis are also present, though at low abundance. The grazed kelp also extends deeper to 20 to 25 m further offshore. (Only one CB record within this biotope).         \r\nSituation: This rare biotope has only been recorded from one location and the neighbouring biotopes were not fully surveyed. In deeper water (30-40m) there is unit MD1-211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1215","name":"Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea, beneath which is a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds. Three variations of this biotope are described: the upper infralittoral kelp forest (unit MB1-2151), the kelp park below (unit MB1-2152) and a third type of kelp forest, confined to southern England, that is characterised by a mixture of L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca (unit MB1-2153). The fauna of these biotopes is markedly less abundant than kelp forests in areas of greater wave surge (unit MB1-213); sponges, anthozoans and polyclinid ascidians may be present, though never at high abundance. Beneath the under-storey of red seaweeds, the rock surface is generally covered with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12151","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of red foliose seaweeds including Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Phycodrys rubens and Callophyllis laciniata as well as encrusting coralline algae and the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The red algal turf can be virtually mono-specific, dominated by stands of P. cartilagineum, C. ramosa or Heterosiphonia plumosa, Kallymenia reniformis or in the north, Odonthalia dentata. Other sites may contain a dense mixed turf of these and other species. The dense turf is due, in part, to the relatively low grazing pressure from the urchin Echinus esculentus in such shallow exposed conditions. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller and the stipes are heavily epiphytised by red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Membranoptera alata. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on the foliose red seaweeds, while the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea more often can be found on the L. hyperborea fronds along with the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the hydroid Obelia geniculata. The gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum are found grazing among the kelp holdfasts, while a few individuals of the barnacle Balanus crenatus can present along with the white calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, where substratum is available. The starfish Asterias rubens can be found predating on polychaetes, mussels and small crustaceans. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum can be present covering the rock surface as well as the anthozoan Urticina felina.                            \r\nSituation: This kelp forest biotope most commonly occurs beneath a zone of Alaria esculenta/Mytilus edulis (unit MB1-2111) and above a L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-2152). At very exposed sites, such as some areas of Shetland and St Kilda, the lower infralittoral zone is often characterised by a park of Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides (MB1-232). This zone presumably develops due to the mobility of nearby cobbles, boulders and sediment during winter storms, removing the slower growing L. hyperborea. Occasionally, a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (units MB1-221 or MB1-2211)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12152","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic lower infralittoral rock","description":"Very exposed to exposed lower infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a kelp park of Laminaria hyperborea with a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds and encrusting coralline algae. These red seaweeds dominate kelp stipes and bedrock in a similar abundance and composition to the upper infralittoral kelp forest, the most commonly occurring species being Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Kallymenia reniformis, Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Bonnemaisonia asparagoides. In addition, moderate to high abundance of foliose brown seaweeds, such as Dictyota dichotoma are more common than in the kelp forest above. More upper circalittoral fauna occur in the park than in the kelp forest, such as the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii. Some species more often present in the kelp park than the forest include the anthozoan Alcyonium digitatum and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The urchin Echinus esculentus, the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the starfish Asterias rubens are normally present underneath the canopy along with the anthozoans Urticina felina and Corynactis viridis. The sponge Cliona celata is also present often found boring into shells or soft rock where available. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea can be found on the L. hyperborea fronds along with the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. The polychaete Pomatoceros sp. is present on the rock surface.       \r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs below the exposed kelp forests (units MB1-213 and MB1-2151). At some sites, a dense band of D. dichotoma may form a separate zone below (MB1-221). Where seasonally unstable cobbles and/or boulders are present adjacent to and/or below the bedrock supporting the L. hyperborea unit MB1-232 may occur.                        \r\nTemporal variation: In the late summer both the kelp and the foliose seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan crusts Electra pilosa and Membranipora membranacea. Temporal variation within the community structure is unknown."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12153","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forests on upper infralittoral exposed rock with a dense community of foliose red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, and Plocamium cartilagineum as well as small filamentous red seaweeds including Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Pterosiphonia parasitica and Brongniartella byssoides. L. hyperborea has a rough stipe which allow dense assemblages of epiphytic red seaweeds to form including the foliose Callophyllis laciniata, Delesseria sanguinea and Hypoglossum hypoglossoides. Unlike L. hyperborea, however, L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe and so it lacks dense assemblages of epiphytic seaweeds L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe. Encrusting coralline algae often cover much of the rock surface along with a few brown seaweeds including Dictyota dichotoma, Dictyopteris polypodioides and Desmarestia aculeata present as well. In mixed kelp forest L. ochroleuca may predominate with L. hyperborea more common at shallower depths. Whilst foliose red seaweeds dominate the upward-facing rock beneath the kelp canopy, much of the fauna is restricted to crevices or vertical faces, possibly due to grazing pressure. Echinoderms are often common in this biotope, in particular the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the starfish Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis. Verticals are colonised by anthozoans including the anthozoans Corynactis viridis, Caryophyllia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Alcyonium digitatum, while the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea colonise the Laminaria sp. fronds. This biotope is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. L. ochroleuca occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) from Dorset to Lundy Island. In such cases, records should be treated as regional variations of these biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this unit when the canopy is dominated by L. ochroleuca alone, or (more usually) by a mixture of both L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca (at similar abundance). Both this biotope and unit MB1-238 are common on the Brittany and Normandy coasts of France.                  \r\nSituation: Since L. ochroleuca is less tolerant of wave action than L. hyperborea this biotope commonly occurs below exposed kelp forests (unit MB1-2151). On occasion it is found below Alaria  esculenta in the sublittoral fringe (units MB1-2111 or MB1-2112). At some sites a band of dense foliose seaweeds, with no kelp, occurs below the kelp forest (MB1-221 or MB1-2211) whilst at other sites L. hyperborea kelp park occurs below (MB1-2152)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1216","name":"Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic vertical rock","description":"On exposed coasts with moderately strong to weak tidal currents generally at depths of 0-10m, vertical rock communities dominated by frequent Laminaria hyperborea and its commonly associated red seaweeds Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Plocamium cartilagineum can be found. Within this biotope the jewel anemone Corynactis viridis is frequently found in dense aggregations attached to the vertical rock surface. This biotope contains 5 sub-biotopes, distinguished by their biogeography. On the west coast of Scotland, the Northern Isles and the Isle of Man on extremely exposed coasts a variant of this biotope characterised by frequent Metridium senile and occasional Sagartia elegans can be found. Further south on the west coast of Ireland, southern Scotland, Wales, and south west England a second variant characterised by frequent Alcyonium digitatum and occasional Cliona celata can be distinguished. A third variant has been recorded from Northern Ireland characterised by the red seaweeds Lithophyllum and Ptilota gunneri, the sea squirt Dendrodoa grossularia and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. South from the Isle of Man, on the Welsh Coast, and on the south west and southern English coasts a fourth variant of this biotope is found, which is characterised by the barnacle Balanus crenatus, which may be more frequent in this sub-biotope, and the rarity of Alcyonium digitatum, a species which is more frequent in other variants. This variant has mainly been recorded in shallow water (0-5m). The final biogeographic variant of this biotope is, as with the previous variant, found on the coasts of Wales and south west England. It can be distinguished from the previous variant by the frequent Diplosoma listerianum and occasional Lissoclinum perforatum, although these species are not always present.           \r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts of the south-west, west and north-west."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1217","name":"Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock characterised by the kelp Laminaria digitata with coralline crusts covering the rock beneath the kelp canopy. Foliose red seaweeds such as Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus are often present along with the calcareous Corallina officinalis. The brown seaweed Fucus serratus and the green seaweeds Cladophora rupestris and Ulva lactuca can be present as well. The sponge Halichondria panicea can be found among the kelp holdfasts or underneath overhangs. Also present on the rock are the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the gastropods Patella vulgata and Gibbula cineraria. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on especially C. crispus, M. stellatus and F. serratus while the hydroid Dynanema pumila are more common on the kelp. Three variants of this biotope are described: L. digitata forest on rocky shores (unit MB1-2171). L. digitata on boulder shores (unit MB1-2172) and soft rock supporting L. digitata, such as the chalk found in south-east England (unit MB1-2173). For L. digitata in sheltered, tide-swept conditions see unit MB1-21E."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12171","name":"Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock","description":"Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of Laminaria digitata, often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurring red seaweeds are Palmaria palmata, Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata and Membranoptera alata. Generally the rocky substratum is covered by encrusting coralline algae, on which occasional limpets Patella vulgata and topshells Gibbula cineraria graze. A wide variety of fauna occurs, some of the most commonly occurring species being the sponge Halichondria panicea and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Kelp holdfasts provide a refuge for a varied assemblage of species such as sponges and the limpet Helcion pellucidum, while encrusting bryozoans such as Electra pilosa more often are found on the fronds of foliose red seaweeds. Solitary ascidians may be locally abundant where overhanging or vertical rock occurs, while the hydroid Dynamena pumila can be abundant on Fucus serratus and Laminaria sp. fronds. On exposed, wave-surged shores, the robust red seaweeds M. stellatus, C. crispus and C. officinalis can form a dense turf beneath the kelp along with the occasional green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Similarly on such shores the mussel Mytilus edulis can occur in extremely dense aggregations on the rock, beneath the kelp canopy.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found on the extreme low shore below the Fucus serratus zone (unit MA1-244) and above the truly sublittoral Laminaria hyperborea zone (unit MB1-21A)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12172","name":"Laminaria digitata and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders","description":"This Laminaria digitata biotope is found predominantly on moderately exposed boulder shores and occasionally also on exposed or sheltered shores. Upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by dense L. digitata though other kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina or the wrack Fucus serratus can be present at lower abundance. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp canopy are a variety of red seaweeds such as Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. Green seaweeds include Cladophora rupestris and Ulva lactuca. Where space is available beneath the boulders (i.e. they are not buried in sediment) there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic species include the crabs Porcellana platycheles, Pisidia longicornis and juvenile Cancer pagurus. Also present beneath the boulders are often high densities of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, spirorbid worms, the polychaete Harmothoe sp., gammarid amphipods and a few gastropods such as Gibbula cineraria. The encrusting bryozoans Electra pilosa and Umbonula littoralis and encrusting colonies of the sponges Halichondria panicea and Halisarca dujardini are also typical of this habitat. The richest examples also contain a variety of echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, colonial ascidians such as Botryllus schlosseri and small hydroids.            \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in a similar situation to unit MB1-2171, usually beneath the Fucus serratus zone (units MA1-2441 or MA1-2442) and above the Laminaria hyperborea zone (unit MB1-21A). Many of the animals found under boulders in the lower shore in MA1-2442 are also found under boulders in the sublittoral fringe (MB1-2172), particularly the sponges and crabs. Similarly, many of the seaweeds present on the lower shore are also present in the shallow sublittoral fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12173","name":"Laminaria digitata and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock","description":"Soft rock, such as chalk, in the sublittoral fringe characterised by Laminaria digitata and rock-boring animals such as piddocks Barnea candida and Pholas dactylus, the bivalve Hiatella arctica and worms Polydora spp. Beneath the kelp forest, a wide variety of foliose red seaweeds occur such as Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus, Membranoptera alata and Halurus flosculosus. Filamentous red seaweeds often present are Polysiphonia fucoides and Ceramium nodulosum, while coralline crusts cover available rock surface. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea and the hydroid Dynanema pumila can form colonies on the kelp fronds, while the bryozoan Electra pilosa more often occur on the foliose red seaweeds. Empty piddock burrows are often colonised by the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa or in more shaded areas the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve. The undersides of small chalk boulders are colonised by encrusting bryozoans, colonial ascidians and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros lamarcki. The boulders and any crevices within the chalk provide a refuge for small crustaceans such as Carcinus maenas, the mussel Mytilus edulis or the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The echinoderm Asterias rubens is present as well.           \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on moderately exposed soft rock where unit MB1-2171 would normally occur. Above it may lie a zone of Fucus serratus on similarly bored soft rock (unit MA1-2443) or a variant of one of the F. serratus biotopes (e.g. MA1-2441). Lower shore sites influenced by sand may have more Mytilus edulis beneath the seaweed canopy (MA1-247) or the sand-binding red seaweed Rhodothamniella floridula (MA1-245). Below this biotope a variety of biotopes can occur such as MB1-233 on unstable infralittoral cobbles and boulders or even MC1-251 in the turbid waters of south-east England where the kelp generally extends to less than 4m BCD.          \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Since the soft rock does not provide a strong hold for the seaweeds they are easily dislodged during storm periods. After such an event the green seaweeds Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva spp. and/or the red seaweed P. palmata may temporarily cover much of the rock. Eventually a more diverse range of seaweeds and associated animals will re-establish on the rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1218","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Wave exposed to moderately wave exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders with Laminaria hyperborea, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds including the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Cryptopleura ramosa and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Epilithic seaweeds Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum  Heterosiphonia plumosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Callophyllis laciniata, Kallymenia reniformis, Brongniartella byssoides and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising the bryozoan Electra pilosa, the sponge Pachymatisma johnstonia, anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus crenatus occur. More mobile species include the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Cancer pagurus and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus. Two variants have been described: Tide-swept kelp forest (unit MB1-2181) and tide-swept kelp park (unit MB1-2182).            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Alaria esculenta  at exposed sites or L. digitata  at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (MB1-2182)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12181","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense Laminaria hyperborea forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Callophyllis laciniata, Corallina officinalis, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata, and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and in the south-west Distomus variolosus. Epilithic seaweeds (Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Brongniartella byssoides, and Dictyota dichotoma) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising of the sponges Pachymatisma johnstonia, Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis, anthozoans such as Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophilia smithii, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria, occur. Also found on the rock is the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Cancer pagurus.            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Alaria esculenta (unit MB1-211) at exposed sites or L. digitata (unit MB1-2171) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (unit MB1-2182)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12182","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with Laminaria hyperborea park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. The red seaweed Heterosiphonia plumosa can be present. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and coralline crust are often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a rich fauna comprising sponges (Pachymatisma johnstonia, Stelligera rigida, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis), anthozoans (Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophyllia smithii), hydroids (Aglaophenia pluma and Nemertesia antennina), colonial ascidians (Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus) and bryozoans such as Electra pilosa. Both the flora and fauna of this biotope are similar to the wave exposed kelp park (unit MB1-2152), but MB1-2152 has a greater faunal component including the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Necora puber.          \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a tide-swept L. hyperborea kelp forest (unit MB1-2181). As this biotope occurs over such a range of wave exposures a variety of circalittoral biotopes can occur beneath it: for example, Exposed, tide-swept rock (unit MC1-21) or moderately exposed tide-swept rock (unit MC1-22)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1219","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Wave-exposed through to wave-sheltered, tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata with Laminaria hyperborea forest/park and other kelp species such as Laminaria saccharina. The rich under-storey and stipe flora is characterised by foliose seaweeds including the brown algae Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. Epilithic seaweeds such as Desmerestia aculeata, Odonthalia dentate, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growths of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter occurs. More mobile species include the gastropods Gibulla cineria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Cancer pagurus and the echinoderms Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata, Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus. Two variants are described; tide-swept kelp forest on upper infralittoral mixed substrata (unit MB1-2191) and tide-swept kelp park on lower infralittoral mixed substrata (unit MB1-2192)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12191","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Moderately wave-exposed to wave sheltered, tide-swept mixed substrata, with dense Laminaria hyperborea forest and sparser Laminaria saccharina, characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as Palmaria palmata  Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata, and Phycodrys rubens. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and in the south-west Distomus variolosus. Epilithic seaweeds (Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Dictyota dichotoma and Desmarestia aculeata) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as Urticina felina, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter, colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria, and the bryozoans Electra pilosa and Alcyonidium diaphanum occur. Also found on the rock are the echinoderms Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis, and the crabs Cancer pagurus, Pagurus bernhardus and Necora puber."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12192","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, tide-swept, Infralittoral mixed substrata with Laminaria hyperborea park characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. Epilithic seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Callophyllis laciniata, Lomentaria orcadensis and Brongniartella byssoides) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a fairly diverse fauna comprising sponges (Scypha ciliate), anthozoans (Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii), hydroids (Tubularia indivisa, Halecium halecinum, Sertularia argentea and Nemertesia antennina), colonial ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri) and bryozoans such as Alcyonium diaphanum. On the rock surface, the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Cancer pagurus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum may be found. A diverse range of echinoderms are also found in this biotope: Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus and Ophiothrix fragilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121A","name":"Laminaria hyperborea and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a canopy of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea beneath which is an under-storey of foliose red seaweeds and coralline crusts. Some red seaweeds can be found as epiphytes on the kelp stipes and include Delesseria sanguinea and Phycodrys rubens. Other red seaweeds present include the Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa and the brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and Cutleria multifida. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata or the bryozoans Membranipora membranacea. The echinoderm Antedon bifida, the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina can be found on the rock beneath the canopy. Mobile species often present include the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderms Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens. Five variants has been described: Kelp forest (unit MB1-21A1), kelp park (unit MB1-21A2), grazed kelp forest (unit MB1-21A3), grazed kelp park (unit MB1-21A4) and kelp with Sabellaria spinulosa reefs (unit MB1-21A5). This suite of biotopes differs from the wave exposed L. hyperborea biotopes by having a lower diversity of cushion-forming faunal species. The foliose red seaweed component of the two suites of biotopes may also differ in composition with a tendency for MB1-21A to include some more delicate filamentous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A1","name":"Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock","description":"Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. Kelp stipes are usually covered in a rich mixture of red seaweeds of which Palmaria palmata, Phycodrys rubens and Membranoptera alata are often present. Small kelp plants can also be found on the larger kelp stipes. Kelp fronds may be covered with a hydroid growth of Obelia geniculata or the bryozoans Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa. The kelp holdfasts can be colonised by bryozoans Scrupocellaria spp. and/or crisiids and colonial ascidians such as Botryllusschlosseri. The rock surface between the kelp plants is generally covered by encrusting coralline algae, often with sponge crusts Halichondria panicea. Small vertical surfaces within the kelp forest generally lack kelp plants, instead being characterised by foliose red seaweeds such as Dictyota dichotoma, the anthozoans Alcyoniumdigitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and gastropods including Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. Many grazers are found in the kelp forest, the most commonly occurring being the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderm Echinus esculentus. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.           \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs over a wide geographic area and is generally found below the sublittoral fringe Laminaria digitata zone (unit MB1-23A1) and above the L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-21A2). In the north, Shetland in particular, unit MB1-232 can occur in the lower infralittoral; where grazing influence is present the abundance of red seaweeds may be much reduced (unit MB1-21A4). In turbid water kelp park is often absent and dense foliose seaweed cover may occur instead (unit MB1-21B). In areas affected by scour, such as the rock-sediment interface at the base of bedrock slopes, a mixed kelp canopy can develop below the kelp forest (unit MB1-235).          \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise this biotope is not known to vary markedly over time. Certain areas are prone to urchin grazing and this can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, such that any site subject to intensive urchin grazing should be recorded as unit MB1-21A3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A2","name":"Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"Below the dense kelp forest (unit MB1-21A1) on moderately exposed lower infralittoral bedrock and boulders, the kelp thins out to form a park. Beneath the kelp, the rock and kelp stipes are covered by an often dense turf of foliose red seaweeds such as Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Delesseria sanguinea, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata and Phycodrys rubens. Coralline crusts are often present on the rock surface. Many species of red seaweed found in this biotope occur at greater abundance in the shallower kelp forest. Other seaweeds, such as the red seaweeds Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Hypoglossum hypoglossoides as well as the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma are more abundant in this zone than the upper infralittoral. The faunal component of this biotope is similar to that found below the kelp in the upper infralittoral zone and include the hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the anthozoans Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophyllia smithii, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. The gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the echinoderm Echinus esculentus can be found grazing on the rock. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west.           \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-21A1) and marks the lower limit of the infralittoral rock. Occasionally a narrow band of foliose seaweeds (unit MB1-221) may occur below the kelp park but generally circalittoral biotopes are found.      \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. When grazing urchins (predominantly E. esculentus) reach a large number in the kelp park their voracious grazing can substantially alter the community structure of the biotope, removing most of the seaweeds and leaving only coralline crusts on the rock. This is common around the coast of Scotland, particularly in Shetland and such sites should be recorded as unit MB1-21A3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A3","name":"Grazed Laminaria hyperborea forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed Laminaria hyperborea forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin Echinus esculentus. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though encrusting algae cover the rock. In addition to these encrusting coralline algae, non-calcareous crusts such as Cruoria pellita and brown algal crusts also occur. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum and Delesseria sanguinea. The hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea colonise the kelp fronds. On the rock itself certain brown seaweeds such as Cutleria multifida may persist in this grazed environment. Fast-growing species such as the kelp Laminaria saccharina may be present at sites recovering from grazing, opportunistically colonising the rock surfaces that have been cleared by grazing. The fauna within a grazed kelp forest is also relatively sparse and is mostly confined to cracks, crevices and under-boulders. Species such as the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis can often be found on vertical rock. Also found on the rock surface are the anthozoans Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum. Encrusting species such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter are resistant to grazing and may occur in abundance. The grazers present include the echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Calliostoma zizyphinum and Gibbula cineraria. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida which can be abundant in the north-west. Moderate grazing occurs within many kelp forests; records should only be assigned to this biotope where the community has been intensively grazed leaving algal-encrusted rock with very few epilithic algae.       \r\nSituation: With increasing depth, the kelp forest grades into a grazed kelp park (unit MB1-21A4), the lower limit of which is often abrupt, representing the balance point between urchin-grazing pressure and kelp growth capabilities. In wave-exposed steep rocky areas, the shallowest water may be characterised by a forest of kelp with red seaweeds (unit MB1-2151), with a grazed kelp forest beneath. This effect may be a result of the increased wave action in shallower water, which regularly dislodges the urchins thereby reducing their grazing impact. This unit is prevalent in the north of the UK where E. esculentus populations reach high densities. Although E. esculentus is widely distributed around the UK it occurs in greatest abundance in Scotland and north-east England where urchin grazing can substantially affect infralittoral communities.           \r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in E. esculentus numbers may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed forests and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A4","name":"Grazed Laminaria hyperborea park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed to moderately exposed Laminaria hyperborea kelp park in some areas is intensively grazed by the urchin Echinus esculentus. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though coralline algal crusts and some grazing-resistant animals such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter cover it. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea. Brown seaweeds present include Cutleria multifida, Laminaria saccharina and Dictyota dichotoma. The fauna within a grazed kelp park is also relatively sparse, though some species will survive in cracks and crevices or under boulders including the ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis. The encrusting bryozoan Parasmittina trispinosa and the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii often characterise vertical or overhanging rock. Mobile species include the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus The echinoderms Ophiocomina nigra, Ophiothrix fragilis and Crossaster papposus, generally absent from the kelp forest, can be found in these kelp parks along with Asterias rubens and Antedon bifida.        \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs below a grazed kelp forest (unit MB1-21A3) but can also occur below ungrazed kelp forests on exposed sites where wave action can dislodge urchins from shallow rock. The grazed circalittoral unit MC1-224 often occurs on the bedrock or boulders below.\r\nTemporal variation: Fluctuations in the numbers of E. esculentus may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed kelp parks and the changes in community structure when grazing pressure decreases."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB121A5","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock","description":"Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of Sabellaria spinulosa tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant red seaweeds such as Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa and Polysiphonia elongata and Polysiphonia fucoides. Red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum and Delesseria sanguinea may also be found beneath the kelp canopy, although typically low in abundance. They can be colonised by the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. The cowrie Trivia arctica can also be found here. Much of the available rock is covered with encrusting coralline algae together with patches of the encrusting sponge Halichondria panicea and the anthozoan Urticina felina. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Echinus esculentus, and Ophiothrix fragilis, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. The scouring effect of mobile sand adjacent to the rock maintains a reduced underflora and fauna compared to the association of species found in non-scoured kelp forests (unit MB1-21A1). Scour-resistant fauna such as the barnacle Balanus crenatus can be locally abundant on the rock, while the bivalve Pododesmus patelliformis can be found seeking shelter underneath the cobbles. Above the effect of scour, kelp stipes may be densely colonised by red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Palmaria palmata and Membranoptera alata, together with some sponges and ascidians.\r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the sand-laden waters of north-east England in conditions in which S. spinulosa is able to thrive. Nearby circalittoral rock is often also dominated by S. spinulosa (unit MC2-213) but lacks the kelp and red seaweeds. As this biotope is not commonly recorded in the UK there is a scarcity of information relating to the surrounding biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121B","name":"Dense foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral silty rock","description":"Upward-facing surfaces of shallow, infralittoral bedrock and boulders in areas of turbid water dominated by dense red seaweeds, with the notable absence of kelp. The stable rock, which can be cobbles or boulders but is more typically bedrock, is usually silted. Individual species of foliose red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum or Calliblepharis ciliata often dominate. Other red seaweeds likely to be present include Phyllophora crispa, Rhodymenia holmesii, Halurus flosculosus, Cryptopleura ramosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa and coralline crusts. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is sometimes present, although never abundant. This biotope does not generally occur below kelp park but rather occurs on shallow, silted rock on which kelp would normally grow in less turbid conditions. The fauna can be variable but is generally typified by the presence of silt-tolerant animals such as encrusting sponges, particularly Dysidea fragilis and Halichondria panicea, the hydroid Tubularia indivisa, bryozoan crusts and scattered Sabellaria spinulosa and Balanus crenatus. In the summer months the seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan Electra pilosa and the ascidian Molgula manhattensis which can also form dense mats on the rock. The polychaete Lanice conchilega can be present, where sandy and muddy patches occur. Where this biotope occurs on chalk bedrock, such as off the Sussex coast, the piddock Pholas dactylus is often found bored into the rock. This biotope is recorded from the English Channel, off Kent, Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Please notice that individual sites of this biotope can vary significantly in the species composition.\r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on discrete bedrock outcrops surrounded by areas of mixed sediment or mobile sand. Off Sussex, it occurs on the horizontal chalk bedrock forming the tops of cliffs (2-3m in height).             \r\nTemporal variation: The seaweeds die back in late autumn and summer leaving, silted, coralline-encrusted rock with a sparse fauna of sponges, S. spinulosa and occasional hydroids and bryozoans. The bryozoan Amathia lendigera can also become abundant amongst the seaweeds during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121C","name":"Laminaria hyperborea on moderately exposed Atlantic vertical rock","description":"This unit is found on moderately exposed coasts in moderately strong to weak tidal streams generally in 0-20m water depth. It is characterised by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea, the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and crinoid Antedon bifida. This biotope is relatively species poor when compared to similar biotopes in more exposed environments e.g. unit MB1-216. The urchin Echinus esculentus may be frequently observed grazing the vertical rock face. This biotope may have 2 sub-biotopes. One is characterised by the frequent occurrence of the sea squirt Clavelina lepadiformis and the red seaweeds Phycodrys rubens and Cryptopleura ramosa. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma may also be frequent in this sub-biotope. The second sub-biotope is more species poor than the previous one and is characterised by the common occurrence of Alcyonium digitatum, which is only occasional in the other variant.           \r\nSituation: Open rocky coasts in northern Britain, particularly North Sea coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121D","name":"Hiatella arctica and seaweeds on vertical Atlantic littoral limestone / chalk","description":"This biotope is found in the infralittoral zone on moderately exposed vertical limestone/chalk surfaces in weak tidal streams, and has been recorded most frequently between 0-10m. This biotope is characterised by abundant Hiatella arctica and a rich sponge community including Cliona celata, Dysidea fragilis and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other species that may be frequent in this biotope are the crab Necora puber, the sea squirt Clavelina lepadiformis, and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum, although these species are found in other vertical rock biotopes, however in lesser abundance.\r\nSituation: Shallow rocky coasts with vertical limestone faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121E","name":"Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense Laminaria digitata, coralline crusts and sponges such as Halichondria panicea. Other seaweeds present include the foliose red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Mastocarpus stellatus as well as the calcareous Corallina officinalis. Green seaweeds present include Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Cladophora rupestris. The increased water movement encourages several filter-feeding faunal groups to occur. The sponges Leucosolenia spp., Scypha ciliata and Hymeniacidon perleve frequently occur on steep and overhanging rock faces. The bryozoans Electra pilosa, Membranoptera membranipora and Alcyonidium hirsutum encrust the kelp and other foliose seaweeds. In addition, ascidians such as Ascidiella scabra, Dendrodoa grossularia and colonial ascidians Botryllus byssoides and Botryllus leachi often thrive in this environment encrusting both the rock and the seaweeds. The tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be found on the rock and on the kelp holdfasts along with the barnacle Balanus crenatus. More mobile species such as the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crab Carcinus maenas and the starfish Asterias rubens are also common. Areas where increased tidal movement influences this community can be found in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of sealochs. \r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs immediately below the tide-swept Fucus serratus biotope (unit MA1-239) consequently, some F. serratus may occur in this biotope (typically only Occasional). The sublittoral fringe of similarly sheltered shores that are not tide-swept are generally characterised by mixed Laminaria saccharina and L. digitata (unit MB1-23A1) or L. saccharina (MB1-23A). Below MB1-21E, at these sheltered, tide-swept sites, a canopy of mixed kelp species often occurs (see units MB1-21F and MB1-21G)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121F","name":"Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Stable, tide-swept rock characterised by dense kelp Laminaria hyperborea and/or Laminaria saccharina forest on scoured, coralline-encrusted rock. This biotope occurs in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs, where there is an increase in tidal flow. Although L. hyperborea (typically Common) generally occurs in greater abundance than L. saccharina (Frequent), either kelp may dominate, sometimes to the exclusion of the other. (This biotope should not be confused with sheltered, but silted MB1-239). Large stands of the brown seaweed Halidrys siliquosa may also occur amongst the kelp along with Dictyota dichotoma on bedrock and boulders. In contrast to the scoured rock surface the kelp stipes themselves often support prolific growths of foliose red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Membranoptera alata, Delesseria sanguinea and Plocamium cartilagineum. Other foliose seaweeds may be present among the kelp holdfasts include Chondrus crispus and Dilsea carnosa. The scoured rock surface is characterised by encrusting coralline algae, barnacles Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The sponge Halichondria panicea, anthozoans Urticina felina, Anemonia viridis and Sagartia elegans can also occur on the scoured rock. Sponges, particularly Halichondria panicea and colonial and solitary ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and Ascidiella aspersa encrust the stipes, whilst hydroid growth of Obelia geniculata and seamats Membranoptera membranacea can cover the fronds, optimising the increased tidal flow. Mobile species such as the gastropod Gibbula cineraria can often be found on and around the kelp. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis and Echinus esculentus can be found underneath the kelp canopy on the rock along with the crab Carcinus maenas. Where some protection is afforded from the scour anthozoans may occur on the rock such as Alcyonium digitatum or Metridium senile.\r\nSituation: This biotope may be fringed by tide-swept kelp Laminaria digitata in shallower water (unit MB1-21E). Where mixed substrata occurs adjacent to the stable bedrock and boulders the kelp will usually diminish in density (typically Frequent), but a greater diversity of species will be found compared to the scoured bedrock, in particular there is an increase in red seaweeds and a greater infaunal component (unit MB1-21G). Maerl rhodoliths may be present amongst the bedrock and boulders of unit MB1-21F in small amounts, and at some sites may form extensive beds surrounding the bedrock outcrops (units MB3-2211 and MB3-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121G","name":"Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel","description":"Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, typically found in tidal rapids with kelp Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds. L. saccharina usually dominates this habitat although L. hyperborea may occur in equal abundance at some sites. The kelp in these tidal rapids does not form the same dense canopies associated with stable tide-swept bedrock, but generally occurs at lower abundance (Frequent). Other brown seaweeds occur in significant amounts in these tidal rapids including Dictyota dichotoma, Halidrys siliquosa and Chorda filum. These mixed substrata support a greater diversity of species than scoured bedrock narrows (MB1-21F). In particular, there is an increase in red algal species such as Corallina officinalis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Ceramium nodulosum, although none occur in any great abundance. Red seaweeds common to both MB1-21F and this biotope include Chondrus crispus, Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum and Phycodrys rubens. Good examples of this biotope often have maerl gravel (Lithothamnion sp.) or rhodoliths between cobbles and boulders. Where maerl dominates, the biotope should be recorded as a maerl bed (unit MB3-22). The sponges associated with more stable, tide-swept conditions are generally absent, but the anthozoan Anemoniaviridis might be present. Cobbles and pebbles are encrusted by the ubiquitous polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and provide shelter for scavenging crabs such as Carcinusmaenas and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, gastropods such as Gibbula cineraria and echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis which favour these sites of increased water movement. Additional infaunal species, inhabiting the sediment pockets, include Lanice conchilega and Sabella pavonina, which can be locally abundant.\r\nSituation: Where stable rock fringes the shallows the tide-swept Laminaria digitata biotope often occurs (MB1-21E). Adjacent areas of stable bedrock or boulders in these sheltered, tide-swept narrows can support a similar kelp community, often with a greater percentage of L. hyperborea (MB1-21F). Maerl fragments are often found amongst the mixed substrata of MB1-21G and this biotope may abut more extensive areas of maerl bed (MB3-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121H","name":"Laminaria saccharina with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, tide-swept rock in south-western Britain tends to be restricted to estuarine conditions, where variable salinity and increased turbidity have a significant effect on the biota. Due to the turbidity of the water, the infralittoral zone is restricted to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, which support a mixed kelp canopy, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by Laminaria saccharina alone, occurring in relatively low abundance (Frequent). The brown alga Desmarestia ligulata can occur in this biotope, though never dense, along with the non-native brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. Beneath the sparse kelp, cobbles and boulders, often surrounded by sediment, are encrusted by fauna and often a dense turf of red seaweed. The foliose red seaweeds associated with this biotope include Callophyllis laciniata, Nitophyllum punctatum, Kallymenia reniformis, Gracilaria gracilis, Gymnogongrus crenulatus, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Chylocladia verticillata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Erythroglossum laciniatum as well as the filamentous Ceramium nodulosum and Pterothamnion plumula. Green seaweeds Ulva lactuca, Bryopsis plumosa and Cladophora spp. may be locally abundant. The dominating faunal species vary from site to site but include sponges such as Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum, Dysidea fragilis and Hymeniacidon perleve as well as ascidians, particularly Dendrodoa grossularia and Morchellium argus, which can cover the rocks. Also present is the anthozoan Anemonia viridis, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The hydroid Plumularia setacea can cover rocks and seaweed fronds Of the range of solitary ascidians found in the north-west, only Ascidiella aspersa tends also to be present in these south-western inlets. There is also a general absence of echinoderms. Where there is vertical rock present, it tends to support more fauna, including barnacles Balanus crenatus, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Botryllus schlosseri and sometines the featherstar Antedon bifida. Where soft rock allows, such as the limestone in Plymouth Sound, rock-boring organisms such as Polydora sp. may be locally abundant. Sheltered, tide-swept rock is generally restricted to the narrows or tidal rapids of marine inlets. The clear tide-swept waters of Scottish sealochs are significantly different to the marine inlets of south-west Britain. This biotope deals with the latter.     \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rocky outcrops interspersed by sediment areas. Where the rock extends into deeper water, beyond the limit of kelp, sponges and ascidians tend to dominate these sheltered, tide-swept circalittoral sites (MC1-241); also Alcyonium digitatum with sponges and Nemertesia antennina (MC1-213)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121J","name":"Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and Balanus crenatus on tide-swept variable-salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Tide-swept infralittoral rock subject to variable salinity and turbid waters occurs in the mid to upper reaches of the rias of south-west Britain, where riverine freshwater input reduces the salinity. Very shallow rock under these conditions is characterised by a covering of filamentous red seaweed such as Callithamnion spp., Antithamnion spp., Ceramium spp., Griffithsia devoniensis, Pterothamnion plumula and Polysiphonia fucoides, as well as the filamentous green seaweed Cladophora spp. Foliose red seaweeds such as Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa and Erythroglossum laciniatum commonly occur, as does the foliose green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Although Laminaria saccharina is often present it is usually in very low abundance (Occasional). The fluctuating salinity limits the number of species able to exist in this habitat. The animal community is dominated by the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve and the barnacle Balanus crenatus. The ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Dendrodoa grossularia can be locally abundant at some sites. The crab Carcinus maenas is usually present, as is the mussel Mytilus edulis. The bryozoan Bugula plumosa is sometimes present. Where vertical rock is present, the seaweeds Ceramium nodulosum, P. plumula, C. ramosa, H. hypoglossoides and E. laciniatum are typically found.    \r\nSituation: This biotope is usually found amidst sediment or rock and as such there is no defined zonation of the surrounding biotopes. Shallow sediments nearby may support seagrass beds ( Zostera spp.) or infaunal-dominated sediments (unit MB3-2). Nearby, deeper tide-swept rock may support circalittoral communities dominated by sponges, hydroids and ascidians on stable rock (unit MC1-2411) or dense bryozoans on mixed substrata (units MC1-217 & MC1-219)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB121K","name":"Halopteris filicina with coralline crusts on moderately exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB122","name":"Seaweed or faunal communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1221","name":"Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds on exposed or moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally, at or below the lower limit of the kelp. Most of the red seaweeds are common to the kelp zone above, while the faunal component of the biotope is made up of species that are found either in the kelp zone or the animal-dominated upper circalittoral below. Foliose species commonly present include Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Schottera nicaeensis, Cryptopleura ramosa and Delesseria sanguinea. The red seaweed species composition varies considerably; at some sites a single species may dominate (particularly Plocamium cartilagineum). Small filamentous red seaweeds can be found here as well. These include species such as Heterosiphonia plumosa, Brongniartella byssoides. As well as a varied red seaweed component, this biotope may also contain occasional kelp plants and patches of the brown foliose seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Coralline crusts covers the bedrock beneath the seaweeds. The fauna generally comprises low-encrusting forms such as the tubeworms Pomatoceros spp., anthozoans including Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina and Caryophyllia smithii) and occasional sponge crusts such as Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum, Scypha ciliata and Dysidea fragilis. More mobile fauna include the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum, the echinoderms Echinus esculentus as well as the starfish Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis and lastly, the crab Cancer pagurus. Bryozoan crusts such as Electra pilosa can be found fronds on the foliose red seaweeds while scattered hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina form colonies on shells, cobbles and available rock. At some sites erect bryozoans Crisia spp. and Bugula spp. are present. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and Clavelina lepadiformis may also be common. In the north the foliose red seaweed Callophyllis laciniata may occur.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found at or below the lower limit of the kelp, below either kelp forest or park (units MB1-2151 and MB1-2152).           \r\nTemporal variation: Many of the red seaweeds, which occur in this biotope, have annual fronds, which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April to September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12211","name":"Foliose red seaweeds with dense Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris membranacea on exposed lower infralittoral rock","description":"A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds mixed with a dense turf of the foliose brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris membranacea on exposed and moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally at or below the lower limit of the kelp zone. In some areas the lower infralittoral is subject to a moderate amount of scour from nearby sand. D. dichotoma is relatively tolerant of such scour and in such areas a zone forms with other sand-tolerant seaweeds. D. membranacea is confined to south-western coasts. Typically brown seaweeds dominate the seabed or are at least in equal abundance to the red seaweeds, some of which may also form dense stands such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Delesseria sanguinea and Brongniartella byssoides. The urchin Echinus esculentus can be found grazing the rock surface which can be covered in coralline algae. The anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum are usually present in this biotope along with the tube-building worm Pomatoceros sp. which is more common in sand-scoured areas. The starfish Asterias rubens and Henricia sp. and sponge crusts including Cliona celata can also be found here. D. dichotoma also occurs in the kelp park, and records should only be assigned to this biotope where kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea is sparse or absent and a relatively high density of D. dichotoma and/or D. membranacea is present.               \r\nSituation: This biotope usually occurs at or below the lower limit of kelp L. hyperborea (units MB1-2152 or MB1-21A). In south-west England a zone of mixed kelp forest L. hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca may occur above the dense foliose algae (unit MB1-2153). Unit MB1-2211 marks the lower limit of the lower infralittoral zone.             \r\nTemporal variation: Like many of the red seaweeds found in this biotope the dominant brown seaweeds D. membranacea and D. dichotoma have annual fronds which tend to die back in the autumn and regenerate again in the spring. This produces a seasonal change in the density of the seaweed cover, which is substantially reduced over winter months and reaches its most dense between April and September."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1222","name":"Turf of articulated Corallinaceae on exposed to sheltered Atlantic infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1223","name":"Cystoseira spp. on exposed Atlantic infralittoral bedrock and boulders","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1224","name":"Encrusting algal communities on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"This habitat comprises a community of crustose algae on rocky substrates. It occurs in locations which are exposed or moderately exposed to wave action. Algal cover is extremely poor, and almost completely restricted to encrusting species. Sessile animals are typically encrusting sponges, bryozoans, barnacles, serpulids and vermetids.  Vertical surfaces may be occupied by patches of encrusting sponges and Corynactis viridis, while hydroids such as Aglaopheniapulma may be locally abundant. In deeper water the colonial coral Madracis asperula may be present. The herbivory of the sea-urchins is very important for the maintenance of this habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1225","name":"Seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral artificial hard substrate","description":"Exposed to wave action. It is characterised by a community of crustose algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB123","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on sediment-affected or disturbed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock habitats, subject to disturbance through mobility of the substratum (boulders or cobbles) or abrasion/covering by nearby coarse sediments or suspended particulate matter (sand). The associated communities can be quite variable in character, depending on the particular conditions, which prevail. The typical Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweed communities of stable open coast rocky habitats (MB1-21) are replaced by those, which include more ephemeral species or those tolerant of sand and gravel abrasion. As such Laminaria saccharina, Saccorhiza polyschides or Halidrys siliquosa may be prominant components of the community.           \r\nInfralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with Laminaria hyperborea and/or Laminaria saccharina. Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. Some areas, particularly in the lower infralittoral zone, are subject to intense grazing by urchins and chitons and may have poorly developed seaweed communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1231","name":"Saccorhiza polyschides and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Exposed low-lying reefs in the sublittoral fringe or upper infralittoral (generally above 5m depth), mainly in the southwest and west, dominated by the kelp Saccorhiza polyschides. This opportunistic coloniser replaces Laminaria digitata or Laminaria hyperborea as the dominant kelp, following 'disturbance' of the canopy. This may be the result of storms, when loose sediment and even cobbles or boulders are mobilised, scouring most seaweeds and animals from the surrounding rock. As S. polyschides is essentially a summer annual (occasionally it lasts into a second year), it is also particularly common close to rock/sand interfaces which become too scoured during winter months to prevent the longer-living kelps from surviving. As a result of the transient nature of this biotope, its composition is varied; it may contain several other kelp species, including L. digitata, Laminaria saccharina and Alaria esculenta, at varying abundances. Laminaria spp. sporelings can also be a prominent feature of the site. Beneath the kelp, (scour-tolerant) red seaweeds including Corallina officinalis, Kallymenia reniformis, Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa and encrusting coralline algae are often present. Foliose red seaweeds such as Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa and Palmaria palmata also occur in this biotope. P. palmata and Delesseria sanguinea often occur as epiphytes on the stipes of L. hyperborea, when it is present. The foliose green seaweed Ulva spp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and is often present along with the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope, fauna are generally sparse, being confined to encrusting bryozoans and/or sponges, such as Halichondria panicea and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria.         \r\nSituation: On some shores (for example in Cornwall and south-west Ireland), S. polyschides competes so effectively with the other laminarians that it forms a well-defined zone in shallow water, between the L. digitata (unit MB1-23A1) and L. hyperborea zones (units MB1-213 and MB1-21A). Elsewhere, it is found at sites that have been physically disturbed, removing areas of established kelp (L. hyperborea) thus allowing this opportunistic biotope to develop over a short space of time.                \r\nTemporal variation: There may be significant variations in this biotope over time, as by its very nature, it is dominated by many fast-growing annual seaweeds. The foliose green seaweed Ulva sp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and can be present as a dense growth on the rock around the Saccorhiza polyschides. Similarly, large patches of Laminaria spp. sporelings may be present at times."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1232","name":"Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides on exposed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The substratum varies from large boulders in exposed areas to smaller boulders and cobbles in areas of moderate wave exposure or nearby bedrock. In these cases, movement of the substratum during winter storms prevents a longer-lived forest of Laminaria hyperborea from becoming established. This biotope also develops on bedrock where it is affected by its close proximity to unstable substrata. Other fast-growing brown seaweeds such as Desmarestia viridis, Desmarestia aculeata, Cutleria multifida and Dictyota dichotoma are often present. Some L. hyperborea plants may occur in this biotope, but they are typically small since the plants do not survive many years. The kelp stipes are usually epiphytised by red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Phycodrys rubens. Other red seaweeds present beneath the kelp canopy include Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum, Callophyllis laciniata and Cryptopleura ramosa. Encrusting algae often form a prominent cover on the rock surfaces, including red, brown and coralline crusts. Faunal richness and diversity is generally low compared to the more stable L. hyperborea kelp forest and park communities (MB1-213). Where some protection is afforded the anthozoan Alcyonium digitata can occur in addition to the more robust species such as the tube-building worm Pomatoceros triqueter. Mobile species include the to shell Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. The hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea can often be found colonising the kelp fronds.             \r\nSituation: This biotope can be found below the L. hyperborea zone (units MB1-213 or MB1-213), especially where close to a rock/ sand interface (where it is subject to sand/pebble scour in winter). Where this biotope occurs on bedrock, not scoured by mobile sediment, it is thought to occur as a result of intense wave action in winter storms which is too severe to allow L. hyperborea to develop and remain in shallow water.   \r\nTemporal variation: Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope there can be significant changes in the structure of the community. Coralline and brown algal crusts with sparse kelp plants generally dominate areas that have been recently disturbed. Diversity is low and a few species of fast-growing seaweeds can dominate the seabed. A longer established community will have larger, mixed kelp plants and a greater diversity of red seaweeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1233","name":"Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable Atlantic infralittoral boulders and cobbles","description":"Seasonally disturbed unstable boulders and cobbles in very shallow water dominated by the fast-growing brown seaweed Chorda filum together with the kelp Laminaria saccharina. The brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata is also typical of this disturbed environment as well encrusting coralline algae and brown crusts. Beneath the prolific growth of C. filum, red and brown seaweeds densely cover many of the boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Other sediment-tolerant seaweeds such as species from the Ectocarpales (brown filamentous seaweeds) and the red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa and Corallina officinalis is normally present. Other red seaweeds which can be found here include Chondria dasyphylla, Brongniartella byssoides, Polysiphonia elongata, Ceramium nodolosum, Cystoclonium purpureum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Rhodomela confervoides and Plocamium cartilagineum. The brown seaweeds Punctaria sp. and Cladostephus spongiosus are generally present. The faunal component of this biotope is typically sparse - the starfish Asterias rubens and the crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Necora puber are amongst the most conspicuous animals. The bryozoan crust Electra pilosa colonise many of the algae along with the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Occasional the polychaete Lanice conchilega may occur in the sand between pebbles, and the anthozoan Urticina felina may be found amongst pockets of gravel along with the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. At some sites the rock beneath the algae can be occupied by the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. This biotope is also present at other open coast sites around the UK where suitable shallow, seasonally stable boulders, cobbles and pebbles occur. Typical examples of this biotope occur on the shallowest areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, Wales, where reef crests are formed by embedded and mobile boulders, together with cobbles and pebbles in between (typically at 2-3m depth).              \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in shallow water, often on the crest of an infralittoral boulder/cobble bank and as such will not have any biotope 'above' it. More mobile areas of smaller boulders, cobbles and pebbles nearby may support dense ephemeral red seaweeds (unit MA4-21) or robust scour-tolerant red seaweeds on sand-covered rock (unit MB1-237). The Halidrys siliquosa biotope (unit MB1-236) also thrives under similar conditions, extending deeper than the shallow MB1-233 biotope. Deeper still in the circalittoral zone encrusting fauna is found on highly mobile mixed substrata (MC3-211). At a few sites, this biotope can occur within more extensive maerl beds (MB3-22) but more commonly is surrounded by sandy sediments (MB5-2).                  \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will change markedly with the seasons. During the winter months boulders and cobbles will be storm battered and overturned and much of the biota dislodged from the rocks. During more stable conditions in the late spring and summer months the fast-growing seaweeds that characterise this biotope (C. filum and L. saccharina in particular) will be quick to re-establish, growing at a phenomenal rate. The seasonal disturbance of the substratum prevents a stable Laminaria hyperborea forest from developing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1234","name":"Dense Desmarestia spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed Atlantic infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock","description":"Wave-exposed seasonally mobile substrata (pebbles, cobbles) dominated by dense stands of the brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata and/or Desmarestia ligulata. Infralittoral pebbles and cobbles that are scoured through mobility during storms, but become stable in the summer allowing the growth of such algae as Desmarestia spp. Filamentous red seaweeds such as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Brongniartella byssoides are usually present. Stunted individuals of the kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina may be present where bedrock is available. A variety of foliose red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Chondrus crispus, Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Nitophyllum punctatum may on occasion be present underneath the kelp canopy. Other red algae including Corallina officinalis, Rhodomela confervoides and coralline crusts including Lithothamnion spp. may be present as well as well as the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and the green Enteromorpha intestinalis. Due to the nature of this biotope the faunal component is very impoverished though the gastropod Gibbula cineraria can be found among the cobbles.                  \r\nSituation: Often a narrow zone on mixed substrata below a stable zone of kelp on bedrock. Where seasonally mobile substrata affect nearby bedrock this biotope may occur in place of kelp forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1235","name":"Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders, often in tide-swept areas, that are subject to scouring or periodic burial by sand, characterised by a canopy of mixed kelps such as Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides and the brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata ; there may also be an understorey of foliose seaweeds that can withstand scour such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa, Callophyllis laciniata as well as the filamentous Heterosiphonia plumosa and the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma. The perennial red seaweed Brongniartella byssoides re-grows in the summer months. The L. hyperborea stipes often support a growth of epiphytes, such as Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens and Cryptopleura ramosa. The scour can reduce the rock surface to bare coralline crusts at times; sponge crusts and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri can also grow on the stipes and holdfasts. The faunal diversity on the rock is usually low and restricted to robust, low-profile animals such as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, encrusting bryozoans such as Membranipora membranacea, the anthozoan Urticina felina, the starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Deeper sites support more hydroids and bryozoans, particularly Bugula spp. Where this biotope occurs in very shallow water Laminaria digitata may be found in combination with the other kelp species. Other species present only in shallow water include the red algae Corallina officinalis and the sand-binding alga Rhodothamniella floridula.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope often occurs below a L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-2151, MB1-21A1 or MB1-2181), close to a rock-sediment boundary. It is also found on low-lying rock outcrops surrounded by sand or mixed sediment and nearby biotopes on mixed substrata may include units A1.45, MB1-237 or in very shallow water MB1-233. A Flustra foliacea community (MC1-216) often dominates deeper sand-scoured circalittoral rock.                            \r\nTemporal variation: During late autumn and winter seaweeds are sparse, leaving predominantly kelp and encrusting coralline algae. This is due in part to periods of intense scouring during stormy months, which may strip off all but the most tenacious seaweeds. In addition there will be the natural die back of many of the seaweeds such as B. byssoides and C. ciliata during the winter months which become conspicuous again during the summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1236","name":"Halidrys siliquosa and mixed kelps on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral rock with coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept boulders and cobbles, often with a mobile component to the substrata (pebbles, gravel and sand), characterised by dense stands of the brown seaweed Halidrys siliquosa. It is can be mixed with the foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and kelp such as Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea. Below the canopy is an undergrowth of red seaweeds that are tolerant of sand-scour such as Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Rhodomela confervoides, Corallina officinalis and Chondrus crispus. Other red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Brongniartella byssoides may be locally abundant, particularly in the summer months. There may be a rich epibiota on H. siliquosa, including the hydroid Aglaophenia pluma, ascidians such as Botryllus schlosseri. There is generally a sparse faunal component colonising the boulders and cobbles, comprising the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Cancer pagurus, the starfish Asterias rubens, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the sea anthozoan Urticina felina. The bryozoan Electra pilosa can form colonies on the kelp.                \r\nSituation: This unit can occur below the tide-swept Laminaria digitata zone of the sublittoral fringe bedrock or boulders (unit MB1-21E). Less stable substrata of boulders, cobbles or pebbles may support kelp and Chorda filum in the shallows (MB1-233) or dense ephemeral seaweeds (unit MA1-23). Sand-influenced rocky outcrops in deeper water may support a Flustra foliacea community (MC1-216). This biotope is widespread and is found on the open coast in Wales, the south-west and the English Channel as well as more sheltered tidal rapids in the Scottish sealochs. It can form extensive forests or parks in certain areas (Dorset, Sarns). In Wales, the south-west and west of England the red seaweeds Spyridia filamentosa and Halarachnion ligulatum and brown seaweeds Dictyopteris membranacea and Taonia atomaria are frequent. In Scotland, kelp occur at a greater proportion of sites, solitary ascidians such as Ascidiella spp. are more common and the featherstar Antedon bifida and brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis are found.                \r\nTemporal variation: Higher diversity of red seaweeds during the summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1237","name":"Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata and Chondrus crispus on sand-covered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Low-lying rock surrounded by mobile sand and often subject to burying by the sand, with a turf of resilient red seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Polyides rotundus and Ahnfeltia plicata typically protruding through the sand on the upper surfaces of the rock. Other scour-tolerant seaweeds include Rhodomela confervoides, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Phyllophora crispa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Gracilaria gracilis, Ceramium rubrum, Plocamium cartilagineum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Cryptopleura ramosa and Dilsea carnosa. Coralline crusts typically cover the rock, while scattered individuals of the brown seaweeds Halidrys siliquosa, Cladostephus spongiosus, Dictyota dichotoma and Laminaria saccharina can be present. The large anthozoan Urticina felina can occur in this biotope but there are few other conspicuous animals.            \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on shallow sand-covered rock, often below bedrock and boulders supporting kelp forest, which is above the effect of, sand scour (unit MB1-21A) or abutting sand-scoured kelp on bedrock (unit MB1-235). It may also be found adjacent to the shallow kelp and Chorda filum biotope (unit MB1-233) and similarly can be surrounded by a variety of sediment biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1238","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on moderately exposed or sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on upper infralittoral moderately exposed or sheltered rock is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Unlike L. hyperborea, however, L. ochroleuca has a smooth stipe and it lacks the epiphytic growth of seaweeds. The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea may encrust the very lower part of the stipe but the rest of the stipe is characteristically bare. The fronds too are generally free of encrusting hydroids, bryozoans and grazing gastropods as compared to L. hyperborea. L. ochroleuca holdfasts, however, are often encrusted with sponges and colonial ascidians. A large variety of foliose and filamentous red seaweeds are often present underneath the canopy. These include Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Dilsea carnosa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Erythroglossum laciniatum, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Polyneura bonnemaisonii and Corallina officinalis. The foliose brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma is frequently found in this biotope along with the occasional kelp such as Saccorhiza polyschides and Laminaria saccharina. The faunal composition of the biotope as a whole is often sparse. The anthozoans Corynactis viridis and Caryophyllia smithii are common on vertical surfaces with scattered bryozoan turf species such as Crisiidae. Grazers such as the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the urchin Echinus esculentus are often present. L. ochroleuca occurs across a wide range of wave exposures (in common with L. hyperborea) and consequently it occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) that occur in the South-West between Dorset to Lundy. In such cases, records should be considered as regional variations of the usual kelp biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this biotope when the canopy is dominated by L. ochroleuca alone, or by a mixture of both L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca (though the latter is usually at greater abundance). L. ochroleuca commonly occurs on the Brittany and Normandy coasts.              \r\nSituation: On moderately exposed to sheltered rock Laminaria ochroleuca can form a dense forest below the L. hyperborea forest (unit MB1-21A1). At other sites L. hyperborea park (unit MB1-21A2) occurs below MB1-238. A band of dense foliose seaweeds can also dominate the lower infralittoral zone below the kelp zone (MB1-221 or MB1-2211). More data is required to establish further trends in neighbouring biotopes.                       \r\nTemporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. Otherwise, this biotope is not known to change significantly over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1239","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on bedrock and boulders in sheltered infralittoral habitats. Typically subject to weak tidal streams and rather silty conditions. Beneath the kelp is an associated under-storey flora of foliose red seaweeds including Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa and Callophyllis laciniata as well as the brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma, Cutleria multifida and Desmarestia aculeata. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea as well as the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The fronds are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests, dominated by the echinoderms Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens, but the tops shells Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum can be common as well. The crab Necora puber and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis can be found in cracks and crevices, while the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and coralline crusts are present on the rock surface. Although there is a reduced number of species by comparison to the more exposed L. hyperborea forests (MB1-21A1), there are considerably more algae species than occur in the more sheltered L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2). This biotope is predominately found in the shelter of fjordic sealochs in Scotland. Where it does occur in south-west Britain the mixed kelp forest may also include the southern kelp Laminaria ochroleuca. Three variants has been described: The kelp forest in the upper infralittoral (MB1-2391), grading to a kelp park with increasing depth (MB1-2392) as well as a grazed variant (MB1-2393)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12391","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina forest on sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Cryptopleura ramosa occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum and Porphyropsis coccinea. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp Saccorhiza polyschides may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to L. hyperborea or L. saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (unit MB1-21A). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and occasional starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum.Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid Obelia geniculata and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea and Cryptopleura ramosa occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of L. hyperborea may be densely covered with seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum and Porphyropsis coccinea. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include Dictyota dichotoma. The kelp Saccorhiza polyschides may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to L. hyperborea or L. saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (MB1-21A). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum, the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and occasional starfish Asterias rubens and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans Caryophyllia smithii and Alcyonium digitatum.                \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs below Laminaria digitata on the sheltered sublittoral fringe (MB1-2171) or a mix of L. saccharina and L. digitata in very sheltered conditions (MB1-23A1). It can also be found on isolated rock exposures amid a sediment seabed (MC6-2141 or MB6-249). Where suitable substrata allow, the kelp thins out with increased depth to form a park below the forest (MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12392","name":"Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina park on sheltered lower Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered silted, bedrock and boulders with a park of mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina. Both kelp species are sparse in the park (Frequent). Beneath the often 'cape-form' kelp canopy, foliose red seaweeds such as Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Brongniartella byssoides are often present at high densities on the silted rock. Other red seaweeds such as encrusting coralline algae, Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Plocamium cartilagineum can be present. Other brown seaweeds include Dictyota dichotoma and Desmarestia aculeata. The animal component of this biotope is generally richer than the upper infralittoral mixed kelp forest (MB1-2391). A variety of hydroids such as Obelia geniculata grow epiphytically on the kelp fronds along with the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The echinoderm Antedon bifida and ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis attach to the kelp stipes, above the silted rock. The rock itself supports anthozoans such as Caryophyllia smithii and Urticina felina as well as the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the crab Necora puber. Grazers include the prominent echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum. Where pockets of sediment occur, there may be an increase in infaunal species such as the burrowing anthozoan Cerianthus lloydii, the brittlestar Ophiura albida, and starfish Asterias rubens. Although there is a decrease in the number of algal species in the kelp park, the abundance remains relatively high.         \r\nSituation: These mixed kelp parks are generally found below the mixed kelp forest (unit MB1-2391) where there is a continuation of suitable hard substrata present. These sheltered kelps are also frequently found on bedrock or boulder exposures (MC1-21) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species. Where silted, circalittoral rock occurs below the kelp park a variety of biotopes may be found characterised by varying amounts of featherstars, anthozoans, solitary ascidians and sponge communities (e.g. units MC1-233, MC1-232, MC1-231, MC1-234 and MC2-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12393","name":"Grazed, mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Silted infralittoral rock with mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina kelp forest, intensively grazed by the echinoderm Echinus esculentus and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Calliostoma zizyphinum. Although both kelp species can occur in equal abundance (Common), L. hyperborea usually dominates. The grazing-resistant brown seaweed Desmarestia aculeata and Cutleria multifida may be present. A similar variety of red seaweeds to those found in the ungrazed kelp forest (MB1-2391) may occur beneath the kelp canopy, but in much lower abundance. As grazing intensity increases the seaweed cover decreases - and some sites are reduced to the bare appearance of encrusting brown and coralline algae beneath the kelp canopy. The L. hyperborea stipes generally support more seaweeds than the rock beneath, including Cryptopleura ramosa, Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens and Bonnemaisonia hamifera. The stipes may also support sometimes dense ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis and the echinoderm Antedon bifida. The kelp fronds are often densely covered by the hydroid Obelia geniculata. At the most intensively grazed sites even the kelp stipes are bare. Although the rock appears bare, between boulders and in crevices there are often the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the crabs Necora puber and Pagurus bernhardus. The tube-building Pomatoceros triqueter and bryozoan crusts are commonly found on any vertical surfaces.                 \r\nSituation: This biotope can be found in similar conditions as units MB1-2391 and MB1-2392 but where the numbers of grazers present are in high enough numbers to cause substantially community impoverishment through grazing. Generally occurs on isolated rock, surrounded by sediment biotopes. Although it has been recorded from sites astride the ungrazed kelp biotopes (MB1-2391 and MB1-2392) it is more usually found on bedrock or boulder exposures (MC1-21) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species.                \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) the community will eventually re-establish itself as a mixed kelp forest or park (unit MB1-239)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123A","name":"Laminaria saccharina on very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very sheltered infralittoral rock dominated by the kelp Laminaria saccharina. Typically very silty and often with few associated seaweeds due to siltation, grazing or shading from the dense kelp canopy. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and coralline crusts. In addition to the kelp the brown seaweed Chorda filum and Ectocarpaceae are often present. As well as lacking Laminaria hyperborea, the MB1-23A biotopes have fewer foliose and filamentous red seaweed species by comparison to MB1-239 biotopes. A depauperate assemblage of animals is present (by comparison to MB1-21A1 and MB1-21A2) predominantly consisting of the encrusting polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter, the crabs Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus and the ubiquitous gastropod Gibbula cineraria. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, starfish Asterias rubens, brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and urchin Echinus esculentus occur in low abundance. Ascidians are commonly found in all the MB1-23A biotopes, but the large solitary ascidian Ascidia mentula are most prolific in very sheltered conditions of L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2). This biotope is most commonly associated with the sheltered fjordic sealochs of Scotland where sublittoral hard substrata can be found at the sheltered head of the lochs. Similarly the sheltered loughs of Ireland (Lough Hyne, Strangford Lough and Carlingford Lough). It is also found where suitable hard substrata exist in the sheltered inlets of south-west Britain, such as Milford Haven or Plymouth Sound. 4 variants has been described: A mixture of L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata (MB1-23A1), dense L. saccharina forest in the upper infralittoral (MB1-23A2), sparse L. saccharina in the lower infralittoral (MB1-23A3) and urchin-grazed (MB1-23A4)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A1","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered Atlantic sublittoral fringe rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock and boulders in the sublittoral fringe characterised by a mixed canopy of the kelp Laminaria digitata (usually in its broad-fronded cape-form) and Laminaria saccharina - both species are generally Frequent or greater. Beneath the kelp canopy, the understorey of red seaweeds often includes Chondrus crispus, Dumontia contorta, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Plocamium cartilagineum. The surface of the rock is usually covered with encrusting coralline algae as well as non-calcified red crusts and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The brown seaweeds Chorda filum, Ectocarpaceae and Fucus serratus can be present along with the green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis. Patches of the sponge Halichondria panicea can frequently be found in cracks and crevices. Beneath and between boulders a variety of mobile crustaceans such as Carcinus maenas, the gastropod Gibbula cineraria and the starfish Asterias rubens are common.             \r\nSituation: Where hard substrata occur on the shore, this biotope will be found below the F. serratus zone (units MA1-23F1, MA1-244 or MA1-23F2 on mixed substrata). With such sheltered shores, the transition between sublittoral fringe and the true sublittoral zone may not be distinct; this biotope therefore extends into the shallow sublittoral kelp forest below (MB1-2391, MB1-2391 or MB1-23B)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A2","name":"Laminaria saccharina forest on very sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered to extremely sheltered sublittoral fringe and infralittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles characterised by a dense canopy of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. In such sheltered conditions, a distinct sublittoral fringe is not always apparent and this biotope can therefore extend from below the Fucus serratus zone (MA1-23F) into the upper infralittoral zone, though there may be a mixed L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata zone (MB1-23A1) in between. There is a relatively low species diversity and species density due to a combination of heavy siltation of the habitat and the lack of light penetrating through the dense kelp canopy. Only a few species of red seaweeds are present compared with MB1-23A1 or MB1-239. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera and coralline crusts. Brown seaweeds are also sparse and generally comprise Chorda filum and ectocarpoids. At extremely sheltered sites, where there is a heavy silt cover on the rock and the kelp fronds, the sub-flora is reduced to a few specialised species able to tolerate these conditions, such as the cartilaginous seaweeds Polyides rotundus and Chondrus crispus. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa and Ascidia mentula can remain prominent in such conditions, often occurring on steep or vertical rock which is subject to less siltation. The variety of red seaweeds is further reduced where grazers such as the urchin Echinus esculentus and the top shell Gibbula cineraria are present. The keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter, the crab Carcinus maenas and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus can be present. Geographical variations: Northern sites: in sheltered sealochs the most conspicuous fauna in these forests are the large solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Ascidiella spp. and A. mentula which tend to occur in greater abundance than in the mixed kelp forests (MB1-239). In common with mixed forests, echinoderms are consistently present in low abundance: the featherstar Antedon bifida, common starfish Asterias rubens, the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the urchin Echinus esculentus are typically present. Saddle oysters Pododesmus patelliformis and chitons Tonicella marmorea can occur in high abundance at some sites. The anthozoan Anemonia viridis is often more prevalent at the extremely sheltered sites. The communities of the sheltered voes and sounds of Shetland and Orkney are similar to those present in the mainland sealochs. Southern sites: Sheltered infralittoral rock is not commonly found outside of the fjordic sealochs. In south-west Britain, where sublittoral rock does occur in shallow marine inlets, the waters are more turbid than in the sealochs, generally limiting kelp to the sublittoral fringe zone. Echinoderms are rare or absent from the south-western L. saccharina forests. A far greater diversity of red seaweeds is associated with the south-western sites: Palmaria palmata, Gracilaria gracilis, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Cystoclonium purpureum, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Ceramium nodulosum and Polyneura bonnemaisonii typically occur.                  \r\nSituation: Although this biotope may occur below a mixed kelp canopy that occupies the sublittoral fringe (units MB1-23A1 or MB1-2171) at some sites it extends directly into the sublittoral fringe and abuts the F. serratus zone (MA1-23F or MA1-23F2 on mixed substrata). Where suitable hard substrata are available, the L. saccharina diminishes in abundance (typically Frequent) with increasing depth to form kelp park (MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A3","name":"Laminaria saccharina park on very sheltered Atlantic lower infralittoral rock","description":"Silty bedrock or boulders with a Laminaria saccharina park (often the cape-form). Beneath the canopy, the rock is covered by encrusting coralline algae, and the urchin Echinus esculentus is often present. Due to the amount of silt cover on the rock and the reduced light intensity beneath the broad-fronded kelp, only a few red seaweeds typically survive, the most common species being Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Bonnemaisonia spp. and Brongniartella byssoides. The brown seaweeds Dictyota dichotoma and Cutleria multifida may be present in low abundance. Compared to the kelp forest zone above (MB1-2391) both the kelp and other seaweeds are sparse (Occasional). The most conspicuous animals are large solitary ascidians, particularly Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, together with the smaller Clavelina lepadiformis. In general, the faunal component of this biotope is similar to other sheltered kelp biotopes and includes a variety of mobile crustaceans such Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus, the keelworm Pomatoceros spp., terebellid worms, echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrixfragilis and the featherstar Antedon bifida. The hydroid Kirchenpauria pinnata, although only rare is often found in the kelp park along with the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the barnacle Balanus crenatus.                 \r\nSituation: L. saccharina park can be found below a similar forest (unit MB1-2391) where suitable hard substrata exist or on isolated rock exposures surrounded by sediment communities. It may also occur below a zone of mixed Laminaria hyperborea and L. saccharina forest (MB1-239). L. saccharina can also form a band below L. hyperborea forest (MB1-21A1) where some shelter from wave-action is afforded with depth (L. saccharina is not tolerant of surge), or more likely where L. hyperborea has been grazed out (below MB1-21A3) since L. saccharina grows far quicker than L. hyperborea. Where such a narrow band occurs it is generally less silted than that found below MB1-2391 in much more sheltered conditions. A range of sheltered circalittoral biotopes may occur on any deeper rock below (e.g. units MC1-233, A4 311 and MC2-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB123A4","name":"Grazed Laminaria saccharina with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Coralline encrusted rock with scattered tufts of red seaweed and a relatively high abundance of grazing echinoderms which typically include the urchin Echinus esculentus and/or the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis or Ophiocomina nigra. The rock often looks bare, with few conspicuous species present although Laminaria saccharina may occur it is generally in low abundance (Rare or Occasional). The red seaweeds, reduced to small tufts through grazing, include Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea and Brongniartella byssoides and although these seaweeds also occur in unit MB1-2392 they are far less frequent in this biotope. Brown seaweeds, such as Desmarestia viridis, Chorda filum and Cutleria multifida, may be present. Grazing molluscs, such as Gibbula cineraria and can be common. Under-boulder habitats can harbour the crabs Necora puber and Pagurus bernhardus, terebellid polychaetes and the polychaete Pomatoceros spp. with ascidians Ascidia mentula and Clavelina lepadiformis on the open rock along with the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the hydroids Kirchenpauria pinnata and Obelia dichotoma.                  \r\nSituation: This biotope generally occurs on rock below a dense kelp forest of L. saccharina (unit MB1-2391) or mixed kelp (unit MB1-2391).        \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) a richer kelp community may develop (units MB1-2392 or MB1-2392)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123B","name":"Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Cape-form of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea on very silted rock, particularly in extremely sheltered sealochs of western Scotland. Below the huge kelp fronds (which often trail onto the seabed) foliose seaweeds form a silted understorey on the rock including Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Plocamium cartilagineum as well as coralline crusts. At some sites the filamentous red seaweed Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Heterosiphonia plumosa and Brongniartella byssoides may carpet the seabed. Ascidians, particularly Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula, Ciona intestinalis and Clavelina lepadiformis thrive well in these conditions. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus and Asterias rubens are often present along with the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. An abundant growth of the hydroid Obelia geniculata can cover the silted kelp fronds along with the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The anthozoan Caryophyllia smithii can be present among the kelp holdfasts. The tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be present on the rock surface along with the crab Necora puber. This biotope generally occurs on shallow bedrock or boulder slopes or isolated rocks protruding through muddy sediment.               \r\nSituation: This biotope is often present on rocky outcrops surrounded by muddy sediments (such as unit MC6-2141). Deeper, nearby rock, beyond the limit of foliose seaweeds, is often dominated by solitary ascidians (unit MC1-231)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB123C","name":"Sargassum muticum on shallow slightly tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Mixed substrata from the sublittoral fringe to 5m below chart datum dominated by the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. This invasive non-native brown seaweed can form a dense canopy on areas of mixed substrata (typically 0-10% bedrock on 90-100% sandy sediment). The substrate on which this S. muticum -dominated community is able to develop is highly variable, but particularly prevalent on broken rock and pebbles anchored in sandy sediment. The pebbles, cobbles and broken bedrock provide a substrate for alga such as the kelp Laminaria saccharina. During the spring, S. muticum has large quantities of epiphytic ectocarpales and may also support some epifauna e.g. the hydroid Obelia geniculata commonly found on kelp. The brown seaweed Chorda filum, which thrives well on these mixed substrata, is also commonly found with S. muticum during the summer months. In Strangford Lough, where this biotope occurs, the amphipod Dexamine spinosa has been recorded to dominate the epiphytic fauna (this is known to be commonly found in Zostera spp. beds). S. muticum is also found on hard, bedrock substrates within L. saccharina canopies. S. muticum plants on hard substrate area, under a dense L. saccharina canopy, are typically smaller and at a much lower density, especially where a lush, under-storey exists with red seaweeds such as Ceramium nodolosum, Gracilaria gracilis, Chylocladia verticillata, Pterosiphonia plumula and Polysiphonia elongata and the green seaweeds Cladophora sp., Ulva lactuca and Bryopsis plumosa. The anthozoan Anemonia viridis and the crab Necora puber can be present. More information is necessary to validate this description.             \r\nSituation: Where there is a greater proportion of bedrock or boulders (15-100%) L. saccharina will typically dominate the canopy. Areas with pebble cover on a hard substrate are colonised by S. muticum, but individuals quickly become peripatetic and are lost."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB124","name":"Kelp communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very wave-sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to only weak tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe and infralittoral zone, in areas of variable/reduced salinity. This habitat type is characterised by the kelp Laminaria saccharina and coralline crusts such as Lithothamnion glaciale. Grazers such as the urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Echinus esculentus, and the gastropods Gibbula cineraria and Buccinum undatum may be present. The tube-dwelling polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella scabra, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the starfish Asterias rubens and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis may also be present. Red algal communities are composed primarily of Phycodrys rubens. The crabs Carcinus maenas and Pagurus bernhardus, and the bivalve Modiolus modiolus may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1241","name":"Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Laminaria saccharina on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of Codium spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed Ulva spp. and often only a sparse covering of the kelp Laminaria saccharina. This biotope appears to have a restricted distribution, being known at present only from the sheltered voes of Shetland, some Scottish lagoons and from the harbours of south-west England. These locations suggest the habitat is likely to be subject to reduced salinity conditions (although the habitat data indicate mostly fully marine records). Dense Codium spp. can occur at very sheltered sites, on cobbles or boulders, often in dense patches interspersed with filamentous red seaweeds Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Antithamnionella spirographidis and Ceramium spp. Where sediment is present the red seaweed Polyides rotundus is commonly found along the rock-sediment interface, and the sponge Dysidea fragilis often occurs on the rock. Other red seaweeds that may be present include Chondrus crispus, Callophyllis laciniata, Gelidium latifolium, Corallina officinalis and coralline crusts. The brown seaweeds Halidrys siliquosa, Desmarestia viridis or Chorda filum may be present in high abundance and although kelp L. saccharina may occur, it is usually sparse. There are no conspicuous fauna that typify this biotope, though polychaetes such as terebellids and spirorbids may occur. The opisthobranch Elysia viridis may be locally abundant on the seaweeds and is known to favour Codium fragilis in particular. Large stands of Codium sp. (generally Common abundance) are accompanied by red seaweeds such as G. latifolium, C. laciniata and A. spirographidis on the rock beneath. Cod has been reported to occur in the shallows of The Fleet, Bembridge Ledges, Pagham Harbour and Jersey (Tittley et al. 1985). In Ireland, species-poor shallow, silted bedrock in the North Water of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, is characterised by Griffithsia corallinoides (Common) and Codium tomentosum (Frequent) forming a narrow band below the kelp zone (unit MB1-23A2). Cod has not been described from any other sites in Ireland. If Codium spp. is less than Common amongst dense L. saccharina and Chorda filum, it should not be recorded as Cod.         \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs on bedrock below a sublittoral fringe of mixed kelp L. saccharina and Laminaria digitata (unit MB1-23A1) or below a L. saccharina forest (MB1-23A2) or else on isolated boulders on sediment. It appears to be most frequently found in lagoons. Further information on which species of Codium is present and on the associated fauna is required."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1242","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles, in areas of reduced salinity, with kelp Laminaria saccharina, and depauperate coralline-encrusted rock supporting few foliose seaweeds but many grazing urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Echinus esculentus. The coralline crusts are typically Lithothamnion glaciale, while the brown crusts can be Pseudolithoderma extensum. Encrusting polychaetes Pomatoceros triqueter, resistant to the grazing, are also present on most of the rock. The grazing fauna are a significant component of this biotope; large numbers of P. miliaris are typically present, although where absent the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis may occur. Other grazers prevalent on the rock include the chiton Tonicella marmorea, the limpet Tectura testudinalis and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria. A combination of grazing pressure and lowered salinity maintains a low diversity of species in this biotope, with foliose and filamentous seaweeds generally absent or reduced to small tufts by grazing. In stark contrast to the range of seaweeds present in the L. saccharina forests (MB1-23A2) the only red seaweed consistently found in this biotope is Phycodrys rubens. The range of fauna is similarly low, with a conspicuous absence of hydroids and bryozoans. Bedrock and boulders provide a firm substrate on which ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula and the bivalve Modiolus modiolus can attach. The crabs Pagurus bernhardus and Carcinus maenas can usually be found here, though Necora puber typically is absent due to the brackish conditions. The starfish Asterias rubens along with the whelk Buccinum undatum can be present. The substratum on which this biotope occurs varies from bedrock to boulders or cobbles on sediment. The kelp band is relatively narrow and shallow (upper 5 m) compared to unit MB1-2391, although the grazed coralline encrusted rock extends deeper. This depth limit becomes shallower towards the heads of the sealochs. Geographical distribution This biotope is restricted to the west coast of Scotland, usually near the head of fjordic sealochs, which are influenced by freshwater run-off.                 \r\nSituation: Where circalittoral rock occurs below this biotope, it often supports a brachiopod/anthozoan community (unit MC1-234); where mixed substrata occurs below or adjacent, beds of Modiolus modiolus are common (units MC2-223 or MC4-212).                          \r\nTemporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) there may be an increase in filamentous and foliose seaweeds although the diversity will remain low compared to full saline sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1243","name":"Laminaria saccharina with Phyllophora spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow infralittoral bedrock or boulder slopes, in reduced or low salinity conditions, characterised by the kelp Laminaria saccharina with dense stands of silted filamentous green seaweeds and red seaweeds Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides and Phycodrys rubens. The filamentous green seaweeds e.g. Chaetomorpha melagonium and Cladophora spp. can form a blanket cover amongst the L. saccharina in the upper zone, which is under greater influence of freshwater input. In deeper water the green seaweeds are replaced by red seaweed Phyllophora spp. or Polysiphonia fucoides which may form a distinct sub-zone in the biotope. Coralline crust can be present. The solitary ascidians Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella scabra are often epiphytic on the seaweed (particularly Phyllophora spp.) and dominate the animal community along with the starfish Asterias rubens. The small ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the tube-building polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter occur on the rock surface. More mobile species include the crab Carcinus maenas, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the whelk Buccinum undatum. Bryozoans Electra pilosa and Spirorbis sp. may cover kelp fronds. The red seaweed Odonthalia dentata may be present in the north.                \r\nSituation: The ascidians found in this unit may continue onto the circalittoral rock below where dense colonies of anthozoans and brachiopods can also be found (MC1-2342). Where tidal streams are increased, sponge and hydroid communities may occur below (MC1-242)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB125","name":"Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Very shallow submerged rocky habitats in lagoons, subject to reduced or permanently low salinity conditions. These particular conditions lead to a variety of seaweed-dominated communities, which include fucoids and green filamentous species. The fucoids, more typical of intertidal habitats, penetrate into the subtidal under the reduced salinity conditions which are not tolerated by kelps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1251","name":"Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus, but the brown seaweeds Chorda filum, Ascophyllum nodosum and Ectocarpaceae can be present as well. Red seaweeds are normally present and include Mastocarpus stellatus, Polyides rotundus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium spp. and coralline crusts. A variety of green seaweeds is also present and include Enteromorpha spp., while dense patches of Cladophora rupestris may occur on vertical rock faces. The faunal component is restricted to the mussel Mytilus edulis, the polychaete Arenicola marina and the crab Carcinus maenas. Opossum shrimps Mysidae can be present as well. The kelp Laminaria saccharina is absent, possibly due to the low salinity conditions.     \r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids (units MB1-252 and MB1-254) or where salinity is further reduced unit MB1-253 can occur. Slightly deeper rock often supports Laminaria saccharina (unit MB1-23A2), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sediments of the lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both Ruppia spp. and Zosteramarina and some locations in the Outer Hebrides support dense beds of the nationally rare stonewort Lamprothamnion papulosum (units MB5-224 and MB5-223). The sublittoral mud, which abuts most of the submerged rock, can become anoxic and covered by a bacterial mat of Beggiatoa spp. (unit MB6-24C)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1252","name":"Ascophyllum nodosum and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Dense subtidal stands of Ascophyllum nodosum, heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus can be present along with the brown seaweed Chorda filum and the red seaweed Polyides rotundus. The crab Carcinus maenas can be present between the A. nodosum holdfasts along with the shrimps Mysidae.               \r\nSituation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids and green seaweeds (unit MB1-251). Slightly deeper rock often supports Laminaria saccharina (unit MB1-23A2), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sand of these lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both Ruppia maritima and Zostera marina (units MB5-224 and MB5-223)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1253","name":"Polyides rotundus and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense turf of the red seaweeds Polyides rotundus and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis, often with a dense mat of filamentous brown and green seaweeds including Ectocarpaceae and Cladophora spp. Other red seaweeds presents include Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis and coralline crusts as well as the odd brown seaweed Chorda filum or Laminaria spp. Associated with these seaweeds are a variety of ascidians including Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra and Ciona intestinalis as well as the anemones Anemonia viridis and Actinia equina and the sponge Halichondria panicea. More mobile fauna include the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Carcinus maenas, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the gastropod Littorina littorea. Attached to the rock or cobbles are spirorbid polychaetes and the mussel Mytilus edulis. Please notice that part of this diversity is due to large differences between sites.            \r\nSituation: Nearby rock (units MB1-252 and MB1-251) and seagrass Ruppia maritima dominating much of the surrounding muddy sediment (unit MB5-224). Mixed sediment supports filamentous green seaweeds e.g. Cladophora spp. and Derbesiamarina on MB4-221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1254","name":"Fucus ceranoides and Enteromorpha spp. on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Permanently submerged lagoon fringes with dense communities of the wrack Fucus ceranoides and the green seaweed Enteromorpha spp. There is typically a very limited associated biota due to low salinity conditions, and may include the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the freshwater/brackish gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1255","name":"Codium elisabethae, Halopteris filicina and coralline crusts on sheltered Atlantic infralittoral bedrock","description":"Proposed new unit. No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB126","name":"Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow subtidal rocky habitats which support faunal-dominated communities, with seaweed communities only poorly developed or absent. In some sealochs dense mussel Mytilus edulis beds (MB1-261) develop in tide-swept channels, whilst upper estuarine rocky habitats in the south-west coast rias may support particular brackish-water tolerant faunas (MB1-262; MB1-263)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1261","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"This biotope occur in shallow, often tide-swept, reduced salinity conditions. Dense beds of the mussel Mytilus edulis with the occasional barnacle Balanus crenatus. A wide variety of epifaunal colonisers on the mussel valves, including seaweeds, hydroids and bryozoans can be present. Predatory starfish Asterias rubens can be very common in this biotope. This biotope generally appears to lack large kelp plants, although transitional examples containing mussels and kelps plants may also occur. More information needed to validate this description.          \r\nSituation: Occurs in tide-swept entrance channels in very enclosed basins of sealochs where the basins are typically of lowered salinity. Also occurs in very sheltered subtidal rock (often vertical) in lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1262","name":"Cordylophora caspia and Electra crustulenta on reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow sublittoral rock in the upper estuary of one of the south-west inlets (Tamar) with very high turbidity and therefore no seaweeds. The brackish-water hydroid Cordylophora caspia and small colonies of the encrusting bryozoan Electra crustulenta and a few Balanus crenatus characterise this biotope. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1263","name":"Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed substrata","description":"Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In some sites, the hydroid Hartlaubella gelatinosa and bryozoan Conopeum reticulum are found on stones. In others, the bryozoan Bowerbankia imbricata is most abundant. The mussel Mytilus edulis, the crab Carcinus maenas and the hydroid Obelia dichotoma can be present. There are considerable differences in species composition between sites, but all occur in brackish turbid-water conditions. More information required to validate this description."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB127","name":"Communities of surge gullies and caves on Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rocky habitats subject to strong wave surge conditions, as found in surge gullies and shallow caves, and typically colonised by faunal communities of encrusting or cushion sponges, colonial ascidians, short turf-forming bryozoans, anthozoans, barnacles and, where there is sufficient light, red seaweeds. These features usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to, and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. This is reflected in communities of anthozoans, ascidians, bryozoans and red seaweeds near the entrance, leading to sponge crust-dominated communities and finally barnacle and spirorbid worm communities in the most severe surge conditions. Gully/cave floors usually have mobile boulders, cobbles, pebbles or coarse sediment. The mobile nature of the gully/cave floors leads to communities of encrusting species, tolerant of scour and abrasion or fast summer-growing ephemeral species. The lower zone of the gully side walls are also often scoured, and typically colonised by coralline crusts and barnacles.          \r\nSituation: On open rocky coasts with moderate or greater wave action.            \r\nTemporal variation: Unknown, although winter storms likly to yield scouring on gully/cave walls; some ephemeral growth likely in calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1271","name":"Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in Atlantic infralittoral surge gully entrances","description":"This biotope is found on steep wave-surged entrances to gullies and caves and on unstable boulders in the entrance to caves and gullies. The rock may be abraded by the movement of the boulders and cobbles in heavy surge and tends to be dominated by dense foliose seaweeds that grow rapidly in the calmer summer months. Beneath the foliose seaweeds the rock surface is typically covered with coralline crusts, which are longer-lived, and tolerant of abrasion. The flora of this biotope is relatively varied, depending upon the amount of light and degree of abrasion or rock mobility with red seaweeds such as Cryptopleura ramosa, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Callophyllis laciniata, Phycodrys rubens, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Phyllophora crispa and Corallina officinalis. The brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma also occurs in these conditions, since it is tolerant of some sand scour. During the summer months small fast-growing kelp plants can arise in this biotope, although the mobility of the substratum prevents the kelp from forming a kelp forest. Dense swathes of very young kelp such as Laminaria hyperborea are, however, not uncommon. The faunal community consist of the anemone Urticina felina, the sponge Halichondria panicea and the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus, the top shell Gibbula cineraria and the crab Cancer pagurus.                   \r\nSituation: Further into the cave or gully, beyond the dense red seaweeds of MB1-271, the vertical rock grades to either an ascidian and sponge dominated community or sponge crusts and anthozoans (MB1-272 / MB1-273). Further into the cave or gully the floor and any boulders or cobbles are generally scoured clean or may support coralline encrusting algae (unit MB1-2762). Above the red seaweeds, steep rock surfaces often support a kelp community (units MB1-213 or MB1-21A) or in shallower water Alaria esculenta is usually present (MB1-2111)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1272","name":"Anemones, including Corynactis viridis, crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged Atlantic vertical infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical very exposed and exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave-surge dominated by sponge crusts such as Clathrina coriacea, Myxilla incrustans, Pachymatisma johnstonia and Halichondria panicea and anthozoans such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum, Corynactis viridis and dwarf Metridium senile generally dominate the area; the anthozoans often appearing to protrude through the sponge layer. There may be dense aggregations of the hydroid Tubularia indivisa, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the colonial ascidians Botrylloides leachi and Polyclinum aurantium. There may be a short crisiid turf, interspersed with Scrupocellaria reptans. Encrusting coralline algae may occur on well-illuminated rock faces. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Echinus esculentus, Antedon bifida and Ophiothrix fragilis, the topshell Calliostona zizphinum and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter may also be present on the rock face. The crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber may also be recorded. Due to the wave-surged nature and vertical orientation of these biotopes, kelps are rare and certainly never dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1273","name":"Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with Dendrodoa grossularia or barnacles on wave-surged Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical and overhanging, exposed to moderately exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave surge, and dominated by the crustose sponges Halichondria panicea, Myxilla incrustans, Clathrina coriacea, Leucosolenia botryoides, Esperiopsis fucorum and Grantia compressa. There may also be dense aggregations of the anthozoan Sagartia elegans, dwarf Metridium senile, Alcyonium digitatum, and Urticina felina, and a dense covering of the barnacle Balanus crenatus on the bare rock face. Dense aggregations of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa may be recorded, growing through the sponge crust. Colonial ascidians such as Polyclinum aurantium, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides leachi, Aplidium nordmanni and the solitary ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia may all be recorded. The echinoderms Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus, Henricia sp., the crab Cancer pagurus and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter may also be present on the rock face, along with encrusting coralline algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1274","name":"Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina coriacea on wave-surged vertical Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Vertical or overhanging infralittoral rock subject to considerable wave-surge, especially in the middle or back of caves but also in gullies and tunnels, and dominated by dense sheets of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, together with variable quantities of the sponge Clathrina coriacea. At some sites D. grossularia forms continuous sheets, with few other species present. Other sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Leucosolenia botryoides, Scypha ciliata and Halichondria panicea regularly occur in this biotope, though generally at low abundance. Other ascidians, especially Polyclinum aurantium, Diplosoma spp. and other didemnids may also occur, though only P. aurantium is ever as abundant as D. grossularia. Being characteristically found in the middle or towards the backs of the caves mean that there is generally insufficient light to support any foliose seaweeds, although encrusting coralline algae are not uncommon. More scoured areas may also contain the anemone Urticina felina, whilst Sagartia elegans is often present in low numbers. Mobile fauna are often limited to the starfish Asterias rubens and Henricia spp., the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata and crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber. The barnacle Balanus crenatus can occur, usually in low densities.                 \r\nSituation: Where this biotope develops in a cave or tunnel it can occur anywhere from the entrance to the rear of the system. Typically, it will give way to sponge crust or barnacle and encrusting tubeworm communities at the rear of the cave, where surge forces are amplified (units MB1-275 or MB1-2761). The vertical rock below this unit, abutting the cave/gully floor, is likely to be severely scoured, colonised by the robust MB1-2761 biotope. The cave or gully floor is generally scoured clean by boulders and/or cobbles (MB1-2762). The cave or gully entrance has more available light for algal growth so dense foliose seaweeds usually dominate the rock walls at the entrance, abutting the D. grossularia - C. coriacea zone further into the cave (MB1-271). This dense seaweed growth may also extend to the upward-facing surfaces of boulders around the entrance. Where this unit occurs in a gully situation, the rock tends to be colonised by dense Alaria esculenta in the sublittoral fringe (MB1-211) or by Laminaria hyperborea forest in the shallow infralittoral (MB1-2151)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1275","name":"Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged Atlantic infralittoral cave or gully walls","description":"Walls, or massive boulders, in caves or gullies that are subject to severe wave-surge and characterised by extensive thin crusts of the sponge Halichondria panicea with smaller patches of other sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum or Clathrina coriacea. Small turfs of robust hydroids, such as Diphasia rosacea and Ventromma halecioides, and patches of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, coralline crusts and tube-building spirorbid polychaetes may be present. The starfish Henricia spp., the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata and the crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber can be present. The anemones Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina and Actinia equina can be found in cracks and crevices or under boulders. The mussel Mytilus edulis may be present in low densities.              \r\nSituation: This surge-tolerant biotope of low-growing fauna is typically confined to the mid or rear section of caves (or the narrowest part of gullies) where the wave-surge is intensified. It generally abuts the less surged ascidian-sponge communities (units MB1-272, MB1-274 and MB1-273). A highly scoured zone of barnacles and calcareous tubeworms often form a zone below, abutting the cave/gully floor (MB1-2761)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1276","name":"Coralline crusts in Atlantic infralittoral surge gullies and scoured rock","description":"Scoured rock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available and scour is severe, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of P. triqueter and/or B. crenatus immediately above. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts such as Halichondria panicea and occasional anemones Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Echinus esculentus as well as the crab Cancer pagurus. Two variants have been identified: Wave-surged bedrock with coralline crust, B. crenatus and P. triqueter (MB1-2761) and coralline crusts on mobile boulders in severely scoured caves (MB1-2762).                \r\nSituation: Generally occurring at the base of walls in caves and gullies and on the floors of caves and gullies. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units MB1-272, MB1-273); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (MB1-274); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (MB1-275). At some sites with extreme wave surge, MB1-2761 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12761","name":"Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"Severely scoured bedrock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of P. triqueter and or B. crenatus immediately above. In some caves extreme wave surge at the back of the cave leads to a zone of this biotope which may also be dominated solely by sprorbids or by the barnacle Verruca stroemia. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts, small Mytilus edulis and occasional Actinia equina, Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderm Asterias rubens and the crab Cancer pagurus. During periods of relative stability in the summer, small quantities of foliose red seaweeds and opportunistic kelps may occur where sufficient light is available; the seaweeds however do not dominate (compare with MB1-271).                   \r\nSituation: Generally occurs at the base of walls in caves and gullies, but in extreme surge may occur as a zone at the back of caves. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (units MB1-272, MB1-273); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (MB1-274); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (MB1-275). At some sites, MB1-2761 can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12762","name":"Coralline crusts and crustaceans on Atlantic littoral mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies","description":"Highly mobile and scoured boulders and cobbles found on cave and gully floors and which often appear bare. Where there is sufficient light and stability, however, the boulders are encrusted by coralline algal crusts. Barnacles Balanus crenatus and keelworms Pomatoceros triqueter may survive in areas protected from severe abrasion. Crabs such as Cancer pagurus and Carcinus maenas may occur, often beneath and between the rocks, along with the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum. The anemone Actinia equina may be present in low numbers.         \r\nSituation: The slightly less-scoured walls often found above this biotope in caves and gullies are generally characterised by a similar, but richer community of scour-tolerant Balanus crenatus, Pomatocerostriqueter, coralline crusts and spirorbid worms (MB1-2761). This impoverished biotope may form an intermediate between barren gravel and slightly more stable larger pebbles and cobbles which are covered by algae that are often found in the mouths of caves (unit MB1-271).              \r\nTemporal variation: Winter storms periodically mobilise the boulders and cobbles, causing abrasion to any seasonal biota that may have developed over the calmer summer months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB128","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1281","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1282","name":"Oil seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1283","name":"Vents in Atlantic infralittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1284","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reef","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12841","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reefs with little or no macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB12842","name":"Atlantic infralittoral bubbling reefs dominated by macrophyte vegetation","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB13","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. \r\nPhysical environment \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nAttached algae and animals"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB131","name":"Perennial algae on Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually down from about 0.5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1311","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by Fucus spp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: >5; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus radicans, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1312","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, corticated red algal species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1313","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, foliose perennial red algal species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus spp, Phyllophora spp. Delesseria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1314","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae kelp constitutes  at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment              \r\nSalinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters, also deeper in areas with clear water. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1315","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial attached algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous species constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 0.5 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB132","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Perennial moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB133","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by  sparse epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diamete, characterized by epibentic bivalves.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Dreissena polymorpha\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna associated with the mussel beds.\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB134","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: high salinity areas; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts (Ascidiaceae) Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB135","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1351","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 5 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1352","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB136","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1361","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic Bryozoa  Einhornia (Electra) crustulenta constitutes at least 50 % in volume or biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Salinity range: all\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia ( Electra) crusulenta\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1362","name":"Baltic infralittoral  rock and boulders dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock or boulders.   Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the attached epibenthic Bryozoa, Flustra foliaceae constitutes at least 50 % in volume or biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern Baltic Sea\r\nHelcom Red List  category : near threatened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB137","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae (Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB138","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB139","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by soft crustose algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Soft crustose algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed while all perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone ‑ more common in the deepest part of the photic zone.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13A","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %. Annual algae can live as epiphytes (e.g. Pilayella/Ectocarpus on Fucus spp.) Thus this biotope only occurs when annual algae dominate the substrate and not when they grow on perennial biotic structures.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Pilayella littoralis, Ulva spp. Dictypsiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13B","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is present but none of them cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone – usually in the most shallow part.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13C","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and snails dominate.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSnails, e.g. Hydrobia spp., Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Theodoxus fluviatilis, Bithynia spp., Radix spp..\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea, most typical in low salinity northern areas of the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13D","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13E","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic vegetation or macrofauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13F","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less of the seabed but  more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range              \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13G","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13H","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13J","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic macrovegetation or -fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13K","name":"Baltic infralittoral rock characterized by marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13L","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard bottoms characterized by  ferromanganese concretion","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone   characterized by  ferromanganese concretion with at least 90 % coverage of Ferromaganese concretions\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone down from 10 meters\r\nGeographic range\r\nGulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB13M","name":"Baltic infralittoral hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone    with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrate dominates.  Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB14","name":"Black Sea infralittoral rock","description":"Infralittoral rock and other hard substates occuring on the shoores of the Black Sea. Depending on the exposure they may be dominated by algae or invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB141","name":"Invertebrate dominated Black sea lower infralittoral rock","description":"Rocky reefs in the lower infralittoral zone dominated by invertebrates, although there is still sufficent light  for some algae to develop. Characteristic species: Mytilus galloprovincialis, colonial ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri), hydrozoans, bryozoans and sponges, colonies of erect sponges (Halichondriaspp., Haliclonaspp.), large hydrozoan canopies (Obelia longissima), Pholadidae and solitary ascidians (Molgula manhattensis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB142","name":"Exposed Black sea upper infralittoral rock with turf of Corallinales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action with rocks, boulders and blocks typically covered with a dense turf of articulated corallines and/or crustose corallines. These habitats occur on exposed rocky coasts, from low water up to depths of 3m. Characteristic species:Articulated corallines (Corallina elongata, Corallina officinalis) and crustose corallines (Lithothamnionspp, Lithophyllumspp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB143","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (no fucales)","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action, typically covered by foliose algal communities. Mytilids are a constant component. These habitats occur on exposed rocky coasts, from low water  to depths of 10m. Winter storms may cause changes to species compositions and coverage. Characteristic species includes: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Lophosiphonia obscura, Ceramium ciliatum, Padina pavonica, Grateloupia dichotoma, Dilophus fasciola, F. repens, Polysiphonia opaca, Ceramium ciliatum, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB144","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with Fucales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to strong wave action and typically covered with Fucales communities. Cystoseria species are the most common species encountered and Mytilids are a constant component. These habitats occur on very exposed rocky coasts, from low water  to depths of 5m. Winter storms may cause changes to species compositions and coverage. Characteristic species include: Mytilus galloprincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Cystoseira bosphorica, Cystoseira barbata , Cladostephus spongiosus , Corallina elongata, Cystoseira crinita , Dictyota fasciola, Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira barbata , Polysiphonia subulifera and Ulva rigida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB145","name":"Foliose algae, other than fucales on Black sea sheltered upper infralittoral rock","description":"Shallow sheltered waters, such as semi-enclosed bays on rocky substrates. Reported at depths from 1  to 14m although known to occur in deeper waters in the pre-eutrophication period in the early 1980s. The presence of light is a key environmental factor, as the sheltered nature of the rocky habitat. The habitat is analogous to the Cystoseria canopies with the important distinction that Fucales are not present. Communities are typically comprised of Ulvaceae, Laurencia coronopus, Corralines, Ceramiumspp. and Scytosiphon lomentaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB146","name":"Black sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with rock borers","description":"Soft rocks (limestone) occurring in the infralittoral zone in areas of low to moderate exposure. The softer nature of limestone rocks makes them suitable for rock boring species such as Petricola lithophaga."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB147","name":"Corallinales on moderately exposed Black sea upper infralittoral rock","description":"Hard rocks  in the upper infralittoral zone where Corallinales (red algae) are the dominate species and are found in high densities on the rock surface. In moderately exposed and shaded upper infralittoral rock Corallina elongateis the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB148","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (other than fucales)","description":"Rock  in the infralittoral zone exposed to wave action and typically covered by foliose algal communities occuring on exposed rocky coasts from low water  to depths of 10m. Mytilids are a constant component.  Characteristic species include: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Lophosiphonia obscura, Ceramium ciliatum, Padina pavonica, Grateloupia dichotoma, Dilophus fasciola, F. repens, Polysiphonia opaca, Ceramium ciliatum, Ulva compressa, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB149","name":"Mytilid dominated Black sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with fucales","description":"Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to moderately exposed wave action. This habitat includes a range of rock sizes, from complete uninterrupted bedrock to fragmented rocks and boulder fields. Rocks are typically covered with Fucales,Cystoseriaspecies are the most common species encountered; Mytilids are a constant component and Corrallines are also occasionally present. The habitat occurs in shallow water and illumination is a key environmental factor. The moderately exposed nature of the habitat allows species less tolerant of high energy environments to colonise and become established. Characteristic species: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Cystoseira barbata f. hoppii, Ulva rigida, Polysiphonia subulifera / P.opaca, Cystoseira crinita,andCladostephus spongiosus, Corallina elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14A","name":"Fucales and other algae on Black sea sheltered upper infralittoral rock, well illuminated","description":"Present in shallow sheltered waters, such as semi-enclosed bays on rocky substrates. Reported at depths from 1 to 14m although known to occur in deeper waters in the pre-eutrophication period in the early 1980s. TheCystoseirabelt, in this habitat dominated by C.barbata, provides an ideal substrate and habitat for numerous photophilic and sciaphilic algal species, especially Rhodophyta.C. barbatais typically the dominant canopy-forming species in this sheltered environment, with C. crinita being more common in exposed situations. Other species present include the algaeUlva rigida, Polysiphonia subulifera, Cladophorasp., Gelidium spinosumand occasionally present C.crinita and Ceramium virgatum. The bivalves Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilaster lineatusare also very abundant in this habitat and often colonize all the substrate available between the C. barbataplants, or attach to the main axis of the plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14B","name":"Black Sea sheltered, shaded upper infralittoral rock, with sciaphilic algae","description":"Upper infralittoral zone of the Black Sea in areas sheltered from wave action and currents, as well as where light levels may be low. Algal cover is limited and patchy and includes species tolerant of low light levels but with weak attachment and which therefore cannot survive in wave exposed conditons. These sciaphilic algae generally form diffuse communities with low coverage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14C","name":"Black Sea lower infralittoral rock, with significant cover of sciaphilic algae","description":"Rocky habitat in the lower infralittoral zone characterised by low light conditions. Sciaphilic algae dominate this habitat where they form significant cover on the rocks. Characteristic species include Phyllophora crispa, Apoglossum ruscifolium, Gelidium spinosum, Zanardinia typus, Polysiphonia elongata, Antithamniom cruciatum, Lomentaria clavellosa, Nereia filiformis, Ectocarpus spp., encrusting algae (Hildenbrandia spp., Lithothamnion spp., Lithophyllum spp.) and the gastropod Gibbula sp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14D","name":"Black sea barren lower infralittoral rock","description":"Lower infralittoral rock in the Black Sea occurs between depths of 10 and 18m. These areas are low energy and poorly illuminated which limits the species suited to the situation. Barren lower infralittoral rock in these areas are devoid of species and communities. It is still unclear what are the causes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14E","name":"Caves, overhangs and surge gullys in Black sea infralittoral rock","description":"Caves and overhangs in the infralittoral zone are completely submerged at all states of the tide. Light conditions are generally poor. Communities of sciaphillic algae, sponges and mussels are commonly present. Characteristic species: Phyllophora nervosa, Lomentaria clavellosa, Hildenbrandia rubra, Zanardinia typus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, erect sponges Halichondria panicea , Haliclona simulans, Dysidea fragilis, Dysidea pallescensor thin crust sponges like Antho involvens, Haliclona flavescens , Haliclona cinerea, Suberites prototypus, Clathria cleistocheila depending on current intensity, anemones Actinia equina, red mysid shrimp Hemimysis pontica, Hemimysis serrata and turf hydrozoans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB14F","name":"Invertebrate-dominated sunken timber in the Black Sea infralittoral","description":"Sunken logs are often present along forested coasts and in estuaries  in the infralittoral zone of the Black Sea,  as a result of river floods or violent storms in coastal forests. They are inhabited by shipworms (wood-boring bivalves) Teredo navalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB15","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the Mediterranean infralittoral zone. The lower limit depends on light penetration and is variable, from 35-40 m in very clear water to just a few metres in turbid water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean infralittoral algae","description":"This biocenosis is located in the infralittoral stage. The infralittoral stage extends from areas where only accidentally does something emerge above the water, to the survival limit of the marine phanerogams and the photophilous algae. This lower limit depends on the penetration of light, and thus varies greatly with the topography and the quality of the water. In areas of very clear water, it can go down to 35-40 meters, whereas it is restricted to only a few meters in turbid areas. All the rocky substrata of the infralittoral stage where the conditions of the stage prevail are covered with many different photophilous algae, an extremely rich population."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1511","name":"Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins","description":"This facies is characterised by a low coverage of algae due to grazing by sea urchins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1512","name":"Association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides","description":"The association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides is characteristic of the higher infralittoral area (near the surface up to 2 meters down) where it lives in the photophilous biotopes where there is strong wave action. It is found in biotopes where the water is cooled by the rising of deep water.\r\nOn the European Atlantic coast and that of Morocco in the Strait of Gibraltar, Cystoseira tamariscifolia constitutes an autonomous association. Saccorhiza polyschides also exists, with Laminaria ochroleuca in detritic bottoms between 45 and 85 meters down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1513","name":"Association with Cystoseira amentacea (var.amentacea, var.stricta, var.spicata)","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira amentacea, Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta and Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata, living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity. This association, described by Molinier in 1958, forms belts in the photophilous biotopes where there is strong wave action, and whose rocky substratum is subvertical. It is often accompanied by Cystoseira compressa, which may replace it completely in places.\r\nThe association with Cystoseira amentacea is represented in the three major areas of the Mediterranean by different geographical varieties of this Cystoseira. The association with Cystoseira amentacea amentacea is endemic in the eastern Mediterranean, whereas Cystoseira amentacea stricta is found in the north-western Mediterranean and the spicata variety in the Adriatic. The three varieties of this Cystoseira are good indicators of the upper limit of the infralittoral stage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1514","name":"Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis","description":"This facies characterised by the dominance of the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis is typical of areas with high levels of organic input."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1515","name":"Association with Ellisolandia elongata and Herposiphonia secunda","description":"This association with the red algae Ellisolandia elongata and Herposiphonia secunda is typical of the upper infralittoral with strong wave action and strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1516","name":"Association with Corallina officinalis","description":"This association with the red alga Corallina officinalis is typical in the upper horizon of the infralittoral in areas with strong luminosity and sheltered waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1517","name":"Association with Schottera nicaeensis","description":"This association is characterised by the red alga Schottera nicaeensis living in pure, rough waters with attenued luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1518","name":"Association with Codium vermilara and Rhodymenia ardissonei","description":"This association of the green alga Codium vermilara and the red alga Rhodymenia ardissonei populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone, with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1519","name":"Association with Dasycladus vermicularis","description":"This association with the green alga Dasycladus vermicularis populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone with low light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151A","name":"Association with Alsidium helmenthochorton","description":"This association is the red alga Alsidium helminthochorton, which is typical of the upper horizon of the infralittoral zone with weak light and hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151B","name":"Association with Gelidium spinosum v.hystrix","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga Gelidium spinosum var. hystrix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151C","name":"Association with Lobophora variegata","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga Lobophora variegata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151D","name":"Association with Ceramium rubrum","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga Ceramium virgatum (ex Ceramium rubrum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151E","name":"Facies with Cladocora caespitosa","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the Mediterranean coral Cladocora caespitosa. It exists from very superficial water (in the little bowls in the vermetid platforms) to as much as about 50 meters down in both sheltered and rough biotopes. It can withstand slightly lower salinity, as in the northern Adriatic. It can also be found in both relatively warm (25°C) areas and those where the temperature of the water in the winter is under 10°C. It is met in the biocenosis of photophilous algae, the Posidonia meadow, the coralligenous, at the entrances to caves and in the detritic bottoms. It is a polymorphous species, able to develop on rock, on concretion-forming calcareous algae, on artificial substrata or unattached in the Posidonia meadow and sandy and muddy beds. The species does not exist beyond a certain threshold of light. Indirect and diffuse light is sufficient to ensure the existence of the zooxanthellates of this hermatypic scleractinian."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151F","name":"Association with Cystoseira brachycarpa","description":"The association forms dense meadows of the brown alga Cystoseira brachycarpa in different levels of the infralittoral, in exposed and rough places. It can be found with Cystoseira amentacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151G","name":"Association with Cystoseira crinita","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira crinita, living in pure waters with strong luminosity. In the western Mediterranean, this association is found in superficial photophilous biotopes in both rough and sheltered places (0 to 0,5 meters down). In places with weak hydrodynamics, it tolerates sedimentation. In the Aegean Sea, it is known in both exposed and sheltered stations, whereas in Syria it can descend to 3 meters down on an exposed subhorizontal substratum. In other parts of the Mediterranean, its vicarians can be found: Cystoseira mediterranea (in the western Mediterranean), Cystoseira crinitophylla and Cystoseira sedoides in the Strait of Sicily, Cystoseira sedoides in Algeria, Tunisia and Pantelleria, and Cystoseira barbata in the Venice lagoon. In the eastern Mediterranean are Cystoseira barbatula and Cystoseira corniculata and others with localized distribution like Cystoseira susanensis, Cystoseira hyblaea, Cystoseira rayssiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151H","name":"Association with Cystoseira crinitophylla","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira crinitophylla. Cystoseira crinitophylla was first thought to be an endemic of the Adriatic, but has been found more or less throughout the Mediterranean, always associated with other Cystoseiras in the upper infralittoral. It has been sighted in the Gulf of Trieste (as Cystoseira crinita) in the association with Cystoseiretum barbatae, with Cystoseira barbatula in the Aegean Sea, with Cystoseira crinita or Cystoseira brachycarpa in Corsica, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the Strait of Sicily, and in the Ionian Sea. What could be meant is a stenotherm sciaphilous morphotype of a group of species (Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira pelagosae, Cystoseira crinitophylla) in an advanced state of speciation. It is thought that the association with Cystoseira crinitophylla can be considered to be a facies found in turbid water whose temperature is not above 18°C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151J","name":"Association with Cystoseira sauvageauana","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira sauvageauana. It is found in very sheltered superficial photophilous biotopes (from 0 to 1 meter) and around 15 meters into the Posidonia meadow. It forms dense prairies that cover, as substratum, a well developed sciaphilous population. In the eastern Mediterranean, it is replaced by its vicarian Cystoseira spinosa v. tenuior."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151K","name":"Association with Cystoseira spinosa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira spinosa. This is a perennial species whose thalli may be up to 20-50 cm. high. The compressa variety is localized in the lower infralittoral in limpid water with marked hydrodynamics. This variety, as well as the spinosa variety, cannot withstand an increase in sedimentation. However, the tenuior variety tolerates a certain instability of environment and is spread right through the infralittoral; in the eastern Mediterranean and the Adriatic it can replace Cystoseira sauvageauana and associate with Cystoseira brachycarpa and Cystoseira foeniculacea in the upper and middle infralittoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151L","name":"Association with Sargassum vulgare","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Sargassum vulgare, living in pure waters with strong luminosity. The Sargassum vulgare association, described for the first time in Syria, achieves maximum development in rough, shady biotopes, up to 3 meters down. It grows on substrata whose slopes vary from the subvertical to the horizontal. At surface level, it forms, with Cystoseira compressa or Cystoseira amentacea, a dense belt whose substratum is made up of sciaphilous flora. At about 3 meters deep, it is accompanied by Cystoseira barbatula and Cystoseira crinita. In the eastern Mediterranean Sargassum trichocarpum is also found, going down into the lower infralittoral and the circalittoral. This association replaces the association with Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta in areas with moderately strong wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151M","name":"Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Dictyopteris polypodioides, living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151N","name":"Association with Calpomenia sinuosa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151P","name":"Association with Rhodymenia ardissonei and Rhodophyllis divaricata","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae Rhodymenia ardissonei and Rhodophyllis divaricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Q","name":"Facies with Astroides calycularis","description":"This facies is characterised by the madreporian Astroides calycularis and is typical of the western Mediterranean pre-coralligenous zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151R","name":"Association with Flabellia petiolata and Peyssonnelia squamaria","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the green alga Flabellia petiolata and the red alga Peyssonnelia squamaria and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151S","name":"Association with Halymenia floresii and Halarachnion ligatatum","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae Halymenia floresii and Halarachnion ligulatum and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151T","name":"Association with Peyssonnelia rubra and Peyssonnelia spp.","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the red algae Peyssonnelia rubra and other members of the genus Peyssonnelia spp. and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151U","name":"Association with Halopteris scoparia","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Halopteris scoparia, living in pure, sheltered waters with strong luminosity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151V","name":"Association with Pseudobryopsis myura and Ganonema farinosum","description":"This association is characterised by the green alga Pseudobryopsis myura and the red alga Ganonema farinosum, also called \"soft spaghettiweed\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151W","name":"Association with Cystoseira compressa","description":"This association is characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira compressa. Cystoseira compressa is not an indicator of either a mode or a well-determined level, since it is found, in the first meter, in both areas with strong wave action at mid-wave level and in sheltered areas. In the eastern Mediterranean, it is met, with Sargassum vulgare and Palisada perforata, at the outside edges of the vermetid platforms where Dendropoma cristatum forms kinds of pads."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151X","name":"Association with Pterocladia capillacea and Ulva laetevirens","description":"This association is characterised by a vegetation with the red alga Pterocladia capillacea and the green alga Ulva laetevirens. It is found in areas with mixed salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Y","name":"Facies with large Hydrozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the high presence of large Hydrozoa (e.g. Aglaophenia spp.and Eudendrium spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151Z","name":"Association with Pterothamnion crispum and Compsothamni on thuyoides","description":"This association is characterised by a mixed vegetation of the red algae Pterothamnion crispum and Compsothamnion thuyoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151α","name":"Facies and association of coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave)","description":"As a rule, the Coralligenous biocenosis is extremely rich and varied. It can be found as an enclave in cavities in the infralittoral in the habitat of infralittoral algae, and also  dense Posidonia oceanica meadow. In both cases, the facies is found in conditions where the light is extremely dim. The Coralligenous as an enclave in the infralittoral can also form small discontinuous organogenous formations that are sparser than those of the circalittoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB151β","name":"Facies with Vermetids","description":"Vermetids are sessile gastropods which develop near the middle level of the sea. These organisms, associated with the Neogoniolithon brassica-florida calcareous algae, build up organogenous formations in three shapes:\r\n- The cornice or rim form: below the middle level of the sea on a subvertical rocky slope. In the north-western Mediterranean, these formations are covered with the Neogoniolithon brassica-florida and Lithophyllum byssoides calcareous algae.\r\n- The atoll form: observed in the eastern Mediterranean (Israel and Crete), and in the Bermudas. These are rounded structures, depressed in the centre.\r\n- The ‘pavement’ or ‘platform’ form: the standard structure described in Sicily is a horizontal corroded surface developed in the standing calcareous rock. The platform is pitted with shallow pools whose crests, as well as the outside edges (in the shape of pads or ledges) of the platform, are covered with Dendropoma cristatum Vermetids, often called Vermetus cristatus. In addition, the bottoms of the bowls of the platform can be colonised by Vermetus triquetrus, also known as Vermetus gregarius.\r\nAlthough in the western Mediterranean the position of the platform is below the middle level of the sea and is located at the upper limit of the infralittoral stage, it is always mediolittoral in the eastern Mediterranean, where the platform develops at 0,2-0,3 meters above mid-wave level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB152","name":"Biocoenosis of the Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon  on rock","description":"This biocoenosis gathers the infralittoral rock assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon. The term lagoon thus covers very diverse situations linked to the variability of salt water and fresh water additions, both on the tidal sea coasts and in the Mediterranean. Some lagoons are natural, lying in littoral depressions, periodically fed by the sea, and others are former marshes that have been developed by man over very long periods (salterns, euryhaline fish reservoirs, fish-farming basins…). Confronted with the heterogeneity of these physical conditions, there is a great variability of fauna groupings, which are characterised by low specific richness and vast populations of dominant species, being rapidly replaced and widely used by the upper links of the ecosystem."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1521","name":"Association with Gracilaria spp.","description":"This association is characterised by the red algae belonging to the genus Gracilaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1522","name":"Association with Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1523","name":"Association with Ulva laetevirens and Ulva linza","description":"This association is characterised by the green algae Ulva laetevirens and Ulva linza."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1524","name":"Association with Cystoseira barbata","description":"This association is characterised by the brown algae Cystoseira barbata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1525","name":"Association with Lamprothamnium papulosum","description":"This association is characterised by the foxtail stonewort (charophyte) Lamprothamnium papulosum. Lamprothamnium papulosum is a rare, brackish water stonewort growing to a height of up to 40 cm with regular whorls of slender cylindrical branches each with several spine-like bracts which give the plant a furry appearance. The foxtail stonewort has a sporadic distribution around the coast of Europe from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula. In the Mediterranean it extends eastwards to Tunisia and Sicily with isolated records from Cyprus and the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB1526","name":"Association with Cladophora echinus and Rytiphloea tinctoria","description":"The characteristic species of this association are the green alga Cladophora echinus and the red alga Rytiphloea tinctoria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB2","name":"Infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"This complex includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) . These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB21","name":"Arctic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Infralittoral biogenic reef communities in the Arctic.  These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB22","name":"Atlantic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Infralittoral biogenic reef communities. This complex includes polychaete reefs and bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds). These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries and marine inlets and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB221","name":"Worm reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2211","name":"Atlantic infralittoral Sabellaria alveolata reefs","description":"Tide-swept sandy mixed sediments with cobbles and pebbles, in variable salinity or fully marine conditions, may be characterised by surface accumulations of the reef building polychaete  Sabellaria alveolata . The presence of  Sabellaria  sp. has a strong influence on the associated infauna as the tubes bind the surface sediments together and provide increased stability. Such reefs may form large structures up to a metre in height although they are considerably less extensive than the intertidal reefs formed by this species (unit MA2-261). Other associated species may include the polychaete  Melinna cristata , itself often as dense aggregations, mobile surface feeding polychaetes including  Typosyllis armillary  and  Eulalia tripunctata . Other polychaetes may include  Mediomastus fragilis  and  Pygospio elegans  whilst amphipods such as  Harpinia pectinata  and tubificid oligochaetes may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2212","name":"Atlantic infralittoral Serpula vermicularis reefs","description":"Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of  Serpula vermicularis , typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include  Esperiopsis fucorum , thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians  Ascidiella aspersa ,  Ascidia mentula ,  Dendrodoa grossularia  and  Diplosoma listerianum . The echinoderms  Ophiothrix fragilis  and  Psammechinus miliaris  and the queen scallop ( Aequipecten opercularis ) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense  Phycodrys rubens  may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB222","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone","description":"Infralittoral reefs in the Atlantic formed by bivalves such as Limaria hians and Ostrea edulis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2221","name":"Limaria hians beds in tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sealochs with beds or 'nests' of Limaria hians. The Limaria form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragments of seaweeds so that the animals themselves cannot be seen from above the seabed. Modiolus modiolus sometimes occur at the same sites lying over the top of the Limaria bed. Other fauna associated with this biotope include echinoderms (Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Asterias rubens), Buccinum undatum, mobile crustaceans (e.g. Pagurus bernhardus), Alcyonium digitatum and hydroids such as Plumularia setacea, Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Nemertesia spp. Sometimes red seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens occur if the beds are in shallow enough water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2222","name":"Ostrea edulis beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Dense beds of the oyster Ostrea edulis can occur on muddy fine sand or sandy mud mixed sediments. There may be considerable quantities of dead oyster shell making up a substantial portion of the substratum. The clumps of dead shells and oysters can support large numbers of Ascidiella aspersa and Ascidiella scabra. Sponges such as Halichondria bowerbanki may also be present. Several conspicuously large polychaetes, such as Chaetopterus variopedatus and terebellids, as well as additional suspension-feeding polychaetes such as Myxicola infundibulum and Sabella pavonina may be important in distinguishing this biotope, whilst the Opisthobranch Philine aperta may also be frequent in some areas. A turf of seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum and Spyridia filamentosa may also be present. This biotope description may need expansion to account for oyster beds in England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2223","name":"Mussel beds on Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus or the common mussel Mytilus edulis. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB23","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Depth range: photic zone. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB231","name":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms dominated by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Salinity range: All; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Dreissena polymorpha\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2311","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms habitat dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed  Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 5 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nAmount of sediment and epiphytic annual algae. Diversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2312","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms dominated by Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed  Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nGeographic range                \r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2313","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms habitat dominated by valve snails","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves  valve snails  (Valvata spp.) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nQuality descriptors              \r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB232","name":"Baltic infralittoral bottoms characterized by shell gravel","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: down to 5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nSaccharina latissima. Due to the large variety of interstitial space, inhabited by very specialized fauna, for example Amphioxus spp. (HELCOM 1998)\r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the North and to the 5 psu salinity gradient in the Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2321","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of wich at least 90 %  iscoveraged of shell gravel. Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, kelp constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperboria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouth-western Baltic Sea, the Sound Helcom Hub Red List category  Near threatened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2322","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic shell gravel dominated by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves covers less then 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2323","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.  Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2324","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.  No perennial attached erect group  has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2325","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel.Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2326","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by mixed infaunal macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type of shell gravel fragments is coarse and well-sorted.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2327","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel dominated by  mixed infaunal macrocommunity in fine sand-like shell fragments","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Dominant type of shell gravel fragments is fine and sand-like.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel.. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2328","name":"Baltic infralittoral shell gravel without characteristic epibenthic communities","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone of which at least 90 % is coveraged of shell gravel. Epibenthic macrovegetation or –fauna does not occur.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.         \r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB233","name":"Baltic infralittoral biogenic peat bottoms","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of peat \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: (7.5-18 psu); exposure range: All; Depth range: from 0 to \r\nCharacteristic species\r\nNo macrophytes\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB24","name":"Black Sea infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Black Sea habitats where a solid substate is formed by organisms such as polychaete worms or bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB241","name":"Polychaete worm reefs in the Black sea infralittoral zone","description":"Biogenic circalittoral reefs formed by a variety of  polychaete worms.  In more sheltered and freshwater-influenced environments the non-native serpulid tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus is the most common reef building species. In moderately exposed environments reefs formed by the serpulid Vermiliopsis infundibulum are present. Finally, on lower infralittoral rock serpulids form massive reefs in collaboration with bivalves (i.e. Ostrea edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis). These reefs are an important component of the Black Sea ecosystem and are characterised by high biodiversity"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB242","name":"Mussel beds in the Black sea infralittoral zone","description":"Beds of Mytilus galloprovincialis found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB243","name":"Oyster reefs on Black sea lower infralittoral rock","description":"Small oyster (Ostrea edulis) reefs occur as oyster clumps (5-10 oysters) on rocky outcrops. The reefs occur along theTurkish Black sea coast in the rocky infralittoral at depths of 10-20m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB25","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Habitats formed by living organisms (eg calcareous algae, mussels, coralligenous bioconcretions, worm reefs)  in the infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB251","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reef assemblages of the infralittoral algae biocenosis","description":"This assemblage is characterised by species able to build continuous biogenic belts in the upper part of the infralittoral zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2511","name":"Facies with Vermetus spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by an high presence of vermetids building a continous belt called a \"trottoir\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB252","name":"Biocenosis of Posidonia oceanica","description":"Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile is a marine angiosperm, endemic to the Mediterranean. It forms characteristic formations called ‘meadows’ between the surface and 30 to 40 meters down. The plant’s structure shows an epigeous part, corresponding to foliar fascicles (average 30-80 cm in height) and an endogenous part, a veritable underwater terrace: the matte. This matte, composed of a tangle of rhizomes, roots and the sediment that fills in the interstices, and is specific to Posidonia oceanica meadows, presents a vertical growth that can reach 1 meter a century. These meadows, true underwater prairies, represent one of the main Mediterranean climaxes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2521","name":"Ecomorphosis of striped Posidonia oceanica meadows","description":"The Posidonia oceanica striped meadow develops between 0,5 and 3 meters down. It appears as fairly narrow (1 to 2 m wide) ribbons that are up to several dozen meters long, either rectilinear or winding but rarely ramified. The ribbons are separated by stretches of dead matte colonised by a mixed lawn made up of Cymodocea nodosa and Caulerpa prolifera. Cut into sections, the ribbons are asymmetrical with a little drop of matte on one side and a gentle slope on the other. The ribbons are dynamic structures, moving parallel to each other in the face of currents at a speed of some ten centimeters a year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2522","name":"Ecomorphosis of \"barrier-reef\" Posidonia oceanica meadows","description":"In the Posidonia beds of sheltered bays, the vertical growth of the rhizomes leads to a slow rise of the matte that enables the meadow to reach the surface; this structure is called a ‘fringe reef’. Between the emerging front of the reef and the coast, conditions become unfavorable (great variations in salinity and temperature), and the meadow dies, leaving a sort of ‘lagoon’ cut off from the open sea by a ‘barrier reef’. This lagoon is usually occupied by small magnoliophytes (Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltei) developing on dead matte.\r\nAt the level of the barrier reef, which can be up to several meters wide, the leaves emerge and spread out on the surface of the water, particularly in spring and summer. The reef extends in a gentle slope out to sea, where it constitutes a meadow with a continuous base.\r\nThe classic form of these reefs, with their front parallel to the shore, is the most widespread; however, more extensive particular structures (reef platforms) have been observed in Sicily and Corsica and many typologies have been suggested."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2523","name":"Facies of dead \"mattes\" of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora","description":"This facies is characterised by a dead \"mattes\" of Posidonia oceanica without macro-epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2524","name":"Association with Caulerpa prolifera on Posidonia beds","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the green alga Caulerpa prolifera in association with the Posidonia oceanica bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB253","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis","description":"This biocoenosis gathers the infralittoral biogenic reefs assemblages of  Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoons"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2531","name":"Facies with Ficopomatus enigmaticus","description":"The characteristic species of this association is the Annelid Ficopomatus enigmaticus.  This polychaete, also known as Mercierella enigmatica, is a marine tubeworm that build extensive concretions formed of the mass of their calcareous tubes. From the surface of the sea to depths of 1-2 meters, the species adheres to hard substrates of all kinds and sizes, ranging from shells, reeds, piles, and quayside and dockside structures, to the hulls of ships. The species is particularly tolerant of variations in salinity, adapting to both oligohaline (low salinity) and hyperhaline (high salinity) waters. It can withstand high rates of eutrophication, and is  sensitive to wave action and intense hydrodynamics. Ficopomatus reefs develop exclusively in brackish environments, where they form belts, barriers and reefs up to one metre thick and from a few dozen centimeters to several meters wide.\r\nThey may also be built in the middle of shallow brackish basins, and look like large mushrooms adhering to fragments of hard substrates (shells, branches, rocks, reeds, etc.), sometimes reaching the surface of the water. They may extend for hundreds of square metres and are produced by many generations of tubeworms all growing attached to one others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB254","name":"Mediterranean biogenic reefs assemblages of the fine sands in very shallow waters biocenosis","description":"These biogenic reefs are characteristic of very shallow sandy bottoms where the effect of the waves allows the resuspencion of particle of sediment and organic matter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB2541","name":"Mediterranean Sabellaria alveolata worm reefs","description":"The species Sabellaria alveolata colonises very superficial coastal areas, from the low tide mark down to 3-5 metres, where wave action is stronger and moves particles of the sediments which are used by the worms to build their tubes. It also provides the organic matter on which these filter-feeders live. Sabellaria reefs are generally found along exposed sandy coasts, although their concretion does need a rocky base to start with (it may even be an artificial substrate, such as rubble or dockside structures, or small stones)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB3","name":"Infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB31","name":"Arctic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB311","name":"Communities of Arctic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes , cumacean crustacea  and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum  may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3111","name":"Greenland cockle Serripes in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB32","name":"Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as  Chaetozone setosa  and  Lanice conchilega , cumacean crustacea such as  Iphinoe trispinosa  and  Diastylis bradyi , and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum  may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB321","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp  Laminaria saccharina , the bootlace weed  Chorda filum  and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds on Atlantic infralittoral sediments","description":"On infralittoral mixed muddy substrata communities characterised by the kelp  Laminaria saccharina  and mixed filamentous and foliose red algae can be found. This biotope contains a number of sub-biotopes distinguished by the degree of either wave or tidal exposure. In moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas  Laminaria  is sparse and dense stands of red seaweeds are found attached to the boulders and cobbles that make up a large proportion of the sediment (MB1-274). As the degree of wave and/or tidal exposure decreases there is a change in community structure, with the density of  Laminaria  and the diversity of red algal species increasing (MB3-2112). As the environment becomes more stable a number of brown algal species are able to inhabit this environment and a rich infauna develops (MB5-211). In the most sheltered examples of this biotope a diverse muddy sediment infauna can be found and the  'Trailliella'  phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32111","name":"Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile Atlantic infralittoral cobbles and pebbles","description":"Shallow mixed substrata of cobbles and pebbles swept by moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas, and characterised by dense stands of red seaweeds. Tide-swept infralittoral cobbles and pebbles which may be highly mobile, create an environment that is difficult for many algae to survive in. Foliose and filamentous seaweeds with an encrusting phase in their life history, or those that are able to withstand rolling of the substratum and scouring, can form dense turfs of seaweed in the more settled summer months. Characteristic red seaweeds include Halarachnion ligulatum which is able to survive attached to the pebbles and cobbles. Ephemeral algae grow rapidly in periods of relative stability. Other characteristic red seaweeds include Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Brongniartella byssoides. Coralline encrusting algae cover many of the cobbles and pebbles; some areas of cobbles may be quite barren, dominated only by encrusting coralline algae and brittlestars. Of the brown seaweeds scattered Laminaria spp. and Desmarestia spp. may be present on more stable large boulders or bedrock outcrops. Chorda filum and Halidrys siliquosa may be present in low abundance but where these seaweeds occur in greater abundance (typically >Frequent) refer to MB1-233 and MB1-236 respectively. Although the faunal component of this biotope is usually relatively sparse it can include a wide variety of species. Turfs of hydroids (Nemertesia spp., Aglaophenia tubulifera) and bryozoans (Crisia spp. and Bugula spp.) are the major components but sponges and anemones may also occur. Brittlestars, sea-urchins, hydroids and solitary ascidians are more prominent in the Scottish examples of this biotope, which tend to occur in deeper water, due in part to clearer waters.                 \r\nSituation: Although not common, this biotope is widely distributed from Sussex to the shallow areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, the west coast of Scotland and the north-east coast of Ireland. Despite the wide distribution, the red seaweed composition remains remarkably constant. In areas such as the Sarns, in Wales, where mixed substrata continue into the shallows, dense swathes of MB1-233 can be found. More stable but highly scoured areas adjacent to MB1-274 can support the Halidrys biotope MB1-236. Where bedrock or large boulders occur above the mixed substrata of MB1-274 it may support a kelp forest or park (MB1-213 or MB1-21A). At many sites the mixed substrata supporting the dense seaweed turf gives way to sediment of varying composition.              \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope will take on a much more depauperate appearance during the winter months, once the ephemeral seaweeds have died back in late summer/autumn. Storms can mobilise the loose pebbles and cobbles, removing all but the most resilient of seaweeds and animals. By summer, under more stable conditions, new growth will flourish and dense stands of seaweeds dominate the seabed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32112","name":"Laminaria saccharina and robust red algae on Atlantic infralittoral gravel and pebble","description":"Shallow kelp community found on gravel and gravelly sand in slightly less exposed areas than MB1-274 but in moderately strong tidal currents, and characterised by occasional Laminaria saccharina with an undergrowth of robust red seaweeds. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with MB1-274, include Plocamium cartilagineum, Halarachnion ligulatum and Brongniartella byssoides ; however the greater stability of this biotope allows a slightly more diverse range of red seaweeds to become established including Polyides rotundus, Rhodophyllis divaricata, Delesseria sanguinea and Nitophyllum punctatum. Coralline encrusting algae may be found covering the larger pebbles. Laminaria hyperborea may also be present within this biotope, although at low densities. Other brown algal species present include Desmarestia spp., Dictyotadichotoma and Chorda filum, all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed Ulva sp. may be found attached to larger pebbles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3212","name":"Laminaria saccharina with Psammechinus miliaris and/or Modiolus modiolus on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stoney mixed sediment, in full or variable salinity, in sheltered or moderately exposed conditions, with weak or very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a dense covering of Laminaria saccharina. Beneath the kelp canopy, frequent Psammechinus miliaris may be found grazing the algal turf and scattered Modiolus modiolus are characteristic of this biotope. Encrusting the suface of stones and pebbles are Pomatoceros triqueter and in the sediment between the stones, the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii may also be present. Small patches of Lithothamnion glaciale may be found in this biotope, although these patches do not form distinct beds as in MB3-222. In addition, a more ubiquitous fauna such as Asterias rubens and Pagurus bernhardus are also present. This biotope is generally found in sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3213","name":"Laminaria saccharina, Gracilaria gracilis and brown seaweeds on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on muddy sand, in moderately exposed or sheltered, fully marine conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of Laminaria saccharina. Frequent Chorda filum may also form part of the canopy although not at the abundance in MB6-211. Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae Gracilaria gracilis, and various brown algal species particularly Dictyota dichotoma. Other members of the understory may include a variety of other filamentous and foliose red algae in particular Ceramium nodulosum and the green alga Ulva. The muddy sand substrate supports a variety of faunal species including polychaetes  (Lanice conchilega) and gastropods (Hinia reticulata)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3214","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Gracilaria gracilis with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on stony sediment, in extremely sheltered, variable salinity conditions, with moderately strong tidal currents. The community is characterised by a more sparse covering of Laminaria saccharina, particularly when compared to the fully marine version of this sub biotope (MB3-213). Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae Gracilaria gracilis, and a variety of faunal species in particular sponges (Suberites ficus and Halichondriapanacea) and ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa and Dendrodoa grossularia). The stony substrate provides a surface for attachment for these and many other filter and suspension feeding species, particularly barnacles (Balanus crenatus), hydroids (Urticina feline and Hydractinia echinata) and anemones. Other members of the understory may include a variety of filamentous and foliose red algae in particular Pterothamnion plumula, and the green alga Ulva."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB322","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnion glaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3221","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sands. Associated epiphytes may include red algae such as Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Brongniartella byssoides and Plocamium cartilagineum. Algal species may be anchored to the maerl or to dead bivalve shells amongst the maerl. Polychaetes, such as Chaetopterus variopedatus, Lanice conchilega, Kefersteinia cirrata, Mediomastus fragilis, Chone duneri, Parametaphoxus fultoni and Grania may be present. Gastropods such as Gibbulacineraria, Gibbulamagus, Calyptraea chinensisDikoleps pusilla and Onoba aculeus may also be present. Liocarcinus depurator and Liocarcinus corrugatus are often present, although they may be under-recorded; it would seem likely that robust infaunal bivalves such as Circomphalus casina, Mya truncata, Dosinia exoleta and other venerid bivalves are more widespread than available data currently suggests. It seems likely that stable wave-sheltered maerl beds with low currents may be separable from MB3-221; having a generally thinner layer of maerl overlying a sandy /muddy substratum with a diverse cover of epiphytes (e.g. Bosence 1976; Blunden et al. 1977; 1981; Davies & Hall-Spencer 1996) but insufficient data currently exists on a national scale. Wave and current-exposed maerl beds, where thicker depths of maerl accumulate, frequently occur as waves and ridge / furrows arrangements (see Bosence 1976; Blunden et al. 1977; 1981; Irvine & Chamberlain 1994; Hall-Spencer 1995). At some sites where MB3-221 occurs, there may be significant patches of maerl gravel containing the rare burrowing anemone Halcampoides elongatus ; this may be a separate biotope, but insufficient data exists at present. Northern maerl beds in the UK do not appear to contain L. corallioides but in south-west England and Ireland L. corallioides may occur to some extent in MB3-221 as well as MB4-211, where it dominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32211","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with red seaweeds in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include Dictyota dichotoma, Plocamium cartilagineum, Phycodrys rubens, Chondrus crispus, Halarachnion ligulatum, Chylocladia verticillata, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides and Nitophyllum punctum. These species are not restricted to maerl beds but their abundance on maerl beds differentiates this biotope from MB3-2212. Anthozoans and echinoderms are much less common in this biotope than in MB3-2212, which typically occurs deeper than MB3-2211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB32212","name":"Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with Neopentadactyla mixta and other echinoderms in Atlantic infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand","description":"Lower infralittoral maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sand with a variety of associated echinoderms. The echinoderm Neopentadactyla mixta is frequently observed in this biotope. Other echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Ophiura albida and rarely Luidia ciliaris may also be present. Red seaweed such as Plocamium cartilagineum may be present but at a much lower abundance than in MB3-2211 and with fewer species present. Other, more ubiquitous echinoderms such as Asterias rubens may also be found in low numbers throughout MB3-221 subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3222","name":"Lithothamnion glaciale maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral gravel","description":"Upper infralittoral tide-swept channels of coarse sediment in full or variable salinity conditions support distinctive beds of Lithothamnion glaciale maerl 'rhodoliths'. Phymatolithon calcareum may also be present as a more minor maerl component. Associated fauna and flora may include species found in other types of maerl beds (and elsewhere), e.g. Pomatoceros triqueter, Cerianthus lloydii, Sabella pavonina, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Lanice conchilega, Mya truncata, Plocamium cartilagineum and Phycodrys rubens. Unit MB3-222, however, also has a fauna that reflects the slightly reduced salinity conditions, e.g. Psammechinus miliaris is often present in high numbers along with other grazers such as chitons and Tectura spp. Hyas araneus, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma are also typically present at sites. In Scottish lagoons this biotope may show considerable variation but the community falls within the broad description defined here.      \r\nSituation: This biotope can often be found at the upper end of Scottish sealochs where the variable salinity of the habitat may not be immediately obvious."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB323","name":"Faunal communities in full salinity Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as Chaetozone setosa and Lanice conchilega, cumacean crustacea such as Iphinoe trispinosa and Diastylis bradyi, and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3231","name":"Sparse fauna on highly mobile Atlantic infralittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)","description":"Sublittoral clean shingle and pebble habitats with a lack of conspicuous fauna. Unstable, rounded pebbles and stones (as opposed to sub-angular cobbles, which are often found lying on or embedded in other sediment) that are strongly affected by tidal steams and/or wave action can support few animals and are consequently faunally impoverished. The species composition of this biotope may be highly variable seasonally and is likely to comprise of low numbers of robust polychaetes or bivalves with occasional epibiota including echinoderms and crustacea such as Liocarcinus spp. and Pagurus spp. In more settled periods there may be colonisation by anemones such as Urticina felina and small populations of hydroids and Bryozoa.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in marine inlets with very strong tidal currents as well as in very wave exposed open coast environments.         \r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition of this biotope is likely to be highly variable as a result of seasonal changes in wave and tidal energy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3232","name":"Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida on Atlantic infralittoral clean stone gravel","description":"Periodically (seasonally?) disturbed sublittoral stone gravel with small pebbles characterised by the presence of the anemones Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida. Associated species are often typical of a hydroid/bryozoan turf with polychaetes such as Pomatoceros spp. encrusting larger pebbles and low numbers of syllid and phyllodocid polychaetes living interstitially. In some areas this biotope may also contain opportunistic red seaweeds and infauna such as Sabella pavonina. It should be noted that this habitat may show considerable variation in community composition and it is possible that it is a sub-biotope of other gravel biotopes.          \r\nSituation: This biotope tends to occur at the entrance to marine inlets where tidal currents are moderately strong.          \r\nTemporal variation: The faunal composition and species richness of this biotope may vary seasonally as a result of disturbance from increased wave or tidal action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3233","name":"Moerellaspp. with venerid bivalves in Atlantic infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"Infralittoral medium to coarse sand and gravelly sand which is subject to moderately strong water movement from tidal streams may be characterised by Moerella spp. with the polychaete Glycera lapidum (agg.) and venerid bivalves. Typical species include Moerella pygmaea or M. donacina with other robust bivalves such as Dosinia lupinus, Timoclea ovata, Goodallia triangularis and Chamelea gallina. Other infauna include nephtyd and spionid polychaetes and amphipod crustacea. Another important component of this biotope in some areas is the bivalve Spisula solida (see Khne & Rachnor 1996) which may be common or abundant. In conjunction with unit MB5-236 this biotope may form part of the 'Shallow Venus Community', the 'Boreal Off-shore Sand Association' and the ' Goniadella-Spisula association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Salzwedel, Rachor & Gerdes 1985). Epifaunal communities may be reduced in this biotope when compared to MB5-236; both types may have surface sand waves which may be indicative of the presence of venerid bivalves (Warwick & Davies 1977). This hypothesis, however, requires testing. Remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate venerid bivalves and other deep-burrowing and more dispersed species such as Paphia, Ensis and Spatangus. In southern areas of the UK and the North Sea, in slightly siltier sand and shelly sand, MB3-233 may give way to the other Spisula biotope MB5-238.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is found on the exposed open coast and in estuaries with moderately strong tidal currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3234","name":"Hesionura elongata and Microphthalmus similis with other interstitial polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral mobile coarse sand","description":"On infralittoral sandbanks and sandwaves and other areas of mobile medium-coarse sand, populations of interstitial polychaetes may be found. These habitats consist of loosely packed grains of sand forming waves up to several metres high often with gravel, or occasionally silt, in the troughs of the waves. This biotope is commonly found both inshore along the east coast of the UK e.g. around the Race Bank, Docking Shoal and Inner Dowsing banks (IECS, 1995; IECS, 1999), and in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and off the Belgian coast (Degraer et al. 1999; Vanosmael et al. 1982). These habitats support interstitial communities living in the spaces between the grains of sand, in particular hesionurid polychaetes such as Hesionura elongata and Microphthalmus similis, along with protodrilid polychaetes such as Protodrilus spp. and Protodriloides spp. Other important species may include Turbellaria spp. and larger deposit feeding polychaetes such as Travisia forbesii. An important feature of this biotope which is not reflected in much of the available data is the importance of the meiofaunal population which may exceed the macrofaunal population both in terms of abundance and biomass (Willems et al. 1982).           \r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found both in shore adjacent to the coast, and further away from the coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3235","name":"Glycera lapidum in impoverished Atlantic infralittoral mobile gravel and sand","description":"In infralittoral mixed slightly gravelly sands on exposed open coasts impoverished communities characterised by the polychaete Glycera lapidum (agg.) may be found. Glycera lapidum is a species complex and as such some variability in identification may be found in the literature. It is also quite widespread and may occur in a variety of coarser sediments and is often present in other MB3-1 subunits. However, it is rarely considered a characteristic species and where this is the case it is normally due to the exclusion of other species. Consequently it is considered that habitats containing this biotope may be subject to continual or periodic sediment disturbance from wave action, which prevents the establishment of a more stable community. Other taxa include spionid polychaetes such as Spio martinensis and Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys spp. and in some areas the bivalve Spisula elliptica. It is possible that MB3-235 is not a true biotope, rather an impoverished, transitional community, which in more settled conditions develops into other more stable communities.             \r\nSituation: In many cases e.g. along the East Yorkshire coast this biotope is found in shallow inshore areas facing directly into the prevailing wind and subject to considerable wave action.             \r\nTemporal variation: Due to the variability in sediment regime at these habitats there may be high seasonal or spatial variability within this community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3236","name":"Cumaceans and Chaetozone setosa in Atlantic infralittoral gravelly sand","description":"In shallow medium-fine sands with gravel, on moderately exposed open coasts, communities dominated by cumacean crustaceans such as Iphinoe trispinosa and Diastylis bradyi along with the cirratulid polychaete Chaetozone setosa (agg.) may occur. Chaetozone setosa is a species complex so it is likely that some variability in nomenclature will be found in the literature. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes Anaitides spp., Lanice conchilega, Eteone longa and Scoloplos armiger. This community may be subject to periodical sedimentary disturbance, such that a sub-climactic community may develop with opportunistic taxa such as C. setosa and S. armiger often dominating the community (Allen 2000).              \r\nSituation: This biotope may be found in areas with moderate currents and wave action often facing into the prevailing wind and along the Holderness coast of the North Sea. It is possible that this biotope has developed due to chronic sedimentary disturbance in areas where the units MC5-214 or MB5-236 would normally develop as these biotopes are often found in more sheltered areas adjacent to A5.136.             \r\nTemporal variation: The importance of the cumacean crustaceans in this biotope is unusual, and their numbers are likely to fluctuate over time; at times of increased disturbance it is likely that C. setosa will become more dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3237","name":"Dense Lanice conchilega and other polychaetes in Atlantic tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand","description":"Dense beds of Lanice conchilega occur in coarse to medium fine gravelly sand in the shallow sublittoral, where there are strong tidal streams or wave action. Several other species of polychaete also occur as infauna e.g. Spiophanes bombyx, Scoloplos armiger, Chaetozone setosa and Magelona mirabilis. Lanice beds are found in a wide range of habitats including muddier mixed sediment. The dense Lanice biotope (MB3-237) on certain lower shores may be a littoral extension of the current biotope. The presence of L. conchilega in high numbersmay, over time, stabilise the sediment to the extent where a more diverse community may develop (Wood, 1987). Possibly as a result of this, there is a high level of variation with regard the infauna found in MB3-237. It is likely that a number of sub-biotopes may subsequently be identified for this biotope. Offshore from the Wash and the North Norfolk coast Lanice beds are often found intermixed with Sabellaria spinulosa beds in muddier mixed sediment, particularly in the channels between the shallow sandbanks, which are so prevalent in this area (IECS, 1995; NRA, 1995). It is possible that the presence of Lanice has stabilised the habitat sufficiently to allow the deposition of finer material, which has subsequently assisted the development of S. spinulosa. It may be more accurate to define MB3-237 as an epibiotic biotope which overlays a variety of infaunal biotopes (e.g. MB5-233 in finer sands and MC5-214 or MB5-236 in slightly muddier areas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3238","name":"Faunal communities in variable salinity Atlantic sublittoral coarse sediment","description":"Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by a sparse but very robust brackish-water tolerant fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB33","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB331","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3311","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: moderately exposed; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3312","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB332","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3321","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3322","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritima, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, Zostera noltii occurs only in the Belt Sea and Kattegat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3323","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered to moderately exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara baltica Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3324","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3325","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated dominated by Zostera marina.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB333","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Perennial algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3331","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae Fucus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3332","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae non-filamentous corticated red algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3333","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by perennial foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial foliose red algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nUp to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3334","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae kelp constitute at least 50 % to the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: Sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima\r\nGeographic range\r\nBelt Sea, the Sound, (Kattegat)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3335","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated  by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Perennial attached algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae perennial filamentous algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB334","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Aquatic moss cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: all, more common in exposed areas; Depth range: photic zone usually from about 1 to 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nFontinalis spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nBothnian Bay. to the northern Bothnian Sea, Eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB335","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB336","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups  cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\n\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3361","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form), F. radicans\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3362","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp. (dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographical Range\r\nKnown from Swedish and German coasts"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3363","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to exposed; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 10 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB337","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3371","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %.Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB338","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae have ≥ 10 % coverage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB339","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Coverage of macroscopic vegetation or sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10 %.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nMytilus spp., Macoma baltica, Bathyporeia pilosa, Hediste diversicolor\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3391","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Less than 10 % of the seabed is covered by perennial vegetation or attached epifauna. Microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails dominates. Grazing snails (e.g. Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia, Radix) constitute 50 % in biomass or volume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Most common in low salinity\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHydrobiidae, Theodoxus spp, Bithynia spp, Radix spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3392","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epifauna and flora is present but below 10 % coverage. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Hydroids, Amphibalanus improvisus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33A","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncate, Astrarte spp. Spisula spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33A1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nQuality descriptors\r\nDiversity, abundance and biomass of fauna.\r\nGeographical Range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33A2","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 %of the infaunal macrocommunity biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp, Tanaissus spp, Streptosyllis spp.us\r\nGeographical RAnge\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33B","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna.  Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33C","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBathyporeia pilosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33C1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33D","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group of infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB33E","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by  no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB33E1","name":"Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment dominated by  dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB34","name":"Black Sea infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Black Sea including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to wave action.  They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB341","name":"Fauna-dominated Black Sea  infralittoral cobbles and gravels","description":"Black Sea  faunal communities present in infralittoral coarse sediments including pebbles, cobbles, fine gravels, coarse sands and shell hash. The habitat comprises a diverse range of communities which include: sparse fauna on pebbles and gravels, environments beneath cobbles and gravels and shell hash with well defined characteristic species (Branchiostomalanceolatum - Protodorvillea kefersteini - Ophelia limacina). This biotope is found in coastal surge zones, as well as on wave lashed bottoms in open coast environments and deposits affected by unidirectional currents. Typical characterising species in coarse sand and shell gravel environments include the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum and polychaetes Protodorvillea kefersteini and Ophelia limacina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB35","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral coarse sediment","description":"Sedimentary habitats in the infralittoral near shore zone of the Mediteranean, typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the lower limit for vascular plants. Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB351","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by the waves","description":"This habitat is found in coves which cut into the rocky coasts with more or less strong wave action; it goes no more than a few decimetres down. This habitat is very ill known. The population is dominated by the Saccocirrus papillocercus archiannelid and the Lineus lacteus nemertean, whose populations fluctuate strongly according to variations in the ambient factors, in particular the local hydrodynamics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3511","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves","description":"This association occurs on coarse sands and fine gravels subjected to strong hydrodynamic action. Calcareous algae are attached to a small mineral or organic surface and then grow in successive layers to form rhodolithes of more or less nodulous shape and varying size."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB352","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents","description":"This habitat is usually found in the Mediterranean between 3-4 meters and 20-25 meters down, but can, locally, go down to 70 meters. It lies thus on two, infra- and circalittoral, stages. It is frequent in channels between islands that are subject to frequent, violent currents, which constitute the main factor on which its existence depends. It is also found in the ‘intermatte’ channels dug out by the currents in the Posidonia meadows. This habitat, strictly subject to bottom currents, can change if the movement of the water is artificially or naturally modified, for example during long periods of calm weather. Its extension downwards, into the circalittoral stage, is linked to particularly intense hydrodynamic phenomena, either directly below rocky shelf-edge banks (the Banc des Blauquières) or in straits (the Bouches de Bonifacio). It may, in these conditions, present qualititative and quantitative modifications in its habitual population. Seasonal variations are marked by differences in the abundance, and the replacement, of species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3521","name":"Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of small calcareous algae species exposed to strong bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3522","name":"Association with maerl (= Association with Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum) on Mediterranean coarse sands and gravel","description":"An association characterised by the presence of two small many-branched calcareous algae species, Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum, unattached on sediments made up of coarse sands and gravels with a high proportion of detritic elements. Given their many-branched shape, these Lithothamnia never constitute bioconstructions or rhodolithes. Small Rhodophyceae may be present as epiphytes on the Lithothamnia.  A similar community can also be found as an association facies of the biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom (MC3.523)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB353","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean infralittoral pebbles","description":"Small strands with infralittoral pebbles are very numerous in the indentations of rocky coasts. The most typical is the biocoenosis when the pebbles are rather small. The characteristic species here are the two amphipods Melita hergensis and (Allorchestes aquilinus)Parhyale aquilina, which feed on organic detritus, and the fish Gouania wildenowii.G. willdenowi, predator on these amphipods. One finds also a characteristic crab, Xantho poressa, and several turbellerians and nemertines. After long periods of calm a thin film of diatoms is found on the pebbles. When the pebbles are larger this typical biocoenosis is often impoverished, but mixed with tolerant species coming from neighbouring rocks such as the sea-star Asterina gibbosa, the small anomuran (Porcellana bluteli)Pisidia bluteli, the gobiescoid fish (Lepadogaster gouani)L. lepadogaster, and so on. During stormy weather all the species escape from the moving pebbles to the lower parts of the boulders generally mixed with the pebbles, or to deeper bottoms, to return as soon as the sea becomes calm"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB3531","name":"Facies with Gouania willdenowi","description":"This facies is characterised by the abundance of the little clingfish Gouania willdenowi that live in shallow waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB4","name":"infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Infralittoral mixed (heterogeneous) sediments found from the extreme low water mark to  down to the lower limit for vascular plants. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud. There is a degree of confusion with regard nomenclature within this complex as many habitats could be defined as containing mixed sediments, in part depending on the scale of the survey and the sampling method employed. The BGS trigon can be used to define truly mixed or heterogeneous sites with surficial sediments which are a mixture of mud, gravel and sand. However, another 'form' of mixed sediment includes mosaic habitats such as superficial waves or ribbons of sand on a gravel bed or areas of lag deposits with cobbles/pebbles embedded in sand or mud and these are less well defined and may overlap into other habitat or biological subtypes. These habitats may support a wide range of infauna and epibiota including polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms, anemones, hydroids and Bryozoa. Mixed sediments with biogenic reefs  classified separately as MB2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB41","name":"Arctic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Infralittoral mixed (heterogeneous) Arctic sediments found from the extreme low water mark to  down to the lower limit for vascular plants. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB42","name":"Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (MB4-233, MB4-231, and MB2-222), polychaetes (MB4-232) and file shells (MB2-221). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this biotope complex all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This biotope complex may also include a newly proposed Chaetopterus biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed Chaetopterus sp. and small Lanice conchilega. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this biotope complex are limited to that described in the biotope MB4-233 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole biotope complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB421","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnionglaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4211","name":"Lithothamnion corallioides maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Live maerl beds in sheltered, silty conditions which are dominated by Lithothamnioncorallioides with a variety of foliose and filamentous seaweeds. Live maerl is at least common but there may be noticeable amounts of dead maerl gravel and pebbles. Other species of maerl, such as Phymatolithon calcareum and Phymatolithon purpureum, may also occur as a less abundant component. Species of seaweed such as Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum. and Ulva spp. are often present, although are not restricted to this biotope, whereas Dudresnaya verticillata tends not to occur on other types of maerl beds. The anemones Anemonia viridis and Cerianthus lloydii, the polychaetes Notomastus latericeus and Caulleriella alata, the isopod Janira maculosa and the bivalve Hiatella arctica are typically found in MB4-211 where as Echinus esculentus tends to occur more in other types of maerl. The seaweeds Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum may also be present in some habitats. MB4-211 has a south-western distribution in Britain and Ireland. Sheltered, stable, fully saline maerl beds in the north of Great Britain (where L. corallioides has not been confirmed to occur) may need to be described as an analogous biotope to MB4-211 (see MB3-221)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB422","name":"Vegetated communities on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.   \r\nBeds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4221","name":"Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment or rock","description":"Shallow muddy sediments, often with boulders, cobbles and pebbles around the edges of lagoons, or other areas that are exposed to wide salinity variations are unsuitable for colonisation by many species. Such areas may be colonised by a dense blanket of ephemeral green algae such as Enteromorpha spp., Chaetomorpha linum, Cladophora liniformis or Rhizoclonium riparium. This biotope may also contain some red seaweeds, such as Furcellaria lumbricalis, but always at low abundance (compare with MB1-253). Amongst the filamentous green algae, grazing molluscs and solitary ascidians may be present. Infauna may typically include Corophium volutator, Heterochaeta costata, Tubificoides benedeni and other taxa suited for low/variable salinity environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4222","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by Phragmites australis in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports Phragmites australis reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort Myriophyllum spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 in the British National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1995)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4223","name":"Association with Potamogeton pectinatus in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of Potamogeton pectinatus. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of unit MB5-224, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Potamogeton leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout ( Salmo trutta ), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB423","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (MB4-233, MB4-231, and MB2-222), polychaetes (MB4-232) and file shells (MB2-221). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this habitat type all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This habitat type may also include a newly proposed Chaetopterus biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed Chaetopterus sp. and small Lanice conchilega. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this habitat type are limited to that described in the biotope MB4-233 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4231","name":"Crepidula fornicata with ascidians and anemones on Atlantic infralittoral coarse mixed sediment","description":"Medium-coarse sands with gravel, shells, pebbles and cobbles on moderately exposed coasts may support populations of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata with ascidians and anemones. C. fornicata is common in this biotope though not as abundant as in the muddier estuarine biotope MB4-242 to which this is related. Anemones such as Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum and ascidians such as Styela clava are typically found in this biotope. Bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea are also found along with polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega. Little information is available with regard the infauna of this biotope but given the nature of the sediment the infaunal communities are liable to resemble those in biotopes from sublittoral coarse sediment and subunits. As with MC4-214 this biotope could be considered a superficial or epibiotic overlay but more data is required to support this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4232","name":"Sabella pavonina with sponges and anemones on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravelly sand with pebbles off shallow, sheltered or moderately exposed coasts or embayments may support dense populations of the peacock worm Sabella pavonina. This community may also support populations of sponges such as Esperiopsis fucorum, Haliclona oculata and Halichondria panicea and anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Cerianthus lloydii and Urticina felina. Hydroids such as Hydrallmania falcata and the encrusting polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter are also important. This biotope may have an extremely diverse epifaunal community. Less is known about its infaunal component, although it is likely to include polychaetes such as Nephtys spp., Harmothoe spp., Glycera spp., syllid and cirratulid polychaetes, bivalves such as Abra spp., Aoridae amphipods and brittlestars such as Amphipholis squamata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4233","name":"Venerupis senegalensis, Amphipholis squamata and Apseudes latreilli in Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Sheltered muddy sandy gravel and pebbles in marine inlets, estuaries or embayments with variable salinity or fully marine conditions, support large populations of the pullet carpet shell Venerupis senegalensis with the brittlestar Amphipholis squamata and the tanaid Apseudes latreilli. This biotope may be found at a range of depths from 5m to 30m although populations of V. senegalensis may also be found on the low shore. Other common species within this biotope include the gastropod Calyptraea chinensis, a range of amphipod crustacea such as Corophium sextonae and Maera grossimana and polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Melinna palmata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Syllids and tubificid oligochaetes. Many of the available records for this biotope are from southern inlets and estuaries such as Plymouth Sound and Milford Haven but V. senegalensis has a much wider distribution and it should be noted that northern versions of this biotope may a have a much lower species diversity than reported here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB424","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediments in estuarine conditions, often with surface shells or stones, enabling the development of diverse epifaunal communities, e.g. Crepidula fornicata (MB4-242), as well as infaunal communities. This habitat type is therefore often quite species rich, compared with purer sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4241","name":"Aphelochaeta spp. and Polydora spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy mixed sediments in estuaries or marine inlets with variable or reduced/low salinity communities characterised by Aphelochaeta marioni and Polydora ciliata may be present. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes Nephtys hombergii, Caulleriella zetlandica and Melinna palmata, tubificid oligochaetes and bivalves such as Abra nitida. Conspicuous epifauna may include members of the bivalve family Cardiidae (cockles) and the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata. This biotope is often found in polyhaline waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4242","name":"Crepidula fornicata and Mediomastus fragilis in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Variable salinity mixed sediment characterised by the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata and the polychaetes Mediomastus fragilis and Aphelochaeta marioni. Other numerically important taxa include the oligochaetes Tubificoides benedii, syllids such as Exogone  naidina and Sphaerosyllis, and Nephtys hombergii. Lepidonotus squamatus and Scoloplos armiger may also be common. Shell debris and cobbles are colonised by the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra, Molgula sp. and Dendrodoa grossularia (the ascidians may not be recorded adequately by remote infaunal survey techniques).          \r\nSituation: This biotope occurs in the lower estuary where currents allow a stable environment to develop. It is associated with oyster beds and relict oyster beds, (MB2-222) in southern England and Wales. It may be found adjacent to or in conjunction with MB6-252 and MB4-241. It may be associated with MB4-233 and possibly form a component of MB6-242."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB43","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nAttached algae, phanerogams, Charales, sessile and mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB431","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4311","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4312","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by sedges","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB432","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of submerged rooted plants which also includes plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia spp., Chara aspera\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4321","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4322","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp.and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4323","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4324","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Charales","description":"altic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment:       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu ; Exposure range: low  Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.       \r\nCharacteristic species Chara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida, Chara baltica               \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4325","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated  by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea\r\nHelcom Red List category : near threathened (NT)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB433","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by perennial algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of perennial attached algae is at least 10 % , and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus spp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Coccotylus truncatus, Deleseria sanguinea,Polysiphonia spp, Cladophora rupestris, Sphacelaria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea  Habitat under threat and/or in decline in all areas of occurrence. The Bothnian Sea, Åland Sea, Archipelago Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf ot Riga, The Northern Baltic Proper, Western Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Sea, The Southern Baltic Proper, The Gulf of Gdansk, Bay of Mecklenburg, Kiel Bay, Little Belt, Great Belt, The Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4331","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Fucus spp.","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial attached algae, Fucus spp. constitutesat least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, F. radicans, F. serratus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4332","name":"Baltic photic mixed substrate dominated by perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, perennial non-filamentous corticated red algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4333","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated  by foliose red algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, foliose red algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCoccotylus truncatus, Phyllophora spp., Delesseria sanguinea\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Archipelago Sea in the north and central Gulf of Finland in the east"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4334","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by kelp","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, kelp constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >11 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSaccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata\r\nGeographic range\r\n (Kattegat), the Sound and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4335","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by perennial filamentous algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Perennial algae covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the perennial algae, perennial filamentous algae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >5 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolysiphonia fucoides, Aegagrophila linnaei, Cladophora rupestris, Rhodomela confervoides\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB434","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by aquatic moss","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of aquatic moss is at least 10 %, and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone down from about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFontinalis antipyretica\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB435","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Dreissena polymorpha\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4351","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by  sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,  Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4352","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized  by  sparse Dreissena polymorpha","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Zebra mussel constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 2 to 10 meters. Appears in sheltered to moderately exposed areas. Salinity must be less than 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nDreissena polymorpha \r\nGeographic range\r\nEstonian west coast and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB436","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts (Ascidiacea, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula ssp )\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB437","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB438","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4381","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta   \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB4382","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliacea\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB439","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sedimen characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustaceans cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity must be at least 3 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae (Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides)\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43A","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone  with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43B","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation is at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis, Fucus spp., Ceratophyllum demersum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sedimentdominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus, Fucus radicans\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonym f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from coasts of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B3","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nTypical along the shore of the Baltic states\r\n\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43B4","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Ceratophyllum demersum","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which unattached Ceratophyllum demersum (rigid hornwort) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume. Found in sheltered bays.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2 meters \r\nCharacteristic species  \r\nCeratophyllum demersum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43C","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by soft crustose algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Coverage of soft crustose algae is at least 10 %, while perennial attached erect groups and unattached algae cover less than 10%.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHildenbrandia spp., Pseudolithoderma spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43D","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zonewith more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone to about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis, Dictyosiphon spp. Chorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43D1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by filamentous annual algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, filamentous annual alagae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone to about 0.5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCladophora glomerata, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ulva spp., Pilayella littoralis, Dictyosiphon spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB43D2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment dominated by Chorda filum and/o rHalosiphon tomentosus algae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus algae constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.5 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43E","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae, soft crustose algae or annual algae cover more than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43F","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with more than 10 %, but less than 90 % coverage of both hard and soft substrata. Sessile/semi-sessile macroscopic epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10 % coverage. Microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails dominate. Grazing snails (e.g. Hydrobiidae, Theodoxus, Bithynia, Radix) constitute 50 % in biomass or volume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: moderate to high; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone, more common in the deepest and the most shallow parts.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43G","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized  by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile macroscopic epibenthic fauna and flora is present but has less than 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB43H","name":"Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. No macrovegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: the deepest part of the photic zone                          \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB44","name":"Black Sea infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"The substrate is often patchy and is comprised of a mix of cobbles, pebbles, shelly gravels and silted cobbles. The effects of currents and wave action are varied, and influences the type of substrate present and whether it is overlain by  silt. These different substrates can support a diverse range of faunal communities. These include spirorbid worms, crustaceans and ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB441","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral (coastal) detritic bottoms","description":"The substrate is often patchy and is comprised of a mix of cobbles, pebbles, shelly gravels and silted cobbles. The effects of currents and wave action are varied, and influences the type of substrate present and whether it is overlain by  silt. These different substrates can support a diverse range of faunal communities. These include spirorbid worms, crustaceans and ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB45","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral mixed sediment","description":"To date, no habitats have been described under this level 3 habitat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB5","name":"Infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB51","name":"Arctic infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets of the Arctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB52","name":"Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. Clean sands typically lack a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods (Bathyporeia) and robust polychaetes including Nephtys cirrosa and Lanice conchilega. Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes (Magelona mirabilis, Spiophanes bombyx and Chaetozone setosa), bivalves (Fabulina fibula and Chamelea gallina) and the urchin Echinocardium cordatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB521","name":"Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sand and slightly gravelly sand, in moderately exposed and sheltered conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional Laminaria saccharina with an undergrowth of red algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with MB3-2112, include Plocamium cartilagineum, Polyides rotundus, Polysiphonia elongate and Lomentaria clavellosa. Coralline encrusting algae is much less important in this biotope as a result of a lack of suitable substrate. Brown algal species present, as with other subunits of MB3-211, include Desmarestia spp., Dictyota dichotoma and Chorda filum, all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed Ulva sp. may also be present. The sandy substrate is home to a variety of typical sand dwelling infauna including polychaetes (Scoloplos armiger, Exogone hebes, and Aricidea minuta), amphipods (Ampelisca brevicornis), and bivalves (Lucinoma borealis and Abra alba). Arenicola worm casts and Lanice worm tubes may be visible at the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB522","name":"Seagrass beds on Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Beds of submerged marine angiosperms in the genera  Cymodocea ,  Halophila ,  Posidonia ,  Ruppia ,  Thalassia ,  Zostera ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5221","name":"Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa of the Atlantic shores of southern Iberia, northwestern Africa and the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB52211","name":"Macaronesian Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa or Cymodocea and Caulerpa spp., in particular Caulerpa prolifera, occupying large surfaces, on sandy substrates at depths of 1-15 metres, around the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MB52212","name":"Lusitanian Cymodocea beds","description":"Formations of Cymodocea nodosa of the southernmost Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5222","name":"Canary Island Halophila beds","description":"Halophila decipiens colonies of Tenerife, at depths between 10 and 14 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5223","name":"Zostera marina/angustifolia beds on Atlantic infralittoral clean or muddy sand","description":"Expanses of clean or muddy fine sand and sandy mud in shallow water and on the lower shore (typically to about 5 m depth) can have dense stands of Zostera marina/angustifolia Note: the taxonomic status of Z. angustifolia is currently under consideration. In MB5-223 the community composition may be dominated by these Zostera species and therefore characterised by the associated biota. Other biota present can be closely related to that of areas of sediment not containing Zostera marina, for example, Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and infaunal species such as Ensis spp. and Echinocardium cordatum (e.g. Bamber 1993). From the available data it would appear that a number of sub-biotopes may be found within this biotope dependant on the nature of the substratum and it should be noted that sparse beds of Zostera marina may be more readily characterised by their infaunal community. For example, coarse marine sands with seagrass have associated communities similar to MB3-233, MB3-237 or MB3-235 whilst muddy sands may have infaunal populations related to MB5-235, MB5-237 and MB5-236. Muddy examples of this biotope may show similarities to MB6-242, MB6-249, MB6-248 or MB6-248. At present the data does not permit a detailed description of these sub-biotopes but it is likely that with further study the relationships between these assemblages will be clarified. Furthermore, whilst the Zostera biotope may be considered an epibiotic overlay of established sedimentary communities it is likely that the presence of Zostera will modify the underlying community to some extent. For example, beds of this biotope in the south-west of Britain may contain conspicuous and distinctive assemblages of Lusitanian fauna such as Laomedea angulata, Hippocampus spp. and Stauromedusae. In addition, it is known that seagrass beds play an important role in the trophic status of marine and estuarine waters, acting as an important conduit or sink for nutrients and consequently some examples of Zostera marina beds have markedly anoxic sediments associated with them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5224","name":"Ruppia maritima in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sand","description":"In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of Ruppia maritima and more rarely Ruppia spiralis may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as Gasterosteus aculeatus which is less common on filamentous algal-dominated sediments. Seaweeds such as Chaetomorpha spp., Enteromorpha spp., Cladophora spp., and Chorda filum are also often present in addition to occasional fucoids. In some cases the stoneworts Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera occur. Infaunal and epifaunal species may include mysid crustacea, the polychaete Arenicola marina, the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae, the amphipod Corophium volutator and oligochaetes such as Heterochaeta costata. In some areas Zosteramarina may also be interspersed with the Ruppia beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB523","name":"Faunal communities of full salinity Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets.         \r\nIn clean sands, the habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods (Bathyporeia) and robust polychaetes including Nephtys cirrosa and Lanice conchilega.          \r\nIn non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay), the habitat supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes (Magelona mirabilis, Spiophanes bombyx and Chaetozone setosa), bivalves (Fabulina fibula and Chamelea gallina) and the urchin Echinocardium cordatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5231","name":"Sparse fauna in Atlantic infralittoral mobile clean sand","description":"Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic populations of infaunal amphipods may occur, particularly in less mobile examples in conjunction with low numbers of mysids such as Gastrosaccus spinifer, the polychaete Nephtys cirrosa and the isopod Eurydice pulchra. Sand eels Ammodytes sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others). This biotope is more mobile than MB5-233 and may be closely related to MA5-231 on the shore. Common epifaunal species such as Pagurus bernhardus, Liocarcinus depurator, Carcinus maenas and Asterias rubens may be encountered and are the most conspicuous species present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5232","name":"Sertularia cupressina and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept Atlantic infralittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles","description":"Shallow sands with cobbles and pebbles, exposed to strong tidal streams, with conspicuous colonies of hydroids, particularly Hydrallmania falcata and to a lesser extent Sertularia cupressina and S. argentea. These hydroids are tolerant to periodic submergence and scour by sand. Both diving and dredge surveys will easily record this biotope. Flustra foliacea, Balanus crenatus and Alcyonidium diaphanum may also occur on the more stable cobbles and pebbles, with Urticina felina and occasional Lanice conchilega present in the sand. Infaunal components of the other biotopes of sublittoral sand or coarse sediments may occur in this biotope as may elements of the 'Venus' associations; indeed, this biotope may be at one extreme of the spectrum of such associations (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997) and this biotope may be best considered an epibiotic overlay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5233","name":"Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Well-sorted medium and fine sands characterised by Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. (and sometimes Pontocrates spp.) which occur in the shallow sublittoral to at least 30 m depth. This biotope occurs in sediments subject to physical disturbance, as a result of wave action (and occasionally strong tidal streams). The magelonid polychaete Magelona mirabilis may be frequent in this biotope in more sheltered, less tideswept areas whilst in coarser sediments the opportunistic polychaete Chaetozone setosa may be commonly found. The faunal diversity of this biotope is considerably reduced compared to less disturbed biotopes (such as unit MB5-236) and for the most part consists of the more actively-swimming amphipods. Sand eels Ammodytes sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others) and spionid polychaetes such as Spio filicornis and S. martinensis may also be present. Occasional Lanice conchilega may be visible at the sediment surface.                   \r\nTemporal variation: Stochastic recruitment events in the Nephtys cirrosa populations may be very important to the population size of other polychaetes present and may therefore create a degree of variation in community composition (Bamber 1994)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5234","name":"Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated by Corophium crassicorne with other tube building amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. also common. Other taxa include typical shallow sand fauna such as Spiophanes bombyx, Urothoe elegans, Bathyporeia spp. along with various polychaetes including Exogone hebes and Lanice conchilega. Polydora ciliata may also be abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface, Arenicola marina worm casts may be visible and occasional seaweeds such as Laminaria saccharina may be present. As many of the sites featuring this biotope are situated near to fish farms it is possible that it may have developed as the result of moderate nutrient enrichment. The distribution of this biotope is poorly known and like the muddier MB6-245, to which it is related, appears to have a patchy distribution.            \r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5235","name":"Echinocardium cordatum and Ensis spp. in Atlantic infralittoral slightly muddy fine sand","description":"Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin Echinocardium cordatum and the razor shell Ensis siliqua or Ensis ensis. Other notable taxa within this biotope include occasional Lanice conchilega, Pagurus and Liocarcinus spp. and Asterias rubens. This biotope has primarily been recorded by epifaunal dive, video or trawl surveys where the presence of relatively conspicuous taxa such as E. cordatum and Ensis spp. have been recorded as characteristic of the community. However, these species, particularly E. cordatum have a wide distribution and are not necessarily the best choice for a characteristic taxa (Thorson, 1957). Furthermore, detailed quantitative infaunal data for this biotope is often rather scarce, possibly as a result of survey method as remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate deep-burrowing species such as Ensis sp. (Warwick & Davis 1977). Consequently, it may be better to treat this biotope as an epibiotic overlay which is likely to overlap a number of other biotopes such as units MB5-236, MB5-233 and MC5-214 with infaunal components of these biotopes occurring within MB5-235. The precise nature of this infaunal community will be related to the nature of the substratum, in particular the quantity of silt/clay present. Infaunal species may include the polychaetes Spiophanes bombyx, Magelona mirabilis, Nephtys cirrosa and Chaetozone setosa and the amphipod Bathyporeia spp. This biotope is currently broadly defined and needs further consideration as to whether it should be placed at biotope or biotope complex level. MB5-237 is another biotope based primarily on epibiotic data. It is likely that this biotope and MB5-235 form a wider epibiotic sand /muddy sand community with MB5-235 biased towards sandier areas and MB5-237 towards slightly muddier areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5236","name":"Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis with venerid bivalves and amphipods in Atlantic infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand","description":"In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as Chamelea gallina. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis or other species of Magelona (e.g. M. filiformis). Other taxa, including the amphipod Bathyporeia spp. and polychaetes such as Chaetozone setosa, Spiophanes bombyx and Nephtys spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve Spisula elliptica may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of Magelona and F. Fabulina tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of F. fabulina in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. MB5-236 and MB3-233 are collectively considered to be the 'shallow Venus community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic Venus Community' and 'Mediterranean Venus Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the Ophelia borealis community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer et al. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes MB5-235 and MB5-237 may also overlay this biotope in some areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5237","name":"Arenicola marina in Atlantic infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand","description":"In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete Arenicola marina may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator, terebellid polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega and the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii. Occasional Sabella pavonina and frequent Ensis spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like unit MB5-235 (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other sublittoral sand biotopes.         \r\nTemporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5238","name":"Spisula subtruncata and Nephtys hombergii in Atlantic infralittoral muddy sand","description":"In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve Spisula subtruncata and the polychaete Nephtys hombergii may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between MB5-236 and MC5-214 with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than MB5-236 and less muddy than MC5-214) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include Abra alba, Fabulina fabula spp. and Mysella bidentata spp. In addition, Diastylis rathkei/typical, Philine aperta (in muddier sediments), Ampelisca spp., Ophiura albida, Phaxas pellucidus and occasionally Bathyporeia spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment S. solida or S. elliptica may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of Spisula subtruncata in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope.                \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of MB5-236 and MC5-214 rather than an established biotope in itself. For example MB5-238 has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. MC5-214) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter Melanitta nigra (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5239","name":"Turritella in Atlantic infralittoral Atlantic muddy sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB523A","name":"Ervillia castanea beds in infralittoral Atlantic sand","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB524","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral sand","description":"Clean sands that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is moderately strong, allowing the sedimentation of sand but not the finer silt fraction. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by brackish-water tolerant fauna, particularly amphipods, polychaetes and mysid shrimps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5241","name":"Infralittoral Atlantic mobile sand in variable salinity","description":"Very mobile sand in areas of strong tidal currents and variable salinity. No stable community is able to develop within this extremely mobile and abrasive habitat. The fauna encountered in this habitat consists of epifaunal crustaceans or relatively low numbers of robust species, such as the isopod Eurydice pulchra or Mesopodopsis slabberi. The polychaete Capitella capitata may occur frequently in some areas. Other taxa such as the polychaetes Eteone spp. and Arenicola marina, the mysid Neomysisinteger and the amphipods Bathyporeia spp. and Haustorius arenarius may also be washed in from adjacent communities. This biotope is found in tidal channels of estuaries and areas where water movement keeps silt and mud in suspension, and excludes even the more robust infauna. If oligochaetes, polychaetes and bivalves are present in any numbers within this habitat type then care must be taken to avoid the inclusion of juvenile or spat recruitment counts which may mask the presence of this biotope. This is particularly relevant as sampling usually occurs at slack water periods when settlement takes place"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5242","name":"Nephtys cirrosa and Limecola  balthica in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Mobile sand in variable salinity conditions where tidal currents create an unstable shifting habitat. Characteristic species include the polychaetes Nephtys cirrosa and Scoloplos armiger along with amphipods of the genus Bathyporeia and Haustoriusarenarius. The bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) may occur in more stable examples of this biotope, although not in the abundances found in unit MB6-241. The biotope contains relatively few species, each typically in low to moderate abundance. It is found in tidal channels with moderate tidal streams. Care should be taken in identification of this biotope due to the presence juveniles and species washed in during slack water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5243","name":"Neomysis integer and Gammarus spp. in fluctuating low salinity Atlantic infralittoral mobile sand","description":"Upper estuary mobile fine muddy sands with very low fluctuating salinity characterised by the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer (see Arndt 1991) and amphipods of the genus Gammarus spp. This habitat has a rather sparse infauna and species such as N. integer will most likely be found on the sediment surface or just above it whilst Gammarus may be under loose weed, stones or other detritus on the sediment surface. The harsh physicochemical regime imposed by such environmental conditions in the upper estuary leads to a relatively impoverished community but high densities of the mobile, salinity-tolerant, crustaceans can occur. The biotope is found in the transitional zone between freshwater and brackish environments, relying on the decreased freshwater input during the summer for penetration of the brackish species up-stream. As such this biotope may also contain elements of freshwater communities.         \r\nSituation: It may be found in conjunction with MB6-257, although it lacks appreciable numbers of oligochaetes.               \r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of Neomysis may to fluctuate on a seasonal basis due high over wintering mortality (Gameson 1982) and the location of this biotope within the estuary may also shift upstream or downstream on a seasonal or yearly basis related in part to the freshwater flow into the estuary as has been noted in the Humber (Allen et al. 2003)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB53","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, charales, mobile epifauna, infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB531","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5311","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <3 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5312","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the emergent vegetation, sedges constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: approximately <1 meter\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB532","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Zannichellia spp., Zostera marina, Charales\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5321","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, ponweed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5322","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. and/or Zostera noltii constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nZannichellia spp., Ruppia spp, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5323","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5324","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 7 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Tolypella nidifica, Chara baltica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5325","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Najas marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spiny naiad (Najas marina) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea  Especially some very sheltered, oligohaline German Boddens, the Puck, Vistula and Curonian Lagoon, as well as Finnish and Swedish flads and glo-flads are typical localities where the biotope occurs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5326","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: from 0.2 to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5327","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, common eelgrass constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.            \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to exposed; Depth range: from 1 to about 8 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5328","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Eleocharis spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: down to about 2 meters\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEleocharis acicularis, E. parvula, E. uniglumis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB533","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 %  or less of the seabed  and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5331","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10% of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves,  Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.       \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicol"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB534","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.   Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 % of the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum demersum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5341","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  No perennial attached erect group has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.           \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 5 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5342","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Fucus spp.(dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.          \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 5 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f. pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the coasts of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5343","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect gropu has a coverage  ≥ 10 %. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation covers at least 10 %, out of which Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.       \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered to moderate; Depth range: down to about 10 meters, level bottoms\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea, typical along the coast of the Baltic states"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB535","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 %, while all other epibenthic biotic structures cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5351","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  dominated by Chorda filum and/or Halosiphon tomentosus","description":"Baltic bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Out of the annual algae, Chorda filum and/or Halisiphon tomentosus constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.     \r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSalinity range: <4.5 psu; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: down to about 4 meters\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nChorda filum, Halosiphon tomentosus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5352","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand  dominated by Vaucheria spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Annual algae cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while all other vegetation covers less than 10 %. Of the annual algae, Vaucheria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <7 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVaucheria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nFrom southern Baltic Sea to northern Bothnian Bay and eastern Gulf of Finland"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB536","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae cover more than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: moderate; Depth range: photic zone \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB537","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves is at least 10 % and highest of the groups infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica) Arctica islandica, Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp., Chamelea striatula\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5371","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.         \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in all exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5372","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Cerastoderma spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Cerastoderma spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biomass         \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma glaucum, Cerastoderma edule\r\nGeographic range\r\nGerman inner bights, the Sound"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5373","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.        \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5374","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Mya arenaria","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.    \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5375","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by  multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5376","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB538","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wiwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5381","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesi constitute ≥10 %of the infaunal macrocommunity biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp, Travisia forbesii, Tanaissus spp, Streptosyllis spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5382","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by Arenicola marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes Arenicola marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters, Appears in from low to high wave exposure. Salinity >10 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArenicola marina, Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma sp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5383","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB539","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Bathyporeia pilosa, Oligochaeta, Haustorius arenarius, Cyathura carinata, Hediste diversicolor\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB53A","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB53B","name":"Baltic infralittoral sand characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- or microvegetation, no macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB54","name":"Black Sea infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB541","name":"Estuarine Black sea infralittoral sand","description":"Estuarine infralittoral sands in front of the large rivers such as the Danube  in the north-west Black Sea form an important habitat type, often with underwater dunes. The habitat also occurs in association with smaller rivers. Characteristic species: Mostly euryhaline species: -Gammarus marinus, Idothea tricuspidata, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Palaemon adspersus, Cerastoderma glaucum, Bittium reticulatumare common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB542","name":"Black Sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands without macroalgae","description":"Sandy habitats dominated by faunal species occurring in the infralittoral zone down to 20m depth with much variations. This ranges from medium to coarse grained sands on exposed beaches to off-shore infralittoral fine sand banks and includes many types of surface features at different scales (banks, ripples, mounds and burrows of infauna). The depth and waves or current exposure are important elements in defining the species composition"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB543","name":"Black sea infralittoral muddy sand","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) in the lower infralittoral zone. The habitat is dominated by faunal species including ghost shrimps and bivalves. Characteristic species: Upogebia pusilla, Mya arenaria, Anadara inaequivalvis, Abra alba, Spisula subtruncata and Pitar rudis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB544","name":"Black sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands with annual algae","description":"Infralittoral sands and muddy sands in the Black Sea are typically found in sheltered environments close to the coast, most commonly in deltas, bays, estuaries or lagoons. Due to the low energy environments algal species are able to form stands on the sediment surface. These algal stands are typically characterised by lamina green algae species of the genera Ulva and Cladophora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB545","name":"Black sea infralittoral sands and muddy sands with stable aggregations of perennial unattached macroalgae","description":"Infralittoral sands and muddy sands with unattached forms of macroalgae, in particular the ball-like form of the red algaPhyllophora crispavar.sphaerica. The classic example of this habitat is the Small Phyllophora field (SPF) National Botanical Reserve, which lies in shallow water (less than 16 m) on sand with shells in Karkinitsky Bay, Ukraine. Characteristic species: Macrophyte species diversity is not high, comprising about 20 species, chiefly Zostera noltii and P. crispa. The Phyllophorabeds support a specialized fauna of more than 110 species of invertebrates and 47 species of fish that use the alga for breeding, food and shelter (many even having a reddish colouration). The main groups of macrozoobenthos recorded from the SPF in 2000 in terms of number of species, abundance and biomass were molluscs, polychaetes and crustaceans, with the most common species (with occurrence 60%) being: Mytilaster linneatus, Bittium reticulatum, Harmothoe reticulata, Nereis zonataandSynisoma capito."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB546","name":"Seagrass and rhizomatous algal meadows in Black Sea freshwater influenced infralittoral muddy sands","description":"Sheltered shallow (0.5-2 m) coastal waters such as embayments, inlets, bights, harbours and estuaries, more or less influenced by freshwater (salinity 0.5-10 psu), where sedimentary stability leads to muddy sands. Mixed or monospecific meadows are formed by Zostera noltei, Ruppia maritima, R. cirrhosa, Chara spp.,Stuckenia pectinata (synPotamogeton pectinatus), Najas minor and Ranunculus baudotii. Algae commonly found include species of Cladophora and Ulva which are tolerant of very low salinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB547","name":"Black sea seagrass meadows on moderately exposed upper infralittoral clean sands","description":"Seagrass meadows on clean sands in the upper infralittoral zone at depths between 0.2 to 3m and a low silt content of 5-10%. The dominant seagrass species is Zostera noltei, which may form monospecific or mixed meadows with Zostera marina, Ruppia  maritima, R cirrhosa and Zannichellia pedicellata. Red and green algae may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB548","name":"Black sea seagrass meadows on lower infralittoral sands","description":"Seagrass meadows are found on sandy and sandy-muddy bottoms in sheltered habitats with sufficient light penetration for the growth of vascular plants. Zostera marinais generally dominant and may form pure stands but other species of seagrass may occur, together with red and green algae. Characteristic species: Zostera marina, Zostera noltei, Cystoseira barbata, Gracilaria gracilis. 115 macroalgal species have been recorded in this habitat type in the Black Sea. Typical genera are: Ceramium, Cladophora, Kylinia, Laurencia, Melobesia and Polysiphonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB55","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral sand","description":"Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets of the Mediterranean. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean fine surface sands","description":"These assemblages occur in very shallow water with seabottoms characterised by fine sands, usually with homogenous granulometry and of terrigenous origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5511","name":"Facies with Lentidium mediterraneum","description":"This facies is present in shallow water and is characterised by the mollusc bivalve Lentidium mediterraneum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5512","name":"Facies with Donax trunculus","description":"It is an important constituent of the surface macrofauna of the sandy bottoms and predominantly colonizes the seafloor from the shore line to -2.5m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB552","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean well sorted fine sands","description":"Stretches of fine sands continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of fine sands at high level; the sediment is usually of homogeneous granulometry and terrigenous origin. The biocenosis begins at around 2-2.5 meters and may reach a depth of 25 meters; sometimes it occupies vast areas along the coasts or in wide bays.\r\nLocally, the biocenosis of well sorted fine sands tolerates a slight lack of saltiness in the water near estuaries and surrounding some Mediterranean ponds. It thus presents a certain impoverishment, offset by the presence of some euryhaline species. When the wave action is too strong, the biocenosis can also be impoverished. Locally, the Cymodocea nodosa phanerogam can colonise certain areas, where it will constitute a local facies with epiflora. The fairly localized presence of some species (Caulerpa prolifera, Halophila stipulacea…) also determines the forming of local facies. The characteristic species are pelecypod molluscs (e.g. Donax venustus, Atlantella pulchella, Peronaea planata, Acanthocardia tuberculata), gastropods (e.g. Nassarius mutabilis sufflatus and Neverita josephinia), crustaceans (e.g. Crangon crangon and Iphinoe josephina) and small fish (e.g. Pomatoschistus microps, Callionymus risso, Solea solea and Trachinus draco)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5521","name":"Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands","description":"This association, characterised by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, lives on soft bottoms formed by well sorted fine sands and can constitute a local facies with epiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5522","name":"Association with Halophila stipulacea","description":"The facies characterised by the seagrass Halophila stipulacea lives on soft bottoms with fine sands that are fairly enriched by fine particles. Colonies of Halophila stipulacea have invaded the Mediterranean as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal; they have been reported from continental Greece, the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, Samos, the Maltese Islands. Its phytosociological name: the Giaccone 1968 association with Halophiletum stipulaceae. It can be associated with Cymodocea nodosa, Caulerpa prolifera and Caulerpa racemosa. The epiphytic flora has been described; it is very typical of the phanerogams, by and large fairly poor, probably related to the fairly frequent renewal of its leaves. The fauna is probably made up of species met with among the photophilous algae, found in most phanerogam meadows. The sediment fauna is the same as that of the biocenosis of well sorted fine sands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB553","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species. These variations in the environment are linked to fairly strong sedimentation conditions, to climatic conditions, with very great differences in temperature between winter and summer and even during the same day, to the possibility of rainwater runoff or ground water seepage, and to anthropic action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5531","name":"Facies with Pestarella tyrrhena and Bornia sebetia","description":"This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp Pestarella tyrrhena(formerly Callianassa tyrrhena) and the bivalve mollusc Bornia sebetia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5532","name":"Facies with fresh water resurgences with Cerastoderma glaucum and Cyathura carinata","description":"This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve molluscs Cerastoderma glaucum and Cyathura carinata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5533","name":"Facies with Loripes orbiculatus and Tapes spp.","description":"This facies is characterised by a development of several bivalve mollusc species: Loripes orbiculatus, Ruditapes decussatus, Polititapes aureus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5534","name":"Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This association is characterised by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and is present when the water is actively renewed and there is no trace of desalination."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5535","name":"Association with Zostera noltei on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"Association with the Zostera noltei on muddy sands in sheltered waters. The Zostera noltei constitutes a bed in areas where there is an active deposit of fine matter. The epifauna of the vascular plants is poor. The population can tolerate a slight local lack of salt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5536","name":"Association with Caulerpa prolifera on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters","description":"This facies is characterised by the green alga Caulerpa prolifera and is present in the warmest areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5537","name":"Facies of hydrothermal oozes with Tritia neritea and nematodes","description":"This facies is characterised by the gastropod Tritia neritea and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 meters depth with high hydrothermal activity, which constitute a very special environment: greatly reduced sediment, poor macrofauna, and meiofauna dominated by a rich community of nematodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB554","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis on sand","description":"Saline lagoons or occasionally in estuaries with sandy sediments where the salinity is variable over the short or long term (daily to annual). Characteristic species include Vascular plants (Ruppia cirrhosa, R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata, Zostera marina, Z. noltei, Cymodocea nodosa); (Polychaete worms (Hediste diversicolor, Alitta succinea); Bivalves (Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra segmentum, Scrobicularia plana, Loripes orbiculatus, Gastrana fragilis, Tapes spp., Ostrea edulis); Gasteropods (Rissoa spp., Nassarius reticulatus, Cyclope neritea); Amphipods (Gammarus locusta, Microdeutopus sp.), Isopods (Lekanesphaera hookeri, Cyathura carinata, Idotea chelipes)  and the shore crab Carcinus aestuarii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5541","name":"Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on sand","description":"Submerged beds of Ruppia maritima or Ruppia cirrhosa and of Chara spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean. Ruppia are phanerogams which live submerged on sandy or muddy bottoms. This genus is cosmopolitan and the Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima species are present throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.\r\nRuppia maritima is more frequent in temporary peripheral environments, in shallow water presenting low salinity (basically from 5 to 20, never more than 30). It is accompanied by Zannichellia palustris and Chara aspera. In areas with the highest salinity, R. maritima is accompanied by Althenia filiformis and R. cirrhosa appears. The fauna has affinities with freshwater fauna, and is dominated by insects (Heteroptera, Odonata, Diptera).\r\nRuppia cirrhosa is found in permanent or semi-permanent (short drying up) environments, subject to conditions of variable salinity, basically between 5 and 35, but withstanding oversalty environments. According to the salinity, R. cirrhosa may be accompanied by R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata and/or Zostera noltei (and Cymodocea nodosa). The accompanying fauna is that of the euryhaline and eurythermal brackish environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5542","name":"Association with Stuckenia pectinata on sand","description":"Low (0 to 10) and variable salinity infralittoral  sand rich in organic matter with beds of Stuckenia pectinata (Syn Potamogeton pectinatus), associated with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Stuckenia leaves and amongst the algae. The  charophyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophiumvolutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5543","name":"Association with Halopithys incurva on sand","description":"The association with Halopithys incurva is present in the most marine sectors of Mediterranean lagoons. The salinity there is identical or close to that of the open sea, the differences in termperature are strictly seasonal, the oxygenation of the environment is normal, the concentrations of organic matter and pollutants in the water are low, and depth is of the order of 3 to 5 meters or more, according to the clearness of the water.\r\nThe main plant species belong to the Rhodophyceae: Halopithys incurva, Rythiphlaea tinctoria and Alsidium corallinum. H. incurva is more common in the Etang de Thau (southern coasts of France) and Rythiphlaea tinctoria in the Stagnone de Marsala (western Sicily, Italy).\r\nThe fauna, especially studied in Sicily, is typically that of the fronds of algae of the upper part of the infralittoral stage: Polychaete annelids Syllis spp., Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii; the mollusc Nodolus contortus; the amphipod crustaceans Elasmospus pocillimanus, Maera inaequipes, Lysiannassa longicornis, and the tanaidaceans Leptochelia guttatus, L. savignyi, Apseudes latreillii and Parapseudes latifrons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5544","name":"Association with Zostera noltii in euryhaline and eurythermal environment on sand","description":"The association with Zostera noltei develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, either at the entrances to the lagoons (graus) or even within the lagoons, where it develops monospecific phanerogam populations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. Given its wide potential, it constitutes the epiflora of various habitats. In the case of this association of the euryhaline and eurythermal lagoon biocenosis, the fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs with some addition of marine water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB5545","name":"Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal environment","description":"The association with Zostera marina develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, near the entrances to lagoons (graus), even inside the lagoons, where it develops remarkably at greater depths than Z. noltei, in ‘marinized’ lagoons and, more rarely, in the open sea, in sheltered stations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. The fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, with sizeable additions of sea water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MB6","name":"Infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as Amphiura spp.  Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB61","name":"Arctic infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud in the Arctic extending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB611","name":"Marine Arctic infralittoral fine mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6111","name":"Astarte crenata beneath high salinity cold polar water","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB62","name":"Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents. Such habitats are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours.             \r\nInfralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, have a rich variety of polychaetes including Melinna palmate, tube building amphipods (Ampelisca spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Mysella bidentata. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.              \r\nMud with minimal sand content have populations of the lugworm Arenicolamarina may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch Philine aperta and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this biotope complex are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suit of infaunal species found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB621","name":"Vegetated communities on Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp Laminaria saccharina, the bootlace weed Chorda filum and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.            \r\nBeds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6211","name":"Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum on sheltered Atlantic upper infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum. Beneath the kelp canopy, Ulva lactuca is often frequent and some filamentous and foliose red algae may be present, along with filamentous brown ectocarpoid algae although in much lower abundance than in the MB3-211 subunits. At the sediment surface ubiquitous fauna such as Asterias rubens, crabs such as Pagurus bernhardus, Carcinus maenas, and the gastropod Gibbula cineraria may be visable and in some areas Sabella pavonina may be present. Given the nature of the sediment it is likely that a wide range of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes are present including Arenicola marina, Mediomastus fragilis and Anaitides mucosa. In more tideswept areas with coarser and generally less muddy sediments MB6-211 may be replaced by one of the sub units of MB3-211."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6212","name":"Mats of Trailliella on Atlantic infralittoral muddy gravel","description":"Dense loose-lying beds of the ' Trailliella ' phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera may occur in extremely sheltered shallow muddy environments. Beds of this alga are often 10 cm thick but may reach 100 cm at some sites. Other loose-lying algae may also occur such as Audouinella floridula, Phyllophora crispa and species of Derbesia. Often the mud is gravelly or with some cobbles and may be black and anoxic close to the sediment surface. This biotope is widely distributed in lagoons, sealochs and voes but should only be described as MB6-212 when a continuous mat is found. It is likely that the infaunal component of this biotope may be considerably modified by the overwhelming quantity of loose-lying algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6213","name":"Loose-lying mats of Phyllophora crispa on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Infralittoral muddy sand and sandy mud, sometimes with some shells or pebbles, and a dense, loose-lying cover of Phyllophora crispa. This biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions such as those found in sealochs and voes. MB6-213 is similar to other biotopes described with dense, loose-lying algae but has been less frequently recorded, and from the few records available, appears to occur in slightly deeper infralittoral waters primarily between 10m to 30m and typically in fully saline waters. The seaweeds in this biotope may be epiphytised by ascidians such as Ascidiella aspera. Kelp such as Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds including Plocamium cartilagineum may be present in some areas. The scallops Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis may also be found occasionally in this biotope and Trailliella / Bonnemaisonia hamifera may also be present but not at the levels found in MB6-212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB622","name":"Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically Phymatolithon calcareum (MB3-221), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of Lithothamnion glaciale (MB3-222) may develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6221","name":"Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow, sheltered infralittoral muddy plains with Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl. This rarely recorded maerl species forms flattened masses or balls several centimetres in diameter (Irvine & Chamberlain 1994). Unit MB6-221 may be found on mud and muddy gravel mixed with shell. Species of anemone typical of sheltered conditions may be found in association, for example, Anthopleura ballii, Cereus pedunculatus and Sagartiogeton undatus. Polychaetes such as Myxicola infundibulum and terebellids, also characteristic of sheltered conditions, may be present as may hydroids such as Kirchenpaueria pinnata. Occasional Chlamys varia and Thyone fuscus are present in all records of this biotope and red seaweeds such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Calliblepharis jubata and Chylocladia verticillata are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB623","name":"Vegetated communities in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Beds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6231","name":"Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by Phragmites australis on Atlantic reduced salinity infralittoral mud","description":"Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports Phragmites australis reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara aspera may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort Myriophyllum spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 in the British National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1995)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6232","name":"Association with Potamogeton pectinatus on Atlantic reduced salinity infralittoral mud","description":"Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of Potamogeton pectinatus. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of unit MB5-224, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Potamogeton leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB624","name":"Faunal communities on full salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"This habitat is generally found in sheltered bays or marine inlets and along sheltered areas of open coast.        \r\nIn infralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, typical species include a rich variety of polychaetes including Melinna palmate, tube building amphipods (Ampelisca spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) and Mysella bidentata. Sea pens such as Virgulariamirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.     \r\nShallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours. Populations of the lugworm Arenicola marina may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch Philine aperta and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this habitat type are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suite of infaunal species found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6241","name":"Nephtys hombergii andLimecola  balthica in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Near-shore shallow sandy muds and muds, and sometimes mixed sediments, may be characterised by the presence of the polychaete Nephtys hombergii and the bivalve Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica). Abra alba, and Nucula nitidosa may also be important although they may not necessarily occur simultaneously or in high numbers. Other taxa include Spiophanes bombyx, Lagis koreni, and Echinocardium cordatum. In some areas Scoloplos armiger and Crangon crangon may also be present. The community appears to be quite stable (Dewarumez et al. 1992) and the substratum is typically rich in organic content. This community has been included in the 'Boreal Offshore Muddy Sand Association' of Jones (1950) and is also described by several other authors (Petersen 1918; Cabioch & Glaçon 1975). A similar community may occur in deep water in the Baltic (Thorson 1957). This biotope may occur in slightly reduced salinity estuarine conditions where Mya sp. may become a significant member of the community (Thorson 1957).        \r\nSituation: The community may occur in small patches or swathes in shallow waters parallel to the shore (Jones 1950; Cabioch & Glaçon 1975) or in shallow nearshore depressions or trenches where finer material collects e.g. off the Suffolk coast (IECS 1991). This biotope is known to occur in patches between Denmark and the western English Channel.             \r\nTemporal variation: Sites with MB6-241 may develop into Amphiura biotopes with time (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1996)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6242","name":"Sagartiogeton undatus and Ascidiella aspersa on Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sheltered sublittoral mud or sandy mud in shallow water with relatively few conspicuous species may be characterised by the anemone Sagartiogeton undatus in low numbers and the tunicate Ascidiella aspersa. Other taxa may include Carcinus maenas, Pagurus bernhardus and terebellid polychaetes. The burrowing anemones Cerianthus lloydii may also be found occasionally. The status of this biotope is uncertain at present as it is not known whether it is an impoverished, disturbed or epifaunal variant of other sheltered, shallow mud biotopes such as MB6-249 or if the areas in which it has been recorded have been incompletely surveyed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6243","name":"Mysella bidentata and Abra spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud, sometimes with a small quantity of shell in shallow water may contain the bivalves Mysella bidentata and Abra spp. (typically A. alba and A. nitida). Other characteristic taxa may include Scoloplos armiger, Mya sp., and Thyasiraflexuosa. Tube building amphipods are also characteristic of this biotope in particular Ampelisca spp. and Aoridae such as Microprotopusmaculatus.      \r\nSituation: This biotope is generally found in sheltered marine inlets or sealochs such as Strangford Lough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6244","name":"Melinna palmata with Magelona spp. and Thyasira spp. in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"In infralittoral cohesive sandy mud, in sheltered marine inlets, and occasionally variable salinity environments, dense populations of the polychaete Melinna palmata may occur, often with high numbers of Magelona spp. and the bivalve Thyasira flexuosa. Other important taxa may include Chaetozonegibber, Nephtys hombergii, Galathowenia oculata, Euclymene oerstedii, Ampelisca tenuicornis, Ampharete lindstroemi, Abra alba, and Phoronis sp. In addition the polychaete Aphelochaeta spp. and the gastropod Turritella communis may be common or abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface visible taxa may include occasional Virgulariamirabilis, and mobile epifauna such as Pagurus bernhardus. This biotope is characteristic in many southern UK marine inlets and in some areas e.g. Plymouth Sound during high levels of recruitment when M. palmata often occurs in abundances between 500 to 1000 per m² moderate numbers of the species often 'overspill' into adjacent biotopes (Allen et al. 2001).           \r\nSituation: In many areas this biotope is found on or near the boundary between euryhaline and polyhaline waters and in such areas moderately high numbers of Aphelochaeta spp. are often recorded.              \r\nTemporal variation: Numbers of M. palmata tend to vary considerably from year to year presumably due to recruitment and/or adult mortality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6245","name":"Ampeliscaspp., Photis longicaudata and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in Atlantic infralittoral sandy mud","description":"Sublittoral stable cohesive sandy muds occurring over a wide depth range may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. In particular large numbers of the amphipods Ampelisca spp. and Photis longicaudata may be present along with polychaetes such as Lagis koreni. Other important taxa may include bivalves such as Nucula nitidosa, Chamelea gallina, Abra alba and Mysella bidentata and the echinoderms Echinocardium cordatum and Amphiura brachiata. In some areas polychaetes such as Spiophanes bombyx and Polydora ciliata may also be conspicuously numerous. This community is poorly known, appearing to occur in restricted patches. In some areas it is possible that MB6-245 may develop as a result of moderate organic enrichment. A similar community in mud has also been reported in the Baltic which is characterised by large populations of amphipods such as Ampelisca spp., Corophium spp. and Haploopstubicola (see Petersen 1918; Thorson 1957) and it is not known if MB6-245 is a UK variant of this biotope.           \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas of the Irish Sea this biotope is reported to be a temporal variant of units MB5-238, MC5-214 and MC6-215. Some researchers consider these biotopes to be part of a wider muddy sand community which varies temporally depending on changes in sediment deposition and recruitment as was reported in areas of Red Wharf Bay off the Welsh coast (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6246","name":"Capitella capitata in enriched Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediments","description":"The polychaete Capitella capitata (agg.) a widely-occurring, opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) where it may be superabundant. In very polluted/disturbed areas only Capitella, Nematodes and occasional Malacoceros fuliginosus may be found whilst in slightly less enriched areas and estuaries species such as Tubificoides, Cirriformia tentaculata, Pygospio elegans and Polydora ciliata may also be found. In some areas e.g. the Tees estuary, high numbers of the polychaete Ophryotrocha may also be present. MB6-246 may become established as a result of anthropogenic activities such as fish farming and sewerage effluent but may also occur with natural enrichment as a result of, for example, coastal bird roosts. This biotope may also occur to some extent in the intertidal and in estuaries.          \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in marine inlets, embayments or estuaries where organic enrichment allows C. capitata to out compete other taxa, although the species may also occur in enriched muddy coastal sediments and also offshore where there is a high organic input from adjacent oil drilling platforms (units MD6-216 & MD6-2161)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6247","name":"Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Sheltered shallow sublittoral muds and gravelly muds in marine embayments, inlets or harbours may contain populations of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida. Other taxa may include the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae, cirraltulid polychaetes such as Caulleriella spp. and other polychaetes including Hediste diversicolor and Aphelochaeta marioni. Available data for this biotope are limited to parts of Southampton Water, Chichester Harbour and also in the Wash. The species list given here may therefore be far from complete. It is not known at this stage whether this biotope is a sublittoral extension of intertidal cockle beds (e.g. MA5-252) or whether it exists independently of intertidal populations of C. edule."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6248","name":"Arenicola marina in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"In very shallow, extremely sheltered, very soft muds Arenicola marina may form very conspicuous mounds and casts. This biotope may also contain synaptid holothurians such as Labidoplaxmedia and Leptosynapta bergensis or L. inhaerens. However these species may be under recorded (possibly due to periodicity in feeding) and are not considered characteristic of this biotope. Other conspicuous fauna may include Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens and Pagurus bernhardus whilst the scallop Pecten maximus and the turret shell Turritella communis may also be present in some areas.                \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs in waters shallower than about 5 m in sheltered basins of sealochs and lagoons that may be partially separated from the open sea by tidal narrows or rapids.      \r\nTemporal variation: Sediment surfaces may become covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6249","name":"Philine aperta and Virgularia mirabilis in soft stable Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Physically very stable muds, occasionally with small stones, with a high proportion of fine material (typically greater than 80 %) may contain the opisthobranch Philine aperta and the seapen Virgularia mirabilis. These muds typically occur in shallow water down to about 12-15 m where significant seasonal variation in temperature is presumed to occur. This habitat is restricted to the most sheltered basins in, for example, sealochs. Although most records suggest full salinity conditions are prevalent, some sites may be subject to variable salinity. Philine aperta is the most characteristic species of this habitat, occurring in high densities at many sites, whilst Virgularia mirabilis, a species found more widely in muddy sediments, appears to reach its highest densities in this shallow mud but may not be present in all examples of this biotope. Other conspicuous species found in this shallow muddy habitat include Cerianthus lloydii, Pagurus bernhardus, Sagartiogeton spp. and Hydractinia echinata. Burrowing crustacean megafauna, characteristic of deeper mud, are rare or absent from this shallow sediment although Nephrops norvegicus may sometimes be recorded. This biotope has been primarily recorded on the basis of its epifauna and a few conspicuous infauna. Little data exists on the infaunal component of this biotope but it may include Nephtys spp., spionid polychaetes, Ampelisca spp. and the bivalves Nucula spp., Thyasiraflexuosa, Mysellabidentata and Abra spp. In the south of Great Britain, the polychaete Sternaspisscutata is also characteristic of this biotope. This polychaete is rare in Great Britain (Sanderson 1996). Indeed, this southern variant of the biotope is very restricted in the UK to Portland Harbour but is known to occur further south in the Gulf of Gascony and the Mediterranean (Glemarec 1973; Dauvin et al. 1994).       \r\nTemporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal variant of other subunits of A5.3. The key species, Philine aperta, may be highly variable from year to year The sediment may also be covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624A","name":"Ocnus planci aggregations on sheltered Atlantic sublittoral muddy sediment","description":"Dense aggregations of Ocnus planci [?brunneus] on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sealochs. Philine aperta also characterises this biotope but is present in lower abundances than in MB6-249. Other associated species vary but are typical of very sheltered muddy habitats and include the ophiuroids Ophiura spp. and Ophiothrixfragilis. Melanellaalba, which parasitises holothurians, has been found in large numbers at one site."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624B","name":"Oligochaetes in mobile Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB624C","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asteriasrubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicolamarina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromusflexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB625","name":"Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity Atlantic sublittoral mud","description":"Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore into the subtidal in variable salinity (estuarine) conditions. Such habitats typically support communities characterised by oligochaetes, and polychaetes such as Aphelochaeta marioni. In lowered salinity conditions the sediments may include a proportion of coarser material, where the silt content is sufficient to yield a similar community to that found in purer muds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6251","name":"Polydora ciliata and Corophium volutator in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay","description":"Variable salinity clay and firm mud characterised by a turf of the polychaete Polydoraciliata along with the amphipod Corophium volutator. Other important taxa include the polychaetes Pygospio elegans, Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii and the oligochaete Tubificoides benedii. P. ciliata also occurs in high densities elsewhere (see unit A4.232) and may be a specific feature of the Humber Estuary in these conditions. This biotope occurs only in very firm mud and clay and possibly submerged relict saltmarsh with a high detrital content. It is characterised, and can be separated from other biotopes, by a combination of the sediment characteristics and the very high density of Polydora ciliata. In some areas, such as the Humber estuary, cyclical behaviour with regard its characteristic taxa has been reported with either P. ciliata or C. volutator increasing in dominance at the expense of the other (Gameson 1982). It is possible that changes in water quality or the sediment regime may be responsible for this."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6252","name":"Aphelochaeta marioni and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Variable salinity cohesive muddy sediment (sometimes with some coarser material) dominated by the polychaete Aphelochaeta marioni (or other Aphelochaeta species e.g. A. amplivasatus) and the oligochaete Tubificoides spp. These taxa are generally accompanied by Nephtyshombergii whilst the polychaetes Capitellacapitata and Melinna palmata may also occur in high numbers in some areas. Other members of the cirratulid polychaete group e.g. Caulleriella zetlandica. and Tharyx spp. may also occur in high numbers, sometimes replacing A. marioni as the dominant polychaete. However, there is still inconsistency in the identification of the cirratulid group which is further compounded by fragmentation during sample processing. This biotope is very common in stable muddy environments and may extend from reduced salinity to fully marine conditions.           \r\nSituation: This biotope may also be found in conjunction with MB6-241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6253","name":"Nephtys hombergii and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral soft mud","description":"Variable salinity soft infralittoral mud and sandy mud characterised by the polychaete Nephtys hombergii and oligochaetes of the genus Tubificoides. Other characterising species that may be present are the polychaetes Streblospio shrubsolii and Aphelochaeta marioni, and the cumacean Diastylis rathkeitypica.             \r\nSituation: The biotope is found in areas of silt deposition in soft and sandy muds but may not form a stable habitat. It may be found adjacent to MB6-252, separated by the abundance of Aphelochaeta marioni and its more cohesive sediments"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6254","name":"Atlantic infralittoral fluid mobile mud","description":"Fluid mobile mud suspended and deposited on each tide. In areas with very high quantities of suspended particulate material in the water column it may become deposited around slack water when tidal currents fall. This can form fluid mud layers up to several metres thick (Warwick & Uncles 1980) becoming a transient habitat in its own right. Species present within this biotope will be those washed in from other communities such as Nephtys hombergii or Capitella capitata. This biotope may be under-recorded due to sampling problems, and also where sediment descriptions are absent from field data.                  \r\nSituation: It may be found adjacent to; MB6-256, MB6-253 and to some extent MB6-252."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6255","name":"Capitella capitata and Tubificoide sspp. in reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the Capitella capitata species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes Tubificoides spp. may be found in conjunction with C. capitata, along with other species such as Marenzellaria sp, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Arenicola marina and Eteonelonga. In some estuaries this biotope may also include high numbers of the polychaete Ophryotrocha. This biotope usually has a moderate organic content, and is found away from tidal channels in estuaries. The presence of dense Capitella has classically been associated with organically enriched and physically disturbed habitats in the marine environment (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) and areas of higher organic loads in estuaries will typically fall into unit MB6-246. Where Capitella is less abundant and accompanied by other typical estuarine species the dominance of Capitella may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for C. capitata in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff 1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6256","name":"Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus Tubificoides or from the group Enchytraeidae. The abundance of the oligochaetes may vary by several orders of magnitude but very few other species will be present. Organic loading and poor water-exchange within the sediment lead to anoxic conditions which may explain the low species richness within this biotope.           \r\nSituation: This biotope is found towards the edges of tidal channels in estuaries where current velocities allow deposition of silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. The biotope may occur downstream of MB6-257, differentiated by the absence of the freshwater species, and adjacent to more mobile and sandier biotopes in the tidal channels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6257","name":"Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex and Gammarus spp. in low salinity Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment","description":"Upper estuary muddy sediments with very low fluctuating salinity, characterised by the oligochaetes Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tubifex tubifex. Other taxa may include Marenzelleria wireni, Gammarus zaddachi, Paranais litoralis and Heterochaeta costata. The biotope contains elements of both freshwater and brackish communities.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is found in the transitional zone between the freshwater and brackish environments where tidal currents are sufficiently reduced to allow the deposition of fine silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. It may be found adjacent to MB5-243 away from the stronger tidal streams.           \r\nTemporal variation: The position of this biotope in the estuary may vary seasonally depending on freshwater input (Gameson, 1982)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB626","name":"Faunal communities on low or reduced salinity Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by Arenicola marina and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, Carcinus maenas and Corophium volutator which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include Hediste diversicolor, Heterochaeta costata and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB627","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6271","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6272","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB63","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nPhanerogams, Charales, mobile epifauna, infauna\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB631","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by emergent vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than  other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species    \r\nPhragmites australis, Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa, Mytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp., Dreissena polymorpha, Valvata spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6311","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Phragmites australis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, common reed constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: < 6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPhragmites australis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6312","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by  Cyperaceae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Emergent vegetation covers least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the emergent vegetation, sedges form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone down to about 1 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species       \r\nSchoenoplectus spp, Bolbaschoenus maritimus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB632","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants, including plants with rhizoids (i.e. Charales) cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nStuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas marina, Chara tomentosa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6321","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Potamogeton perfoliatus and/or Stuckenia pectinata","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, pondweed form at least 50 % in biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPotamogeton perfoliatus, Stuckenia pectinata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6322","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Zannichellia spp. and/o rRuppia spp. and /or Zostera noltii","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zannichellia spp. and/or Ruppia spp. constitute at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: low to moderate; Exposure range: low to moderate; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.1 to 4 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZannichellia palustris, Ruppia maritime, Zostera noltii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6323","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated  by Myriophyllum spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, watermilfoil constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMyriophyllum spicatum, Myriophyllum sibiricum\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6324","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Charales","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Charales constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: low; Depth range: photic zone from about 0.2 to 7 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChara aspera, Chara tomentosa, Tolypella nidifica, Chara horrida\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6325","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Najas marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Najas marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <4 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 1 meter.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nNajas marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6326","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Ranunculus spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Ranunculus spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <6 psu; Exposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 3 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nRanunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6327","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated by Zostera marina","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, Zostera marina constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment    Zostera beds are common from Kattegat to the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic, and the salinity gradient from south to north causes considerable differences to the composition of the associated fauna and flora. In the southern Baltic Sea the eelgrass usually forms pure stands along the outer, exposed coastline, whereas in the northern part of the Baltic Sea and in southern bays and lagoons it often grows intermixed with other aquatic angiosperms. The largest occurrences of the biotopes dominated by Zostera marina are found in the southern Baltic Sea, where they represent one of the most abundant biotopes of the sublittoral.    \r\nSalinity range: >6 psu; Exposure range: moderate to high; Depth range: photic zone from about 1 to 6 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nZostera marina"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6328","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment dominated   by Eleocharis spp","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Submerged rooted plants cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the submerged rooted plants, spikerush (Eleocharis spp.)  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB633","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6331","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by  sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover   10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves) Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nzebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6332","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characerized by sparse  zebra mussel","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves) zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)  constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6333","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by sparse  valve snails","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover less then  10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Of the  epibenthic bivalves  valve snails  (Valvata spp.) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB634","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound  (and Kattegat)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6341","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by tube-building polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes tube-building polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellida.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB635","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed, while perennial attached erect groups  cover less than 10 %.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Salinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus normal and dwarf form, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceratophyllum demersumm\r\nGeographic range               \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6351","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (typical form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp.(typical form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus (typical form), F. radicans\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6352","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Fucus spp. (dwarf form)","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Fucus spp. (dwarf form) constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFucus vesiculosus dwarf form (synonyme f.pygmaea)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nKnown along the coast of Sweden and Germany"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6353","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Furcellaria lumbricalis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. .Out of the unattached perennial vegetation  Furcellaria lumbricalis constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: >4.5 psu; Exposure range: low to moderately high; Depth range: photic zone from about 2 to 5 meters and deeper in clear waters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFurcellaria lumbricalis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6354","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Ceratophyllum demersum","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Ceratophyllum demersum constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nExposure range: extremely sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 2 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCeratophyllum demersum"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6355","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by stable aggregations of unattached Aegagropila linnaei","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%. Stable aggregations of unattached perennial vegetation cover at least 10 % of the seabed. Out of the unattached perennial vegetation Aegagropila linnaei constitutes at least 50 % of the biovolume.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: <5 psu; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone to about 5 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAegagropila linnaei"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB636","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by annual algae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has a coverage ≥ 10%.  Annual algae  cover at least 10 % of the seabed. such as Vaucheria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB637","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group, perennial unattached algae or annual algae have ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: sheltered; Depth range: photic zone\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB638","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica  (Macoma balthica), Arctica islandica, Astarte spp. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6381","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Baltic tellin, Limecola (Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6382","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6383","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  dominated by Unionidae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves  Unionidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. Salinity is low (below 2)\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nUnionidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nFreshwater outlets and coastal lagoons"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6384","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by dominated by Abra spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves Abra spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAbra spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB639","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata,Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger, Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6391","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6392","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes.","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes various opportunistic polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63A","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63A1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Monoporeia affinis constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 100 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63A2","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by mud shrimps","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans Corophiidae constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 1 to 5 meters. Appears in low wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCorophium volutator, Apocorophium lacustre"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63B","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes. Salinity relatively high (above approximately 10-15)\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\n(Kattegatt) the Sound"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63C","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or epibenthic macrofauna. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63D","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud  without characteristic macroscopic communities","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrovegetation or macro- epi-or infauna is present\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB63D1","name":"Baltic infralittoral mud dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macrovegetation or – fauna is not present. Meiofauna constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB63E","name":"Baltic infralittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic infralittoral  bottoms in the photic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Soft substrate dominates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range photic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB64","name":"Black Sea infralittoral mud","description":"Infralittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud of the Black Sea freqently with polychaete worms and bivalve molluscs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB641","name":"Black sea infralittoral fine mud","description":"Fine muddy habitats  situated in the lower infralittoral zone at the mouths of large rivers (Danube, Dnepr, Bug) discharging into the Northwestern Black Sea shelf. These fine muds mixed with terrestrial and freshwater detritus form soft, unstable deposits. Where the sediment content is lower in detritic organic particles terrigenous muds are more stable and sticky. In both zones the habitat is populated by bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms adapted to living in very soft substrata with high organic content. Characteristic species:Neanthes succinea, Nephthys hombergii , Abra prismatica, Mysella bidentata, Abra albaandAcanthocardium paucicostatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB642","name":"Black sea infralittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Infralittoral coastal terrigenous muds are characterized by mud and sandy mud with a terrestrial origin. There are two distinct sub habitats which are characterized by the dominant faunal communities. The first is dominated by polychaets, whilst the second is dominated by mussels (this one does not occur in Marmara Sea). Characteristic species: Melinna palmata, Heteromastus filiformis, Aricidea claudiae, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilaster lineatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB643","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"Infralittoral sediments of pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always derived from the erosion of rocks on land carried to the sea by rivers. Any coarse debris that is deposited is quickly covered by mud, with the result that no epifauna develops. In sheltered areas this habitat is characterized by associations withCymodocea nodosaandZostera noltii. Characteristic species: Turritella sp.,Sternaspis scutata, Philine aperta, Sphaerocardium paucicostatum, Veretillum cynomorium, Aphrodita aculeata, Stichopus regalis, Holothuria tubulosa. Also Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB644","name":"Communities of Marmara infralittoral estuarine mud","description":"This habitat occurs mainly in sheltered inlets in or adjacent to estuaries, where wave exposure is low enough to allow fine sediments to settle. It is characterized by a variable salinity range from brackish to fully marine conditions. In all cases, the resident populations comprise a small number of species that are strongly dominant in number and weight. These are species that are able to withstand violent variations in environmental conditions, among which salinity is only one example. Sudden influxes of salt water create recurrent disturbances that sometimes cause populations to disappear. Often, especially in shallower areas, beds ofCymodocea nodosaare present. Characteristic species: Tubificoidesspp, Capitella capitata, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, Heterochaeta costata, Alitta succinea, Spio decoratus, Aphelochaeta marioni, Hydrobia acuta, Spisula subtruncata, Corophium orientale, Gammarus aequicauda, Carcinus aestuarii, Thalassodrilides gurwitschi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MB65","name":"Mediterranean infralittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud in the Mediterraneanextending from the extreme lower shore to the lower limit of vascular plants. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as Amphiura spp.  Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean polluted infralittoral muds","description":"Infralittoral mud in ports characterised by the proliferation of annelids, in particular Capitella capitata and Magelona papillicornis, and frequently with Scolelepis ciliata as a result of pollution or the decomposition of organic matter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MB652","name":"Assemblages of the euryhaline and/or eurythermal lagoon biocenosis on mud","description":"Saline lagoons or occasionally in estuaries with muddy sediments where the salinity is variable over the short or long term (daily to annual). Characteristic species include Vascular plants (Ruppia cirrhosa, R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata, Zostera marina, Z. noltei, Cymodocea nodosa); (Polychaete worms (Hediste diversicolor, Alitta succinea); Bivalves (Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra segmentum, Scrobicularia plana, Loripes orbiculatus, Gastrana fragilis, Tapes spp., Ostrea edulis); Gasteropods (Rissoa spp., Nassarius reticulatus, Cyclope neritea); Amphipods (Gammarus locusta, Microdeutopus sp.), Isopods (Lekanesphaera hookeri, Cyathura carinata, Idotea chelipes)  and the shore crab Carcinus aestuarii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6521","name":"Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on mud","description":"Submerged beds of Ruppia maritima or Ruppia cirrhosa and of Chara spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean. Ruppia are phanerogams which live submerged on  muddy bottoms. This genus is cosmopolitan and the Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima species are present throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.\r\nRuppia maritima is more frequent in temporary peripheral environments, in shallow water presenting low salinity (basically from 5 to 20, never more than 30). It is accompanied by Zannichellia palustris and Chara aspera. In areas with the highest salinity, R. maritima is accompanied by Althenia filiformis and R. cirrhosa appears. The fauna has affinities with freshwater fauna, and is dominated by insects (Heteroptera, Odonata, Diptera).\r\nRuppia cirrhosa is found in permanent or semi-permanent (short drying up) environments, subject to conditions of variable salinity, basically between 5 and 35, but withstanding oversalty environments. According to the salinity, R. cirrhosa may be accompanied by R. maritima, Stuckenia pectinata and/or Zostera noltei (and Cymodocea nodosa). The accompanying fauna is that of the euryhaline and eurythermal brackish environments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6522","name":"Association with Stuckenia pectinata on mud","description":"Low (0 to 10) and variable salinity infralittoral mud  rich in organic matter with beds of Stuckenia pectinata  (Syn Potamogeton pectinatus), associated with blankets of filamentous green algae such as Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora liniformis and Rhizoclonium riparium. The grazing gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is found in this biotope and juvenile Mytilus edulis have been observed settled on Stuckenia leaves and amongst the algae. The charaphyte Lamprothamnium papulosum may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout (Salmo trutta), and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. Mya arenaria may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6523","name":"Association with Halopithys incurva on mud","description":"The association with Halopithys incurva is present in the most marine sectors of Mediterranean lagoons. The salinity there is identical or close to that of the open sea, the differences in termperature are strictly seasonal, the oxygenation of the environment is normal, the concentrations of organic matter and pollutants in the water are low, and depth is of the order of 3 to 5 meters or more, according to the clearness of the water.\r\nThe main plant species belong to the Rhodophyceae: Halopithys incurva, Rythiphlaea tinctoria and Alsidium corallinum. H. incurva is more common in the Etang de Thau (southern coasts of France) and Rythiphlaea tinctoria in the Stagnone de Marsala (western Sicily, Italy).\r\nThe fauna, especially studied in Sicily, is typically that of the fronds of algae of the upper part of the infralittoral stage: Polychaete annelids Syllis spp., Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii; the mollusc Nodolus contortus; the amphipod crustaceans Elasmospus pocillimanus, Maera inaequipes, Lysiannassa longicornis and the tanaidaceans Leptochelia guttatus, L. savignyi, Apseudes latreillii and Parapseudes latifrons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6524","name":"Association with Zostera noltei","description":"The association with Zostera noltei develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, either at the entrances to the lagoons (graus) or even within the lagoons, where it develops monospecific phanerogam populations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. Given its wide potential, it constitutes the epiflora of various habitats. In the case of this association of the euryhaline and eurythermal lagoon biocenosis, the fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs with some addition of marine water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MB6525","name":"Association with Zostera marina","description":"The association with Zostera marina develops in lagoons that are subject to wide ranges of salinity, on varied loose substrata, from sand to mud, near the entrances to lagoons (graus), even inside the lagoons, where it develops remarkably at greater depths than Z. noltei, in ‘marinized’ lagoons and, more rarely, in the open sea, in sheltered stations. It withstands a certain amount of hydrodynamics but is very sensitive to eutrophication, turbidity and pollution of the water. The fauna is rich and is made up of brackish water species of the biocenosis to which it belongs, with sizeable additions of sea water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC1","name":"Circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present but not dominant) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC11","name":"Arctic circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC12","name":"Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock in the Atlantic,  characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC121","name":"Faunal turf communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs in wave-exposed, tide-swept narrows and straits on circalittoral bedrock and boulders. This complex is characterised by its diverse range of hydroids (Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa), bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea, Bugula flabellata and Bugulaplumosa) and sponges (Scypha ciliata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Cliona celeta, Raspailia ramosa, Esperiopsis fucorum, Hemimycale columella and Dysidea fragilis) forming an often dense, mixed faunal turf. Other species found within this complex are Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Caryophyllia smithii, Pomatoceros triqueter, Balanus crenatus, Cancer pagurus, Necora puber, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus and Clavelina lepadiformis. The barnacle Balanus crenatus is characteristic of MC1-211, the cushion sponges Halichondria panicea and Myxilla incrustans are characteristic of MC1-2121 and Alcyonium digitatum is characteristic of MC1-2122. The anemones Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Urticina felina, Corynactis viridis and Metridiumsenile are all found within this complex. Other species present in this high-energy complex are the sponges Esperiopsis fucorum and Pachymatisma johnstonia, the bryozoans Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea, Cancer pagurus, Sertularia argentea and Asterias rubens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1211","name":"Balanus crenatus and Tubularia indivisa on extremely tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave-exposures. It is characterised by a few species that are capable of maintaining a foothold in strong tides. These species either form a flat, adherent crust in the case of the barnacle Balanus crenatus, or have strong attachment points and are flexible, bending with the tide, such as the turf of the hydroid Tubularia indivisa. Other species able to tolerate these very strong tides, or just situated slightly out of the main force of the current, include the sponge Halichondria panicea, the robust hydroid Sertularia argentea and current-tolerant anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina and Metridium senile. Mobile species such as the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Cancer pagurus and the whelk Nucella lapillus may also be present.             \r\nSituation: This biotope is typically occurs in deep, very tide-swept straights, sounds and narrows with a bedrock/boulder/cobble slope. Kelp forest (unit MB1-218) occurs in shallower water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1212","name":"Tubularia indivisa on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is characterised by a dense carpet of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa. The barnacle Balanus crenatus, where present, is recorded as common. The accompanying species in the community are determined by tidal stream strength. On the more sheltered sides of headlands, where tidal streams are accelerated, sponges such as Pachymatisma johnstonia, Esperiopsis fucorum, Myxilla incrustans and Halichondria panicea proliferate forming the MC1-2121 sub-unit. There may also be a scattered bryozoan turf, formed by criisid bryozoans. However, where tidal streams are slightly reduced, but on more wave-exposed coasts, anthozoans such as Alcyonium digitatum become more prominent forming the biotope MC1-2122. Other species recorded in this biotope include the anemones Sagartia elegans, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Corynactis virdis and Urticina felina. There may be scattered clumps of hydroids such as Sertularia argentea and Nemertesia antennina. Where `relative shelter' is afforded by the topography of the seabed, the bryozoans Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and the crab Cancer pagurus may be found. More ubiqutous species such as Asterias rubens and Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12121","name":"Tubularia indivisa and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid Atlantic circalittoral bedrock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high for much of the year, for example, around Anglesey and the Lleyn Penisula. From afar, this variant appears as a dense carpet of Tubularia indivisa covering tide-swept gully walls, floors and boulders. T. indivisa is frequently observed growing through sheets of sponges such as Myxilla incrustans and Halichondria panicea as well as through dense patches of the barnacle Balanus crenatus and tubes of the amphipod Jassa spp. Several other species of sponge appear to be tolerant of the high turbidity in areas where this variant occurs, many of which are common in other biotopes. These include Esperiopsis fucorum, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Hemimycale columella, Dysidea fragilis and Clathrina coriacea. Robust hydroids (other than T. indivisa) such as Nemertesia antennina and Sertularia argentea occur in patches. The anemones Urticina felina, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans are typically common. A short bryozoan turf consisting of crisiid bryozoans, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bicellariella ciliata, Bugula turbinata and Bugula flabellata may be present. Alcyonium digitatum may occasionally be seen although it doesn't tend to be as dominant as in MC1-2122. Individual Corynactis viridis may be seen scattered across the gully walls and boulders. The starfish Henricia oculata may be seen on boulders and gully floors whilst typical under-boulder fauna includes the crab Cancer pagurus.      \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, Laminaria forest (unit MB1-213) may be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12122","name":"Alcyonium digitatum with dense Tubularia indivisa and anemones on strongly tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders in sounds, narrows and around tide-swept promontories in accelerated tidal streams. It is dominated by aggregations of dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum, and dense clumps or continuous cover of the robust hydroid Tubularia indivisa, particularly on prominent ledges and ridges. Anemones such as Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Metridium senile, Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Corynactis virdis form a prominent component of the community. Occasionally, massive sponges such as Pachymatismajohnstonia and Esperiopsis fucorum may be present. Encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus crenatus may be dotted around the rocks, and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be observed. Clumps of the bryozoan Flustra foliacea are occasionally seen. The starfish Asteriasrubens may be seen amongst a patchy turf of Crisia denticulata and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum. This variant may also be found on tideswept wrecks and other artificial sustratum.           \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, it is usual to find well-developed kelp forest in the upper infralittoral, dominated by Laminaria hyperborea (unit MB1-213). In the lower infralittoral, it is usual to find a tide-swept turf of hydroids and red algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1213","name":"Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from moderately strong to strong. It often has a thin layer of silt covering the seabed, and is characterised by a bryozoan/hydroid turf with erect sponges. Typical bryozoans to be found include crisiids, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellata, while typical hydroids include Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Haleciumhalecinum. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is frequently recorded on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Characteristic erect sponges include Raspailia ramosa, Stelligera stuposa and Stelligera rigida ; other sponges present include Cliona celata, Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Polymastia boletiformis, Hemimycale columella, Esperiopsis fucorum, Polymastia mamillaris and Tethya aurantium. Other species present include Caryophylia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Corynactis viridis, Urticina felina, Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Henricia oculata, Echinus esculentus, Clavelina lepadiformis, Calliostoma zizyphinum and Necora puber. Three variants of this biotope have been described, but all are characterised by a bryozoan turf with erect sponges. MC1-2131 is found primarily on circalittoral bedrock and is dominated by the seafan Eunicella verrucosa. Unit MC1-2132 is found under slightly stronger tide-swept conditions, and is characterised particularly by the sponge D. fragilis and the anemone A. sphyrodeta. Finally unit MC1-2133 is characterised by the anemone Sagartia elegans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12131","name":"Eunicella verrucosa and Pentapora foliacea on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on wave-exposed, steep, circalittoral bedrock, boulder slopes and outcrops, subject to varying tidal streams. This silty variant contains a diverse faunal community, dominated by the seafan Eunicella verrucosa, the bryozoan Pentapora foliacea and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. There are frequently numerous Alcyonium digitatum, and these may become locally abundant under more tide-swept conditions. Alcyonium glomeratum may also be present. A diverse sponge community is usually present, including numerous erect sponges; species present include Cliona celata, Raspailia ramosa, Raspailia hispida, Axinella dissimilis, Stelligera stuposa, Dysidea fragilis and Polymastia boletiformis. Homaxinella subdola may be present in the south west. A hydroid/bryozoan turf may develop in the understorey of this rich sponge assemblage, with species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, crisiids, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Bugula plumosa. The sea cucumber Holothuria forskali may be locally abundant, feeding on the silty deposits on the rock surface. Other echinoderms encountered include the starfish Marthasterias glacialis and the urchin Echinus esculentus. Other fauna includes aggregations of colonial ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Stolonica socialis. Anemones such as Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Parazoanthus axinellae may be seen dotted across the rock surface. This biotope is present in south west England and Wales.        \r\nSituation: This biotope is commonly found on rocky outcrops, surrounded by coarse sediment. This may be in the form of shelly gravel or muddy gravel, supporting Urticina felina, Cerianthus lloydi and Neopentadactyla mixta. Above MC1-2131, dense kelp forest containing Saccorhizapolyschides is usually found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12132","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Dysidia fragilis and Actinothoe sphyrodeta on tide-swept wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed and moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders subject to a variety of tidal regimes (from strong through to weak). It is found mainly in the 10-20m depth range and does not usually occur deeper than 30 m. It therefore often straddles the upper circalittoral and lower infralittoral. It often has a light covering of silt and sand may be in the vicinity. Sponges form a dominant part of this variant, although cover usually appears patchy, with no single species dominating. Species present include Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Esperiopsis fucorum, Hemimycale columella, Cliona celata, Stelligera rigida, Polymastia boletiformis, Stelligera stuposa, Raspailia ramosa, Tethya aurantium, Polymastia mamillaris and Axinella dissimilis. Tufts of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, frequently recorded on the tops of outcrops and boulders, stand out more clearly than the understorey of finer hydroid and bryozoan turf such as Aglaophenia pluma, Bugula flabellata, Bugula plumosa, crisiids, Cellaria sinuosa and Bugula turbinata. Other bryozoans such as Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea are also frequently recorded. Other more widespread species present include Asterias rubens, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Balanus crenatus, Caryophyllia smithii, Corynactis viridis, Necora puber and Clavelina lepadiformis. This variant has been recorded off the south east coast of Ireland, the welsh coast and Lundy Island.               \r\nSituation: This biotope is typically found on exposed coasts, with exposed kelp forest in the infralittoral zone, characterised by species such as Laminaria hyperborea and Saccorhiza polyschides. The MC1-2132 variant is usually found below MC1-2131, with similar Geographic range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12133","name":"Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Sagartia elegans on tide-swept Atlantic ciraclittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, on steep slopes and upper faces in moderate tidal streams. This species-rich biotope is characterised by a dense sponge, hydroid and bryozoan turf and frequent Alcyonium digitatum. There are frequently large growths of Cliona celata and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other species present in this diverse sponge community include Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Polymastia mamilliaris, Scypha ciliata, Hemimycale columella and Dysidea fragilis. Axinellid sponges such as Stelligera stuposa and Raspailia ramosa may be present in low abundance, and are usually more abundant in deeper water. A dense hydroid turf forms a significant part of this biotope, with tufts of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa frequently recorded. Other hydroid turf component species include Halecium halecinum, Aglaophenia tubulifera and Abietinaria abietina. Anemones are also well represented, with species such as Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans and Metridium senile recorded. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis viridis are also frequently seen. The bryozoan turf is composed predominantly of Alcyonidium diaphanum and Flustra foliacea, whilst crustose species such as Parasmittina trispinosa contribute to a lesser extent. The delicate Bugula plumosa may also be present. There is a significant echinoderm component in this biotope. Species such as the starfish Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, Marthasterias glacialis and Luidia ciliaris, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the crinoid Antedon bifida are all regularly recorded. Other species which may be observed include the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinium, the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and the barnacle Balanus crenatus. The crab Cancer pagurus is typically found under boulders. This variant has been recorded from from various sites including Pembrokeshire, the Calf of Man and the west coast of Ireland.             \r\nSituation: Dense kelp forests containing L. hyperborea and S. polyschides are typically found above MC1-2133."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1214","name":"Corynactis viridis and a mixed turf of crisiids, Bugula, Scrupocellaria, and Cellaria on moderately tide-swept exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on wave-exposed, vertical or steep, circalittoral bedrock or large boulders, usually subject to moderate or strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the anemone Corynactis viridis and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii intermixed with a short bryozoan turf of one or more Crisia spp., Scrupocellaria spp., Bugula spp. and Cellaria spp. Occasionally, this turf obscures the underlying C. virdis and C. smithii. Cushion and encrusting sponges, particularly Pachymatismajohnstonia, Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis, are present in moderate amounts at many sites. The axinellid sponges Stelligera spp. and Raspailia spp. are less frequently recorded. Clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesiaantennina and Nemertesia ramosa as well as the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum may be found covering the hard substratum. The anemones Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans are typically present in low numbers, while the hard `coral' Pentapora foliacea is also occasionally observed. The most frequently recorded echinoderms are Marthasterias glacialis and Asterias rubens, although other species such as Echinus esculentus may also be seen. The rocky substratum may have a patchy covering of encrusting red seaweeds/algae. The crabs Necora puber and Cancer pagurus may be seen in crevices or under overhangs. This biotope is regularly recorded around south west England and Wales, often on vertical rock faces.                    \r\nSituation: Due to its wave-exposed nature, kelp park and forest biotopes (units MB1-213 and MB1-211) are commonly found in the infralittoral zone shallower than this biotope, and feature species such as Laminaria hyperborea, Sacchoriza polyschides and Alaria esculenta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1215","name":"Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs from exposed through to sheltered circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is found in water depths ranging from 4m to 37m. This biotope is distinguished by frequently occurring Swiftia pallida, abundant Caryophilia smithii and a diverse range of ascidians including Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidia mentula, Polycarpa pomaria, Diazona violacea and Corella parallelogramma. A sparse, yet diverse hydroid turf is often apparent, with species such as Aglaophenia tubulifera, Nemertesia antennina, Polyplumaria frutescens, Halecium halecinum, Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halopteris catharina often recorded. Spaces amongst the turf are usually colonised by the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and encrusting red algae. Crinoids such as Antedon petasus, Antedon bifida and Leptometra celtica may be seen filter feeding on the tops of outcrops and boulders, along with the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum. Other echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Crossaster papposus and Asterias rubens may also be recorded. There may also be a bryozoan component to the sparse faunal turf. Species such as Securiflustra securifrons and Eucratea loricata as well as the crustose Parasmittina trispinosa are all usually present. There may be a few isolated growths of sponge, such as Iophonopsis nigricans, Axinella infundibuliformis and Haliclona urceolus. Other species that may be present include the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum. The crustacean Munida rugosa may be visible in crevices. All records are from the west coast of Scotland (east coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).             \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, kelp forests and parks are typically found in the infralittoral, with Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea. This biotope is found in Scottish Sealochs and, in the most sheltered situations, may graduate into unit MC1-234 at greater depths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1216","name":"Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders (although a variant is found on mixed substrata). It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is exposed to varying amounts of scour (due to nearby patches of sediment) and, as a consequence, is characteristically dominated by dense Flustra folicaea, a range of colonial ascidians and a variety of other scour/silt-tolerant species. In addition to F. foliacea, other bryozoans present in this biotope include Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula flabellata and Bugula plumosa. Varying amounts of the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded, depending on the amount of scouring which may vary locally. Where scour is a major factor, species such as the scour-tolerant Urticina felina are frequently observed. Hydroids present in this biotope include Nemertesia antennina, Halecium halecium, Tubularia indivisa and Hydrallmania falcata. Other species present include silt-tolerant sponges such as Scypha ciliata, Cliona celata, Leucosolenia botryoides, and the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Botryllus schlosseri. Balanus crenatus may be recorded occasionally on the boulder/rock surface, and the crab Cancer pagurus may be observed finding refuge in crevices and under boulders. More ubiquitous species present include Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Ophiothrix fragilis and Pagurus bernhardus. Three variants of this biotope have been defined. Unit MC1-2162 tends to have a high abundance of barnacles, which populate the rocky seabed. The second variant (MC1-2161) is characterised by abundant Polyclinum aurantium in addition to F. foliacea, which often incorporates sand grains into itself, giving the crustose appearance of sandy rock nodules. Finally, MC1-2163 is found on mixed substrata and is characterised by a dense hydroid turf growing alongside F. foliacea and other scour-tolerant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12161","name":"Polyclinum aurantium and Flustra foliacea on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper face of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. Sand and silt are periodically re-suspended in the water column, resulting in scour-tolerant species being characteristic of these areas. There is a dense covering of the scour-resistant bryozoan Flustra foliacea attached to the bedrock plains and boulders. The colonial ascidian Polyclinum aurantium commonly covers the rock surface at most locations within this biotope - itself incorporating sand grains into its surface to give it the appearance of sandy rock nodules. Other ascidians that may occur in this crust are the flat, encrusting colonial Botrylloides leachi, Botryllus schlosseri and the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, although in varying quantities at each location. A short turf of other bryozoans such as Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellata occur amongst the ascidians. Other species found in this biotope are the sponges Cliona celata, Leucosolenia botryoides and Scypha ciliata, the hydroids Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Halecium halecinum and the anthozoans Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina. Echinoderms which may be present include the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Crustaceans such as the crab Cancer pagurus, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the lobster Homarus gammarus may be observed in crevices and under boulders. The palps of the polychaete Polydora spp. may be observed whilst the nudibranch Janolus cristatus may be seen preying on the hydroid/bryozoan turf. This variant is commonly found on the Northumberland coast, Flamborough Head and the Lleyn Peninsula.            \r\nSituation: As MC1-2161 tends to occur in waters with a sediment load, the resulting light penetration is reduced, meaning that kelp forests such as unit MB1-21A, normally found shallower than MC1-2161 in the infralittoral zone, are present over a narrower depth range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12162","name":"Flustra foliacea, small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral bedrock or boulders","description":"This sub-biotope is typically found on the upper faces of exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept, scoured, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is characteristically dominated by dense Flustra foliacea with a variety of slightly scour/silt-tolerant species forming a dense turf. This turf is primarily composed of bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bugula flabellata, Bugula plumosa, Bicellariella ciliata) and hydroids (Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Sertularia argentea, Hydrallmania falcata, Abietinaria abietina). Where space permits, barnacles such as Balanus crenatus may be found encrusting on the rock surface. There may also be occasional crusts formed by the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa, especially where the rock is most influenced by sand. Anthozoans which may be observed include Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, whilst the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded on the tops of boulders and bedrock ridges. A range of small solitary and colonial ascidians may be seen, including Polycarpascuba, Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula manhattensis, Botryllus schlosseri, Clavelina lepadiformis and polyclinids. Sponges found include Scypha ciliata, Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum and Dysidea fragilis. Echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata and Crossaster papposus may be seen on the rock surface. Other species found include the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum, the crabs Cancer pagurus and Necora puber.                \r\nSituation: Above this variant, exposed kelp forest supporting Laminaria hyperborea is commonly found (unit MB1-213). At locations where wave-exposure and/or tidal streams are less, this biotope may be replaced by Alcyonium digitatum and Securiflustra securifrons (unit MC1-2243). Where the substrata changes to a less stable mixed substrata, then this biotope will be replaced by the sub-biotope MC1-2163, with more `sediment' species such as Cerianthus lloydii and Chaetopterus variopedatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12163","name":"Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This variant is typically found on very exposed to moderately exposed, circalittoral mixed substrata subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It most frequently occurs between 10m and 20m water depth. This variant is characterised by a dense hydroid and Flustra foliacea turf, along with other scour-tolerant species, growing on the more stable boulders and cobbles which overlie coarse muddy sand and gravel. Although Nemertesia antennina is the dominant species within the hydroid turf, other species such as Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia ramosa and Hydrallmania falcata may also be present. Other bryozoans found amongst the hydroid and Flustra turf include Cellepora pumicosa, Bugula flabellata, Bugula turbinata, and a crisiid turf. Encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and barnacles such as Balanus crenatus may be found on the smaller cobbles and pebbles, which may become mobile during extreme storms. Echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis may be present on the boulders, or the coarse sediment in between. On the larger, more stable boulders, isolated sponge communities may develop, with species such as Scypha ciliata, Dysidea fragilis, Hemimycale columella, Esperiopsis fucorum and Stelligera rigida. In addition, small Alcyonium digitatum, various ascidians (Clavelina lepadiformis, Botryllus schlosseri), Pododesmus patelliformis and top shells (Calliostoma zizyphinum, Gibbula cineraria) may colonise the upper faces and vertical sides of larger boulders. At some shallower sites, the foliose red algae Hypoglossum hypoglossoides may be found on the tops of larger boulders. Within the coarse sediment underlying these boulders and cobbles, anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii and Urticina felina may be recorded. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of terebellid worms, and crabs such as Pisidia longicornis and Cancer pagurus.               \r\nSituation: This variant is found in wave-exposed locations, resulting in kelp forest in the infralittoral zone being dominated by Alaria esculentus and Laminaria hyperborea. When the substratum becomes rockier, this biotope will graduate into the variant MC1-2162."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1217","name":"Sparse sponges, Nemertesia spp., and Alcyonidium diaphanum on Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed sand-scoured, circalittoral boulders, cobbles and pebbles that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams (referred to as lag-cobbles locally). It is characterised by sparse sponges and a diverse bryozoan and hydroid turf. The sparse sponge community is primarily composed of Dysidea fragilis and Scypha ciliata. The mixed faunal turf is composed of Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Halecium halecinum, Sertularia argentea, Alcyonium digitatum, Bugula flabellata, Bugula turbinata, Bugula plumosa, Flustra foliacea, Cellepora pumicosa, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Cellaria fistulosa and crisiid bryozoans. The anemones Epizoanthus couchii, Sagartia elegans and Cerianthus lloydii may also be recorded. Echinoderms such as the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Henricia oculata and the crinoid Antedon bifida. Other species present include the colonial ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the top shell Gibbula cineraria, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the ascidian Morchellium argus, Prosthecareus vittatus and the crab Cancer pagurus. It is distributed off Pen Llyn and over considerable areas of the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1218","name":"Suberites spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and Bugula spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found on heavily silted, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders (often limestone) that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams. A very high silt loading in the water column means that this 'circalittoral' biotope occurs at unusually shallow depths (1 - 10 m BCD). It is characterised by a mixed faunal turf and `massive' examples of the sponges Suberites ficus, Suberites carnosus and Hymeniacidon perleve. Other sponges recorded in this biotope are Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Esperiopsis fucorum, Raspailia ramosa, Polymastia mamillaris, Dysidea fragilis, Scypha ciliata, Stelligera rigida and Haliclona oculata. Also characteristic of this biotope is a dense bryozoan turf with one or more crisiid species, Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. The polychaete Polydora spp. and the rock-boring bivalve Hiatella arctica are able to bore into the relatively soft limestone. There is an ascidian component to the biotope, with Morchellium argus and Clavelina lepadiformis among the most abundant. There may be scattered clumps of the hydroids Abietinaria abietina and Hydrallmania falcata. Other species present include the anemones Metridium senile, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina, the starfish Asterias rubens, the crab Necora puber, the nudibranch Janolus cristatus and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum. This biotope has currently only been recorded off the east coast of Anglesey, Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1219","name":"Flustra foliacea and Haliclona oculata with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on exposed slopes of silty cobble and pebble subject to strong to moderate tidal streams. From afar, large 'finger' growths of the sponge Haliclona oculata occur amongst a rich faunal turf of hydroids and bryozoans with Flustra foliacea prominent. The dense faunal turf growing on the cobbles is composed of the bryozoans F. foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Crisia eburnea and sporadic occurrences of the hydroids Nemertesia antennina, Hydrallmania falcata,Tubularia larynx, Rhizocaulus verticillatus and Halecium halecinum. Caprellid shrimps may be observed within this faunal turf. The hard substratum frequently has a dense covering of the sponge H. oculata and occasionally Esperiopsis fucorum, while the softer gravely/sand between the cobbles provides a habitat for anemones such as Urticina felina and Cerianthus lloydii. The nudibranch Janolus cristatus may be seen preying on the faunal turf and the fan worm Sabella pavonia is occasionally seen amongst the cobbles. The soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is often attached to the upper faces of more stable cobbles and rocks, while in the crevices between cobbles, the anemone Sagartia elegans, the crab Cancer pagurus, the prawn Pandalus montagui and the amphipod Dyopedos porrectus may be observed. Under-cobble fauna includes terebellid worms and Harmothoe spp. This biotope has been recorded from the Menai Strait, Milford Haven and Morecambe Bay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC121A","name":"Molgula manhattensis with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on slightly sand-scoured, tide-swept, moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock and cobbles. It is commonly recorded from the shallower reaches of the circalittoral around depths from 5m to 15m BCD, as it occurs mostly in very turbid waters. From afar, the physical characteristics are usually silted bedrock reefs and cobble, interspersed with patches of clean sand, causing a scour effect on the rock. Dense aggregations of the ascidian Molgula manhattensis form a silty mat on the rock and there is a sparse hydroid and bryozoan turf. A hydroid turf, composed of Nemertesia antennina, Halecium beanii, Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularella gaudichaudi, Tubularia indivisa and Alcyonium digitatum, in varying amounts, occurs at most sites on the tops of boulders and ridges. A bryozoan turf is also present, but not usually dense and includes Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Electra pilosa and the crust-forming bryozoan Conopeum reticulum. The polychaete Lanice conchilega thrives in the sandy patches which often occur between the rock ridges. The scour effect tends to reduce the diversity of sponges present with only Halichondria panicea occasionally present. Isolated clumps of the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa may be present but they do not occur in dense aggregations as in the MC2-2131 biotope. The anemones Urticina felina and Sagartia troglodytes may occur in cracks between cobbles or on stones buried in the sandy substratum. The anemone Sagartia elegans is more commonly found attached to crevices in the bedrock. Other species such as the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the polychaete Sabella pavonia and Pomatoceros triqueter may all be present whilst the crab Pisidia longicornis may be found under cobbles and stones. Records of this biotope are distributed along the south coast of England and the north Wales coast as well as Pembrokeshire near the entrance to Milford Haven.         \r\nSituation: As this biotope is often recorded on soft rock (chalk), soft rock communities (MC1-25 biotope complex) would be observed in close proximity with species of the genus Polydora and piddocks (Pholas spp. and Barnea spp). Moderately exposed kelp forests may be found within the shallow infralittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC121B","name":"Sponges and anemones on Atlantic circalittoral vertical bedrock","description":"This biotope is found on exposed to moderately wave exposed, vertical and overhanging, circalittoral bedrock, subject to strong through to weak tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by a mixed faunal turf of hydroids (Nemertesis antennina, Tubularia indivisa and Halecium halecium) and bryozoans (Alcyonidium diaphanum and crisiid turf). There is frequently a diverse range of sponges recorded, including Cliona celata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis and Hemimycale columella. There may be dense aggregation of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum along with clumps of the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, and the anthozoans Corynactis viridis, Actinothoe sphyrodeta, Sagartia elegans and Metridium senile. Other species present include the echinoderms Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis, Henricia oculata, Holothuria forskali and Antedon bifida, clumps of the lightbulb tunicate Clavelina lepadiformis and the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. The first variant is characterised by a Bugula turf along with the pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa, and has been recorded from around southwest England and Wales. The second variant, characterised by a dense 'carpet' of Corynactis viridis and Metridiumsenile has been recorded predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. The final variant is characterised by a very diverse, dense faunal turf of hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians and has been recorded from the coasts around Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC122","name":"Echinoderms and crustose communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock and boulders. Echinoderms, faunal (Parasmittina trispinosa) and algal crusts (red encrusting algae) dominate this biotope, giving a sparse appearance. Typical echinoderms present are the starfish Asterias rubens, the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroids Nemertesia antennina and Abietinaria abietina, Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Urticina felina and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species present may include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the top shell Calliostomazizphinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1221","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and Swiftia pallida on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of very exposed through to wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders, which are typically subject to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the sea fan Swiftia pallida on the silty substratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa and encrusting red algae may be seen. This biotope may have a grazed appearance, perhaps attributable to the frequently occurring Echinus esculentus. There may be a sparse hydroid turf present, with species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halecium halecinum present. The soft corals Alcyonium glomeratum and Alcyonium digitatum may be present on the tops of boulders along with the crinoids Antedon petasus and Antedon bifida. Other echinoderms occasionally observed include the starfish Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens and Luidia ciliaris. Sponges feature only occasionally in this biotope, including species such as Cliona celata. The bryozoan Porella compressa may also be recorded. Ascidians occasionally present include Ascidia mentula, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of the crustacean Munida rugosa. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be seen encrusting the rocky surface. Two variants of this biotope have been identified; Units MC1-2211 and MC1-2212. MC1-2211 is a heavily silted biotope characterised by the sea fan S. pallida, the cup coral C. smithii and the soft coral A. glomeratum and is only present in Irish waters. MC1-2212 has been recorded off the west coast of Scotland, and is characterised by large solitary ascidians and the cup coral C. smithii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12211","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and Alcyonium glomeratum on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on sheltered, ridged, circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to only weak tidal streams, but may be found in somewhat more exposed conditions. It is found in water depths ranging from 15m to 32m. Commonly occurring Swiftia pallida characterises this heavily silted biotope along with Caryophyllia smithii and frequent Alcyonium glomeratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa may be found. There is a strong echinoderm component to the community, with the tentacles of Aslia lefevrei frequently seen protruding from crevices in the ridged bedrock. Holothuria forskali is often seen on the upper faces of boulders and bedrock. Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus, Henricia oculata and Luidia ciliaris may also be present. A sparse hydroid turf may also be present, with species such as Polyplumaria frutescens, Halecium halecinum and Nemertesia antennina. In addition, there may be anthozoans such as Isozoanthus sulcatus and Corynactis viridis. The sponge Suberites carnosus is typically associated with a heavily silted habitat. Other sponges present include Cliona celata, Stelligera stuposa and Polymastia boletiformis. The only records are from the west coast of Ireland.         \r\nSituation: Usually found on bedrock ridges and outcrops surrounded by sand and muddy gravel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12212","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock and boulders rock subject to mainly weak tidal streams and has a thin layer of silt present. It is found predominantly from 10-30m water depth. From afar, this biotope is mostly distinguished by the frequently occurring seafan Swiftia pallida, encrusting red algae and the abundant cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. This biotope has quite an impoverished appearance, compared with unit MC1-215 which has a strong sponge component. Other species present are typically in low abundance. Echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Antedon bifida, Antedon petasus, Leptometra celtica, Marthasterias glacialis, Luidia ciliaris and Asterias rubens may be recorded. Large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa may occasionally be seen in isolated clumps on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. The anthozoan Parazoanthus anguicomus may be recorded. Bryozoans such as Parasmittina trispinosa and Porella compressa are occasionally observed. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be observed encrusting the sides of rocks and boulders while occasional Alcyonium digitatum may also be seen. A small suite of large ascidians may be present, including Ascidia mentula, Clavelina lepadiformis, Ciona intestinalis, Diazona violacea and Ascidia virginea. Sponges are typically absent from this biotope, although Cliona celata may be recorded occasionally. The top shell Gibbulacineraria is usually present. Under boulders and overhangs, the squat lobster Munidarugosa can usually be seen hiding. All these records are from the west coast of Scotland (East coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides).          \r\nSituation: Above this biotope in the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp forests are usually found, with species such as Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria saccharina and Sacchoriza polyschides. This biotope is found on bedrock and boulders, which may either be protruding from the surrounding sediment, or the sediment may be in a separate zone below the bedrock. These sediments may either be deep mud (with species such as Pachycerianthus and Nephrops) on the sheltered sites or slightly coarser sediments (with Pennatula and Virgularia) on slightly more exposed sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1222","name":"Caryophyllia smithii, sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper and vertical faces of wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders, with a water depth range of 20-30m. This often silty biotope has a typically sparse fauna, appearing grazed, and is characterised by common cup corals Caryophyllia smithii, frequent Alcyonium digitatum and occasional urchins Echinus esculentus. There may be occasional large growths of the sponge Cliona celata, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia and the axinellid sponge Stelligera stuposa. Echinoderms form a prominent feature of the fauna within this biotope, with species such as Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Luidia ciliaris, Henricia oculata, Holothuria forskali, Antedon bifida and Aslia lefevrei present. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa and encrusting red algae cover the rock/boulder surface. The bryozoan Porella compressa may also be recorded occasionally. Isolated clumps of hydroids feature species such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Abietinaria abietina, Halecium halecinum and Sertularella gayi. Other species observed include the anemone Corynactis viridis, Urticina felina, Sagartia elegans, Calliostoma zizyphinum, Balanus crenatus and Pomatoceros triqueter. Two variants within this biotope have been distinguished: units MC1-2222 and MC1-2221. While MC1-2222 tends to have the bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and P. compressa, while MC1-2221 features a dynamic community of brittlestars covering the seabed in a dense mat. Ophiothrix fragilis is usually the dominant species in shallow water but tends to be replaced by Ophiocomina nigra in deeper water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12221","name":"Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts , Parasmittina trispinosa and Caryophyllia smithii on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, on open coasts. However, the depth at which the variant occurs means that wave action is not so severe on the seabed as to displace the dense mat of brittlestars that covers the seabed. Ophiothrix fragilis is usually the most dominant species in shallow water, with Ophiocomina nigra usually found amongst them, but sometimes becoming the dominant species in deeper water. Although brittlestar biotopes are typically species-poor, the underlying fauna in this variant is relatively diverse and resembles that of MC1-2222. Species such as the anemone Urticina felina, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, and the anemone Corynactis viridis may occasionally be present. There may also be sparse clumps of various hydroids including Halecium halecinum, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Sertularella gayi and Abietinaria abietina. Soft coral Alcyonium digitatum is occasionally present and there may be sparse specimens of the sponges Cliona celata and Polymastia boletiformis. In addition, various echinoderms such as Asterias rubens, Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus, Henricia oculata, Marthasterias glacialis and Luidia ciliaris may be observed. The barnacle Balanus crenatus and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be seen attached to any available space on the bedrock and boulders not smothered by brittlestars. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa may also be present.       \r\nSituation: Wave-exposed seabed composed of bedrock ridges and/or boulder or cobble slope. Shallower than this biotope, the lower infralittoral kelp park is dominated by Laminaria hyperborea. A dense understorey may be present, containing Antedon spp., Phycodrys rubens and Plocamium cartilagineum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12222","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and sponges with Pentapora foliacea, Porella compressa and crustose communities on wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces and vertical sides of wave-exposed bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The fauna is often sparse with the frequently observed Echinus esculentus giving it a grazed appearance, but the community may also be affected by violent storm action working into deep water during winter storms. Despite this spartan appearance, the community is relatively diverse and contains a wide range of sponges, hydroids, bryozoans and echinoderms. This variant is found on open coasts or offshore, and is characterised by the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii, Alcyonium digitatum, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, large specimens of the sponge Cliona celata, encrusting bryozoans and encrusting red algae. Although this variant tends to occur in deep water (depth range of 20-30m), a high degree of water clarity allows some red algae to grow at these depths. Other species recorded include large specimens of Haliclona viscosa, the bryozoans Parasmittina trispinosa, Porella compressa and Pentapora foliacea, the sea cucumbers Holothuria forskali and Aslia lefevrei and sparse hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Halecium halecinum. Anemones such as Corynactis viridis, Sagartia elegans and Urticina felina are also frequently seen. Various other species characteristic of wave-exposed rock include the sponges Pachymatisma johnstonia, Stelligera stuposa, the starfish Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, the crinoid Antedon bifida, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. The majority of the records within this variant originate from the west coast of Ireland.            \r\nSituation: Exposed kelp forest and park biotopes such as unit MB1-213 with species such as Laminaria hyperborea are typically found shallower than this biotope. Deeper, this biotope is believed to graduate into MD1-211 (deep erect sponges), as both these biotopes are common around the west coast of Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1223","name":"Urticina felina and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, rock adjacent to mobile sand/gravel in gullies, and cobbles on gravel and sand, characterised by scour-tolerant robust species. Although many of these species are found on subtidal rock, they tend to occur in larger numbers in these highly sand-influenced conditions. The dominant species by far is the anemone Urticina felina which commonly occurs on rocks at the sand-rock interface, where the scour levels are at a maximum and few species can tolerate this abrasion. The sponge Ciocalypta penicillus is also very characteristic of shifting sand-covered rock. This biotope is only occasionally recorded as a separate entity, because its extent is typically restricted to a very narrow band of rock at the sediment interface. Only occasionally does it cover a large extent of rock (e.g. where the wave action is strong enough to cause sand abrasion well up the rock face or where the rock is low-lying). More often, this scoured zone is recorded as part of whatever biotope occurs on the nearby hard substrata. Other species (which are able to survive, and benefit from the reduced competition) include Balanus crenatus, Pomatoceros triqueter, Cellepora pumicosa, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Cliona celata, encrusting red algae and Asterias rubens.          \r\nSituation: This biotope tends to be found in close proximity to mobile sand or gravel, producing scour that tends to limit the number of species found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1224","name":"Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical and upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to mostly moderate to weak tidal streams (a variant of this biotope containing brittlestar is found on bedrock, boulders and cobbles). The biotope is dominated by faunal (e.g. Parasmittinatrispinosa) and algal (Corallinaceae) crusts, and tends to have a grazed appearance; this may be partially attributable to the abundance of Echinus esculentus found in this biotope. Occasionally, the rock may appear pink from a distance, due to the expanses of encrusting red algae on the rock surface. Alcyonium digitatum is one of the few species to stand erect from the encrusted rock surface and are frequently encountered, on the tops of rocky outcrops and boulders. Hydroids do not form a prominent feature of this biotope, with only robust species such as Abietinaria abietina frequently recorded. Sponges and Caryophyllia smithii are rarely present while erect bryozoans and ascidians are scarce (although there are exceptions, see variants). The E. esculentus grazed substratum may be interspersed with other encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis. Other species present include Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis, Urticina felina, Ophiocomina nigra, Pagurus bernhardus, Flustra foliacea, Gibbula cineraria, Calliostoma zizyphinum, Ophiura albida, Ciona intestinalis and Antedon bifida. Six variants of this biotope have been recorded. MC1-2241 is dominated by the silt and scour tolerant bryozoan F. foliacea. MC1-2242 is dominated by A. digitatum. Unit MC1-2243 is dominated by Securiflustra securifrons. MC1-2245 looks extremely impoverished (even for a grazed community). MC1-2244 has a dense covering of brittlestars while MC1-2246 is only found under weak/very weak tides and is dominated by C. smithii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12241","name":"Flustra foliacea on slightly scoured silty Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong tidal streams. These rocky patches may be interspersed with gravelly sand patches, causing a scouring effect. From afar, the variant appears dominated by the bryozoan Flustra foliacea. Alcyonium digitatum may also be seen attached to the rocky substratum. Under closer inspection, the white tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter may be observed on the rock and boulders, especially on vertical faces. There may be sandy/gravelly patches in between the boulders colonised by the anemone Urticina felina. The regular occurrence of large numbers of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus in this biotope may be responsible for grazing the faunal and algal turf, thus keeping species richness relatively low. Other echinoderms that may be seen include the ubiquitous starfish Asterias rubens and the common brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Sparse clumps of the hydroids Thuiaria thuja, Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina and Tubularia indivisa are occasionally seen attached to the rocky substratum. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, the polychaete Sabella pavonina and sparse bryozoan crusts may also be present. This biotope is characteristic of the bedrock terraces along the Northumberland coast that are generally species impoverished compared to similar F. foliacea biotopes on the west coasts of the UK, which have a more diverse range of sponges, hydroids and bryozoans. As the turbidity levels increase in this fairly silty biotope, so the species diversity is reduced.       \r\nSituation: This biotope typically occurs around coasts subject to sand scour and siltation. Associated biotopes common around the north-east coast of England include circalittoral gravel and coarse sands. Typical species present include Echinocardium, Lanice conchilega, Ensis spp., Mya truncata and Myxicola. Where suitable substratum is available, exposed kelp forests occur in the infralittoral (the latter normally occupies a narrow band due to the high silt loading in the water column). Where this biotope occurs along with chalk or limestone bedrock and boulders, piddock dominated biotopes (Pid) may also be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12242","name":"Alcyonium digitatum, Pomatoceros triqueter, algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the vertical, steep and upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to varying amounts of current. The variant has a very grazed, sparse appearance, dominated only by the presence of Alcyonium digitatum and large expanses of encrusting red alage and bryozoan crusts particularly (Parasmittina trispinosa). The sparse appearance can be attributed to the frequently observed sea urchin Echinus esculentus. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter can be locally abundant, and may in some cases cover far more rock surface than A. digitatum, especially on vertical faces. Clumps of robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina occur occasionally. Other species present include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Ophiothrix fragilis, the anemone Urticina felina, Calliostoma zizyphinum and Cancer pagurus.          \r\nSituation: Shallower than this biotope, dense kelp forest is typically found, containing species such as Laminaria hyperborea and Alaria esculentus. Occasionally, this biotope may be found on rocky outcrops surrounding by coarse sand. With this increased scour, MC1-223 may develop at the rock/sand interface. Below this biotope, coarse sediments, muddy gravel and sand are typically recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12243","name":"Alcyonium digitatum with Securiflustra securifrons on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The rock surface is dominated by Alcyonium digitatum and the bryozoan Securiflustra securifrons. The rock between these species appears fairly sparse and grazed, with expanses of encrusting red algae. The sea urchin Echinus esculentus is frequently seen, and in collaboration with the light attenuating effects of depth, is probably the principal reason for the lack of algal turf. Other species found include the hydroids Abietinaria abietina, Nemertesia antennina, Thuiaria thuja, the bryozoans Cellepora pumicosa, Parasmittina trispinosa, Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and other bryozoan crusts. Encrusting species such as the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacle Balanus balanus are frequently observed. Other species present include Asterias rubens, Antedon bifida, Ophiura albida, Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, Urticina felina, Clavelina lepadiformis, Calliostoma zizphinium and Pandalus montagui.      \r\nSituation: Above this biotope, you tend to find exposed kelp forest and park (unit MB1-213). There is a tendency for slight scouring to occur in this biotope. However, if this scour increases further, for example if water movement increases, mobilising more sand, this biotope may graduate into MC1-223. In more silty sites, there is a tendency for S. securifrons to be replaced by F. foliacea as the dominant bryozoan, turning the biotope into MC1-2241.               \r\nTemporal variation: Whilst the great majority of species in this variant are most likely present throughout the year, C. lepadiformis grows in spring and may show great variation in abundance from year to year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12244","name":"Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by high densities of brittlestars (predominantly Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida). In fact, they may form such dense beds that the seabed underneath may not be visible. The rocky substratum is usually colonised by species such as encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Only robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina, Alcyonium digitatum and bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are able to tolerate the significant smothering effect from the dense mat of brittlestars. Other species typically seen include Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus, Anapagurus hyndmanni, Gibbula cineraria, Urticina felina, Pododesmus patelliformis and Ciona intestinalis.           \r\nSituation: Shallower than the MC1-2244 variant, kelp park and forest may be found with species such as Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria hyperborea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12245","name":"Faunal and algal crusts with Pomatoceros triqueter and sparse Alcyonium digitatum on exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. From afar, the seabed has a rather sparse, grazed appearance, reminiscent of a brittlestar bed after the brittlestars have moved elsewhere. The rocky substratum is generally covered with encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, dotted with the abundant urchin Echinus esculentus. Under closer inspection, Alcyonium digitatum are usually seen attached to the rocky surface underneath rock overhangs and large boulders. Although they may be recorded as abundant or common in some areas, their relatively small size means that their biomass is generally lower than in other biotopes. Sparse clumps of robust hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina are frequently observed, and bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are occasionally seen. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, and the crab Cancer pagurus may be seen within crevices in the boulders/rock whilst the starfish Asterias rubens may be seen on the rock surface. Muddy-gravel patches between boulders (especially within Scottish sealochs) provide a suitable habitat for the anemone Urticina felina. The top shell Gibbula cineraria is occasionally seen grazing on the rock surface. Within this biotope, there is some regional variation. The robust hydroid A. abietina is typically found in higher abundances in northern (Scottish) regions, especially around the Isle of May.           \r\nSituation: Above the MC1-2245 variant in the infralittoral zone, species such as Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea are found in more wave exposed sites (MB1-211 / MB1-213) while species such as Laminaria saccharina may be found above MC1-2245 in the more sheltered examples. Due to moderately tide-swept conditions this variant is found in, clean, coarse sediment biotopes are generally found below MC1-2245. Typical species found in these coarse sand/gravelly biotopes include Neopentadactyla mixta and Lanice conchilega (MC4-2). Where wave exposure increases, this variant tends to change to MC1-2222, dominated by Caryophyllia smithii, Corynactis viridis, encrusting red algae and bryozoan crusts. Where tidal stream and wave-exposure decreases, this variant develops into a similar biotope dominated by encrusting red algae, Echinus esculentus and C.smithii (MC1-2246)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12246","name":"Caryophyllia smithii with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock, subject to very little water movement. Where this variant is found on slightly more wave-exposed sites, it tends to be found towards the bottom of its depth range. The rocky substratum has a grazed appearance, with encrusting red algae. Diversity of species is very low, possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. From afar, there is little evident epifauna attached to the rocks apart from the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii. In addition, bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are frequently seen. Under closer inspection, a few more species become apparent but few are typically characterising of this particular variant. The echinoderms Antedon bifida, Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis, Marthasterias glacialis, Ophiocomina nigra and Crossaster papposus are occasionally present. Sparse clumps of hydroids such as Halecium halecinum, Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Nemertesia antennina may be found attached to rocky outcrops or boulders. Small specimens of Alcyonium digitatum may be present. The ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ascidia mentula also occur in this variant but are found in greater numbers in other biotopes. The top shells Calliostoma zizyphinum, Gibbula cineraria, and the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis may be seen on the rock surface whilst the crab Cancer pagurus may be seen under boulders and in crevices. The anemone Metridium senile may be found under rocky overhangs and on the sides of boulders.         \r\nSituation: As MC1-2246 occurs on moderately wave-exposed coasts, kelp forests in the infralittoral zone shallower than this variant tend to be dominated by robust kelp species such as Laminaria hyperborea (unit MB1-21A) and Saccorhiza polyschides. Immediately below MC1-2246 (typically bedrock/boulder substratum), sublittoral sediment biotopes such as muddy sands, containing Nephrops norvegicus, Virgularia mirabilis and Funiculina quadrangularis are found. Occasionally, biotopes composed of coarser sand/gravelly material may be present, with species such as Peachea cylindrica and Neopentadactyla mixta. When wave exposure and tidal stream increase, MC1-2246 tends to grade into MC1-2245."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1225","name":"Alcyonium digitatum and faunal crust communities on vertical Atlantic circalittoral bedrock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the vertical faces and overhangs of exposed to moderately exposed lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. Due to the large numbers of the urchin Echinus esculentus often recorded, this biotope tends to have a grazed appearance, and the bedrock is often encrusted with pink coralline algae, encrusting bryozoans such as Parasmittina trispinosa and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter. Dense aggregations of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum may be present along with the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species present include the echinoderms Asterias rubens, Ophiothrix fragilis and Antedon bifida, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula, the anthozoans Urticina feline, Cortynactis viridis, Metridium senile and Sagartia elegans, the gastropod Calliostoma zizyphinum and the crustacean Cancer pagurus. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. One variant found typically off the north-east coast of Scotland and around the Northern Isles, has a very impoverished appearance dominated by anthozoans. A second variant occurs along the west coast of Scotland, extending to Rockall in the west, and the Northern Isles in the north-east, and has a more fauna, characterised by hydroids, sponges, anthozoans and echinoderms. A third variant occurs along the north-east coast of England (Northumberland) up to the Northern Isles and is dominated by Alcyonium digitatum, brittlestars and Echinus esculentus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1226","name":"Mytilus edulis beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, boulders and mixed substrata exposed to varying amounts of wave action. The mussel Mytilus edulis forms dense beds, to the exclusion of other species. The starfish Asterias rubens is frequently recorded, and it predates heavily on the mussels. Occasionally, the anemone Urticina felina may be seen within crevices in the rock or on gravel patches. Crabs such as Necora puber and Carcinus maenas may be seen on the rock or mussels whilst fauna observed in crevices typically consists of the lobster Homarus gammarus and the crab Cancer pagurus. The anemone Sargatia elegans can be seen attached to bedrock and cobbles, whereas the barnacle Balanus crenatus may be seen attached to the mussels themselves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1227","name":"Musculus discors beds on moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles in slightly silty conditions. The mussel Musculus discors occurs in dense mats and occasionally completely coats all available surfaces. There is also often a layer of pseudofaeces, forming a thick, silty matrix. A relatively diverse fauna of cushion and branching sponges is often present on rocky outcrops and other hard substratum that is free of mussels. These include Tethya aurantium, Scypha ciliata, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Cliona celata and Stelligera stuposa. There may be isolated clumps of silt-tolerant bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. Various species may be observed on top of the mussels, including Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and the brittlestar Ophiura albida. Occasional Alcyonium digitatum and clumps of the hydroid Nemertesia antennina are found attached to rocky outcrops and boulders whilst the anemone Urticina felina may be seen in crevices in the rock or on gravely patches between boulders. Colonial ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis and didemnids may occasionally be present. A wide range of seaweeds may be present, including Dictyota dichotoma, Plocamium cartliagineum, Dictyopteris membranacea, Cryptopleura ramosa and Heterosiphonia plumosa. The crab Cancer pagurus may be observed in crevices. The majority of the records for this biotope are from the Lleyn Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1228","name":"Faunal communities on Atlantic circalittoral artificial hard substrate","description":"This habitat type contains two biotopes which, although have different physical habitat characteristics, share the fact that they colonise new areas of artificial substrata relatively quickly. The Ascidiella aspersa fouling biotope (MC1-2282) is found on wave-sheltered artificial substrata such as discarded fishing nets/mooring lines. A separate fouling biotope (A4.721) is described for open coast wrecks. This biotope has a characteristic faunal community of Alcyonium digitatum and the anemone Metridium senile. Other species recorded in this complex (primarily under subunit A4.721) include the hydroid Nemertesia antennina, the anemones Actinothoe sphyrodeta and Sagartia elegans, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, the bryozoans Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa, the crabs Necora puber, Cancer pagurus and Maja squinado and the lobster Homarus gammarus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12281","name":"Alcyonium digitatum and Metridium senile on moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral steel wrecks","description":"This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks that are subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The vertical and upward facing sides of the wreck stand proud of the seabed, and may be colonised by dense aggregations of Alcyonium digitatum, Metridium senile and Actinothoe sphyrodeta. Caryophyllia smithii and Corynactis viridis are also recorded with varying abundance. A mixed faunal turf may also be present on the vertical sides, with Nemertesia antennina, Flustra foliacea and Bugula plumosa. Where tidal stream strength is elevated, for example if the wreck is situated in a straight or sound, the hydroid Tubularia indivisa may prevail. Crustaceans such as the crabs Necora puber, Maja squinado and Cancer pagurus, the lobster Homarus gammarus and barnacles are all recorded. The top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum is also recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12282","name":"Ascidiella aspersa on Atlantic circalittoral artificial substrata","description":"Sheltered artificial substrata (such as discarded fishing nets or scrap metal on muddy sediment plains), sometimes subject to variable salinity, with high numbers of the ascidian Ascidiella aspersa which is capable of rapidly colonising hard substrata. Other species that are quickly able to take advantage of such substrata include the dahlia anemone Urticina felina and the plumose anemone Metridium senile. The edible crab Cancer pagurus, the velvet swimming crab Necora puber and the shore crab Carcinus maenas may occasionally be found hiding under the discarded nets, lobster pots or anchor chains.     \r\nSituation: As a fouling community, this biotope may be found throughout the circalittoral zone in coastal waters. It may be more prevalent around harbours, moorings, and fishing grounds where suitable substratum is available. In situations where wave exposure or tidal stream increase, biotopes dominated by bryozoans and/or robust hydroids (unit MC1-22) may arise.           \r\nTemporal variation: A gradual development of more long-lived species is expected, where the artificial substrata are of a more permanent nature (e.g. wooden or concrete pier pilings)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC123","name":"Brachiopod and ascidian communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on the wave-sheltered, circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to weak tidal streams. The biotopes within this complex are typically found in the Scottish sealochs (with the exception of MC1-232, recorded off Ireland) and are characterised by brachipod and ascidian communities. Ascidians often recorded in this complex are Ciona intestinalis, Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea and Clavelina lepadiformis. The brachiopod Neocrania anomala is also characteristic of the biotopes within this complex recorded in Scottish sealochs. The polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis, the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and encrusting red algae are frequently recorded on the rocky substrata. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars Ophiothrix fraglis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida, the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and Henricia oculata, the crinoid Antedon bifida and the urchin Echinus esculentus are all found in this complex. Other species present include the squat lobster Munidarugosa, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus, Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Protantheasimplex and the hydroid Kirchenpaueria pinnata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1231","name":"Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope predominantly occurs on the upper faces of wave-sheltered (often sealochs) circalittoral bedrock, boulder and cobble slopes with little tidal flow. Apart from the solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia mentula, this biotope has a rather barren, pink appearance (due to the encrusting red algae), possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Other organisms found encrusting the rocky surface include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii. Other species occasionally encountered include Alcyonium digitatum, Asterias rubens, Pagurus berhardus, Crossaster papposus, Antedon bifida and Metridium senile. Crustaceans such as Munida rugosa and Cancer pagurus may be recorded in crevices. Two variants of this biotope exist: Units MC1-2311 and MC1-2312. MC1-2312 occurs where is a dense carpet of brittlestars which sometimes completely cover the rocky substratum. Species present include Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiura albida.            \r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of C. intestinalis tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as A. mentula and Ascidiella aspersa tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years, respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12311","name":"Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, with Antedon spp. on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant occurs on circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes in generally wave-sheltered conditions (often in sea lochs) with little tidal flow. It is frequently found on vertical or steeply-sloping rock. Apart from the large ascidians, Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, the rock surface usually has a rather sparse appearance. Scyphistomae larvae are often present on any vertical surfaces. Grazing by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus leaves only encrusting red algae (giving the bedrock/boulder substratum a pink appearance), cup corals Caryophyllia smithii and the keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter. There may be a few hydroid species present, such as Nemertesia spp. and Kirchenpaueria pinnata, occasional Alcyonium digitatum and occasional Metridium senile. Barnacles Balanus spp. and the colonial ascidian Clavelinalepadiformis also occasionally occur. At some sites, echinoderms such as the crinoid Antedon spp., the starfish Crossaster papposus and Asterias rubens and the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis (in low densities) may be found. The squat lobster Munida rugosa is likely to be found in crevices, under boulders, and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus may be observed moving around the rock surface. The brachiopod Neocrania anomala is frequently observed (especially where this biotope occurs shallower than unit MC1-234 for example). The saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis may occasionally be seen attached to the rock/boulder face.          \r\nSituation: This biotope is typical of one found in sheltered sealochs. On slightly more wave and tide exposed sites, a transition to the more diverse MC1-233 biotope will occur. Below MC1-2311, you may find the MC1-234 biotope (especially situated on the sills of sealochs).             \r\nTemporal variation: The abundance of C. intestinalis tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as A. mentula and Ascidiella aspersa tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years respectively)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12312","name":"Dense brittlestars with sparse Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope is typically found on wave-sheltered sites (although it may be found in wave-exposed through to extremely wave-sheltered conditions), on circalittoral mixed substrata (Bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This biotope often has a silty appearance in parallel with MC1-2311 but is characterised by a dense carpet of brittlestars (Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra and to a lesser extent Ophiura albida) which virtually cover the seabed. Where the underlying substratum is visible, pink coralline crusts and the white calcareous tubes of the keelworm Pomatoceros triqueter are often observed. Hydroids and bryozoans are scarce, perhaps partly due to the smothering effect of the brittlestars and possibly due to the grazing pressure of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus which is occasionally recorded. Other echinoderms present include Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus. The solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis may be seen attached to isolated rocks and boulders, whilst on the tops and sides of larger boulders, dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum may be recorded. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus is often recorded, whilst under boulders and in crevices the claws belonging to the long-clawed squat lobster Munida rugosa may be seen.   \r\nSituation: MC1-2312 is found in predominantly sheltered areas, so in the infralittoral zone above, kelp forest formed by dense Laminaria saccharina and cape-form Laminaria hyperborea are frequently recorded. A dense understorey of red algae is also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1232","name":"Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"MC1-232 is characteristic of the wave-sheltered conditions found in the Kenmare River on the west coast of Ireland. This biotope is typically found on silty circalittoral bedrock and boulders in wave-sheltered channels subject to varying amounts of tidal flow. These fully marine inlets and channels have steep, often vertical sides with small terraces or ledges. This biotope, characterised by erect sponges and large solitary ascidians, appears to be biologically diverse. A diverse ascidian fauna is generally present, including Ascidia mentula, Aplidium punctum, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia virginea, Botryllus schlosseri, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis. An equally diverse sponge fauna, with massive erect sponges particularly noticeable, compliments these species. Dominant species include Esperiopsis fucorum, Dysidea fragilis, Tethya aurantium, Polymastia boletiformis, Raspailia ramosa, Stelligera stuposa, Polymastia mamilliaris and Pachymatisma johnstonia. Other sponges present are Suberites carnosus, Haliclona fistulosa, Stelligera rigida, Mycale rotalis, Haliclona simulans, Iophon hyndmani and Hemimycale columella. Various sponge crusts may also be present but in most cases in lower abundances. Other significant components of the community include the cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and various echinoderms, including the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and the starfish Henricia oculata and Marthasterias glacialis. Small isolated clumps of Nemertesia antennina and individual Alcyonium digitatum may be seen, whilst the top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum may also be present. At present, there are relatively few records in this biotope, as it is only reported from around the south-western coast of Ireland, where sponge diversity is very high.         \r\nSituation: Due to the sheltered nature of the biotope, this unit is usually situated on bedrock/boulder outcrops associated with mud slopes and plains. Typical species found within these circalittoral muds include the seapen Virgularia mirablis and the anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus. In the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp biotopes such as MB3-211 with Laminaria saccharina occur frequently. In areas where there is a slightly stronger tidal-stream, the circalittoral muddy plains become more muddy gravel plains and slopes. Typical species found within these habitats include the anemones Mesacmaea mitchellii and Aureliana heterocera. When tidal-streams becomes negligible, but with similar wave-sheltered conditions, you tend to find MC1-2211 biotopes occurring, especially in the same geographical location (around south-west/west Ireland) as MC1-232."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1233","name":"Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found on silty boulder or rock slopes, in the sheltered parts of sealochs, subject to weak or very weak tidal currents. The seabed consists of smooth, silty bedrock or boulders, often as outcrops on mixed muddy sediment. There are often small vertical faces on the sides of rock ridges, and at few sites, there may be more extensive steep or vertical bedrock. In sharp contrast to the barren, grazed appearance of MC1-2311, the species composition of unit MC1-233 is quite diverse, although no one phyla dominates. A wide range of encrusting species may be found, including the brachiopod Neocraniaanomala, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis, encrusting red algae and polychaetes (Pomatoceros triqueter and Protula tubularia). Other conspicuous species include crinoids on the tops of boulders (Antedon bifida, commoner in shallower water and Antedon petasus, commoner in deeper water), scattered solitary and colonial ascidians (Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea, Corella parallelogramma, Clavelina lepadiformis and Ciona intestinalis) and tufts of fine hydroids (Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Nemertesia antennina, Obelia dichotoma and Halceum halecinum). The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the crustose bryozoan Parasmittina trispinosa are all typically present, as are a wide range of echinoderms, including the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, the starfish Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus, and the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiura albida. Other species recorded are the squat lobster Munida rugosa, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the chiton Tonicella marmorea.     \r\nSituation: The range of biotopes shallower and deeper than MC1-233 is typical of a sheltered sealoch. Silted kelp biotopes (e.g. units MB1-239, MB1-23A) are typically found shallower than MC1-233 in the infralittoral zone. Deeper than MC1-233, the boulder slope typically grades into a muddy slope or plain (units A5.3 or A5.4), along with fauna commonly associated with soft-sediments (e.g. seapens and the mud snail Turritella)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1234","name":"Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs in full to variable salinity conditions on very wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulder slopes subject to negligible tidal streams (this tends to be in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs). This biotope is characterised by often dense populations of the anemone Protanthea simplex, growing on the silty bedrock. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered by encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the brachiopods Neocrania anomala and Terebratulina retusa, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis and the polychaete Sabella pavonina. Scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum and the hydroid Bougainvillia ramosa may occasionally be recorded. A diverse range of ascidians including Ciona intestinalis, Ascidia mentula, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia virginea, Polycarpa pomaria and Dendrodoa grossularia are also occasionally recorded. Echinoderms such as the common brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis are frequently reported with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish Asterias rubens, Henricia oculata, and the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris are occasionally found on the boulder/rock surface. The whelk Buccinum undatum is often present but in very low numbers. The squat lobster Munida rugosa may be seen hiding in crevices. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus may also be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12341","name":"Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on deep, lower circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes (often-vertical walls) in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs. In these very sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the anemone Protanthea simplex growing on the silty boulder or rock slope, and on the tubes of the parchment worm Chaetopterus variopedatus. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered with encrusting red algae, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the brachiopod Neocrania anomala, the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis and the conspicuous fan worm Sabella pavonina. Scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum are occasionally present along with the hydroid Bougainvillia ramosa. The barnacle Balanus balanus and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus is occasionally seen on boulder or rock surface, whilst underneath in crevices, the squat lobster Munida rugosa may be present. A diverse range of solitary ascidians, typically found in sheltered conditions, are often present including Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Polycarpa pomaria, Ascidia mentula and Ascidia virginea. Echinoderms such as brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis are frequently seen with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish Asterias rubens, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris are occasionally found on the boulder or rock surface. The whelk Buccinum undatum is often present but in very low numbers.      \r\nSituation: Where this biotope occurs on vertical rock cliffs, you tend to find silted sugar kelp Laminaria saccharina communities above MC1-234, in the infralittoral zone (MB1-23A). Where MC1-234 occurs on a rock or boulder slope and due to the very sheltered nature of the habitat, it is common to find a mud plain community where slope ends (A5.3). Species such as the seapen Funiculina quadrangularis, the anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12342","name":"Neocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia and Sarcodictyon roseum on variable salinity circalittoral rock","description":"This variant typically occurs on lower circalittoral silty, bedrock or boulder cliffs and ridges in very wave-sheltered fjordic sealochs subjected to variable salinity regimes (such as Loch Etive, Scotland). In these sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia, the brachiopod Neocrania anomala and to a lesser extent, the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa, which are able to tolerate the variable salinity. Other solitary ascidians that may be present include Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidiella scabra, Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea and Polycarpa pomaria. The anemone Protanthea simplex is occasionally seen, although to a lesser extent than in unit MC1-234, possibly due to the variable salinity. The hydroids Bougainvillia ramosa and Lafoea dumosa, the cup-coral Caryophilia smithii and Sarcodictyon roseum are occasionally present. The tubes formed by the polychaete Sabella pavonina may be observed standing erect from the rock surface. The rest of the rock surface is usually covered by encrusting red algae and the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter and Protula tubularia. The sea cucumber Psolus phantapus may be found on the underside of boulders. Other species such as the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the spider crab Hyas araneus may be found amongst the rock/boulders. The starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, and Henricia spp. and the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris are also recorded within this variant. The relatively bare, silty rock supports low numbers of a relatively few species. Although barren rock grazed by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus is found in other sea loch biotopes (see units MC1-2245 and MC1-2246), E. esculentus is virtually absent within MC1-2342.         \r\nSituation: Due to the variable or reduced salinity conditions present where this biotope is found, you tend to find reduced salinity kelp biotopes above MC1-2342, such as MB1-242 and MB1-243. The very sheltered conditions give rise to muddy sediment slopes or plains beneath MC1-234 where species such as the seapen Funiculina quadrangularis, the anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus are typically abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC124","name":"Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on wave-sheltered, variable salinity bedrock and cobbles, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This complex contains a suite of sponges able to tolerate the variable salinity conditions like Hymeniacidon perleve, Suberites ficus, Halichondria panicea, Halichondria bowerbanki, Cliona celata and Leucosolenia botryoides. The barnacle Balanus crenatus is frequently recorded in this complex. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of Nemertesia antennina, Nemerteis ramosa, Plumularia setacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Bugula plumosa is often recorded. Other species recorded are the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Morchellium argus and Dendrodoa grossularia, the anemones Metridium senile and Sagartia troglodytes, the starfish Asterias rubens and the crab Carcinus maenas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1241","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is found in variable salinity environments and tends to occur on the upper faces of circalittoral bedrock and boulders, in sheltered sites subject to moderately strong tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by aggregations of cushion sponges such as Hymeniacidon perleve, Halichondria panicea, Halichondria bowerbanki and Cliona celata, other sponges (Leucosolenia botryoides and Suberites ficus) along with occasional hydroid tufts of Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Plumularia setacea. Other species that may be present include the colonial ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus, Dendrodoa grossularia, the anemones Metridium senile and Sagartia troglodytes, the barnacle Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Carcinus maenas and Bugula plumosa. Two variants of this biotope have been recorded: units MC1-2411 and MC1-2412."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12411","name":"Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in a mixture of turbid, full and variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered and moderately exposed bedrock or boulders. Tidal streams are typically moderately strong but may vary considerably. This sub-biotope occurs in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 11m water depth) and is dominated by cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians. On the silty, rocky substrata, large growths of sponge are usually associated with this biotope (Suberites ficus, Hymeniacidon perleve, Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Raspailia ramosa). The tasselled form of Esperiopsis fucorum is also notably present. Other epifauna present includes silty hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Plumularia setacea, Hydrallmaniafalcata and Halecium halecinum. Individual colonies of dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum and plumose anemones Metridiumsenile may be seen attached to the tops of boulders and ridges. At some sites, whole sides of rocks may be colonised by the anemones Sagartia elegans, Sagartia troglodytes and Actinothoe sphyrodeta. Within crevices in the rocky substratum and at the base of boulders Urticina felina and Cereus pedunculatus may be found. Ascidians such as Clavelina lepadiformis, Morchellium argus, Dendrodoa grossularia, Diplosoma listerianum and Distomus variolosus may all be observed. Other ubiquitous species which may be recorded include Polydora, terebellid worms, Balanus crenatus, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Asterias rubens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12412","name":"Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock","description":"This sub-biotope typically occurs in turbid, variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered bedrock in estuaries subject to strong tidal regimes where circalittoral communities occur in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 8m water depth). Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians dominate the biotope. Large growths (often up to 50cm across) of the sponges Halichondria panicea mixed with Halichondria bowerbanki almost entirely cover the bedrock, appearing in places like a continuous cushion. Haliclona oculata, Suberites ficus, Leucosolenia botryoides, various hydroids such as Plumularia setacea, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and various bryozoans such as Bugula plumosa, Bugula turbinata and Bowerbankia pustulosa protude through the Halichondria spp. sponge growth. Colonial ascidians such as the lightbulb ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis and Morchellium argus may also be observed. Other more ubiquitous species include Balanus crenatus, Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens, Metridium senile, Sagartia elegans and Ophiothrix fragilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1242","name":"Halichondria bowerbanki, Eudendrium arbusculum and Eucratea loricata on reduced salinity tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"This biotope typically occurs on circalittoral mixed substrata (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel) in the moderately strong, tide-swept narrows near the entrance of Loch Etive, although not in the extremely tide-swept Falls of Lora. This sea loch is unique in having a substantial freshwater input from the surrounding moorland, yielding the most brackish, large sea loch in Scotland. Large growths of the brackish-tolerant sponge Halichondria bowerbanki cover the cobble and boulder seabed, interspersed with Mycale lobata, the hydroid Eudendrium arbusculum and the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum which are particularly characteristic of these conditions. Tufts of the bryozoan Eucratea loricata are occasional in most areas. Other species recorded include Carcinus maenas, Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, Buccinum undatum, Pagurus berhardus, Henricia spp., Onchidoris bilamellata and Palio dubia, tolerant of the low salinity, are found in the circalittoral throughout this area. Ascidians such as Ascidiella scabra and Corella parallelogramma may also be present. A very impoverished low salinity version is present in the upper basin of Loch Etive. Unit MC1-241 is similar in several respects to this biotope and will develop in less brackish situations where species-richness is generally greater."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC125","name":"Communities on Atlantic circalittoral soft rock","description":"This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral soft bedrock subject to moderately strong tidal streams. As this complex is found in highly turbid water conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin at the low water mark, due to poor light penetration. This complex is dominated by the piddock Pholas dactylus. Other species typical of this complex include the polychaete Polydora and Bispiravolutacornis, the sponges Cliona celata and Suberites ficus, the bryozoan Flustra foliacea, Alcyonium digitatum, the starfish Asterias rubens, the mussel Mytilus edulis and the crab Necora puber and Cancer pagurus. Foliose red algae may also be present. Please note: in areas subject to very high turbidity, biotopes within this habitat type may occur in the infralittoral and even the littoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1251","name":"Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in Atlantic circalittoral very soft chalk or clay","description":"This biotope occurs on circalittoral soft rock, such as soft chalk or clay, most often in moderately exposed tide-swept conditions. As soft chalk and firm clay are often too soft for sessile filter-feeding animals to attach and thrive in large numbers, an extremely impoverished epifauna results on upward-facing surfaces, although vertical faces may be somewhat richer. The rock is sufficiently soft to be bored by bivalves. Species vary with location, but Pholas dactylus is the most widespread borer and may be abundant. Other species present may include the sponges Dysidea fragilis and Suberites carnosus and the polychaete Bispira volutacornis. Foliose red algae may be present on the harder, more stable areas of rock. Mobile fauna often include the crabs Necora puber and Cancer pagurus.                   \r\nSituation: Subtidal chalk reefs or clay outcrops, mostly known from south-east England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1252","name":"Polydora sp. tubes on moderately exposed Atlantic circalittoral soft rock","description":"Large patches of chalk and soft limestone are occasionally covered entirely by Polydora sp. tubes to the exclusion of almost all other species. This tends to occur in highly turbid conditions and spans the infralittoral and circalittoral in limestone areas such as the Great and Little Ormes (North Wales) and Gower (South Wales). It is even present on the lower shore in the Severn estuary. The boring form of the sponge Cliona celata often riddles the surface layer of the stone. Other sponges present include Halichondria panicea, Haliclona oculata and Hymeniacidon perleve. Polydora sp. also frequently occurs in small patches as part of other biotopes (e.g. unit MC1-216). Other species present include Alcyonium digitatum, Sarcodictyon roseum, the hydroids Halecium halecinum, Abietinaria abietina and Tubularia indivisa, the ascidians Clavelina lepadiformis, Botryllus schlosseri and Morchellium argus, the anemones Urticina felina, Metridium senile and Sagartia elegans and the bryozoans Flustra foliacea and a crisiid turf. The starfish Asterias rubens, the crabs Inachus phalangium and Carcinus maenas, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, the barnacle Balanus crenatus and the brittlestar Ophiothrixfragilis may also be seen. Please note: this biotope may extend into the infralittoral and littoral zone in areas where water turbidity is sufficiently high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1253","name":"Hiatella-bored Atlantic circalittoral vertical limestone rock","description":"Moderately exposed vertical and overhanging soft rock (typically chalk), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, bored by the rock-boring mollusc Hiatella arctica. As with other biotopes in the soft rock complex, it is found in areas of high turbidity, where there is poor light penetration. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroid Nemertesia antennina and a sparse bryozoan turf formed by various crisiids, Bugula plumosa and Bugula flabellate (often being grazed on by the nudibranch Janolus cristatus), Alcyonidium diaphanum, Flustra foliacea and Cellapora pumicosa. A patchy 'carpet' of the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis is often recorded along with other echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Henricia sanguinolenta. Other species present include the colonial ascidians Polyclinum aurantium, Botrylloides leachi, Clavelina lepadiformis, Aplidium punctatum and Botryllus schlosseri, dead mans fingers Alcyonium digitatum and the crab Cancer pagurus. Sponges present include the boring sponge Cliona celata, Halichondria panicea, Myxilla incrustans, Leucosolenia botryoides and Dysidea fragilis. Occasionally, the foliose red seaweed Delessaria sanguinea may be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC126","name":"Communities of Atlantic circalittoral caves and overhangs","description":"Caves and overhanging rock in the circalittoral zone, away from significant influence of strong wave action (compare MB1-27). This habitat may be colonised by a wide variety of species, with sponges such as Dercitus bucklandi, anemones Parazoanthus spp. and the cup corals Caryophyllia inornatus, Hoplangia durotrix and others particularly characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1261","name":"Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral habitats) and almost all are different in species composition. There are also a few examples of similar communities on very deep (70-100 m+) upward-facing rock (in Loch Hourn) and more may be found through the use of ROVs. These often species-rich habitats are almost invariably adjacent to well-mixed turbulent water. Characteristic species include the sponges Stryphnus ponderosus, Dercitus bucklandi, Chelonaplysilla noevus, Pseudosuberites sp. and Spongosorites sp., the anemones Parazoanthus spp., the cup corals Leptopsammiapruvoti, Hoplangia durotrix, Caryophyllia inornatus and the soft coral Parerythropodium coralloides. Thymosia guernei is sometimes present. This biotope is likely to need further splitting with further data and analysis.      \r\nSituation: Subtidal rocky coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC127","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1271","name":"Oil seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1272","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1273","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1274","name":"Vents in Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1275","name":"Atlantic circalittoral bubbling reefs","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC128","name":"Sabellaria on Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense crusts of the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa covering the substratum. Other fauna present in many cases reflects the biotopes found on nearby rock, so to a certain extent, is quite variable. Species typically present include the bryozoans Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Pentapora foliacea, the hydroid Nemertesia antennina, the sponges Tethya aurantium and Phorbas fictitius, the anemones Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans, and the ascidians Distomus variolosus, Polycarpa pomaria and Polycarpa scuba. The barnacle Balanus crenatus, the polychetes Pomatoceros triqueter and Salmacina dysteri, the starfish Crossaster papposus, and Alcyonium digitatum may also be recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1281","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa encrusted Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope is typically found encrusting the upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to strong/moderately strong tidal streams in areas with high turbidity. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm Sabellaria spinulosa may even completely cover the rock, binding the substratum together to form a crust. A diverse fauna may be found attached to, and sometimes obscuring the crust, often reflecting the character of surrounding biotopes. Bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea and Alcyonidium diaphanum, anemones such as Urticina felina and Sagartia elegans, the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, Alcyonium digitatum, the hydroid Nemertesia antennina and echinoderms such as Asterias rubens and Crossaster papposus may all be recorded within this biotope. There are two variants. The first (unit MC2-2131) contains significant cover of barnacles (Balanus crenatus) and bryozoans. The second (unit MC1-2132) has a dense turf of didemnid ascidians as well as scour-tolerant bryozoans such as F. foliacea, sponges such as Tethya aurantium and Phorbas fictitius, colonies of the serpulid worm Salmacina dysteri and patchy occurrences of the ascidians Distomus variolosus, Polycarpa pomaria and Polycarpa scuba. This biotope has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, Lundy Island (including the wreck of the MV Robert) and the north-east and south coast of England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12811","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found encrusting the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral rock and mixed substrata, subject to strong and moderately strong currents and high turbidity levels. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm Sabellaria spinulosa may completely cover the rock, binding gravel and pebbles together. A diverse fauna may be found attached to this crust, and in many cases reflects the character of nearby biotopes. There is normally considerable variation in the associated fauna encountered. There may be a sparse bryozoan turf (Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum, Bicellariella ciliata, Bugula plumosa and Vesicularia spinosa) attached to the Sabellaria crust and available rocky substrata. Other scour-tolerant species such as Urticina felina are occasionally observed. Clumps of robust hydroids such as Tubularia indivisa, Nemertesia antennina, Hydrallmania falcata and Halecium halecinum may also be observed. Other species which may be present include the polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter, Balanus crenatus, Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Gibbula cineraria. Occasionally, sponges such as Haliclona oculata and Halichondria panicea, and ascidians such as Dendrodoagrossularia may also be observed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC12812","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa, didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed Atlantic circalittoral rock","description":"This variant is typically found on tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to slight sand-scour. It occurs predominantly in the lower circalittoral. This variant normally appears as a bedrock/boulder outcrop or reef with a dense crust of the polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa and a dense turf of didemnid ascidians and scour-tolerant bryozoans such as Flustra foliacea, Pentapora foliacea and Cellaria species. There may be discreet clumps of Alcyonium digitatum and sparse sponges such as Tethya aurantium and Phorbas fictitius. Patchy occurrences of the small ascidians Polycarpascuba, Polycarpa pomaria and Distomus variolosus may be present on the tops of rocks and boulders whilst in crevices between, the anemone Urticina felina may be found. Species such as Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus, the serpulid worm Salmacina dysteri and the anemone Sagartia elegans are occasionally seen on the rock surface. This variant has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, the Skerries and around Pembrokeshire in Wales."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC13","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBlue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), barnacles (Balanidae)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC131","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover l  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC132","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nsea squirts\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1321","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by sea squirts (Ascidiacea)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAscidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Modiolus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC133","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1331","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated hydroids (Hydrozoa)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLaomedea spp., Cordylophora caspia\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from Russian waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1332","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by sea anemones (Actiniarida)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEdwardsia spp, Metridium dianthus\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1333","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAlcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC134","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\n Einhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1341","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1342","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by erect Bryozoa (Flustra foliaceae)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC135","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1351","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, barnacles constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from 0 to 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity approximately >3 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC136","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC137","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulderscharacterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Mixed  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrocommunity  cover at least 10 % of the seabed \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC138","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity.","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10 % of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Bryozoa, Balanidae, Bryozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC139","name":"Baltic ciralittoral rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13A","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of hard clay..Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC13A1","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized  by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay. Epibenthic bivalves cover less then 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC13A2","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by Astarte spp","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   Epibenthic bivalves cover 10% or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Astarte spp.constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13B","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13C","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna (not  bivalves)  is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13D","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard clay characterized by  no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with  at least 90 % coverage of hard clay.   No macro- epi- orinfauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Typically high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13E","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard bottoms characterized by  marl (marlstone rock)","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms ibottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of marl (marlstone rock).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nAround Gotland, likely to occur in German and Danish Baltic Sea waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13F","name":"Baltic ciralittoral hard bottoms characterized by ferromanganese concretion bottoms","description":"Baltic  circalittoral bottoms ibottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of ferromanganese concretions\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nGeographic range\r\nGulf of Finland, Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Gulf of Riga, Baltic Proper, smaller occurrences possible in the whole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC13G","name":"Baltic circalittoral  hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrates dominate. Salinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone. All bottoms of which at least 90 % is modified by man. Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC14","name":"Black Sea circalittoral rock","description":"Rock and other hard substates in the Black Sea circalittoral zone. In the Black Sea circalittoral rock starts at the lower limit of distribution of photophilic algae (which may be as shallow a 10m on the north-western Black Sea shelf and much deeper in Crimea or Turkey) and ends where the circalittoral rocky substrate gives way to sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC141","name":"Invertebrate dominated Black sea circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock  occurs on rocky coasts in depths between 10-15 m (depending on local conditions of light penetration) down to 30-70m (depending on how deep rocky reefs occur at the location). The fauna is highly diverse, including many invertebrate and fish species which occur only in this habitat, some of them rare or protected. The dominant species is often the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, but in certain subtypes other benthic species may dominate:- crusts and turfs formed by bryozoans, crust sponges (Dysideasp.) or colonial tunicates Botryllus schlosseri;- vertical walls and ridges can be covered either by dense colonies of erect, branched sponges Halichondria sp. and Haliclona sp. or by solitary ascidians Molgula manhattensis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis;- Hydrozoans can form dense turfs and even tall canopies in the case of larger species (Obelia longissima)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC142","name":"Invertebrate dominated Marmara circalittoral rock","description":"In the Sea of Maramara a number of unique communities occur on circalittoral rock due to the high organic load characteristic of this region. In the upper levels (10-30 m) of outflowing Black Sea waters  a thick layer of Ophiurids occurs. In the lower levels (30-50 m) of inflowing Mediterranean waters a thick layer of Crinoids occurs. Throughout all depths (2 - 60m) a fragile layer of tubeworms (Serpulid polychaetes) can be found attached to rock faces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC143","name":"Marmara coralligenous communities on moderately exposed circalittoral rock","description":"The habitat is found in the Sea of Marmara only and is closely related to Mediterranean types. Coralligenous habitats are hard bottoms of biogenic origin mainly produced by the accumulation of calcareous encrusting algae growing in dim light conditions. Although more typical of the circalittoral zone, they can also develop to some extent in dimly-lit infralittoral zones such as vertical walls, deep channels, or overhangs. Coralligenous bioconcretions are always very complex in structure allowing the development of several kinds of communities including those dominated by living algae (on the upper part of the concretions), suspension feeders (upper and lower part of the concretions, wall cavities, and overhangs of the build-up), borers (inside the concretions), and even soft-bottom fauna (in the sediment deposited in cavities and holes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC144","name":"Black sea barren circalittoral rock","description":"Black Sea circalittoral rock with  a complete lack of algal and faunal species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC145","name":"Black sea circalittoral rock affected by sedimentation","description":"Black Sea circalittoral rock where sedimentation  leads to lower species diversity, with polychaete worms, sponges and solitary ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC146","name":"Black sea circalittoral dark caves and tunnels","description":"Caves and overhangs in the circalittoral zone are characterised by a lack of light.  All around the Black Sea this habitat type occurs mostly on limestone but it may also occur onvolcanic and metamorphic rocks. Characteristic species: Turf hydrozoans, thin crust sponges like Antho involvens, Haliclona flavescens, Haliclona cinerea, Suberites prototypus, Clathria cleistocheiladepending on current intensity, anemones Actinia equina, red mysid shrimp Hemimysis pontica, Hemimysis serrata and the rare shrimp species Palaemon serratus and Lysmata seticaudata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC15","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral rock","description":"Circalittoral rock is characterised by sciaphilic (shade-loving, that grow only in shady habitats) algae  dominated communities (in contrast to photophilic algal  communities of the infralittoral zone). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may occur in shallow water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC151","name":"Coralligenous biocenosis","description":"The distribution of the coralligenous assemblage  is subject to a combination of decisive biotic and abiotic factors. The main factors are light, movement of the water, temperature, the deposit of sediment and biological interactions.\r\nThe coralligenous is found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can form biogenic constructions. Due to their sensitivity to light, these calcareous algae are restricted upwards by strong illumination and have an extension downwards, restricted by the quantity of luminous energy needed for their photosynthesis. The average depth of this habitat is between 30 and 90 meters. When the water is very clear, the coralligenous begins and ends very deep (60-130 meters), but when the water is turbid, it rises to shallower depths (10/15-40 meters). Such a rise may also be seen along dimly lit rock faces (north- facing, for example). The thermal scope of seasonal variation for this habitat is variable, and a certain tolerance of fluctuation in salinity has been observed; however, the sedimentation of fine particles is particularly harmful.\r\nThe coralligenous can present various physiognomical types between the two most typical forms on our coasts, which are:\r\n- the rock wall coralligenous which covers the rocky substrata beyond the photophilous algae, with more or less thick concretions and an abundance of big erect invertebrates, such as the Paramuricea clavata, Eunicella spp., Leptogorgia sarmentosa gorgonians and the Axinella polypoides sponge\r\n- the coralligenous concretion forming biogenous clumps that can be several meters thick and cover big horizontal or non-horizontal surfaces. This coralligenous is a fully biogenic habitat. The essential species are the constructive Corallinaceae and Peyssonneliaceae species; the structure of these clumps is highly anfractuous, with many cavities of great richness (parts of the biocenosis of semi-dark caves)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1511","name":"Association with Cystoseira zosteroides","description":"This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga Cystoseira zosteroides. The association can include in its higher levels both sciaphilous and photophilous species such as Phyllariopsis brevipes, Arthrocladia villosa, Sporochnus pedunculatus, Cutleria chilosa, Dictyota dichotoma, Dictyopteris polypodioides, Halopteris filicina and Polysiphoniafoeniculacea.Sciaphilous adnate forms such as Lithophyllum incrustans, Mesophyllum alternans and Peyssonnelia rosa-marina represent a great part of the population. The association is mixed with the big erect invertebrate species of the coralligenous, like the Axinella polypoides sponge and the Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella cavolini gorgonians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1512","name":"Association with Cystoseira usneoides","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira usneoides is present in relatively deep rocky areas crossed by currents. Giaccone, who described the association, mentions the Laminaria ochroleuca, Phyllariopsis purpurascens, Umbraulva dangeardii, Callophyllis laciniata and Phyllophora heredia algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1513","name":"Association with Cystoseira dubia","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira dubia occurs on hard substrata subject to weak hydrodynamics and relatively strong sedimentation. The association was described with Nitophyllum tristomaticum, Peyssonnelia rubra, Ceramium bertholdii and Kallymenia patens. According to Giaccone, only C. dubia, N. tristomaticum and K. patens are characteristic species. Three vegetal strata can be made out in the population: a raised stratum with various scattered Cystoseira (C. spinosa, C. zosteroides) and Sargassum (S. acinarium, S. vulgare); a very dense intermediary stratum with C. dubia, rich in epiphytes, and a crust-forming stratum of calcareous algae. A very rich fauna made up of bryozoans, molluscs and polychaetes lives in these different strata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1514","name":"Association with Cystoseira corniculata","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Cystoseira corniculata occurs on hard substrata in the circalittoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1515","name":"Association with Sargassum spp.","description":"This association characterised by the abundance of the brown algae Sargassum spp. occurs on hard substrata, simultaneously relatively deep and well-lit, in oligotrophic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1516","name":"Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides","description":"This association characterised by the red alga Mesophyllum lichenoides occurs on hard substrata with strong deep currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1517","name":"Association with Lithophyllum stictaeforme and Halimeda tuna","description":"This association characterised by the red encrusting alga Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Lithophyllum frondosum) and the green alga Halimeda tuna is present on coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds affected by sea bottom currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1518","name":"Association with Laminaria ochroleuca","description":"This association characterised by the brown alga Laminaria ochroleuca occurs on hard or detritic substrata composed by sparse rocks located at 30 - 100 metres depth in areas affected by strong currents and the Atlantic influx (e.g. Strait of Messina, Sea of Alboran, Algerian coasts). Stipes that can be 6 meters high and fronds in wide blades that can form a continuous canopy; densities of the order of one adult per 2 square meters or more. The substratum population is sciaphilous, with the substrata and spikes heavily covered in calcareous algae, sponges, bryozoans and ascidians. The three-dimensional development of this kelp offers habitats to a diversified fish fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1519","name":"Facies with Eunicella cavolini","description":"A raised stratum of Eunicella cavolini on a surface that is often built into a concretion by algae associated with various animal species such as the crust-forming and erect bryozoans Schizomavella spp., Pentapora fascialis, Turbicellepora avicularis, Celleporina caminata and Myriapora truncata, Serpulidae, cnidarians like Alcyonium coralloides, Alcyonium acaule, Leptopsammia pruvoti and Caryophyllia smithii, ascidians like Halocynthia papillosa and Microcosmus sabatieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151A","name":"Facies with Eunicella singularis","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) Eunicella singularis. Often associated with erect brown algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151B","name":"Facies with Paramuricea clavata","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (red sea-fan) Paramuricea clavata. The lower stratum is very rich; there are found the cnidarians Caryophyllia smithii, Hoplangia durotrix, Leptopsammia pruvoti, Corallium rubrum, the bryozoans Celleporina caminata, Schizomavella mamillata, Smittina cervicornis, Myriapora truncata, Serpulidae, the sponges Ircinia variabilis, Spongia officinalis, Sarcotragus spinosulus, Scalarispongia scalaris, Aplysina cavernicola, Penares euastrum and Agelas oroides, and the molluscs Thylacodes arenarius and Lithophaga lithophaga. An intermediary level includes invertebrates colonising parts of the branches, such as the cnidarian Alcyonium coralloides, the bryozoans Adeonella calveti, Turbicellepora avicularis, Reteporella spp. and Pentapora fascialis, and the molluscs Pteria hirundo and Anomia ephippium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151C","name":"Circalittoral facies with Parazoanthus axinellae","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of the cnidarian (sea anemone) Parazoanthus axinellae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151D","name":"Association with Rodriguezella strafforelli","description":"This association populates hard poorly-lit substrata, in a sheltered environment, at about 25-45 metres depth. The association was described in 1975 by Augier and Boudouresque and contains as other characteristic plant species Blastophysa rhizopus, Ceramium bertholdii, Polysiphonia subulifera, Rodriguezella pinnata, Spermothamnion johannis and Sphacelaria plumula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151E","name":"Facies with Leptogorgia sarmentosa","description":"This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) Leptogorgia sarmentosa (syn Lophogorgia sarmentosa). Big Leptogorgia sarmentosa gorgonians with thin branches that are usually developed at several levels; yellow to orange color, forming sparse groups on rocky beds with or without concretions, or on substrata scattered over loose beds, from 15 to 300 meters down."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151F","name":"Facies with Anthipatella subpinnata and sparse red algae","description":"This facies, characterised by the colonial black coral  Antipathella subpinnata, occurs on hard bottoms with different sedimentation rate and relatively dim light, generally observed on subhorizontal faces of large boulders, from 50m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC151G","name":"Facies with massive sponges and sparse red algae","description":"Large sponges belonging to species Sarcotragus foetidus or Spongia lamella creates facies on patchy hard substrata of continous hard substrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC152","name":"Biocoenosis of Mediterranean semi-dark caves and overhangs","description":"The front parts of caves and tunnels, overhangs and vertical faces. This habitat constitutes the transition between the beds of hard substrata with concretions, where the calcareous algae and other sciaphilous algae play a basic part, and the caves in total darkness, where the physical environment is extremely selective and the population is exclusively animal. In this habitat, light and water movement diminish rapidly the greater the distance from the entrance to the cave (i.e. the open sea) and according to topographical factors. As a result, there is a tendency to environmental stability, which increases with the distance from the entrance, and a drop in the presence and abundance of certain groups of organisms (like passive filterers). This biocenosis is characterised by a frequent juxtaposition of facies, partly linked to the variability of the habitat caused by the environmental topography, but also certainly resulting from historical recruitment events. The biocenosis of semi-dark caves only contains a few rare sciaphilous algae, restricted to the area that is nearest to the outside environment, and has no herbivores. The trophic network is thus composed of filterers, scavengers and carnivores only. A confinement appears following a gradient that goes from the outside to the inside of the cave, with a drop in external additions, and a development of organisms that are not very demanding or are well adapted to exploiting a weak, unpredictable trophic resource."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1521","name":"Caves and overhangs with Parazoanthus axinellae","description":"This facies, characterised by the colonial sea anemone Parazoanthus axinellae, occurs on hard bottoms affected by very rough water and relatively dim light. Found attached to rocks and sponges in open coast rocky habitats, it is often observed on vertical faces or beneath overhangs, at 6-100m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1522","name":"Facies with Corallium rubrum","description":"This facies, characterised by the high presence of the cnidarian (red coral) Corallium rubrum, occurs on walls of caves and/or cavities with coralligenous concretions and semi-dark overhangs. The vertical distribution of this facies occurs from 10 to 200 metres depth. Usually associated with many sponges (e.g. Haliclona fulva, Haliclona viscosa, Crella mollior, Aplysina cavernicola, Petrosia ficiformis, Pleraplysilla spinifera), scleractinians (Leptopsammia pruvoti, Caryophyllia inornata, Hoplangia durotrix), and bryozoans (e.g. Smittina cervicornis, Smittoideareticulata, Celleporina caminata, Disporella neapolitana)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC1523","name":"Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti","description":"This facies with the madreporian (yellow coral) Leptopsammia pruvoti occurs on hard substrata at the entrance to caves and under overhangs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC2","name":"Circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic reefs in the circalittoral zone formed by a variety of organisms, includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs in the circalittoral zone. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC21","name":"Arctic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic reefs in the circalittoral zone of the Arctic  formed by a variety of organisms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC22","name":"Atlantic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Atlantic circalittoral biogenic reef communities. This complex includes  bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC221","name":"Worm reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2211","name":"Sabellaria spinulosa on stable Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"The tube-building polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa at high abundances on mixed sediment. These species typically forms loose agglomerations of tubes forming a low lying matrix of sand, gravel, mud and tubes on the seabed. The infauna comprises typical sublittoral polychaete species such as Protodorvillea kefersteini, Pholoe synophthalmica, Harmothoe spp, Scoloplos armiger, Mediomastus fragilis, Lanice conchilega and cirratulids, together with the bivalve Abra alba, and tube building amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. The epifauna comprise a variety of bryozoans including Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum and Cellepora pumicosa, in addition to calcareous tubeworms, pycnogonids, hermit crabs and amphipods. The reefs formed by Sabellaria consolidate the sediment and allow the settlement of other species not found in adjacent habitats leading to a diverse community of epifaunal and infauna species. The development of such reefs is assisted by the settlement behaviour of larval Sabellaria which are known to selectively settle in areas of suitable sediment and particularly on existing Sabellaria tubes (Tait and Dipper, 1997; Wilson 1929). These reefs are particularly affected by dredging or trawling and in heavily dredged or disturbed areas an impoverished community may be left (e.g. MC3-213) particularly if the activity or disturbance is prolonged. However, it is likely that reefs of S. spinulosa can recover quite quickly from short term or intermediate levels of disturbance as found by Vorberg (2000) in the case of disturbance from shrimp fisheries and recovery will be accelerated if some of the reef is left intact following disturbance as this will assist larval settlement of the species.             \r\nSituation: S. spinulosa reefs are often found in areas with quite high levels of natural sediment disturbance.              \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas the reefs are periodically destroyed by storm events leading to a cyclical shift in biotopes from MC2-211 to other biotopes e.g. MC3-213 or MC5-214 with re-establishment of the Sabellaria colonies in the following year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2212","name":"Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of Serpula vermicularis, typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include Esperiopsis fucorum, thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula, Dendrodoa grossularia and Diplosoma listerianum. The echinoderms Ophiothrix fragilis and Psammechinus miliaris and the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense Phycodrys rubens may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC222","name":"Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, Lophelia pertusa is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. Lophelia and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2221","name":"Atlantic circalittoral Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Reefs of the coral Lophelia pertusa, typically supporting a range of other biota. Lophelia reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including Paragorgia arborea, Paramuricea placomus, Primnoa resedaeformis, polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters (Munida sarsi) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish (Sebastesviviparous and Sebastes marinus), Ling (Molva molva) and tusk (Brosme brosme) (Husebo et al., 2002).       \r\nSituation: In British waters Lophelia reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC223","name":"Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone","description":"Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus or the common mussel Mytilus edulis. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2231","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Modiolus beds on mixed substrata (cobbles, pebbles and coarse muddy sediments) in moderately strong currents or wave exposed areas, typically on the open coast but also in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. Ophiothrix fragilis are often common in this biotope along with the calcareous tubes of Pomatoceros triqueter, anemones such as Alcyonium digitatum and Urticina felina and hydroids such as Abietinaria abietina and Sertularia argentea. Buccinum undatum may also be important and in some areas the clam Chlamys varia may be frequent but not in the same abundances as in unit MC2-224. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the Modiolus biotopes. This biotope is typified by examples off the north-west Lleyn Peninsula in N Wales and off Co. Down, Northern Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2232","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of Modiolus modiolus. The clumping of the byssus threads of the M. modiolus creates a stable habitat that attracts a very rich infaunal community with a high density of polychaete species including Glycera lapidum, Paradoneis lyra, Aonides paucibranchiata, Laonice bahusiensis, Protomystides bidentata, Lumbrineris spp., Mediomastus fragilis and syllids such as Exogone spp. and Sphaerosyllis spp. Bivalves such as Spisulaelliptica, Timocleaovata and other venerid species are also common. Brittlestars such as Amphipholissquamata may also occur with this community. This biotope is very similar to MD4-211 and the 'boreal off-shore gravel association' and the 'deep Venus community' described by previous workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951). Similar Modiolus beds (though with a less diverse infauna) on open coast stable boulders, cobbles and sediment are described under MC1-221."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2233","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Beds or scattered clumps of Modiolus modiolus in generally sheltered conditions with only slight tidal movement. Typically occurs in sealochs and the Shetland voes. Brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, as well as Ophiopholis aculeata are often frequent, sometimes forming a dense bed as described in MC4-215. The queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis is often present in moderate abundances. Large solitary ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa, Corella parallelogramma, Dendrodoa grossularia) and fine hydroids (Kirchenpaueria pinnata) are present attached to the mussel shells. Decapods such as hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) and spider crabs (Hyas araneus) are typically present. Coralline algal crusts may be found on the mussel shells, with some red seaweeds in shallower water such as Phycodrys rubens. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the Modiolus biotopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2234","name":"Modiolus modiolus beds with Chlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata","description":"Dense Modiolus modiolus beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop (Chlamys varia) is frequently found in large numbers amongst the Modiolus shells. Hydroids such as Halecium spp. and Kirchenpaueria pinnata and ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa, Corella parallelogramma and Ciona intestinalis may be found attached to pebbles or mussel shells. The echinoderms Ophiothrix fragilis and Antedon bifida are often frequent in this biotope as is the encrusting polychaete Pomatoceros triqueter. Similar communities have been found on cobble and pebble plains in stable, undisturbed conditions in some sealochs, although not all these examples have Modiolus beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2235","name":"Mytilus edulis beds on Atlantic circalittoral sediment","description":"Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Other characterising infaunal species may include the amphipod Gammarus salinus and oligochaetes of the genus Tubificoides. The polychaetes Harmothoe spp., Kefersteiniacirrata and Heteromastusfiliformis are also important. Epifaunal species in addition to the M. edulis include the whelks Nucella lapillus and Buccinum undatum, the common starfish Asterias rubens the spider crab Maja squinado and the anemone Urticina felina. Relatively few records are available for this biotope and it is possible that as more data is accumulated separate estuarine and fully marine sub-biotopes may be described. Further clarification may also be required with regard to the overlap between littoral and sublittoral mussel beds and with regard to mussel beds biotopes on hard substratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2236","name":"Hiatella arctica beds on Atlantic circalittoral silty clay with small pebbles and shells","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC23","name":"Baltic circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic circalittoral  biogenic habitats  in the aphotic zone on various sediments,  including  polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) cold water coral reefs  and shell gravel bottoms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC231","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically from approximately20 meters and deeper. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2311","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is rock and/or boulders. Depth is typically from below 20 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. and Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range\r\nBaltic Sea up to the Quark in the North"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2312","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by Astarte spp","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Astarte spp.constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is hard clay. Occur at high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC232","name":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone of various sediments.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC233","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel bottoms","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is shell gravel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2331","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by  sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 % or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus sp., Modiolus modiolus\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2332","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zoneSessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 %of the seabedand more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2333","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2334","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range               \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Se"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2335","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC2336","name":"Baltic circalittoral shell gravel characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic  circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone. Sessile/semi-sessile macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC234","name":"Baltic circalittoral peat bottoms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of peat bottoms\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: (7.5-18 psu); exposure range: All; Depth range: Aphotic zone\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nNo macrophytes\r\n\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC24","name":"Black Sea circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Reefs in the Black Sea circalittoral zone formed by organisms such as polychaete worms and bivalve molluscs"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC241","name":"Mussel beds on Black sea circalittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Mixed circalittoral sediments  with  mud of terrestrial origin  mixed with variable amounts of recent or subfossil shells, most of them belonging to the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, occurring offshore, between depths of 20 and 45 m. At these depths environmental conditions are relatively constant year-round: low light, low temperature (6-9°C), and a constant salinity of 18 ppt.Mytilus galloprovincialisforms biogenic reefs through the accumulation of mussel shells in time and aggregation of the shells by byssal threads. Over time, a hard substratum higher than the surrounding sediment is formed, on which living mussel colonies attach themselves. The reef is formed of numerous elongated patches and/or continuous ridges, always transverse to the prevailing bottom currents (which bring food to the filter-feeders). Between these lay the organic-rich Mytilus mud formed by accumulation of mussels ; faeces and pseudofaeces. Circalittoral Mytilus galloprovincialis beds harbour a diverse range of epibiota and infauna:-cnidarians: Actinithoe clavata-sponges: Dysideasp.-molluscs: Lepidochitona cinerea, Abra alba, Calyptraea chinensis, Retusa truncatella, Nassarius nitidus, Gouldia minima, Pitar rudis, Acanthocardium paucicostatum, Rapana venosa-polychaetes: Terebellides stroemi, Aonides paucibranchiata, Melinna palmata, Capitella capitata, C. minima, Eumida sanguinea, Glycera alba, Hediste diversicolor, Heteromastus filiformis, Nephtys hombergii, Nereiphylla rubiginosa, Pectinaria koreni, Polycirrus jubatus, Polydora spp., Pomatoceros triqueter.-amphipods: Ampelisca diadema, Orchomene humilis-echinoderms: Amphiura stepanovi, Leptosynapta inhaerens-tunicates:Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis-elasmobranchs:Raja clavata, Squalus acanthias-fish: Acipenser gueldenstaedti, A. stellatus, Huso huso, Chelindonichthys lucernus, Mesogobius batrachocephalus, Psetta maeotica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC242","name":"Black sea circalittoral biogenic detritic bottoms dead or alive mussel beds with encrusting corallines and attached foliose sciaphilic macroalgae","description":"Extensive stands of perennial red algae (genera Phyllophora, Coccotylus) developing on circalittoral hard substrata and a highly diverse associated fauna occur on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and form  Zernov's Phyllophora Field. The stands develop on mixed sediments (shelly mud to pure shell debris) covered by dead or alive crustose corallines Lithothamnion crispatum, Lithothamnion propontidis, Lithophyllum cystoseirae, occurring offshore at depths of 30-50m. The crustose corallines are the preferred substrate for attachment of a more or less dense cover of Phyllophora crispa and Coccotylus truncatus. Phyllophora crispa may form extensive canopies, which harbour a characteristic and diverse fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC243","name":"Black sea circalittoral biogenic detritic bottoms with unattached Phyllophora crispa","description":"Mixed sediments (shelly mud to pure shell debris) occurring  within the circalittoral zone with a spherical form of the red algae Phyllophora (Phyllophora crispa sphaerica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC244","name":"Marmara circalittoral worm reefs","description":"Biogenic reefs  in the circalittoral zone in the Sea of Marmara  formed by several species of worm which build carbonate tubes. The most common are theHydroidesspp. and to a lesser extent Salmacina incrustans and Salmacina dysteri. Other species include Porifera like Ciocalypta penicillus, Echinoderms like Antedon mediterranea, Ophiothrix fragilis and Asterias rubens and Cnidarians like Parazoanthus axinellae, Paramuricea clavata, Paramuricea macrospina, Eunicella cavaloni, Paralcyonium spinulosum and Caryophyllia smithii. Molluscs and Decapods also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC25","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic horizontal substrata formed by coralligenous formations developed within sedimentary beds, up to 100 metres in depth, in clear waters with moderate hydrodynamic action. Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC251","name":"Coralligenous platforms","description":"These are coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds subject to currents, at up to at least 100 metres depth in clear waters. These formations are not usually built on rock substrata but result from the active development of constructor organisms (e.g. calcified algae, hard-skeleton invertebrates) from scattered elements on loose beds, shells, stones, and graves. The thickness of these coralligenous formations can vary between a few centimeters and several meters. This type of coralligenous then constitutes slab platforms, thus giving its name to this very specific facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC3","name":"Circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the circalittoral zone including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC31","name":"Arctic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the circalittoral zone of the Arctic  including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC32","name":"Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC321","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves. Certain species of sea cucumber (e.g.  Neopentadactyla ) may also be prevalent in these areas along with the lancelet  Branchiostoma lanceolatum ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3211","name":"Pomatoceros triqueter with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on Atlantic circalittoral unstable cobbles and pebbles","description":"This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and tidal action. The main cover organisms tend to be restricted to calcareous tube worms such as Pomatoceros triqueter (or P. lamarcki), small barnacles including Balanus crenatus and Balanus balanus, and a few bryozoan and coralline algal crusts. Scour action from the mobile substratum prevents colonisation by more delicate species. Occasionally in tide-swept conditions tufts of hydroids such as Sertularia argentea and Hydrallmania falcata are present. This biotope often grades into MC4-214 which is characterised by large amounts of the above hydroids on stones also covered in Pomatoceros and barnacles. The main difference here is that MC4-214, seems to develop on more stable, consolidated cobbles and pebbles or larger stones set in sediment in moderate tides. These stones may be disturbed in the winter and therefore long-lived and fragile species are not found.    \r\nSituation: This biotope is found on exposed open coasts as well as at the entrance to marine inlets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3212","name":"Mediomastus fragilis, Lumbrineris spp. and venerid bivalves in Atlantic circalittoral coarse sand or gravel","description":"Circalittoral gravels, coarse to medium sands, and shell gravels, sometimes with a small amount of silt and generally in relatively deep water (generally over 15-20m), may be characterised by polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Lumbrineris spp., Glycera lapidum with the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus. Other taxa may include Nemertea spp., Protodorvillea kefersteini, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx and Amphipholis squamata along with amphipods such as Ampelisca spinipes. This biotope may also be characterised by the presence of conspicuous venerid bivalves, particularly Timoclea ovata. Other robust bivalve species such as Moerella spp., Glycymerisglycymeris and Astartesulcata may also be found in this biotope. Spatanguspurpureus may be present especially where the interstices of the gravel are filled by finer particles, in which case, Garitellinella may also be prevalent (Glemarec 1973). Venerid bivalves are often under-sampled in benthic grab surveys and as such may not be conspicuous in many infaunal datasets. Such communities in gravelly sediments may be relatively species-rich and they may also contain epifauna such as Hydroides norvegicus and Pomatoceros lamarcki. In sand wave areas this biotope may also contain elements of the MB5-236 biotope, particularly Magelona species. This biotope has previously been described as the 'Deep Venus Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950) and may also be part of the Venus community described by Thorson (1957) and in the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973). MC3-212 may be quite variable over time and in fact may be closer to a biotope complex in which a number of biotopes or sub-biotopes may yet be defined. For example, Ford (1923) describes a 'Series A' and a 'Series B' characterised by Echinocardium cordatum-Chamelea gallina and Spatangus purpurea-Clausinella fasciata. Furthermore, mosaics of cobble and lag gravel often contain ridges of coarse gravelly sand and these localised patches are also characterised by robust veneriid and similar bivalves including Arcopagia crassa, Laevicardium crassum and others including Glycymeris glycymeris (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). This high porosity fine gravel or coarse sand may be a separate biotope.       \r\nSituation: This biotope and variants of it make up a significant proportion of the offshore Irish Sea benthos (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995).      \r\nTemporal variation: MC3-212 may be quite variable over time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3213","name":"Protodorvillea kefersteini and other polychaetes in impoverished Atlantic circalittoral mixed gravelly sand","description":"In coarse gravelly or shelly sand sometimes with a slight mud content, along open coasts in depths of 10 to 30m, and in shallower offshore areas, an impoverished community characterised by Protodorvillea kefersteini may be found. This biotope has a number of other species associated with it including Nemertea spp., Caulleriella zetlandica, Minuspio cirrifera, Glycera lapidum, Ampelisca spinipes and numerous other polychaete species all occurring at low abundances. The polychaete Sabellariaspinulosa is also found in low numbers in this biotope.          \r\nSituation: This biotope has been reported in the North Sea along the Norfolk/Lincolnshire coast located in and around marine aggregate dredging areas (IECS, 1999).          \r\nTemporal variation: This biotope may be quite variable both spatially and temporally in terms community structure and also sediment type which is often borderline between coarse sediments & subunits and mixed sediments and subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3214","name":"Neopentadactyla mixta in Atlantic circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand","description":"Sublittoral plains of clean, shell, maerl and / or stone gravels or sometimes coarse sands, with frequent Neopentadactyla mixta. Pecten maximus may occur occasionally along with Lanice conchilega. Other epifaunal species may include Ophiura albida, Pagurus spp. and Callionymus spp. These sediments may be thrown into dunes by wave action or tidal streams. Widespread species such as Cerianthus lloydii and Chaetopterusvariopedatus are present in many examples of this biotope. Scarcely recorded species such as Molgula oculata, Ophiopsila annulosa and Amphiura securigera may also be found. O. annulosa only occurs in records from the south-west of the British Isles. It should be noted that Neopentadactyla may exhibit periodicity in its projection out of, and retraction into, the sediment (Picton 1993).This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of unit MC3-212.         \r\nSituation: This biotope may occur adjacent to maerl beds and to some extent in the lower infralittoral where some seaweeds may occur in low abundances."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3215","name":"Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Atlantic circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel","description":"Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (MC3-212). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant population of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Other conspicuous infauna may include Echinocyamus pusillus, Glycera lapidum, Polygordius, Pisione remota and Arcopagia crassa (in the south of UK). Sessile epifauna are typically a minor component of this community. This biotope has been described from a limited number of records and as such may need revising when further data become available. This biotope is related to the 'Boreal Offshore Gravel Association' and 'Deep Venus Community' described by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951), and may also be closely allied (the same?) as the ' Venus fasciata ' community of Cabioch (Glemarec 1973). This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope MB3-233 or MC3-212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3216","name":"Scallops on Atlantic circalittoral shell gravel and sand with some sand scour","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC33","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC331","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by sparse  epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover  10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other attached erect groups. .\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC332","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized  by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC333","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment   characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBylgides sarsi etc \r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3331","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment  dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3332","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp , Travisia forbesii , Tanaissus spp., Streptosyllis spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC334","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC335","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sedimentcharacterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.  Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includesinfaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\ncharacteristic species : sand digger shrimp (Bathyporeia pilosa)\r\nGeographic range   \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC336","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3361","name":"Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction .No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is coarse sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC34","name":"Black Sea circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC35","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. Characteristic species are red algae species of the family Corallinaceae; Bivalves: Atrina pectinata, Venus casina, Dosinia exoleta, Donax variegatus, Glycymeris glycymeris, Laevicardium crassum; Echinoderms:\r\nSpatangus purpureus; Hydrozoans: Lytocarpia myriophyllum; Polychaetes: Sigalion squamosus, Armandiapolyophthalma; Ophiuroids: Ophiopsila annulosa; and Crustaceans: Anapagurus breviaculeatus, Thia scutellata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC351","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coastal detritic bottoms (without rodolithes)","description":"These communities occur on a substratum whose nature varies widely and depends largely on the typology of the nearby coast and of nearby infralittoral formations. This implies that substrata can sometimes be gravels and sands originating from predominant local rocks, sometimes shell debris from various molluscs, sometimes debris from branched bryozoans or debris of dead and more or less corroded Melobesiae. The interstices between these various components are partially filled by a greater or lesser proportion of sand and mud. The muddy portion is usually less than 20%, but various more or less muddy types exist. Fragmentation of the debris is not due to the always weak hydrodynamics, but to the action of organisms that attack the limestone (Cliona spp., Polydora spp., lithophagous Pelecypoda, etc. However, the regular or intermittent existence of bottom currents has frequently been stressed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3511","name":"Facies with Ophiura ophiura","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the Echinoderm Ophiura ophiura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3512","name":"Facies with Synascidies","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of tunicate colonial ascidians or \"Synascidies\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3513","name":"Facies with large Bryozoa","description":"This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of big colonies of arborescent bryozoans, unattached or fixed to small substrata. These bryozoans are mainly Pentapora fascialis, Smittina cervicornis, Reteporella spp., Myriapora truncata, Cellaria spp. Cheilostomatids, and also Cyclostomatids such as Hornera lichenoides and H. frondiculata. These species are also frequent on ill-lit rock faces and are then associated with the coralligenous biocenosis. Colonies of large bryozoans can form plurispecific aggregates and are often associated with concretions and nodules of calcified algae, sciaphilous soft algae like Kallymenia spathulata, Osmundaria volubilis, and big fixed invertebrates like the hydrozoans, the alcyonarians and simple ascidians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3514","name":"Association with Arthrocladia villosa","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Arthrocladia villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3515","name":"Association with Osmundaria volubilis","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Osmundaria volubilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3516","name":"Association with Kallymenia patens","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga Kallymenia patens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3517","name":"Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic beds","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga Laminaria rodriguezii. This association is very often associated with unattached melobesies referred to as big rhodolithes or, formerly, ‘pralines’. The hooks of L. rodriguezii often take root in these rhodolithes. The endobiosis of the sediment is that of the biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom, possibly slightly impoverished, with a certain abundance of gravellicolous species. The epibiosis is also that of the standard biocenosis, enriched by calcareous Rhodophyceae such as Peyssonnelia rosa-marina, Neurocaulon spp., and by species of the coralligenous biocenosis and of its facies, particularly the association with Cystoseira zosteroides. Many epibionts (hydrozoans and bryozoans, particularly, and also sponges, polychaetes and ascidians) are present on the oldest part of the fronds, one side being clearly more populated than the other because the thalli are laid down flat on the bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC352","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean coastal detritic bottoms biocenosis with rhodolithes","description":"These circalittoral assemblages occur on coarse sand or gravel affected by important seafloor currents. This habitat is known to be a hot-spot of biodiversity, hosting a high diverse invertebrate community. Moreover, it is one of the Mediterranean communities with the highest amount and production rates of carbonates, and it provides  nursery grounds for commercial fish and shellfish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3521","name":"Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms","description":"This association characterised by \"balls\" of calcareous encrusting algae occurs on coastal detritic bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3522","name":"Association with Peyssonnelia rosa-marina","description":"This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga Peyssonnelia rosa-marina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC3523","name":"Association with maerl (Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatholithon calcareum) on coastal dendritic bottoms","description":"An association characterised by the presence of two small many-branched calcareous algae species, Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum, unattached on sediments made up of coarse sands and gravels with a high proportion of detritic elements. Given their many-branched shape, these Lithothamnia never constitute bioconstructions or rhodolithes. Small Rhodophyceae may be present as epiphytes on the Lithothamnia. A similar community also occurs on coarse sediments (MB3.522)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC4","name":"Circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within MB-4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC41","name":"Arctic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) of the Arctic  including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC42","name":"Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within the sublittoral coarse sediment complex. However, infaunal data for this biotope complex is limited to that described under MC4-213, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this biotope complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC421","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as Nemertesia spp and Hydrallmania falcata. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes of sublittoral coarse sediment. However, infaunal data for this habitat type is limited to that described under the biotope MC4-213, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this habitat type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4211","name":"Cerianthus lloydiiand other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral plains of sandy muddy gravel may be characterised by burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii. Other burrowing anemones such as Cereus pedunculatus, Mesacmaea mitchellii and Aureliania heterocera may be locally abundant. Relatively few conspicuous species are found in any great number in this biotope but typically they include ubiquitous epifauna such as Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator with occasional terebellid polychaetes such as Lanice conchilega and also the clam Pecten maximus. Ophiura albida may be frequent in some areas, and where surface shell or stones are present ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa may occur in low numbers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC42111","name":"Cerianthus lloydii with Nemertesia spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In sheltered muddy sandy gravel with appreciable quantities of surficial cobbles, pebbles and shells a community similar to MC4-211 may develop with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and other burrowing anemones. However, the pebbles and cobbles embedded in the sediment are colonised by hydroids and in particular Nemertesia antennina and N. ramosa. Other hydroids may include Kirchenpaueria pinnata and Halecium halecinum whilst ascidians such as Ascidiella aspersa or Corella parallelogramma may also be present locally. Pecten maximus and Pomatoceros triqueter may also be frequent in certain areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4212","name":"Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment","description":"Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sealochs with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and occasional Modiolus modiolus. Large burrowing holothurians may include Psolus phantapus, Paracucumaria hyndmani, Thyonidium commune, Thyone fusus and Leptopentacta elongate. Many of these species only extend their tentacles above the sediment surface seasonally and are likely to be under recorded by epifaunal surveys. Other more conspicuous characterising taxa include Pagurus bernhardus, Asterias rubens, and Buccinum undatum. This biotope is well developed in the Clyde sealochs, although many examples are rather species-poor. Some examples in south-west Scottish sealochs have greater quantities of boulders and cobbles and therefore have a richer associated biota (compared with other sheltered Modiolus bed biotopes such as MC2-223). Examples in Shetland are somewhat different in having the cucumber Cucumaria frondosa amongst sparse Modiolus beds and a slightly different balance in abundance of other species; for example the brittlestar Ophiopholis aculeata is more abundant in these far northern examples in the voes and narrows"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4213","name":"Mysella bidentata and Thyasiraspp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment","description":"In moderately exposed or sheltered, circalittoral muddy sands and gravels a community characterised by the bivalves Thyasira spp. (often Thyasira flexuosa), Mysella bidentata and Prionospio fallax may develop. Infaunal polychaetes such as Lumbrineris gracilis, Chaetozone setosa and Scoloplosarmiger are also common in this community whilst amphipods such as Ampelisca spp. and the cumacean Eudorella truncatula may also be found in some areas. The brittlestar Amphiura filiformis may also be abundant at some sites. Conspicuous epifauna may include encrusting bryozoans Escharella spp. particularly Escharella immersa and, in shallower waters, maerl (Phymatolithon calcareum), although at very low abundances and not forming maerl beds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4214","name":"Flustra foliacea and Hydrallmania falcataon tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sample is required to characterise it and is possibly best considered an epibiotic overlay. Flustra foliacea and the hydroid Hydrallmania falcata characterise this biotope; lesser amounts of other hydroids such as Sertularia argentea, Nemertesia antennina and occasionally Nemertesia ramose, occur where suitably stable hard substrata is found. The anemone Urticina feline and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum may also characterise this biotope. Barnacles Balanus crenatus and tube worms Pomatoceros triqueter may be present and the robust bryozoans Alcyonidium diaphanum and Vesicularia spinosa appear amongst the hydroids at a few sites. Sabella pavonina and Lanice conchilega may be occasionally found in the coarse sediment around the stones. In shallower (i.e. upper circalittoral) examples of this biotope scour-tolerant robust red algae such as Polysiphonianigrescens, Calliblepharis spp. and Gracilariagracilis are found.         \r\nSituation: This biotope is found around most coasts, although regional differences are seen where one or two similarly scour-tolerant species such as Styelaclava and Crepidulafornicata (Solent) occupy the hard substrata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4215","name":"Ophiothrix fragilis and/or Ophiocomina nigra brittlestar beds on circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Circalittoral sediment dominated by brittlestars (hundreds or thousands per square metre) forming dense beds, living epifaunally on boulder, gravel or sedimentary substrata. Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra are the main bed-forming species, with rare examples formed by Ophiopholis aculeate. Brittlestar beds vary in size, with the largest extending over hundreds of square metres of sea floor and containing millions of individuals. They usually have a patchy internal structure, with localized concentrations of higher animal density. Ophiothrix fragilis or Ophiocomina nigra may dominate separately or there may be mixed populations of the two species. Ophiothrix beds may consist of large adults and tiny, newly-settled juveniles, with animals of intermediate size living in nearby rock habitats or among sessile epifauna. Unlike brittlestar beds on rock, the sediment based beds may contain a rich associated epifauna (Warner, 1971; Allain, 1974; Davoult & Gounin, 1995). Large suspension feeders such as the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum, the anemone Metridium senile and the hydroid Nemertesia antennina are present mainly on rock outcrops or boulders protruding above the brittlestar-covered substratum. The large anemone Urticinafeline may be quite common. This species lives half-buried in the substratum but is not smothered by the brittlestars, usually being surrounded by a 'halo' of clear space (Brun, 1969; Warner, 1971). Large mobile animals commonly found on Ophiothrix beds include the starfish Asterias rubens, Crossaster papposus and Luidia ciliaris, the urchins Echinus esculentus and Psammechinus miliaris, edible crabs Cancer pagurus, swimming crabs Necora puber, Liocarcinus spp., and hermit crabs Pagurus bernhardus. The underlying sediments also contain a diverse infauna including the bivalve Abra alba. Warner (1971) found that numbers and biomass of sediment dwelling animals were not significantly reduced under dense brittlestar patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4216","name":"Alcyonidium diaphanum on circalittoral sandy mixed sediment","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC43","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common on elevations.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nBlue mussels (Mytilus spp.), hydroids (Hydrozoa), Baltic tellin (Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica))\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC431","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 %  or les  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC432","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nsea squirts (Ascidiacea)\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4321","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment   dominated by Ascidiacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic chordates, sea squirts constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAscidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\n(Kattegat) and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC433","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4331","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated by hydroids (Hydrozoa)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, hydroids constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLaomedea spp, Cordylophoracaspia\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from Russian waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4332","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated  by sea anemones (Actiniaria)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, sea anemones constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEdwardsia spp, Metridium dianthus\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4333","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated by soft corals (Alcyonacea)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic cnidarians, soft corals constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAlcyonium digitatum, Swiftia rosea\r\nGeographic range\r\n(Kattegat) and Belt Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC434","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta, Flustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4341","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment dominated  by corticated Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, corticated Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4342","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  dominated by erect Bryozoa","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 10-90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, erect Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nFlustra foliaceae\r\nGeographic range\r\nSouthern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC435","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by epibenthic crustacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Salinity >3 psu.  Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae:  Amphibalanus improvises, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC436","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaliclona oculata rarely other species such as Halichondria panicea, Halisarca dujardini, Scypha ciliata. In the northern Baltic Sea only Ephydatia fluviatilis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC437","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). No perennial attached erect group (not epibentic  bivalves)  has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC438","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment  characterized by sparse epibenthic fauna (not  epibentic bivalves)","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp, Macoma balthica, \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC439","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by infaunal communities","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed. \r\nGeographic range    \r\nWhole  Baltic Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC43A","name":"Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone w with less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC44","name":"Black Sea circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. EUSeaMap suggests this habitat is most widespread in the north and west of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC45","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the Mediterranean circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC451","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean muddy detritic bottoms","description":"This biocenosis develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris or volcanic fragments (scoriae); sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC4511","name":"Facies with Ophiothrix quinquemaculata","description":"This facies is exclusive to the muddy detritic biocenosis and is characterised by an unusual community of the brittlestar Ophiothrix quinquemaculata (Ophiuroidea). This species in some places forms an extremely dense population which is almost 90% ophiuran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC5","name":"Circalittoral sand","description":"Circalittoral clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay  in deeper water, or either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m or non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.This habitat extends offshore, while very little information is available on these they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC51","name":"Arctic circalittoral sand","description":"Circalittoral clean fine sands in the Arctic with less than 5% silt/clay  in deeper water, or either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m or non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC52","name":"Atlantic circalittoral sand","description":"Sand and muddy sand in the Atlantic circalittoral. Includes clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.         \r\nAlso circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa, and echinoderms such as Amphiura spp and Ophiura spp., and Astropecten irregularis. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC521","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral sand","description":"Sand communities either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m.                 \r\nClean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.         \r\nCircalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20% supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as Abraalba and Nucula nitidosa, and echinoderms such as Amphiura spp and Ophiura spp., and Astropecten irregularis. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5211","name":"Echinocyamus pusillus, Ophelia borealis and Abra prismatica in circalittoral fine sand","description":"Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus, the polychaete Ophelia borealis and the bivalve Abra prismatica. Other species may include the polychaetes Spiophanes bombyx, Pholoe sp., Exogone spp., Sphaerosyllisbulbosa, Goniada maculata, Chaetozone setosa, Owenia fusiformis, Glycera lapidum, Lumbrineris latreilli and Aricidea cerrutii and the bivalves Thracia phaseolina and Moerella pygmaea and to a lesser extent Spisula elliptica and Timocleaovata. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5212","name":"Abra prismatica, Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand","description":"In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve Abra prismatica, the amphipod Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes such as Scoloplos armiger, Spiophanes bombyx, Aonides paucibranchiata, Chaetozone setosa, Ophelia borealis and Nephtys longosetosa may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean Eudorellopsis deformis and the opheliid polychaetes such as Ophelia borealis, Travisia forbesii or Ophelina neglecta are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5213","name":"Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes Spiophanes kroyeri, Amphipectene auricoma, Myriochele sp., Aricidea wassi and amphipods Harpinia antennaria","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5214","name":"Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa. Other important taxa include Nephtys spp., Chaetozone setosa and Spiophanes bombyx with Fabulina fabula also common in many areas. The echinoderms Ophiura albida and Asterias rubens may also be present. The epibiotic biotope MB5-235 may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the Abra community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5215","name":"Amphiura brachiata with Astropecten irregularis and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand","description":"In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar Amphiura brachiata may occur with other echinoderms such as Astropecten irregularis, Asterias rubens, Ophiura ophiura and Echinocardium cordatum. Other infaunal species typically include Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega and Magelona filiformis. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC53","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC531","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalve cover  10 %  or less of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m.  Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp. Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5311","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalve cover  10 %  or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC532","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC533","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insectlarvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica) Arctica islandica, Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp, Chamelea striatula\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5331","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola ( Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5332","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5333","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Mya arenaria","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Mya arenaria constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass of the infaunal bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5334","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Cerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCerastoderma spp., Mya arenaria, Astarte borealis, Arctica islandica, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica)\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from German waters in the Baltic  Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5335","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species: Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, multiple infaunal bivalve species (Macoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp.) constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMacoma calcarea, Mya truncata, Astarte spp., Spisula spp\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5336","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species including Ophelia spp and Travisia forbesii","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zonewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Ophelia spp. and Travisiaforbesi constitute ≥10 % of the macroinfaunal biomass when disregarding the biomass of bivalves.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOphelia spp., Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range\r\nKiel bight to Darss sill"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC534","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5341","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal polychaete species: Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Pygiospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp. and Hediste diversicolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC535","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5351","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaces, Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth is typically from 20 to 200 meters, Appears in moderate to high energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC536","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC537","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand.Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range  \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC5371","name":"Baltic circalittoral sand dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC54","name":"Black Sea circalittoral sand","description":"Black Sea circalittoral sand and muddy sand with animal dominated communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC541","name":"Black sea circalittoral muddy sand","description":"Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 20% to 80% silt/clay) in the circalittoral zone. The habitat is characterised by low light and low energy conditions. Species include bivalve and polychaete worms including Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma glaucum, Abra alba, Parvicardium exiguum, Spisula subtruncatra, Pitar rudis and Aricidea claudiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC55","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral sand","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral  sands  and muddy sands. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community. This habitat extends offshore, while very little information is available on these they are likely to bemore stable than their shallower counterparts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom curents","description":"Most commonly found at depths between 3-4m and 20-25m, but locally down to 75m and related more to hydrodynamics (strong currents) than light penetration. The habitat supports a rich mesofauna including foraminifera, nematodes, Copepods and Platyhelminthes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MC6","name":"Circalittoral mud","description":"Circalittoral mud and sandy mud typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC61","name":"Arctic circalittoral mud","description":"Arctic circalittoral mud and sandy mud typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC611","name":"Arctic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as  Nephrops norvegicus ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6111","name":"Spiochaetopterus beneath high salinity Atlantic water","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC62","name":"Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"The seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this biotope complex together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephropsnorvegicus.          \r\nCircalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally occurs in water depths of over 10m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes Lagis koreni and Owenia fusiformis, and deposit feeding bivalves such as Mysella bidentata and Abra spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC621","name":"Faunal communities of Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Circalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as Virgularia mirabilis and brittlestars such as Amphiura spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes Lagis koreni and Oweniafusiformis, and deposit feeding bivalves such as Mysella bidentata and Abra spp.              \r\nSublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgulariamirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6211","name":"Amphiura filiformis, Mysella bidentata and Abra nitida in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant Amphiura filiformis with Mysella bidentata and Abra nitida. This community occurs in muddy sands in moderately deep water (Hiscock 1984; Picton et al. 1994) and may be related to the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and is part of the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec. This community is also characterised by the sipunculid Thysanocardia procera and the polychaetes Nephtys incisa, Phoronis sp. and Pholoe sp., with cirratulids also common in some areas. Other taxa such as Nephtyshombergii, Echinocardium cordatum, Nucula nitidosa, Callianassa subterranea and Eudorella truncatula may also occur in offshore examples of this biotope (e.g. Künitzer et al. 1992)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6212","name":"Thyasira spp. and Nuculoma tenuis in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Circalittoral cohesive sandy muds with small quantities of gravel, off sheltered or moderately exposed coasts may support populations characterised by Thyasira spp. and in particular Thyasira flexuosa. Other characteristic taxa may include Nuculomatenuis, Goniadamaculate and in some areas Rhodinegracilior. Mysella bidentata, Abra alba, Harpinia antennaria and Amphiura filiformis may be abundant in some examples of this biotope. Whilst moderately diverse, animal abundances are often low and it is possible that the biotope is the result of sedimentary disturbance e.g. from trawling and is possibly an impoverished version of MC6-213. Collectively the biotopes MB6-248, MC6-212, MC6-213 and MD5-212, may form the Amphiura dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6213","name":"Amphiura filiformis and Nuculoma tenuis in Atlantic circalittoral and offshore muddy sand","description":"In cohesive and non-cohesive sandy mud, off moderately exposed coasts in deep water dense populations of Amphiura filiformis with the bivalve Nuculomatenuis may occur. This biotope together with MB6-248, MC6-212 and MD5-212 may be part of the Amphiura filiformis dominated infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973) and part of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). Other species characteristic of this biotope may include the echinoderms Ophiura albida and Echinocardium flavescens and the bivalve Mysella bidentata. Phaxas pellucidus, Owenia fusiformis and Virgularia mirabilis may also be present. At the sediment surface the hydroid Sertularia argentea may be present although only at very low abundances. Variations of this biotope exist in the northern North Sea and it is possible that more than one entity exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6214","name":"Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. With Pecten maximus on Atlantic circalittoral sandy or shelly mud","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud may contain Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. A variety of species may occur, and species composition at a particular site may relate, to some extent, to the proportions of the major sediment size fractions. Several species are common to most sites including Virgularia mirabilis which is present in moderate numbers, Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura which are often quite common, and Pecten maximus which is usually only present in low numbers. Virgularia mirabilis is usually accompanied by occasional Cerianthus lloydii, Liocarcinus depurator and Pagurus bernhardus. Amphiura chiajei and Amphiura filiformis may occur in some examples of this biotope. Polychaetes and bivalves are generally the main components of the infauna, although the nemerteans, Edwardsia claparedii, Phoronis muelleri and Labidoplax buski may also be widespread. Of the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Nephtys incisa, Minuspio cirrifera, Chaetozone setosa, Notomastus latericeus and Owenia fusiformis are often the most widespread species whilst Myrtea spinifera, Lucinoma borealis, Mysella bidentata, Abra alba and Corbula gibba are typical bivalves in this biotope. This biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as MC6-216, MB6-248 and MC6-213.                   \r\nSituation: Such sediments are very common in sealochs, often occurring shallower than the finest mud or in somewhat more exposed parts of the lochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC62141","name":"Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiuraspp. With Pecten maximus, hydroids and ascidians on Atlantic circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones","description":"Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like A5.354, may contain Virgularia mirabilis, Pecten maximus and Ophiura spp. but shells and small stones scattered over the sediment surface provided sufficient stable substrata for a variety of sessile epifaunal species to occur. Of these the hydroids Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Nemertesia antennina and Nemertesia ramosa are most common with solitary ascidians such as Corella parallelogramma and Ascidia mentula also present. The anemone Cerianthus lloydii is often found in the sediment together with occasional Lanice conchilega. The serpulids Protula tubularia, Serpula vermicularis and Pomatoceros triqueter and the barnacles Balanus balanus and Balanus crenatus are also often present on pebbles and shells. Munida rugosa are occasionally found under larger stones. All these species are typical of more rocky habitats in such sheltered conditions. As with MC6-214 this biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as units MB6-248 and MC6-213."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6215","name":"Lagis koreni and Phaxas pellucidus in Atlantic circalittoral sandy mud","description":"In stable circalittoral sandy mud dense populations of the tube building polychaete Lagis koreni may occur. Other species found in this habitat typically include bivalves such as Phaxas pellucidus, Mysella bidentata and Abra alba and polychaetes such as Mediomastus fragilis, Spiophanes bombyx, Owenia fusiformis and Scalibregma inflatum. At the sediment surface easily visible fauna include Lagis koreni and Ophiura ophiura. Lagis koreni is an important source of food for commercially important demersal fish, especially dab and plaice (Macer, 1967; Lockwood, 1980 and Basimi & Grove, 1985).                  \r\nTemporal variation: In some areas e.g. Liverpool Bay, MC5-214 and MC6-215 have exhibited cyclical behaviour with the community periodically switching from one biotope to another - possibly in relation to dredge spoil disposal (Rees et al. 1992) along with other environmental and biological factors. Both Lagis koreni and Phaxas pellucidus, are capable of tolerating sudden increases in the deposition of sediment and often dominate such areas following such an event. Indeed it is likely that the two biotopes are merely different aspects of the same community as Lagis koreni is often recorded with high densities of Abra alba (Eagle 1975; Rees and Walker 1983). Densities of mature populations of L. koreni may exceed 1000 per square metre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6216","name":"Seapens and burrowing megafauna in Atlantic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Plains of fine mud at depths greater than about 15 m may be heavily bioturbated by burrowing megafauna; burrows and mounds may form a prominent feature of the sediment surface with conspicuous populations of seapens, typically Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The burrowing crustacea present typically include Nephrops norvegicus, which is frequently recorded from surface observations although grab sampling may fail to sample this species. Indeed, some forms of sampling may also fail to indicate seapens as characterising species. This biotope also seems to occur in deep offshore waters in the North Sea, where densities of Nephrops norvegicus may reach 68 per 10 per square metre. (see Dyer et al. 1982, 1983), and the Irish Sea. The burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ubiquitous epibenthic scavengers Asterias rubens, Pagurus bernhardus and Liocarcinus depurator are present in low numbers in this biotope whilst the brittlestars Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura are sometimes present, but are much more common in slightly coarser sediments. Low numbers of the anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus may also be found, and this species, which is scarce in the UK, appears to be restricted to this habitat (Plaza & Sanderson 1997). The infauna may contain significant populations of the polychaetes Pholoe spp., Glycera spp., Nephtys spp., spionids, Pectinaria belgica and Terebellidesstroemi, the bivalves Nucula sulcata, Corbula gibba and Thyasira flexuosa, and the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera.                 \r\nSituation: These soft mud habitats occur extensively throughout the more sheltered basins of sealochs and voes (narrow inlets) and are present in quite shallow depths (as little as 15 m) in these areas probably because they are very sheltered from wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MC62161","name":"Seapens, including Funiculina quadrangularis, and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed Atlantic circalittoral fine mud","description":"Deep muds, especially in sealochs, support forests of the nationally scarce Funiculina quadrangularis, in addition to populations of the seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The sediment is usually extensively burrowed by crustaceans, the most common of which is Nephrops norvegicus, but Calocaris macandreae and Callianassa subterranea may also be present (the latter is likely to be under-recorded by grab sampling because it is deep burrowing). The burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii is present in low numbers in this biotope and the rare anemone Pachycerianthus multiplicatus may also be found occasionally. Amphiura spp. are also often present in high densities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6217","name":"Burrowing megafauna and Maxmuelleria lankesteri in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"In circalittoral stable mud distinctive populations of megafauna may be found. These typically include Nephrops norvegicus, Calocaris macandreae and Callianassa subterranea. Large mounds formed by the echiuran Maxmuelleria lankesteri are also frequent in this biotope. The seapen Virgulariamirabilis may occur occasionally in this biotope but not in the same abundance as MC6-216 to which MC6-217 is closely allied. Infaunal species may include Nephtys hystricis, Chaetozone setosa, Amphiura chiajei and Abra alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6218","name":"Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Mud in deep offshore, or shallower stable nearshore, waters can be characterised by the urchin Brissopsis lyrifera and the brittle star Amphiura chiajei. Where intense benthic dredge fishing activity occurs, populations of the indicator species, Brissopsislyrifera may be depressed, although broken tests may still remain (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997; M. Costello pers. comm. 1997). Low numbers of the seapen Virgularia mirabilis may be found in many examples of this biotope. In addition, in certain areas of the UK such as the northern Irish Sea, this community may also contain Nephrops norvegicus and can consequently be the focus for fishing activity (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). Infaunal species in this community are similar to those found in MC6-216 and include the polychaetes Nephtys hystricis, Pectinaria belgica, Glycera spp. and Lagis koreni and the bivalves Myrtea spinifera and Nucula sulcata. This community is the 'Boreal Offshore Mud Association' and ' Brissopsis - Chiajei ' communities described by other workers (Petersen 1918; Jones 1950)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6219","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asteriasrubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicolamarina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromus flexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC622","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6221","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6222","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud","description":"Features in circalittoral muddy littoral sediments  created by freshwater ‘seeps’"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC63","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC631","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover 10 % or less  of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6311","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse Mytilidae","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic bivalves cover  10% or less of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. Salinity >5 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Hediste diversicolor, Gammarus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC632","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC633","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic crustacean cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBalanidae\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6331","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Haploops spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, Haploops spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaploops spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the Sound, (Kattegat)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC634","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6341","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by various tube-building polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic polychaetes, various tube-building polychaetes constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nSeveral species from the taxa Maldanidae and Terebellidaa\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea, including the Sound and Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC635","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.          \r\nGeographic range              \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC636","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10% of the seabed.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6361","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by seapens","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). 0><10% of the seabed is covered by sessile macroscopic epifauna. Conspicuous populations of sea-pens are present in visual samplings.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 15 to 200 meters. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVirgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea\r\nGeographic range\r\nKnown from the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC637","name":"Baltic circalittoral muds characterized by infaunal bivalves","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofaunais not present.Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in allenergy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Arctica islandica, Astarte spp. \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6371","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Limecola balthica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves,  Limecola(Macoma)  balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola  balthica (syn Macoma balthica)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6372","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range\r\nWestern Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6373","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Astarte spp.","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone wwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Astarte spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAstarte spp.                                                                                              \r\nAstarte borealis is found in the Western parts of the Baltic Sea, it’s most eastern populations appearing in the Bornholm Basin. Dense populations of the Astarte elliptica were common on the muddy sediments of the Kiel Bay at depths greater than 15 meters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC638","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger, Marenzelleria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6381","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Scoloplos armiger","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nScoloplos armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6382","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6383","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.Out of the infaunal polychaetes various opportunistic polychaetes constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPolydora ciliata, Pectinaria koreni, Capitella capitata, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC639","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6391","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans, Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 200 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63A","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63A1","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Amphiura filiformis","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Amphiura filiformis constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >12 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura filiformis, Amphiura chiajei, Ophiura spp, Echinocardium sp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63A2","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal echinoderms, Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei constitute at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment       \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species        \r\nBrissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei\r\nGeographic range\r\nKattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63B","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by infaunal insect larva","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and in the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae \r\n\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63C","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).No macro- epi- or infauna is present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63C1","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by meiofauna","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macrocommunity present. Meiofauna constitutes at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in all wave exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC63C2","name":"Baltic circalittoral mud dominated by anaerobic organisms","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macrocommunities are not present. Anaerobic organisms constitute at least 50% of the present biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 50 to 250 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. No Oxygen.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nBeggiatoa spp"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC63D","name":"Baltic circalittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic circalittoral  bottoms in the aphotic zone  with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin, includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds. Soft substrates dominate.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC64","name":"Black Sea circalittoral mud","description":"Black Sea circalittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud predominantly found in sheltered harbours, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and currents allow fine sediments to settle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC641","name":"Black sea circalittoral terrigenous muds","description":"Circalittoral mud of terrestrial origin, the fauna varies depending on the mechanism and rapidity of deposition of the sediments. Characteristic species: Abra alba , Acanthocardium paucicostatum and Plagiocardium papillosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC642","name":"Communities of Marmara circalittoral muddy detritic bottoms","description":"This habitat develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris; sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates. Characteristic species: Paradoneis lyra, Cerithium vulgatum, Bolinus brandaris, Tapes decussatus, Upogebia pusilla, Clibanarius erythropus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC643","name":"Black sea upper circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Sandy muds in the upper circalittoral zone found all around the Black Sea coast.  The habitat is characterised by faunal communities dominated by bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms. Characteristic species: Heteromastus filiformis, Dipolydora quadrilobata, Nephthys hombergii and Spisula subtruncata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC644","name":"Black sea upper circalittoral fine mud","description":"Fine muds in the upper circalittoral zone  below the photic zone at depths between 20 and 50 meters. The habitat is characterised by faunal communities dominated by bivalves and polychaete worms. Characteristic species: Mya arenaria, Spisula subtruncata, Melinna palmata, Heteromastus filiformis and Aricidea claudiae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC645","name":"Black sea lower circalittoral mud","description":"Terrigenous muds (mud of terrestrial origin), calcareous muds and biogenic detritic bottoms  at depths of  60-180m. The benthic fauna is dominated by bean mussels Modiolula phaseolina, polychaetes and solitary ascidians. At the greatest depths the environment becomes hypoxic. Here the sediment consists of periazoic calcareous white muds and faunal communities become impoverished. Characteristic species:Modiolula phaseolina, Amphiura stepanovi, Terebellides stroemi, Pachycerianthus solitarius, solitary ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa, Ciona intestinalis, Eugyra), hydrozoans (Bougainvillia ramosa), nematodes and oligochaetes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MC65","name":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud or sandy mud, often of terrestrial origin"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MC651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean circalittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered. Characteristic species are the cnidarian Virgularia mirabilis, the holothurian Labidoplax digitata, the decapod Goneplax rhomboides"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6511","name":"Facies of soft muds with Turritella communis","description":"This facies is characterised by presence of the gastropod Turritella communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6512","name":"Facies of soft muds with Oestergrenia digitata","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the Echinoderm Oestergrenia digitata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6513","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft corals Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MC6514","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft coral Alcyonium palmatum and the echinoderm Parastichopus regalis on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD1","name":"Offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD11","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD12","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats on rocky substrates in the Atlantic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD121","name":"Sponge communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"This habitat type typically occurs on deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge habitat type (MC1-213) although in this case, the sponges Phakellia ventilabrum, Axinella infundibuliformis, Axinella dissimilis and Stelligera stuposa dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include Cliona celata, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Suberites carnosus, Stelligera rigida, Hemimycale columella and Tethya aurantium. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis virdis may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian Holothuria forskali. The soft corals Alcyonium digitatum and Alcyonium glomeratum are frequently observed. The bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and Porella compressa are also more frequently found in this deep-water habitat type. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Strichastrella rosea, Henricia oculata and Aslia lefevrei may also be present. The sea fan Eunicella verucosa may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in MC1-2131. The top shell Calliostoma zizyphinum is often recorded as present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1211","name":"Phakellia ventilabrum and axinellid sponges on wave-exposed offshore circalittoral rock","description":"This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. Although it occurs in exposed and very exposed conditions, at such depth, the turbulent wave action appears to have a much-attenuated effect on the fauna compared with shallower depths. As the majority of records are from depths between 30-50+ m, slightly deeper than the depths of most surveys, it is possible that this biotope is more widespread than the available dataset indicates. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge biotope complex (unit MC1-213) although in this case, the sponges Phakellia ventilabrum, Axinella infundibuliformis, Axinella dissimilis and Stelligera stuposa dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include Cliona celata, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona viscosa, Pachymatisma johnstonia, Dysidea fragilis, Suberites carnosus, Stelligera rigida, Hemimycale columella and Tethya aurantium. The cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and the anemone Corynactis virdis may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian Holothuria forskali. The soft corals Alcyonium digitatum and Alcyonium glomeratum are frequently observed. The bryozoans Pentapora foliacea and Porella compressa are also more frequently found in this deep-water biotope. Bryozoan crusts such as Parasmittina trispinosa are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa and Sertularella gayi may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as Echinus esculentus, Luidia ciliaris, Marthasterias glacialis, Strichastrella rosea, Henricia oculata and Aslia lefevrei may also be present. The seafan Eunicella verucosa may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in unit MC1-2131. The top shell Calliostomazizyphinum is often recorded as present.       \r\nSituation: Unit MC1-2222 probably occurs above unit MD1-211 in shallower water where the exposure of the coast ensures that there is more water mixing due to wave action. Deeper down, this effect is attenuated, allowing MD1-211 biotope to develop.             \r\nTemporal variation: Axinella dissimilis tends to grow extremely slowly."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD122","name":"Vents and seeps on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1221","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral bubbling reef","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD13","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Baltic offshore aphotic bottoms, below the halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD131","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by macroscopic ebibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore aphotic bottoms, below the halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibentic cnidarians","description":"Baltic bottoms in the aphotic zone with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is rock and boulders. Depth is typically 20 meters and deeper.\r\nCharacteristic species      \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals\r\nGeographic range             \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by crustose Bryozoa","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, crustose Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass. Characterisitc species : Einhornia crustulenta (syn Electra crustulenta)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD132","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by sparse or no  macroscopic epibenthic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.   No coverage of sessile macroscopic or epifauna is 0><10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by  sparse epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is present but covers less than 10 % of the seabed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral rock and boulders  characterized by  no epibenthic macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter.  Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic fauna is not present"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD1323","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral hard anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin. Hard substrates dominate, Includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds..\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD14","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral rock","description":"Black Sea rock and other hard substrates in the circalittoral zone below the influence of waves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD15","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral rock","description":"The offshore rocky bottoms of the Mediterranean circalittoral, due to the extremely dim-light, are characterised by the absence of macroscopic plant life and by the dominance animal assemblages mainly characterised by sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods or echinoderms. Found near the border of the continental shelf, this habitat, dwelling to 250 m depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean shelf-edge rock","description":"The biocoenoses of the deep circalittoral rocky bottoms mainly composed of sponges, anthozoans, bryozoans and brachiopods while macroscopic plant life is absent. Found near the border of the continental shelf, these biocoenoses, dwelling to 250 m depth, usually occupy rough bottoms where current and turbidity are reasonably important. In these habitats, the progressively lower light conditions have a profound influence on the biocoenoses composition mostly because of reduced primary production, but this zone continues to be characterised by high biodiversity and biomass levels, at times comparable to those found in shallow waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD2","name":"Offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD21","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD22","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Atlantic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals and bivalves, these habitats are not affected by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD221","name":"Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic offshore circalittoral zone","description":"The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, Lophelia pertusa is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. Lophelia and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2211","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Reefs of the coral Lophelia pertusa, typically supporting a range of other biota. Lophelia reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including Paragorgia arborea, Paramuricea placomus, Primnoa resedaeformis, polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters (Munida sarsi) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish (Sebastes viviparous and Sebastes marinus), Ling (Molva molva) and tusk (Brosme brosme) (Husebo et al., 2002).            \r\nSituation: In British waters Lophelia reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD23","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with characterized by biogenic habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD231","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic bottoms characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of rock, boulders or stones of more than 63 mm in diameter. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitute at least 50 % of the biomass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized  dominated by barnacles (Balanidae)","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacean, barnacles constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity >3 psu."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2314","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by epibenthic sponges","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).   Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic sponges cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEphydatia fluviatilis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD232","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD233","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by sparse or no epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates.  No or sparse coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna ( <10%)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms dominated by Mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Epibenthic bivalves cover at least 10%of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp., Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2332","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by no epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90 % coverage of mixed soft and hard Baltic aphotic bottoms with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Macro- epi- or infauna is not present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD2333","name":"Baltic offshore offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by sparse epibentic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is <10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD234","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel.Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 %of the seabedand more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nCiona intestinalis\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD235","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel No perennial attached (not bivalves)  erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD236","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel No perennial attached (not bivalves)  erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea\r\nAnthropogenic threats      \r\nIncrease in atmospheric CO2 (Ocean acidification)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD237","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterized by mixed infaunal macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of shell gravel. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna. \r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is shell gravel. Appears mostly in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD24","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Black Sea reefs formed by organisms in the circalittoral zone below the influence of wave action"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD25","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitat","description":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats are rare habitats built by cold-water corals, able to create biodiversity hot-spots"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD3","name":"Offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope Modiolus modiolus beds with Chlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered Atlantic circalittoral mixed substrata"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD31","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD32","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope SBR.ModMx."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD321","name":"Faunal communities in Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of Modiolus modiolus larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile M. modiolus. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope MC2-222."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3211","name":"Glycera lapidum, Thyasira spp. and Amythasides macroglossus in offshore circalittoral gravelly sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel, stone or shell and occasionally a little silt (<5%) may be characterised by the polychaetes Glycera lapidum and Amythasides macroglossus with the bivalve Thyasira spp. (particularly Thyasirasuccisa). Other taxa include polychaetes such as Exogone verugera, Notomastus latericeus, Spiophanes kroyeri, Aphelochaeta marioni (Tharyx marioni) and Lumbrineris gracilis and occasional numbers of the bivalve Timocleaovata. This biotope bears some resemblance to the shallow MB3-235 and also to the circalittoral and offshore venerid biotopes (units MC3-212 and MD4-211) but differs by the range of polychaete and bivalve fauna present. This biotope is notable for the presence of the rarely recorded ampharetid polychaete Amythasides macroglossus and also for the small ear file clam Limatula subauriculata which is common in some examples of this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3212","name":"Hesionura elongata and Protodorvillea kefersteini in offshore circalittoral coarse sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sand may support populations of the interstitial polychaete Hesionura elongata with Protodorvillea kefersteini. Other notable species include the phyllodocid polychaete Protomystides limbata and the bivalve Moerella pygmaea. This biotope was reported in the offshore northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989). Relatively little data exists for this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD33","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse habitat characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD332","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment. Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD3322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse bottoms characterized by macroscopic characterized by infaunal crustaceans","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction . Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includesinfaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD333","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral  coarse bottoms  characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of coarse sediment.Coarse sediment has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of gravel and pebbles (grain size 2–63 mm) exceeds 30% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- epi- or infauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD34","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell, predominately oxic but locally can be anoxic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD35","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment","description":"No information is avaialble on communities on Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment. Mediterranean detritic assemblages are composed of a mixed sustrate varying with a different degree of mud, sand and coarse composition and are included under MD4-5"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD4","name":"Offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD41","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD42","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD421","name":"Faunal communitites in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats (see MC2-222)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4211","name":"Polychaete-rich deep Venus community in offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"In offshore circalittoral slightly muddy mixed sediments, a diverse community particularly rich in polychaetes with a significant venerid bivalve component may be found. Typical species include the polychaetes Glycera lapidum , Aonides paucibranchiata , Laonice bahusiensis , Mediomastus fragilis , Lumbrineris gracilis , Pseudomystides limbata , Protomystides bidentata and syllid species and bivalves such as Timoclea ovata , Glycymeris glycymeris , Spisula elliptica and Goodallia triangularis. This biotope has been recorded on surveys of the Lambay and Codling Deeps and other areas of the Irish Sea and collectively with MC3-212 comprise the 'Deep Venus Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' as defined by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950). Some examples of this biotope may have abundant juvenile Modiolus modiolus"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD43","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with less than 90 % coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD431","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with less than 90% coverage of a certain substrate type. Mixed substrates comprise any proportion of mix of any substrate type of soft/mobile and/or hard/non-mobile substrates. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized by mytilidae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Sessile/semi-sessile Mytilidae cover  less then10 % of the seabed but more than other perennial attached erect groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterized by epibenthic chordates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic chordates cover at least 10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters.Characteristic species Ascidiacea: Dendrodoa grossularia, Molgula spp"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4313","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms  characterized dominated corticated Bryozoa","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 10- 90 % coverage of hard (rock/boulders/stone) and 10-90 % soft substrata (e.g. muddy/coarse sediment/sand).  Epibenthic Bryozoa cover at least 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic Bryozoa, corticated Bryozoa constitute at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSubstrate is soft or crystalline rock, boulders or stones mixed with mobile substrates such as sand or coarse substrate. Depth is typically from 20 to 100 meters. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nEinhornia (Electra) crustulenta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD44","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats in the Black Sea with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD45","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mixed sediment","description":"This habitat is composed by detritic soft bottoms characterised by subfossil dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD451","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean open-sea detritic bottoms on shelf-edge","description":"These communities are present in detritic bottoms with abundance of dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4511","name":"Facies with Neolampas rostellata","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the sea urchin Neolampas rostellata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD4512","name":"Facies with Leptometra phalangium","description":"This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the crynoid Leptometra phalangium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD5","name":"Offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD51","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Arctic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD52","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Atlantic offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD521","name":"Faunal communities in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5211","name":"Maldanid polychaetesand Eudorellopsis deformis in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as Maldane sarsi and the cumacean Eudorellopsis deformis may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including Amphiurafiliformis, polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., Chaetozonesetosa, Levinseniagracilis, Scoloplosarmiger, the amphipod Harpinia antennaria and the bivalves Nuculoma tenuis and Parvicardium minimum. This biotope is similar to the Maldane sarsi - Ophiura sarsi community defined by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5212","name":"Owenia fusiformis and Amphiura filiformis in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand","description":"Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete Owenia fusiformis often with the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Whilst O. fusiformis is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in MD5-212. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Pholoe inornata, Diplocirrus glaucus, Chaetozone setosa and Spiophanes kroyeri with occasional bivalves such as Timoclea ovata and Thyasira equalis. The sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the cumacean Eudorella truncatula are also commonly often found in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD53","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70 % of the combined gravel and sand fraction. \r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in the shallow.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD531","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is  ≥10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5311","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by epibentic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand.  Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Epibenthic bivalves/ cover less then 10 % of the seabed, and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic bivalves, Mytilidae constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Appears in moderate to high energy exposure areas. Salinity must be at least 5 psu.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5312","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized  by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD532","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized  by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMya arenaria, Macoma baltica, Arctica islandica, Pygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Monoporeia affinis, Chironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5321","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola (Macoma) balthica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Salinity >3 psu\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5322","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction.  Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Arctica islandica constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica\r\nGeographic range \r\nWestern Baltic sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5323","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by multiple infaunal bivalve species","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.constitute at least 50 % of the biomass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5324","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is the highest in the group infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nPygospio elegans, Marenzelleria spp., Hediste diversicolor, Ophelia spp. and Travisia forbesii"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5325","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal crustacea","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal crustacea dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand.Depth is typically from 20 to 200 meters, Appears in moderate to high energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5326","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand dominated by infaunal  insect larvae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD533","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterized by  no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of sand. Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. No macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSalinity range: all; Exposure range: all; Depth range: below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nOligochaeta, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Copepoda"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD5331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral sand  characterized by no macrocommunity","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of sand.Sand has less than 20 % of mud/silt/clay fraction (<63 µm), and the proportion of sand (grain size 0.063–2 mm) exceeds 70% of the combined gravel and sand fraction. Macro- epi- or infauna is not present.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is sand. Depth below approximately 30 m. Appears in high energy exposure areas.\r\nGeographic range  \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD54","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral sand","description":"Black Sea sand  circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands below the influence of wave action. Predominately oxic but can be anoxic in deeper waters"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD55","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand","description":"No information is available on communities on Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand and they may not occur"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MD6","name":"Offshore circalittoral mud","description":"In mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone, typically below 50-70 m, a variety of faunal communities may develop, depending upon the level of silt/clay and organic matter in the sediment. Communities are typically dominated by polychaetes but often with high numbers of bivalves such as Thyasiraspp., echinoderms and foraminifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD61","name":"Arctic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Arctic sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD62","name":"Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Atlantic sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD621","name":"Faunal communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens Virgulariamirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone Cerianthus lloydii and the ophiuroid Amphiura spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6211","name":"Lumbrineris fragilis, Levinsenia gracilis and Eriopisa elongata in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6212","name":"Macoma calcarea in Atlantic offshore circalittoral soft clayey mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6213","name":"Ampharete falcata turf with Parvicardium ovale on Atlantic offshore circalittoral muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas","description":"Dense stands of Ampharete falcata tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient between areas of tide-swept mobile sands and quiescent stratifying muds. Dense populations of the small bivalve Parvicardium ovale occur in the superficial sediment. Other infauna in this diverse biotope includes Lumbrineris scopa, Levinsenia sp., Prionospio steenstrupi, Diplocirrus glaucus and Praxillella affinis although a wide variety of other infaunal species may also be found. Both the brittlestars Amphiura filiformis and Amphiura chiajei may be present together with Nephrops norvegicus in higher abundance than the A5.363 or MB6-248 biotopes. Substantial populations of mobile epifauna such as Pandalus montagui and smaller fish also occur, together with those that can cling to the tubes, such as Macropodia spp. A similar turf of worm tubes formed by the maldanid polychaete Melinna cristata has been recorded from Northumberland (Buchanan 1963). Nephrops trawling may severely damage this biotope and it is possible that such activity has destroyed examples of this biotope in the Irish Sea (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6214","name":"Foraminiferans and Thyasira spp. in Atlantic offshore circalittoral soft mud","description":"In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve Thyasira sp. (e.g. T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer et al. 1992). Foraminiferans such as Saccammina, Psammosphaera, Haplophragmoides, Crithionina and Astorhiza are important components of this community with dead tests numbering thousands per m2 (see Stephen 1923; McIntyre 1961) and sometimes visible from benthic photography (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). It is likely that a community dominated by Astorhiza in fine sands in the Irish Sea may be another distinct biotope (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). Polychaetes, e.g. Paraonis gracilis, Myriochele heeri, Spiophanes kroyeri, Tharyx sp., Lumbrineris tetraura, are also important components of this biotope. These communities appear to have no equivalent on the continental plateau further south (Glemarec 1973) but are known from the edge of the Celtic Deep in the Irish Sea (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). The benthos in these offshore areas has been shown to be principally Foraminifera and similar, rich communities may exist in Scottish sealochs (McIntyre 1961). Communities from yet deeper (northern) waters at the extremes of the North Sea may be reminiscent, although dissimilar toMD6-214 (see Pearson et al. 1996) reflecting a higher proportion of silt/clay. A fully Arctic version of this biotope has also been described (Thorson 1934, 1957) although it should be noted that Jones (1950) considered this Boreal foraminiferan community to be part of a 'Boreal Deep Mud Association'.        \r\nSituation: This community typically occurs in water deeper than 100 m in the northern North Sea (Knitzer et al. 1992) and have been referred to as 'Foraminifera communities' by other workers (e.g. Stephen 1923; Thorson 1957; McIntyre 1961)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6215","name":"Styela gelatinosa, Pseudamussium septemradiatum and solitary ascidians on sheltered Atlantic offshore circalittoral muddy sediment","description":"This biotope is known only from deep water in Loch Goil (Clyde sealochs) in fine mud at 65 m with terrigenous debris. Large numbers of solitary ascidians, including Styela gelatinosa, Ascidia conchilega, Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella spp., are characteristic of this biotope together with the bivalve Pseudamussium septemradiatum. Terebellid worms, the bivalve Abraalba and the polychaete Glyceratridactyla may also occur. It is possibly an ice age relict biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6216","name":"Capitella capitata and Thyasira spp. in organically-enriched Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the Capitella capitata, an opportunist especially associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments as described for MB6-246 (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978). The bivalves Thyasira flexuosa or Thyasira sarsi may also be found in moderate numbers at some sites. Other taxa may be present in low numbers in areas of less severe enrichment including Pholoe inornata, Lagis koreni, Philine scabra, Anaitides groenlandica, Mediomastus fragilis and Paramphinome jeffreysii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":6,"code":"MD62161","name":"Capitella capitata, Thyasira spp. And Ophryotrocha dubia inorganically-enriched Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the pollution tolerant opportunist Capitella capitata and the polychaete Ophryotrocha dubia (or other species of Ophryotrocha). These species are generally found in extremely high abundances and accompanied by Thyasira spp., Raricirrus beryli, Paramphinome jeffreysii and Chaetozone setosa. Other taxa including Exogone verugera, Pholoe inornata and Idasola simpsoni may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6217","name":"Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filifirmis in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud","description":"In deep offshore mud and sandy mud a community characterised by the polychaetes Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filiformis may occur. Other important taxa may include Paramphinome jeffreysii, Nephtys hystricis and N. incisa, Spiophanes kroyeri, Orbinia norvegica, Terebellides stroemi, Thyasira gouldi and Thyasira equalis. Burrowing megafauna such as Calocaris macandreae may also be found in this biotope. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea. A similar community, dominated by L. gracilis but accompanied by Glycera spp. (particularly Glycera rouxii) and Monticellina dorsobranchialis, has also been reported from the Irish Sea. This Irish community also contains Calocaris macandreae, Mediomastus fragilis, Tubificoides amplivasatus, Nephtys incisa, Ancistrosyllis groenlandica, Nucula sulcata, Litocorsa stremma and Minuspio sp. and it is not known at present whether this represents a separate biotope or whether it is a geographic variant of a wider Levinsenia biotope.         \r\nSituation: This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea and may also occur in the Irish Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6218","name":"Paramphinome jeffreysii, Thyasira spp. and Amphiura filiformis in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore cohesive sandy mud communities characterised by the polychaete Paramphinome jeffreysii, bivalves such as Thyasira equalis and Thyasira gouldi and the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Other taxa may include Laonice cirrata, the sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the polychaetes Goniada maculata, Spiophanes kroyeri and Aricidea catherinae. Amphiura chiajei may be occasional in this biotope as may Philine scabra, Levinsenia gracilis and Pholoe inornata. This biotope along with MB6-248, MC6-212, MC6-213 and MD5-212, may comprise the Amphiura dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6219","name":"Myrtea spinifera and polychaetes in Atlantic offshore circalittoral sandy mud","description":"Deep, offshore habitats with cohesive sandy mud (>20% mud) may support communities characterised by infaunal polychaetes and the bivalve Myrtea spinifera. Polychaetes typically include Chaetozone setosa, Paramphinome jeffreysii, Levinsenia gracilis, Aricidea catherinae and Prionospio malmgreni. The bivalves Thyasira spp. and Abra nitida may also be found as may seapens, such as Pennatula phosphorea. Some examples of the unit MC6-213 contain Myrtea spinifera (Mackie 1990) in lower numbers but these habitats are generally sandier than those in MD6-219.              \r\nSituation: This biotope has been recorded in the northern North Sea but may also exist in the Irish Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD621A","name":"Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of Beggiatoa spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as Asterias rubens and Carcinus maenas are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional Arenicola marina but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the Beggiatoa. The polychaete Ophiodromus flexuosus occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD622","name":"Vents and seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6221","name":"Methane seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6222","name":"Freshwater seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD63","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species\r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Marenzelleria spp.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD631","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized by epibenthic bivalves","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm).  Characterized by Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic bivalves which  cover less10 % of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMytilus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD632","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic cnidarians","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic cnidarians cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nhydroids, sea anemones, corals"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD633","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic Crustaceans","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Epibenthic crustacea cover at least 10% of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups. Out of the epibenthic crustacea, Haploops spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nHaploops spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6331","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized  by Copepods (Harpacticoida)","description":"This is a Baltic Sea benthic habitat in the aphotic zone, comprising areas of soft sediment, predominantly mud, below the halocline, typically at depths below 70-100m. The strong permanent halocline and seasonal thermocline in summer limits vertical mixing of the water column leading to the formation of oxygen-depleted zones in the deep areas of the central Baltic. The environmental conditions of the deep zone of the Baltic are not uniform but vary widely in terms of salinity (14-21 ppt) and oxygenation (3-80% saturation). During periods of stagnation, this separation by the halocline gives rise to an oxygen deficit and periodically to complete oxygen depletion and formation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In places there is a continuously oxygen poor zone which is virtually devoid of macrofauna and has an extremely impoverished meiofauna generally consisting of a few thousand nematodes per square meter only. \r\nCharacteristic species:\r\nWhere there is sufficient oxygen and elevated salinity – Copepods (Harpacticoida) e.g. Laophonte baltica,\r\nAmphiascoides dispar and Kliopsyllus constrictus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD634","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by epibenthic epibentic polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinewith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment.The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic polychaetes cover at least 10 %of the seabed and more than other perennial attached erect groups.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\ntube building polychaetes"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6341","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by  the polychaetes Scoloplos arminger and where the substrate is predominantly clay Pontoporeia femorata and Terebellides stroemi.","description":"This is a Baltic Sea benthic habitat in the aphotic zone, comprising areas of soft sediment, predominantly mud, below the halocline, typically at depths below 70-100m. The strong permanent halocline and seasonal thermocline in summer limits vertical mixing of the water column leading to the formation of oxygen-depleted zones in the deep areas of the central Baltic. The environmental conditions of the deep zone of the Baltic are not uniform but vary widely in terms of salinity (14-21 ppt) and oxygenation (3-80% saturation). During periods of stagnation, this separation by the halocline gives rise to an oxygen deficit and periodically to complete oxygen depletion and formation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In places there is a continuously oxygen poor zone which is virtually devoid of macrofauna and has an extremely impoverished meiofauna generally consisting of a few thousandnematodes per square meter only                                                         \r\nCharacteristic speceis; .In the deeps around Gotland the polychaetes Scoloplos arminger and where the substrate is predominantly clay Pontoporeia femorata and Terebellides stroemi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD635","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommuntiy","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No perennial attached erect group has ≥ 10 % coverage.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.            \r\nGeographic range                \r\nSouthern part of Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD636","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by sparse macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Coverage of sessile macroscopic epifauna is 0><10%.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola balthica (Macoma balthica), Saduria entomon, Marenzelleria spp, Monoporeia affinis"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6361","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized  by  sea pens","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). 0><10% of the seabed is covered by sessile macroscopic epifauna. Conspicuous populations of sea-pens are present in visual samplings.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from 15 to 200 meters. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nVirgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD637","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  characterized by macroscopic infaunal biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Macroscopic infauna present, no epibenthic macrofauna.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6371","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Limecola  balthica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline  wwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Limecola balthica (Macoma balthica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nLimecola (Macoma) balthica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6372","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Arctica islandica","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal bivalves dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal bivalves, Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes. \r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nArctica islandica"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6373","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud  dominated by Scoloplos  armiger","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nScoloplos armiger"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6374","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by Marenzelleria spp.","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes, Marenzelleria spp. constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMarenzelleria arctia, Marenzelleria viridis, Marenzelleria neglecta"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6375","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by various opportunistic polychaetes","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal polychaetes dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal polychaetes,various opportunistic polychaetes . constitutes at least 50 % of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment.. Appears in low to moderate energy exposure classes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6376","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnocline with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Biomass of infaunal crustaceans dominates and is highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae. Out of the infaunal crustaceans, Monoporeia affinis and/or Pontoporeia femorata constitutes at least 50% of the biomass.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth is typically from approximately 20 to 200 meters. Appears in all wave exposure classes. Salinity below 10.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nMonoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata, Saduria entomon"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6377","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by dominated by infaunal echinoderms","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclinwith at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal echinoderms dominates and is the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect larvae.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nAmphiura spp, Ophiura spp, Brissopsis lyrifera, Echinocardium spp \r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6378","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud dominated by dominated by Brissopsis infaunal insect larvae","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). Sessile/semi-sessile epibenthic macrofauna is not present. Biomass of infaunal insect larvae dominates and in the highest in the group that includes infaunal bivalves/polychaetes/crustaceans/echinoderms/insect.\r\nPhysical environment        \r\nSubstrate is muddy sediment. Depth below approximately 20 m. Appears in all energy exposure classes.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nChironomidae\r\n Geographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD638","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterized by no macroscopic biotic structures","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of muddy sediment. The sediment must contain at least 20 % of mud, silt or clay (grain size less than 63 µm). No macro- epi- or infauna.\r\nPhysical environment         \r\nSalinity range: All; Exposure range: All; Depth range: Below photic zone ‑ more common in deeper areas.\r\nCharacteristic species         \r\nmeiofauna, bacteria\r\nGeographic range                \r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD639","name":"Baltic offshore circalittoral soft anthropogenically created substrates","description":"Baltic offshore  bottoms in the aphotic zone, below halocline/pycnoclin with at least 90 % coverage of anthropogenic origin, includes underwater constructions, dredged holes and spoil grounds. Soft substrates dominate.\r\nPhysical environment\r\nSalinity range: all; exposure range from sheltered to exposed; depth range aphotic zone.\r\nGeographic range\r\nWhole Baltic Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD64","name":"Black Sea offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone of the Black Sea. Predominantly oxic but also locally suboxic and anoxic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MD65","name":"Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mud","description":"Mediterranean circalittoral mud or sandy mud, often of terrestrial origin"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MD651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coastal terrigenous muds","description":"The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered, with the result that no epifauna develops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6511","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on lower circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft corals Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MD6512","name":"Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on lower circalittoral mud","description":"This facies is characterised by the soft coral Alcyonium palmatum and the echinoderm Parastichopus regalis (syn Stichopus regalis) on sticky muddy bottoms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME1","name":"Upper bathyal rock","description":"Upper bathyal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of bedrock, immobile boulders or artificial hard substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME11","name":"Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate have more diverse epifaunal communities than sediment as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock, mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Other hard substrate include carbonate and hard clay as well as artificial surfaces. Rock does not have an infaunal community, with the exception of boring species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME111","name":"Sparse communities on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains assembages where crinoids dominate the fauna. Crinoid assemblages are found typically in areas with higher current speeds that facilitate filter feeding, such as the shelf edge. The crinoid species Heliometra glacialis has been recorded on Arctic mid bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1111","name":"Heliometra glacialis, Actinostolid anemones and tube worm assemblage on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble and boulder matrix at the base of the Wyville Thomson Ridge in cold Arctic waters. Conspicuous fauna are the Actinostolid anemones, the crinoid Heliometra glacialis, and sabellid tube worms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME112","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Arctic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Arctic mid bathyal rock, corals recorded include hydroid Corymorpha, soft coral Gersemia and zoanthid Zoantharia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1121","name":"Corymorpha, Gersemia, Zoantharia and Heliometra glacialis on Arctic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble matrix at the base of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge. The most conspicuos fauna are an unidentified orange zoanthid, Corymorpha and Gersemia, although there is a dense ophiuroid bed present also. It is found in the cold Arctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME12","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME121","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community includes all biotopes where barnacle species are the dominant fauna. The species of barnacle will vary with depth and location. This community is found on rock and associated fauna are sparse. Currently, barnacle dominated communities in both the upper bathyal and the mid bathyal have only one child biotope (Bathylasma hirsutum assemblage) but in the future new barnacle biotopes may be discovered which differ between zones. It is likely that, due to changes in depth, associated species differ in the upper and mid bathyal versions of this broad community, but further evidence is required to describe differences.      \r\nThis broad community includes all biotopes where brachiopod species are the dominant fauna. The species of brachiopod will vary with depth and location. Associated fauna are sparse. Currently, brachiopod dominated communities in both the upper bathyal and the mid bathyal have only one child biotope (Dallina septigera assemblage), but in the future new brachiopod biotopes may be discovered which differ between zones. It is likely that, due to changes in depth, associated species differ in the upper and mid bathyal versions of this broad community, but further evidence is required to describe differences.          \r\nThis broad community includes all biotopes that are characterised by encrusting species including deep-sea sponges, serpulid worms, cup corals and Anoniimid bivalves. This community is widespread and occurs on coarse sediment and rock where erect coral species are absent. When this broad community occurs on rock it is distinguished by the present of holuthurian Psolus squamatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1211","name":"Bathylasma hirsutum assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Biotope dominated by the barnacle Bathylasma hirsutum. Observed on bedrock in high current areas. Barnacle coverage may not be dense. This assemblage was also identified in the mid bathyal, but the associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Bathylasma hirsutum assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1212","name":"Dallina septigera assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"Biotope dominated by the brachiopods Dallina septigera and Macandrevia cranium. Brachiopod dominated assemblages have been observed from multiple locations with the UK deep-sea occuring on bedrock, bedrock with a sand veneer and mixed substrates. Previous observations have been made in the high current areas on the Wyville-Thomson Ridge and summit of the Anton-Dohrn Seamount, but also on Hatton Bank, Rosemary Bank Seamount, Dangaard and Explorer Canyons and the warm shallow regions of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge and Faroe-Shetland Channel. This assemblage was also identified in the mid bathyal, but the associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Dallina septigera and Macandreviacranium assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1213","name":"Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This assemblage occurs on cobble, boulder and bedrock areas with the holothurian Psolus being the most conspicuous faunal compenent and lamellate sponges also being present. A range of encrusting species are also present and are like to vary with depth and location. This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. It is likely this biotope represents more than one assemblage but data are not sufficent to separate them. Characterising species listed refer to all Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1214","name":"Psolus squamatus, Anomiidae, serpulid polychaetes and Munida on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope consists of cobble, boulder and bedrock areas with the holothurian Psolus being the most conspicuous faunal compenent. A range of encrusting species are also present but there is no conspicuous presence of lamellate sponges as there is within \"Psolus squamatus and encrusting sponge assemblage\". This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. This assemblage also occurs in the mid bathyal. Characterising species listed refer to all Psolus squamatus, Anomiidae, serpulid polychaetes and Munida assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME122","name":"Sponge communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of Axinellid sponges as well as lobose sponges have been recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1221","name":"Reteporella and Axinellidsponges on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope occurs on cobbles and pebbles on sandy sea bed possibly associated with shallow iceberg ploughmarks, characterised by Axinellid and massive lobose sponges, cup sponges and bryozoan Reteporella attached to the cobbles, with squat lobsters sheltering under the cobbles. It is similar to a deeper expression of the shallower biotope “deep sponge communities (circalittoral)\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1222","name":"Lobose sponge and stylasterid assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been found on bedrock and boulders on the shallow flanks of Rockall Bank and is characterised by large yellow lobose sponges and Stylasterid corals. It has only been observed on Rockall Bank most likely due to the shallow depth range over which it occurs; the summits of many of the features are too deep."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME123","name":"Mixed cold water coral communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Lophelia pertusa occur on Atlantic upper bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1231","name":"Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal rock","description":"This biotope occurs on bedrock, cobbles and boulders and isolated drop stones. Small growths of Lophelia pertusa and often Madrepora occulata are present. Lophelia pertusa reef framework may also be present adjacent to this biotope in areas where it occurs in an elevated position allowing dead coral framework to accumulate below. This biotope is often observed on the edge of escarpment features. The same assemblage is recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal coarse sediment. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Lophelia pertusa assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME14","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME15","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal rock","description":"This habitat is mainly characterised by deep sea corals, also called cold-water corals that are among the main habitat formers of the deep Mediterranean Sea, constituting peculiar bioconstructions and coral forests. In this situation they are growing on mineral rocky bottom."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal rock","description":"The deep sea corals, also called white corals, imperfectly known in the Mediterranean, basically includes two major ramified species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata, which are relicts of the cold fauna of the Quaternary. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth, starting from 200 meters down, on the edges of canyons, where the slope and turbulence are sufficient for the hard substratum (standing rock or consolidated thanatocoenosis) to carry little sediment. The living parts of these clumps usually seem to be reduced to the tips of the branches. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope. These species are able to create two single facies or a third, characterised by the copresence of these two species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Lophelia pertusa, accompanied by the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus, antipatharians (Leiopathes), octocorals (the calcified gorgonacean Corallium rubrum) and yellow corals (Dendrophyllia). Serpulids, cirripeds such as the large barnacle Pachylasma giganteum, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1512","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Madrepora oculata. Serpulids, cirripeds, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME1513","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"This facies is characterised by the copresence of the two species of deep sea corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME152","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean  upper bathyal caves and ducts in total darkness","description":"Very large submerged cavities especially present in drowned karstic networks, isolated little cavities and microcavities in heaps of stones and within certain concretions.        \r\nThe caves in total darkness are enclaves of the aphotic area in the littoral area; they present extremely original environmental conditions, close to those found on the continental slope. The two key factors are the absence of light, which rules out photosynthetic organisms, and confinement, which rules out organisms which have a strong trophic requirement. Water renewal in the dark chambers is usually very slight or occasional and depends on local topographical, bathymetrical and geographical factors. The great hydrological stability is indicated by anomalies of temperature, extremely oligotrophic conditions, and biochemical parameters. Positive thermal anomalies are typical of caves with a rising profile (a frequent case in karstic caves) and negative anomalies have been noticed in the rare caves with a descending profile. The very great reduction in the trophic addition from the outside brings about a drastic selection of the animals established in this habitat. The rate of biological cover of the walls of this habitat may be 80 to 50% in the richest areas but can be almost nil in the most confined parts. The selection of trophic groups and morphological groups, as well as the spatial organisation, are governed by environmental conditions that are peculiar to each cave. This biocenosis includes a significant portion of typically deep-sea species, the most original of these being found in caves with a descending profile, with a thermal regime similar to that of the Mediterranean deeps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME2","name":"Upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the upper bathayl zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME21","name":"Arctic upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the upper bathayl zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME22","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures in the upper bathayl zone of the Atlantic  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME221","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal cold water coral reef","description":"Reefs formed by Scleractinian corals. In the Atlantic upper bathyal the reef forming species is Lophelia pertusa. Coral reef attaches to hard substrate, but can be found on sediments where corals initially attach to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment and then the reef grows outwards. Cold water coral reefs are associated with a variety of other coral species, sponges, and a high diversity of other fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME2211","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal live Lophelia pertusa reef","description":"Scleractinian coral reefs formed predominantly by Lophelia pertusa in the upper bathyal zone. Lophelia attaches to any hard substrate present and then grows outwards forming a hard reef structure. Lophelia reef is often associated with a range of coral species and a high diversity of other fauna. This biotope refers only to reef framework summits with live Lophelia. Further research is required to identify associated species on Lophelia reef that distinguish between reefs occuring in different vertical zones. Lophelia reef can be found in a mosaic with all substrate types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME2212","name":"Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reef framework","description":"This biotope represents the extensive, mostly dead, framework of Lophelia pertusa that support a high diversity of species including various other corals such as Caryophylliidae, Stichopathes gravieri, Antipathella, Acanthogorgia armarta and Leiopathes. Other conspicuous taxa include anemone Phelliactis and encrusting sponges. This may be found associated with Lophelia pertusa reef summit or may form beneath escarpments where live colonies of Lophelia pertusag row but subsequently break off and form a rubble framework. The same assemblage is found in the mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary. Characterising species listed refer to all mixed coral on Lophelia reef framework assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME24","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Reefs formed by organisms in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME25","name":"Mediterranean Upper bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is mainly built by two major cold water coral species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME3","name":"Upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME31","name":"Arctic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. Coarse sediment includes unstable pebbles, cobbles, boulders and coral rubble.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel(see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME311","name":"Burrowing anemone field in Arctic bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community includes sediment biotopes where burrowing anemones are the dominant fauna. In Arctic mid bathyal coarse sediment, the burrowing anemones have been tentatively identified as Halcampids. They are found associated gravel/ pebble coarse sediment which is interspersed with rock. This community can occur in association with ophuroid dominated communities, and crinoid dominated communities may attach to any rock present. Due to difficulties in taxonomic identification using soley video footage, no species level assemblages could be described for this type of burrowing anemone field. Species are likely to differ from those occuring in Atlantic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME32","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME321","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains assembages where crinoids dominate the fauna. Crinoid assemblages are found typically in areas with higher current speeds that facilitate filter feeding, such as the shelf edge. The crinoid species Leptometra celtica is recorded in the Atlantic upper and mid bathyal. Associated species are likely to differ with depth and substrate type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3211","name":"Leptometra celtica assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of the crinoid Leptometra celtica on coarse sediment in the upper bathyal. It occurs at the shelf edge and in the heads of canyons. It is likely that the fast currents associated with the heads of canyon systems provide a favourable habitat for suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. The same assemblage has been recorded in the mid bathyal on various substrate types but any associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Leptometra celtica assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3212","name":"Caryophyllia smithii and Actinauge richardi assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Biotope comprising cup coral Caryophyllia smithii and anemone Actinauge richardi attached to small pieces of hard material in the sediment. This assemblage is observed on the shallow parts of Rockall Bank on sand with some gravel / pebble component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3213","name":"Pale encrusting sponges and serpulids on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope consists of  gravel substrates with few visible epifauna only encrusting forms. The same assemblage  was recorded in the Atlanto-Arctic and Atlantic mid bathyal zones but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all pale encrusting sponge and serpulid assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3214","name":"Squat lobster assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment (Lophelia rubble )","description":"This biotope describes the fringing rubble apron of cold water coral mounds or accumulations of gravel size Lophelia pertusa skeleton. Freiwald et al. (2004) list those species occurring within this zone on cold water coral reefs.  The same assemblage was recorded in the Atlantic mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all squat lobster on Lophelia rubble assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3215","name":"Cidarid urchin assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope is characterised by sparse and occasionally agreggated Cidarid urchins on gravelly sand substrates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and in the mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Cidarid urchins assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME322","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Lophelia pertusa occur on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3221","name":"Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope occurs on coarse sediment and coral rubble. Small growths of Lophelia pertusa and often Madrepora occulata are present. Lophelia pertusa reef framework may also be present adjacent to this biotope in areas where it occurs in an elevated position allowing dead coral framework to accumulate below. This biotope is often observed on the edge of escarpment features.  The same assemblage is recorded on Atlantic mid bathyal rock. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Lophelia pertusa assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME323","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3231","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on coarse sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME324","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the Geodia species with other massive forms are typical of Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse or mixed sediment. Associated species are likely to differ on different sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME3241","name":"Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope has been found at approximately 500m on the eastern slopes of the Faroe-Shetland Channel. It principally consists of rather small sponge specimens that practically carpet the seafloor. Large sponges (tens of centimetres in diameter) are however common. The area where the community is observed experiences temperature fluctuations between <0°C to >8°C and heightend current speeds as a result of internal tides between Arctic and Atlantic environmental data. This assemblage  is also known as Boreal Ostur. The same assemblage  was recorded on mixed sediment, but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Geodia and other massive sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME34","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea, anoxic and very local (only in the northwest part of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME35","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Mediterranean upper bathyal"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME351","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment","description":"No information is available on macrobenthic assemblages typical of this zone\"."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME4","name":"Upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Upper bathyal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of mixed particle size or gravel. Includes habitats with mobile substrates of biogenic origin but no longer living, and of allochthonous material such as macrophyte debris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME41","name":"Arctic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from mud to mixed sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME42","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from mud to mixed sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME421","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4211","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mixed sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME422","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the Geodia species with other massive forms are typical of Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse or mixed sediment. Associated species are likely to differ on different sediment types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4221","name":"Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This biotope has been found at approximately 500m on the eastern slopes of the Faroe-Shetland Channel, it principally consists of rather small sponge specimens but that practically carpet the seafloor. Large sponges (tens of centimetres in diameter) are however common. The area where the community is observed experiences temperature fluctuations between <0°C to >8°C and heightend current speeds as a result of internal tides between Arctic and Atlantic environmental data. This assemblage  is also known as Boreal Ostur. The same assemblage  was recorded on sand substrate, but associated infaunal species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Geodia and other massive sponge assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME44","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed Anoxic sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea. Only occurs in the northwest of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME45","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME451","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean upper bathyal muds biocenosis characterised by mixed sediment","description":"Bathyal muds in the Mediterranean are mostly yellow or grey-blue clays which are very sparsely populated. The species composition is largely dependent on the consistecy and compactness of the sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME4511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of sandy muds and coarse detritus with Terebratula vitrea and Cidaris cidaris","description":"This biocenosis is mainly characterised by the brachipods Terebratula vitrea and Terebratulina caput-serpentis and  Cidaridae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME5","name":"Upper Bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the upper bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME51","name":"Arctic upper bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that small amounts of gravel with sand can move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment. Also note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME511","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic upper bathyal sand","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME52","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel  (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME521","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5211","name":"Leptometra celtica assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of the crinoid Leptometra celtica on sand in the upper bathyal. It occurs at the shelf edge and in the heads of canyons. It is likely that the fast currents associated with the heads of canyon systems provide a favourable habitat for suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. The same assemblage has been recorded in the mid bathyal on various substrate types but any associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Leptometra celtica assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5212","name":"Cidarid urchin assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope is characterised by sparse and occasionally agreggated Cidarid urchins on sand substrates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on coarse sediment and in the mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Cidarid urchins assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME5213","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on sand substrate. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on mud and sand in the mid and lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME522","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic upper bathyal sand","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME54","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal sand","description":"Predominately sandy anoxic substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME55","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal sand","description":"Little information is available on sandy sediments in the upper bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME551","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal detritic sands with Gryphus vitreus","description":"These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod Gryphus vitreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"ME6","name":"Upper Bathyal mud","description":"Mud and cohesive sandy mud in the upper bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME61","name":"Arctic upper bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic upper bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME62","name":"Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6211","name":"Cerianthid anemones and burrowing megafauna in Atlantic mid bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is characterised by burrowing anemones (Cerianthidae), unidentified hydroids (Hydrozoa) and unidentified tube worms (Sabellidae) on bioturbated mud with phytodetritus. Video observations suggest there are many large burrows supporting associated unknown megafauna, the rare occurrence of sea pens (Virgularia mirabilis) and also stalked sponges (Hyalonema) associated with this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6212","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on mud substrate. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and in the lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME622","name":"Sea pens and burrowing megafauna on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of sea pens on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. Kophobelemnon has been recorded in Atlantic upper and mid bathyal mud and sand, but associated species are likely to differ with zone and substrate type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6221","name":"Kophobelemnon field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of seapens of the genus Kophobelemnon (in the UK likely to be Kophobelemnon stelliferum) on mud. Kophobelemnon fields are also found in the mid bathyal zone but the associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Kophobelemnon stelliferum assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME623","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the glass sponge Pheronema carpenteri have been recorded on Atlantic mid to lower bathyal mud. Associated species are likely to differ with depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6231","name":"Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of Pheronema carpenteri sponges on fine sandy mud and mud substrata. It is listed in the 2004 version of EUNIS as “Facies with Pheronema grayi” (A6.621) within the Bioherms section. The same assemblage was also recorded in the lower bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Pheronema carpenteri assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME624","name":"Erect coral field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of erect soft corals occuring on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. This broad community is functionally similar to sea pen fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6241","name":"Acanella arbuscula assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of the Isidid octocoral Acanella arbuscula on sandy silts and fine grained oozes. It is likely to be functionally similar to a seapen field.  Gage (1986) describes growths of the arborescent gorgonian Acanella arbuscula as providing a “perch” for such fauna as the brittle star Ophiacantha bidentata to feed in the current. This assemblage was also recorded in the lower bathyal but associated species are likely to differ with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Acanella arbuscula assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope. This assemblage is described from published literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME625","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6251","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mud substrate. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME626","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic upper bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME64","name":"Black Sea upper bathyal mud","description":"Predominately anoxic muddy substrates in the upper bathyal zone of the Black Sea. Fine mud is the most widespread habitat in the bathyal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"ME65","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal mud","description":"Bathyal muds in the Mediterranean are mostly yellow or grey-blue clayed muds, relatively consistent, which are very sparsely populated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"ME651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean upper bathyal muds","description":"Vast stretches of clayey mud, usually compact, yellowish or bluish grey, relatively substantial, continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds or the biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom. The biocenosis of bathyal muds is characterised by a constant homoeothermy of around 13°C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. The sides of the canyons are covered with a fluid mud, sometimes merely a simple film. Sandy muds are quite frequent in the upper horizon but more exceptional underneath. Modifications in the granulometry and thickness of the mud, and additions of exogenous organic matter, result in the appearance of special facies. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6511","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc Thenea muricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6512","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6513","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of soft muds with Funiculina quadrangularis and Aporrhais serresianus","description":"This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian Funiculina quadrangularis and the gastropod Aporrhais serresianus are present with the crustaceans Parapenaeus longirostris, Nephrops norvegicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6514","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of with Pheronema carpenteri","description":"This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge Pheronema carpenteri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"ME6515","name":"Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata","description":"This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian Isidella elongata is present. Important development of the cnidarian Isidella elongata (a white gorgonian with hard joints) on compact muds with little or no slope. Presence of a film of fluid mud above the compact mud, stirred up by the big shrimps. The Isidella elongata facies present an epibiosis formed of the actinia Amphianthus dohrnii, of Scalpellum scalpellum, of a Chlamys and of Scyliorhinidae eggs. This is a favourite area for the  Aristeus antennatus and Aristaeomorpha foliacea shrimps, which themselves are food for various cephalopods (Rossia macrosoma, Bathypolypus sponsalis, Sepietta oweniana, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus) and – especially – fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF1","name":"Lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the  lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF11","name":"Arctic lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate have more diverse epifaunal communities than sediment as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock, mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Other hard substrate include carbonate and hard clay as well as artificial surfaces. Rock does not have an infaunal community, with the exception of boring species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF111","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Arctic mid bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Arctic mid bathyal rock, corals recorded include hydroid Corymorpha, soft coral Gersemia and zoanthid Zoantharia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1111","name":"Corymorpha, Gersemia, Zoantharia and Heliometra glacialis on Arctic lower bathyal rock","description":"This biotope has been recorded on a cobble matrix at the base of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge. The most conspicuos fauna are an unidentified orange zoanthid, Corymorpha and Gersemia, although there is a dense ophiuroid bed present also. It is found in the cold Arctic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF12","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF121","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. Discrete colonies of Solenosmilia occur on Atlantic lower bathyal rock."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1211","name":"Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal rock","description":"This biotope is a deeper variant of discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies  where L. pertusa is replaced by S. variabilis occuring on bedrock. The same assemblage was recorded oncoarse sediment but associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Solenosmilia variabilis assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF14","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substates in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF15","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates in the Mediterranean lower bathyal zone, this habitat is mainly characterised by deep sea corals, also called white corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF151","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower bathyal rock","description":"The deep sea corals, also called white corals, imperfectly known in the Mediterranean, basically includes two major ramified species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata, which are relicts of the cold fauna of the Quaternary. These white coral clumps only exist at appreciable depth, starting from 200 meters down, on the edges of canyons, where the slope and turbulence are sufficient for the hard substratum (standing rock or consolidated thanatocoenosis) to carry little sediment. The living parts of these clumps usually seem to be reduced to the tips of the branches. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope. These species are able to create two single facies or a third, characterised by the copresence of these two species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1511","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Lophelia pertusa, accompanied by the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus, antipatharians (Leiopathes), octocorals (the calcified gorgonacean Corallium rubrum) and yellow corals (Dendrophyllia). Serpulids, cirripeds such as the large barnacle Pachylasma giganteum, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1512","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs","description":"Facies of the framework-building coral Madrepora oculata. Serpulids, cirripeds, bivalves, sponges and gastropods which feed on corals contribute to the richness of these assemblages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF1513","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs","description":"This facies is characterised by the copresence of the two species of deep sea corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. The dead parts that are not under mud are very much colonised by bryozoans, brachiopods and serpulid polychaetes, and constitute centers of diversity for the sessile fauna of the continental slope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF2","name":"Lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF21","name":"Arctic lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic habitats formed by organisms such as cold water corals in the lower bathyal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF22","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"A biogenic structure is formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF221","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal cold water coral reef","description":"Reefs formed by Scleractinian corals. In the Atlantic lower bathyal, the reef forming species is Solenosmilia variabilis. Cold water coral reefs are associated with a variety of other coral species, sponges, and a high diversity of other fauna. Coral reef attaches to hard substrate, but can be found on sediments where corals initially attach to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment and then the reef grows outwards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF2211","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal live Solenosmilia variabilis reef","description":"This biotope is similar to Lophelia pertusa reef, but the dominant scleractinian species is Solenosmilia variabilis. It is generally found deeper than Lophelia pertusa reef in the lower bathyal zone (>1200m). Solenosmilia attaches to any hard substrate present and then grows outwards forming a hard reef structure. Solenosmilia reef is often associated with a range of coral species and a high diversity of other fauna. This biotope refers only to reef framework summits with live Solenosmilia. This biotope will generally be surrounded by dead Solenosmilia reef framework. Solenosmilia reef can be found in a mosaic with other substrate types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF2212","name":"Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal Solenosmilia reef","description":"This biotope is found on mostly dead Solenosmilia variabilis framework and is characterised by dense growths of corals of many difference species including Isididae, Anthomastus grandiflorus, zoanthids, Antipathes sp.,Leiopathes sp., Stichopathes sp. and gorgonians. It is associated with steep topography on radial ridges and parasitic cones. These mixed coral assemblages appear to provide a suitable habitat for a diverse range of fish including the false boarfish Neocyttus helgae, Lepidion eques, and orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF24","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"The bathyal zone of the Black Sea is anoxic with no biogenic habitats"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF25","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal biogenic habitat","description":"This habitat is mainly built by two major cold water coral species Lophelia prolifera and Madrepora oculata. These white coral clumps only exist at high depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF3","name":"Lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the lower bathyal. The communities of these habitats are poorly known."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF31","name":"Arctic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. Coarse sediment includes unstable pebbles, cobbles, boulders and coral rubble.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel(see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that only small amounts of gravel are required to move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment and only small amounts of mud can move the habitat from coarse to mixed sediment. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment. Note that stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF311","name":"Burrowing anemone field in Arctic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community includes sediment biotopes where burrowing anemones are the dominant fauna. In Arctic mid bathyal coarse sediment, the burrowing anemones have been tentatively identified as Halcampids. They are found associated gravel/ pebble coarse sediment which is interspersed with rock. This community can occur in association with ophuroid dominated communities, and crinoid dominated communities may attach to any rock present. Due to difficulties in taxonomic identification using soley video footage, no species level assemblages could be described for this type of burrowing anemone field. Species are likely to differ from those occuring in Atlantic waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF32","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF321","name":"Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where corals dominate but do not form a living coral reef. A mixture of different coral types can be present. Associated species are similar to 'sparse encrusting community', including sponges and ophiuroids. On Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment discrete colonies of Solenosmilia attach to coral rubble."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF3211","name":"Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This biotope is a deeper variant of discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies  where L. pertusa is replaced by Solenosmilia variabilis occuring on coral rubble. The same assemblage was recorded on rock but associated species are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all discrete Solenosmilia variabilis assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF322","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggregations of solitary cup corals (Caryophylliidae and / or Flabellidae) on sediments including mud and sandy mud and coarse sediments. The species composition of the biotopes belonging to this broad community will vary with depth and location, and associated species will vary with sediment type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF323","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF3231","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on coarse sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the mid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF34","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF35","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments in the Mediterranean lower bathyal"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF351","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment","description":"No information is available on macrobenthic assemblages typical of this zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF4","name":"Lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF41","name":"Arctic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the lower bathyal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF42","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the lower bathyal zone of the Atlantic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF421","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) which lie on the surface of the seabed. They can occur in isolation or be overlain onto other broad communities such as  'sparse encrusting fauna' and 'mixed cold water coral'. It may be necessary to assign this broad community and 'child' biotopes in conjunction with another type. Brittle star beds comprised of Ophiomusium lymani have been recorded on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF4211","name":"Ophiomusium lymani and cerianthid anemone assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Brittle star Ophiomusium lymani and associated species on mixed sediments. This may be found overlain on top of another assemblage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF422","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF4221","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Biotope characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mixed sediment. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in themid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF44","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF45","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF451","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment","description":"This biocenosis is mainly characterised by the brachipods Terebratula vitrea and Terebratulina caput-serpentis and  Cidaridae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF5","name":"Lower bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF51","name":"Arctic lower bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that small amounts of gravel with sand can move the habitat from sand to coarse sediment. Also note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF52","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel  (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF521","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF5211","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal sand","description":"This biotope consists of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on sand substrate. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on mud and sand in the upper and mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF54","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal sand","description":"Predominately sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea. These sediments are anoxic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF55","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal sand","description":"Sandy sediments in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF551","name":"Biological assemblages of Mediterranean lower bathyal sand","description":"These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod Gryphus vitreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MF6","name":"Lower bathyal mud","description":"Mud and muddy sand in the lower bathyal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF61","name":"Arctic lower bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur.\r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/GMHM3_Detailed_explanation_of_seabed_sediment_classification.pdf). Note that Folk muddy sand sediments are classed as mud habitat if the mud content is great enough to support species usually associated with mud. In the absence of particle size data it can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic lower bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF62","name":"Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) that bury in soft sediments with on the tips of the arms visible at the surface. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6211","name":"Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consistis of aggregations of Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (previously Echinus acutus norvegicus) on mud substrate. Gage (1986) reports this assemblage from 700-1400m on pelagic ooze and suggests it is present in a ribbon-like distribution around the continental margin of Europe down to about 1400m. Le Danois also describes this assemblage from 150m-500+ but emphasises that shallower than 500m Spatangus raschi dominates and below Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus dominates. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found on sand and coarse sediment in the upper and mid bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6212","name":"Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of urchin Gracilechinus alexandri with seastars on mud substrate. Gage (1986) describes an assemblage from the continental slope west of the Hebrides (Rockall Trough) between 1400 and 2500m on pelagic ooze and terbidite dominated by echinoderms. The same epifaunal assemblage  is also found in the upper abyssal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF622","name":"Sponge aggregation on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community contains assemblages where sponges dominate sediment habitats. Sponges can be of all morphotypes except encrusting. Aggregations of the glass sponge Pheronema carpenteri have been recorded on Atlantic mid to lower bathyal mud. Associated species are likely to differ with depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6221","name":"Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope consists of dense aggregations of Pheronema carpenteri sponges on fine sandy mud and mud substrata. It is listed in the 2004 version of EUNIS as “Facies with Pheronema grayi” (A6.621). The same assemblage was also recorded in the mid bathyal but associated species are likely to vary with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Pheronema carpenteri assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF623","name":"Erect coral field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Dense aggregations of erect soft corals occuring on fine sediments. The species composition will vary with depth and location. This broad community is functionally similar to sea pen fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6231","name":"Acanella arbuscula assemblage on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This biotope is composed of dense aggregations of the Isidid octocoral Acanella arbuscula on sandy silts and fine grained oozes. It is likely to be functionally similar to a seapen field.  Gage (1986) describes growths of the arborescent gorgonian Acanella arbuscula as providing a “perch” for such fauna as the brittle star Ophiacantha bidentata to feed in the current. This assemblage was also recorded in the upper bathyal but associated species are likely to differ with depth. Characterising species listed refer to all Acanella arbuscula assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope. This assemblage is described from published literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF624","name":"Xenophyophore-dominated community on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"This broad community is characterised by dense aggreations of xenophyophores. Associated species will vary with depth and sediment type but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges  and sediment dwelling anemones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6241","name":"Syringammina fragilissima field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"Assemblage characterised by dense aggregations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima on mud substrate. Associated species will vary with depth but may include squat lobsters (Munida), Ophiuroids, Majid crabs, pale encrusting sponges (yellow, white, grey, cream, pink) and sediment dwelling anemones. The same epifaunal community is also found in the  mid bathyal and on other sediments but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Syringammina fragilissima assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF625","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic lower bathyal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF64","name":"Black Sea lower bathyal mud","description":"Anoxic predominately muddy substrates in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea, this is the most widespread habitat in the lower bathyal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MF65","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal mud","description":"Mud, often clay like and yellow or bluish grey in the lower bathyal zone of the Mediterranean"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MF651","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean lower bathyal muds","description":"Vast stretches of clayey mud, usually compact, yellowish or bluish grey, relatively substantial, continuing at greater depth the biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds or the biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom. The biocenosis of bathyal muds is characterised by a constant homoeothermy of around 13°C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. The sides of the canyons are covered with a fluid mud, sometimes merely a simple film. Sandy muds are quite frequent in the upper horizon but more exceptional underneath. Modifications in the granulometry and thickness of the mud, and additions of exogenous organic matter, result in the appearance of special facies. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6511","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc Thenea muricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6512","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera","description":"This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm Brissopsis lyrifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MF6513","name":"Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata","description":"This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian Isidella elongata is present. Important development of the cnidarian Isidella elongata (a white gorgonian with hard joints) on compact muds with little or no slope. Presence of a film of fluid mud above the compact mud, stirred up by the big shrimps. The Isidella elongata facies present an epibiosis formed of the actinia Amphianthus dohrnii, of Scalpellum scalpellum, of a Chlamys and of Scyliorhinidae eggs. This is a favourite area for the Aristeus antennatus and Aristaeomorpha foliacea shrimps, which themselves are food for various cephalopods (Rossia macrosoma, Bathypolypus sponsalis, Sepietta oweniana, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus) and – especially – fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG1","name":"Abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG11","name":"Arctic abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG12","name":"Atlantic abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrate in the Atlantic, has a more diverse epifaunal community as species attach to the hard surface that in turn attract more fauna. Deep-sea rock is generally encrusted in a range of species including sponges and cold water water corals. Rock includes bedrock mixed substrate of pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and isolated drop stones. It can occur in a mosaic with sediment habitats. Hard artificial surfaces are considered 'other hard substrate' as is carbonate and hard clay. Rock does not have an infaunal community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG14","name":"Black Sea abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the Black Sea abyssal plain. The Black Sea abyssal is dominated by anoxic sediments and this habitat may not occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG15","name":"Mediterranean abyssal rock","description":"Rock and other hard substrates of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG2","name":"Abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the abyssal zone  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG21","name":"Arctic abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the abyssal zone of the Arctic formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG22","name":"Atlantic abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Biogenic structures of the Atlantic abyssal zone  formed when reef-forming species, such as cold water corals, attach to any hard substrate present and grow over the surrounding area forming a secondary substrate over the top. This changes the composition of the associated community as it provides a stable surface for epifauna to attach. Biogenic structure includes only areas where the seafloor is completely covered, not isolated structures, such as sponge aggregations or discrete corals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG24","name":"Black Sea abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"The Black Sea abyssal zone is anoxic and no biogenic habitats are present"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG25","name":"Mediterranean abyssal biogenic habitat","description":"Mediterranean abyssal biogenic habitats of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG3","name":"Abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG31","name":"Arctic abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Coarse sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG32","name":"Atlantic abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Deep-sea coarse sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species or burrowing fauna such as anemones visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, coarse sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment. Coral rubble is classed as coarse sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on coarse sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG34","name":"Black Sea abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Black Sea coarse sediments of the abyssal plain"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG35","name":"Mediterranean abyssal coarse sediment","description":"Mediterranean abyssal coarse sediment of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG4","name":"Abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG41","name":"Arctic abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG42","name":"Atlantic abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Deep-sea mixed sediment has not been sampled widely for infauna so little is currently known about infaunal community structure. Epifauna tend to be sparse mobile species. In the absence of ecological data, mixed sediment habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between coarse sediment and mixed sediment using video data only. Note that mixed sediment has a greater mud content than coarse sediment. If muddy sand sediment contains a high enough percentage of gravel, then it would be classed as mixed sediment. Stable pebbles, cobbles and boulders are classed as rock; any rock present on mixed sediment is considered a separate habitat within a mosaic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG44","name":"Black Sea abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mixed anoxic sediments of the Black Sea abyssal plain, rare and restricted to the western part of the Black Sea according to EUSeaMap"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG45","name":"Mediterranean abyssal mixed sediment","description":"Mediterranean abyssal mixed sediments of the Mediterranean abyssal plain, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG5","name":"Abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG51","name":"Arctic abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone of the Arctic"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG52","name":"Atlantic abyssal sand","description":"Deep-sea sand sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, or burrowing fauna such as anemones and brittlestars visible at the surface. In the absence of ecological data, sand habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough. If sediment particles are large enough to be classed as gravel using the Folk classification, then sediment would be classed as coarse sediment rather than sand. If sand contains a high enough percentage of gravel it is also classed as coarse sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG54","name":"Black Sea abyssal sand","description":"Sandy anoxic sediments of the Black Sea abyssal plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG55","name":"Mediterranean abyssal sand","description":"Sandy sediments of the abyssal zone of the Mediterranean, no biological information is  available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":2,"code":"MG6","name":"Abyssal mud","description":"Mud and muddy sediments of the abyssal zone with with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG61","name":"Arctic abyssal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG611","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Arctic abyssal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG62","name":"Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"Deep-sea mud sediments have a diverse infaunal community dominated by polychaetes. Epifauna tend to be sparse, mobile species, but aggregations of erect fauna such as glass sponges, sea pens and soft corals can occur. \r\nIn the absence of ecological data, mud habitat can be defined according to Long (2006), which describes the classification's broad sediment types according to the relative proportion of mud, sand and gravel (see p3 of UKSeaMap 2010 technical report 3 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSeaMap2010_TechnicalReport_3_Substrate2.pdf). It can be difficult to reliably distinguish between mud and sand using video data only. Note that muddy sand sediments are classed as mud if the mud content is great enough."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG621","name":"Sparse communities on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This broad community contains those biotopes where holothurians dominate. They are generally very deep (abyssal) and occur on silt or pelagic ooze. The species composition will vary with depth. The holuthurian species Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta have been recorded on Atlantic upper abyssal mud."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6211","name":"Hygrosoma petersii, Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of assemblages dominated by holothurians Benthothuria funebris and Oneirophanta with echinoderm Hygrosoma petersiion mud. Gage (1986) describes this assemblage from his deepest station in the southern Rockall Trough at 2900m on pelagic ooze. No other detail are available on this assemblage and it is possible that it may represent a transitional assemblage between the Acanella arbuscula assemblage (found shallower) and the abyssal Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage found deeper. This assemblage has been described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6212","name":"Psycropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of assemblages dominated by holothurians Psycropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilison mud. Lavaleye et al. (2002) describe this assemblage from their two deepest stations at 3650 and 4500m at the base of the Pendragon Escarpment, presumably on pelagic ooze. Billett et al. (2001) describe holothurians as dominating the megafaunal biomass at approximately 5000m on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain and cite Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis, together with Pseudostichopus villosusas contributing substantially to the total holothurian biomass. This assemblage was described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6213","name":"Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"This biotope consists of urchin Gracilechinus alexandri with seastars on mud substrate. Gage (1986) describes an assemblage from the continental slope west of the Hebrides (Rockall Trough) between 1400 and 2500m on pelagic ooze and terbidite dominated by echinoderms. The same epifaunal assemblage is also found in the lower bathyal but associated infauna are likely to differ. Characterising species listed refer to all Gracilechinus alexandri, Psilaster and Plinthaster assemblages not just those found associated with the zone and substrate specified in this biotope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":5,"code":"MG6214","name":"Thaumatocrinus jungerseni assemblage on Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"Hughes and Gage (2004) describe this biotope from the mouth of Rockall Trough at 3580m dominated by the comatulid crinoid Thaumatocrinus jungerseni on fine silt or pelagic ooze. It is possible that this site experiences increased current speeds as a result of the constriction of the topography in this area, making it favourable to suspension feeding organisms such as crinoids. This assemblage may therefore be a variation on the Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis assemblage. This assemblage was described based on literature only."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG622","name":"Mixed infauna dominated by polychaetes in Atlantic abyssal mud","description":"All infaunal communities in the deep-sea are dominated by polychaete species with a diverse range of other taxa including bivalves, amphipods and sipunculids. Species level data were not available for analysis and at family level it was not possible to define more distinct groups for infauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG64","name":"Black Sea abyssal mud","description":"Anoxic fine and sandy mud which covers most of the  the abyssal zone of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":3,"code":"MG65","name":"Mediterranean abyssal mud","description":"Mud which covers most of the  the abyssal zone of the Mediterranean. No information is available on the biology of these sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"benthic","level":4,"code":"MG651","name":"Assemblages of Mediterranean abyssal muds","description":"These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone of the mediterranean. No information is avaialble on the biology of these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":1,"code":"MH","name":"Pelagic water column","description":"The water column of shallow or deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters. Note that because of the strong temporal nature of the pelagic environment, the water column at a given location will be classified differently at different times of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH1","name":"Neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH11","name":"Arctic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Arctic ocean and associated seas, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH111","name":"Arctic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH112","name":"Arctic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH12","name":"Atlantic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Atlantic Ocean and associated seas, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH121","name":"Atlantic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH122","name":"Atlantic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH13","name":"Baltic neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Black Sea, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH131","name":"Baltic temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH132","name":"Baltic permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH14","name":"Black Sea neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Baltic Sea, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH141","name":"Black Sea temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH142","name":"Black Sea permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH15","name":"Mediterranean neuston","description":"The interface between air and sea water of the Mediterranean, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH151","name":"Mediterranean temporary neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH152","name":"Mediterranean permanent neuston layer","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH2","name":"Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH21","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Arctic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH211","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH212","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH213","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH22","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Atlantic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH221","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH222","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH223","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH23","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Baltic which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” as in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH231","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2311","name":"Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH232","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2321","name":"Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH233","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2331","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2332","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2333","name":"Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH2334","name":"Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH24","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Black Sea which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH241","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH242","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH243","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH25","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column in the Mediterranean which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH251","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH252","name":"Mediterraneancompletely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH253","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH3","name":"Completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH31","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH311","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH312","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH313","name":"Arctic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH32","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH321","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH322","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH323","name":"Atlantic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH33","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Baltic water column in the Kattegatt which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH331","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH332","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH333","name":"Baltic completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH34","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Black Sea water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations without river inflow."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH341","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH342","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH343","name":"Black Sea completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH35","name":"Mediterranean completely  mixed water column with full salinity","description":"Mediterranean water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations without river inflow."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH351","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH352","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH353","name":"Mediterranean completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH4","name":"Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH41","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH411","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH412","name":"Arctic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH42","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH421","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH422","name":"Atlantic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH43","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH431","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH432","name":"Baltic partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH44","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH441","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH442","name":"Black Sea partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH45","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH451","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH452","name":"Mediterranean partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH5","name":"Unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH51","name":"Arctic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"An Arctic  water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH511","name":"Arctic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH512","name":"Arctic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH513","name":"Arctic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH514","name":"Arctic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH52","name":"Atlantic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH521","name":"Atlantic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH522","name":"Atlantic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH523","name":"Atlantic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH524","name":"Atlantic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH53","name":"Baltic unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” and  fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH531","name":"Baltic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH532","name":"Baltic mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH533","name":"Baltic bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH534","name":"Baltic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH54","name":"Black Sea unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH541","name":"Black Seaeuphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH542","name":"Black Sea mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH543","name":"Black Sea bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH544","name":"Black Sea abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH55","name":"Mediterranean unstratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A Mediterranean  water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH551","name":"Mediterranean euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH552","name":"Mediterranean mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH553","name":"Mediterranean bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH554","name":"Mediterranean abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH6","name":"Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH61","name":"Arctic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH611","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH612","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH613","name":"Arctic water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH614","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH615","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH616","name":"Arctic water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH617","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH618","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH619","name":"Arctic water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH62","name":"Atlantic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH621","name":"Atlantic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH622","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH623","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH624","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH625","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH626","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH627","name":"Atlantic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH628","name":"Atlantic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH629","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH63","name":"Baltic vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”and in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH631","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH632","name":"Baltic   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH633","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH634","name":"Baltic   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH635","name":"Baltic   water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH636","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH6361","name":"Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH6362","name":"Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH637","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH638","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH639","name":"Baltic   water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH64","name":"Black Sea vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH641","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH642","name":"Black Sea   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH643","name":"Black Sea   water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH644","name":"Black Sea   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH645","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH646","name":"Black Sea   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH647","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH648","name":"Black Sea water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH649","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH65","name":"Mediterranean vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence ). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH651","name":"Mediterranean   water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH652","name":"Mediterranean   water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH653","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH654","name":"Mediterranean   water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH655","name":"Mediterranean   water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH656","name":"Mediterranean   water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH657","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH658","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH659","name":"Mediterranean    water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH7","name":"Fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH71","name":"Arctic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH711","name":"Arctic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH712","name":"Arctic  seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH713","name":"Arctic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH72","name":"Atlantic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH721","name":"Atlantic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH722","name":"Atlantic seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH723","name":"Atlantic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH73","name":"Baltic fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent” and in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH731","name":"Baltic ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH732","name":"Baltic seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH733","name":"Baltic persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH74","name":"Black Sea fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH741","name":"Black Sea ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH742","name":"Black Sea seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH743","name":"Black Sea persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH75","name":"Mediterranean fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”t. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH751","name":"Mediterranean ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH752","name":"Mediterranean seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH753","name":"Mediterranean persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH8","name":"Unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH81","name":"Arctic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH811","name":"Arctic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH812","name":"Arctic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Arctic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH813","name":"Arctic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH814","name":"Arctic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Arctic waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH82","name":"Atlantic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH821","name":"Atlantic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH822","name":"Atlantic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Atlantic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH823","name":"Atlantic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH824","name":"Atlantic abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Atlantic waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH83","name":"Baltic unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH831","name":"Baltic euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH832","name":"Baltic mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Baltic waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH833","name":"Baltic bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH84","name":"Black Sea unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH841","name":"Black Sea euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH842","name":"Black Sea mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Black Sea waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH843","name":"Black Sea bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH844","name":"Black Sea abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Black Sea waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH85","name":"Mediterranean unstratified water column with full salinity","description":"Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH851","name":"Mediterranean euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH852","name":"Mediterranean mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Mediterranean waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH853","name":"Mediterranean bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH854","name":"Mediterranean abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water","description":"Mediterranean waters beyond the continental shelf."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MH9","name":"Vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"Awater column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH91","name":"Arctic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH911","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH912","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH913","name":"Arctic water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH914","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH915","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH916","name":"Arctic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH917","name":"Arctic water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH918","name":"Arctic water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH919","name":"Arctic water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9191","name":"Arctic anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH92","name":"Atlantic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH921","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH922","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH923","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH924","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH925","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH926","name":"Atlantic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH927","name":"Atlantic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH928","name":"Atlantic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH929","name":"Atlantic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9291","name":"Atlantic  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH93","name":"Baltic vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH931","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH932","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH933","name":"Baltic  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH934","name":"Baltic water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH935","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH936","name":"Baltic water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH937","name":"Baltic  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH938","name":"Baltic  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH939","name":"Baltic  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9391","name":"Baltic  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH94","name":"Black Sea vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Black Seawater column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH941","name":"Black Sea  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH942","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH943","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH944","name":"Black Sea water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH945","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH946","name":"Black Sea water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH947","name":"Black Sea  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH948","name":"Black Sea  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH949","name":"Black Sea  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9491","name":"Black Sea  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MH95","name":"Mediterranean vertically stratified water column with full salinity","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH951","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH952","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH953","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH954","name":"Mediterranean water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH955","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH956","name":"Mediterranean water column with permanent halocline and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH957","name":"Mediterranean  water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH958","name":"Mediterranean  water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MH959","name":"Mediterranean  water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":5,"code":"MH9591","name":"Mediterranean  anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":2,"code":"MHA","name":"Fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA1","name":"Arctic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"An Arctic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA11","name":"Arctic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA12","name":"Arctic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA13","name":"Arctic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA2","name":"Atlantic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"An Atlantic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA21","name":"Atlantic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA22","name":"Atlantic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA23","name":"Atlantic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA3","name":"Baltic fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Baltic water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA31","name":"Baltic ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA32","name":"Baltic seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA33","name":"Baltic persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA4","name":"Black Sea fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Black Sea water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA41","name":"Black Sea ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA42","name":"Black Sea seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA43","name":"Black Sea persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":3,"code":"MHA5","name":"Mediterranean fronts in full salinity water column","description":"A Mediterranean water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA51","name":"Mediterranean ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA52","name":"Mediterranean seasonal fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"pelagic","level":4,"code":"MHA53","name":"Mediterranean persistent fronts in full salinity water column","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":1,"code":"MJ","name":"Ice-associated marine habitats","description":"Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ1","name":"Sea ice","description":"Ice formations floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ11","name":"Arctic sea ice","description":"Ice formations of the Arctic floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ12","name":"Baltic sea ice","description":"Ice formations of the Baltic  floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ111","name":"Seasonal Arctic pack-ice","description":"Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of the Arctic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ121","name":"Seasonal Baltic pack-ice","description":"Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of  Bothnia Bay, the Bothnia Sea, and coastal areas of the Åland Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga, exceptional in other areas. In the Bay of Bothnia ice cover is typically for 5-7 months, but only 1 month around Gotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ112","name":"Permanent Arctic pack-ice","description":"Semicontinuous ice sheets covering the sea throughout the year, limited to the Arctic Ocean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ113","name":"Arctic Ice floes","description":"Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack in the Arctic Ocean, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ122","name":"Baltic Ice floes","description":"Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack in the Arctic Ocean, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions in the Baltic ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ2","name":"Freshwater ice","description":"Floating and drifting blocks of ice detached from coastal glaciers (U4.2). These are separated by size at level 4. Within Europe this habitat is only found in the Arctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ21","name":"Arctic freshwater ice","description":"Floating and drifting blocks of ice in the Arctic detached from coastal glaciers (U4.2). These are separated by size at level 4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ211","name":"Large tabular iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ212","name":"Medium iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ213","name":"Small iceberg","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ214","name":"Bergy bit","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ215","name":"Growler","description":"Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ3","name":"Brine channels","description":"During freezing of seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ31","name":"Arctic brine channels","description":"During freezing of Arctic  seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ32","name":"Baltic brine channels","description":"During freezing of Baltic  seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ311","name":"Arctic brine channels in first year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ312","name":"Brine channels in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":2,"code":"MJ4","name":"Under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus spp., Gammarus wilkitzkii), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ41","name":"Arctic under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between Arctic sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods (Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus spp., Gammarus wilkitzkii), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":3,"code":"MJ42","name":"Baltic under-ice habitat","description":"The boundary layer between Baltic sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is used in winter by rotifers and copepods such as Acartia bifilosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ411","name":"Arctic under-ice habitat in first-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_M_2022","section":"marine","version":"2022","group":"ice","level":4,"code":"MJ412","name":"Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":1,"code":"N","name":"Coastal habitats","description":"Coastal habitats are those above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features and characterised by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only very rarely subject to any type of salt water, in as much as they may be inhabited predominantly by terrestrial species, strandlines characterised by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Supralittoral sands and wracks may be found also in marine habitats (M). Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats, the splash zone immediately above the mean water line, as well the spray zone and zone subject to sporadic inundation with salt water in as much as it may be inhabited predominantly by marine species, which are included in marine (M)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":2,"code":"N1","name":"Coastal dunes and sandy shores","description":"Sand-covered shorelines of the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, fashioned by the action of wind or waves. They include gently sloping beaches and beach-ridges, formed by sands brought by waves, longshore drift and storm waves, as well as dunes, formed by aeolian deposits, though sometimes re-fashioned by waves"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N11","name":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic sand beach","description":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic sandy beach is a linear habitat, occurring on sandy shores of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the North and Baltic Seas. It is mainly an unvegetated habitat with low species diversity. Annual plants, often halophytes are the typical plant species, appearing temporarily on strandline sediments. On less dynamic beaches, as around the Baltic, perennials including some brackish and freshwater marsh plants are characteristic. Volcanic sediments can provide a distinctive character around Icelandic shores. Distinctive invertebrates characterise beaches and their driftlines, providing food for some wading birds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N111","name":"Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, with Cakile edentula ssp. islandica (Cakile arctica), Atriplex lapponica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N112","name":"Middle European sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of the sand beaches of the temperate North Atlantic, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Baltic, with Suaeda maritima, Bassia hirsuta, Cakile maritima, Salsola kali, Beta maritima, Atriplex spp., Glaucium flavum, Polygonum spp., Mertensia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1121","name":"Baltic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual driftline communities of central and southern Baltic sand beaches, with Cakile maritima ssp. baltica, Atriplex littoralis, Atriplex calotheca, Atriplex hastata, Salsola kali, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum oxyspermum, Senecio vulgaris, Matricaria perforata, Matricaria maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N113","name":"Unvegetated Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic sand beaches above the driftline","description":"Sandy beaches of the  Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1131","name":"Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1132","name":"Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N114","name":"Biocenosis of Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic supralittoral sands","description":"Area corresponding to the upper beaches of the Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic seas which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1141","name":"Facies of Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic depressions with residual humidity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1142","name":"Facies of quickly-drying wracks on Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1143","name":"Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore on Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N115","name":"Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of sand, gravelly sand and gravel cordons of upper beaches of the arctic and boreal sea coasts of Eurasia formed by Leymus arenarius (Elymus arenarius), Ammophila arenaria, Honkenya peploides, Elymus farctus, Elymus repens, Mertensia maritima, accompanied by Atriplex spp. (Atriplex prostrata, Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox, Atriplex glabriuscula), Polygonum aviculare, Cakile maritima, Cakile arctica, Petasites spurius, Potentillaanserina. Representatives of these communities occur very locally within the nemoral zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1151","name":"North Sea sand beach perennial communities","description":"Leymus arenarius-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of North Sea coasts of southern Norway, Jutland, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, the Netherlands, England, Scotland and Orkney, and of the Danish coast of the Kattegat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1152","name":"Baltic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Leymus arenarius-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of southern and central Baltic upper beaches, often with Petasites spurius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1153","name":"Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of the upper beaches of the Gulf of Bothnia dominated by Leymus arenarius and Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1154","name":"Icelandic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of Iceland dominated by Leymus arenarius or Mertensia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1155","name":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N116","name":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic bandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation","description":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class Ammophiletea consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association Agropyrion juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.\r\nThe vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class Cakiletea maritimae, enriched by many Ammophiletea species like  Elymus farctus and  Eryngium maritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N117","name":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N12","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea sand beach","description":"A largely unvegetated linear feature of sheltered coastlines around the Mediterranean and Black Seas, with fragmentary and sporadic vegetation cover developing on the accumulated sand, gravel and decaying plant material. Typically, the vegetation cover comprises scattered annual halophytes, although pioneer dune perennials can appear where sand ridges get pushed by storms beyond the normal tidal limit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N121","name":"Tethyan sand beach driftline communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts. Zosterion marinae and Cymodoceion nodosae communities with e.g. Caulerpa prolifera, Zostera noltii, Cymodocea nodosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1211","name":"Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean and the subtropical Atlantic, between Portugal and the southern limit of the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone at 27 degrees N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1212","name":"Pontic sand beach annual communities","description":"Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of sand beaches of the Black Sea, with Cakile maritima ssp. euxina, Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica, Salsola kali ssp. tragus, Atriplex hastata, Polygonum maritimum, Euphorbia peplis, Euphorbia paralias, Glaucium flavum, Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum, Convolvulus lineatus, Convolvulus persicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1213","name":"Pontic sand beach perennial communities","description":"Halo-nitrophilous communities of Black Sea sand beaches dominated by perennial herbs, including Crambe maritima ssp. pontica, Argusia sibirica, Lactuca tatarica, Petasites spurius or Trachomitum venetum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N122","name":"Unvegetated Mediterranean and Black Sea sand beaches above the driftline","description":"Sandy beaches of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N123","name":"Biocenosis of Mediterranean and Black Sea supralittoral sands","description":"Area corresponding to the upper beaches of the Mediterranean and Black Sea which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1231","name":"Facies of Mediterranean and Black Sea depressions with residual humidity","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1232","name":"Facies of quickly-drying wracks of Mediterranean and Black Sea beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1233","name":"Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore on Mediterranean and Black Sea beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1234","name":"Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)","description":"On sandy beaches, in the supralittoral stage, at a higher level, rarely submerged, in the whole of the Mediterranean. Present on the upper beach, only humectated by the sea during storms. The temperature is highly variable and the daily differences in temperature may be more than 20°C. These temperatures may be extremely high, reaching 50°C in the summer, and are then lethal for individuals living in the sand. This facies is a relatively particular aspect of ‘wracks’ and corresponds to the washing up of almost exclusively marine phanerogam debris from nearby meadows and beds. These wracks always include a fairly sizeable part of other additional elements of anthropic or natural origin. The sediment of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of more or less damp saline plaques on coarse sand. The sedimentary granulometry varies according to the addition of fine elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N124","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation","description":"Mediterranean and Black Sea sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class Ammophiletea consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association Agropyrion juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.\r\nThe vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class Cakiletea maritimae, enriched by many Ammophiletea species like Echinophora spinosa, Elymus farctus, Eryngium maritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N125","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N13","name":"Atlantic and Baltic shifting coastal dune","description":"Primary, shifting (so-called 'white') dunes of dynamic coastal sands along the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts. Early pioneers upshore from the strandline catch sand blown from the beach and initiate foredune, then embryo dune, development stages. They may come and go with subsequent storms, or continue to build higher, mobile dunes that move inland, sometimes to enormous size and in distinct ridges with intervening valleys. Ammophila arenaria is the widespread dominant in the middle to later stages. This grass is especially well-equipped to cope with rapid upbuild and continually shifting sands. Leymus arenarius and ×Ammocalamagrostis baltica play a similar role in colder regions. The latter hybrid is preferred in plantings related to coastal defence measures. The vegetation cover on the sharply-draining, nutrient-poor sand, more or less without organic matter, is typically open with few species, some indicative of the regional temperature contrasts, and some striking fungi. Specialised beetles are also characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N131","name":"Atlantic and Baltic embryonic dunes","description":"Embryonic dunes of the Atlantic, south to southern Iberia, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, Germany, southern Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia and southwestern Finland, with Elymus farctus (Agropyron junceum) accompanied by Leymus arenarius in the north, by Euphorbia paralias on middle and southern Atlantic shores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N132","name":"Atlantic and Baltic large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N133","name":"Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N134","name":"Coastal dunes: green dunes","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N135","name":"Young boreo-arctic dunes","description":"Young dunes of arctic and boreal latitudes colonised by halo-nitrophilous perennial vegetation similar to that of unit B1.23, including Leymus arenarius (Elymus arenarius), Ammophila arenaria, Honkenya peploides, Elymus farctus (Elytrigia juncea), Elymus repens, Mertensia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1351","name":"Arctic dunes","description":"Halonitrophilous perennial communities of young dunes of arctic, mostly low arctic, coasts of the Polar Basin, except of those of Iceland, recorded in particular from Greenland, Lapland and Russia, dominated by Leymus arenarius or Leymus mollis, by Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria, or by Calamagrostis stricta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1352","name":"Icelandic foredunes","description":"Halonitrophilous perennial communities dominated by Leymus arenarius colonizing young dunes of the coasts of Iceland, sometimes forming very broad belts, with irradiations in the Faeroe Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1353","name":"Bothnian foredunes","description":"Halonitrophilous perennial communities of young dunes of the Bothnian Gulf dominated by Leymus arenarius and Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N14","name":"Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Black Sea shifting coastal dune","description":"Primary, shifting ('white') dunes of dynamic coastal sands around the Black and Mediterranean Seas, and into the Atlantic around SW Iberia and Macaronesia. Early pioneers upshore from the strandline catch sand blown from the beach and initiate embryo dune development. These may come and go with subsequent storms, or continue to build higher mobile white dunes that move inland. Except in Macaronesia, the dominant plant in the middle to later stages is Ammophila arenaria (subsp. arundinacea in the Mediterranean), and the associated flora on the permeable, impoverished sands is limited and sparse."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N141","name":"Western Tethyan embryonic dunes","description":"Embryonic dunes of the Mediterranean coasts, on which Elymus farctus is accompanied by Sporobolus pungens, Euphorbia peplis, Otanthus maritimus, Medicago marina, Anthemis maritima, Anthemis tomentosa, Eryngium maritimum, Pancratium maritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N142","name":"Pontic embryonic dunes","description":"Formations of Black Sea coasts, transitional between Pontic white dune and driftline communities, characterized by the adjunction to Elymion gigantei species assemblies of Cakile maritima ssp. euxina, Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica, Euphorbia peplis and other sand beach annual species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N143","name":"Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Black Sea large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N144","name":"Western Tethyan white dunes","description":"White dunes of the Mediterranean coasts and of the subtropical Atlantic coasts of Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, south to Safi at 32° N, dominated, when vegetated, by the marram grass Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea (Ammophila australis), accompanied by, among others, Otanthus maritimus, Echinophora spinosa, Eryngium maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Cutandia maritima, Medicago marina, Anthemis maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N145","name":"Canario-Saharan white dunes","description":"Mobile dunes of the Canary Islands and of the mediterraneo-Saharan coasts of Atlantic North Africa, with Traganum moquini, Euphorbia paralias, Polycarpaea nivea, Cyperus capitatus, Ononis natrix, Convolvulus caput-medusae, Polygonum maritimum, Lotus spp. and the threatened Lanzarote endemic lily Androcymbium psammophilum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N146","name":"Pontic white dunes","description":"Mobile dunes of the Black Sea coasts, with Leymus racemosus ssp. sabulosus (Elymus giganteus), Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus, Elymus pycnanthus, Artemisia tschernieviana, Eryngium maritimum, Convolvulus persicus, Petasites spurius, Corispermum marschallii, Lactuca tatarica, Crambe maritima var. pontica, Cynanchum acutum, Centaurea arenaria ssp. odessana, Argusia sibirica (Tournefortia arguzia) and, in western formations, Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea, Euphorbia paralias, Calystegia soldanella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N15","name":"Atlantic and Baltic coastal dune grassland (grey dune)","description":"Grasslands that develop on the stabilised sands of older (grey) dunes along the Atlantic (southern to middle Portugal), North Sea and Baltic coasts. The sandy substrate, thinly enriched with accumulating humus, is well-drained and can dry out during summer. Typically with a more or less complete cover of (relatively low) grasses, herbs, bryophytes and lichens, sometimes with low shrubs, they comprise one of the most species-rich habitats on the temperate European coast. The flora can vary with the regional climate, with the character of the substrate, from acid to highly calcareous, and with the local dune topography. Individual dune systems can vary from narrow strips to enormous stretches, though most are not a dynamic stage in succession, but maintained in a more or less stable fixed state. They were often grazed or mown in the past, and missing dune fixation prevented the development of dense, tall grasslands as well as scrub and woodland. The habitat is threatened in most countries by the abandonment of traditional farming, by eutrophication through nitrogen deposition, overuse and urbanisation, often related to tourism."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N151","name":"Northern fixed grey dunes","description":"Grasslands of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and northern Atlantic fixed dunes, including those of the British Isles, the Faeroes, southern Norway, the North Sea and Baltic coasts, the Channel coasts of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1511","name":"Crested-hairgrass dune communities","description":"Calciphile communities of fixed dunes of the North Sea, the English Channel, the north Atlantic and, locally, of the southwestern Baltic, with Koeleria albescens, (Koeleria glauca, Koeleria arenaria), Galium verum var. maritimum, Viola curtisii, Ononis repens, Festuca rubra, Festuca polesica, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. maritima and moss (e.g. Tortula ruraliformis) and lichen carpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1512","name":"Grey-hairgrass dune communities","description":"Communities of less calcareous or decalcified dunes of the North Atlantic, the English Channel, the North Sea and the Baltic north to southern Norway, northern Jutland, southern Sweden, the Kalinin district and the Gulf of Riga, often rich in Corynephorus canescens and Viola canina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1513","name":"Mouse-ear dune communities","description":"Short-lived, warmth-loving communities of the dunes of the North Atlantic and its connected seas north to extreme southern Sweden, with Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum, Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum, Cerastium semidecandrum, Erodium lebelii, Phleum arenarium, Silene conica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N152","name":"Biscay fixed grey dunes","description":"Fixed dune grasslands infiltrated by dwarf bushes of French Brittany and the coasts of the Bay of Biscay, with Helichrysum stoechas, Artemisia campestris, Ephedra distachya."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N153","name":"Atlantic dune Mesobromion grassland","description":"Dunal grasslands, in particular of northern Brittany, rich in species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (c.f. unit R1A3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N154","name":"Atlantic dune thermophile fringes","description":"Geranium sanguineum-rich forb and grass communities, related to hem formations of unit E5.2 of EUNIS 2012 (now split into R51, R52, R53, R54) developed within grey dune systems of western Ireland, southwestern England, Wales, Brittany and southwestern Norway."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N155","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune fine-grass annual communities","description":"Sparse pioneer formations of fine grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic, superficial soils in grey dune systems of the Mediterranean. They are closely related to grasslands of units R1N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N156","name":"Boreo-arctic grey dunes","description":"Communities of fixed dunes of the boreal and arctic coasts of Atlantic Eurasia, characterized by the dominance of species of the Honkenyo-Elymetea and the presence of arcto-alpine species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N16","name":"Mediterranean and Macaronesian coastal dune grassland (grey dune)","description":"Stable (grey) dunes of fixed sands along the Mediterranean and Macaronesian coasts, and of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of Portugal, southwestern Spain and North Africa inland from wind erosion and salt deposition. They have a more or less complete cover of graminoids and herbs, often with a contingent of colourful spring annuals capitalising on early rains. The flora varies according to regional climate and dune topography. They may represent a temporary phase, giving way to evergreen sclerophyll scrub and woodland, or may form more permanent grassland at sites not suitable for shrubland. Through much of the Mediterranean, the habitat has been destroyed, contaminated by the invasion of non-native species or is much influenced by tourism, urbanisation, infrastructure development, arable cultivation, nitrogen deposition and afforestation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N161","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean and of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of Portugal, southwestern Spain and North Africa, colonised by communities mostly composed of fruticose species, with Crucianella maritima, Artemisia crithmifolia, Armeria pungens, Armeria welwitschi, Helichrysum decumbens, Helichrysum italicum, Teucrium spp., Ephedra distachya, Pancratium maritimum and Ononis natrix ssp. ramosissima. Communities of Crucianellion maritimae and Ononidion ramosissimae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N162","name":"East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes","description":"Coastal dune communities of the Adriatic, the Ionian, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, dominated by dwarf shrubs and subshrubs of genera Ephedra, Ononis, Artemisia, and, very locally, Crucianella or others, by tall canes or by succulents; they may be rich in species of genus Silene, together with Euphorbia terracina among others. Vegetation of the alliances Crucianellion maritimae, Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis, Ammophilion arenariae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N163","name":"Mediterranean and Macaronesian dune fine-grass annual communities","description":"Sparse pioneer formations of fine grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic, superficial soils in grey dune systems of the Mediterranean. They are closely related to grasslands of units R1M."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N164","name":"Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities","description":"Therophyte communities of the coasts of the Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic colonizing deep sands in clearings of perennial communities of fixed or semi-fixed dune systems, and sometimes deflation depressions of white dunes with e.g. several Malcolmia spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N165","name":"Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Therophyte communities of shallow, calcareous fixed sands of the coastal dune systems of the Mediterranean basin. These are coastal dune representatives of unit E1.3 of EUNIS 2012 (now split in R1D, R1E, R1F)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N166","name":"Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes","description":"Fixed or semi-fixed dunes of the Canary Islands and of the Saharo-mediterranean zone of the Atlantic coasts of North Africa, between Essaouira and Tan-Tan, dominated by the tall shrubby chenopod Traganum moquinii or by dwarf shrubs or subshrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N17","name":"Black Sea coastal dune grassland (grey dune)","description":"Dune grassland on stabilised or semi-stabilised coastal sands around the Black Sea, mostly on the western and north-western stretches and now only very locally. The dunes are best developed on broader flatter shores, and the ridges can vary in height from just a few metres to over 50 m, with moist depressions between. The flora is variable with a shift from the Mediterranean to Pontic regions moving northwards, with many regional endemic plant species among its grasses and herbs. Perennials predominate, but there can be striking contingents of annuals on more mobile stretches of sand on the ridges. Mosses and lichens can be extensive on north-facing, less sunny slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N171","name":"Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1711","name":"Western Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the western coasts of the Black Sea, north of the Bosphorus and west of the Dniester."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N17111","name":"Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the southwestern coasts of the Black Sea, between the Bosphorus and Cape Caliacra, harbouring the psammophytes Cionura erecta, Peucedanum arenarium, Jurinea albicaulis ssp. kilaea, Silene thymifolia, Medicago marina, Secale sylvestre, Pancratium maritimum, Convolvulus persicus, Scabiosa argentea (Scabiosa ucranica), Euphorbia seguierana and the Balkan endemic Lepidotrichum uechtritzianum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N17112","name":"Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Dunes of the northwestern Black Sea coast, in particular, those associated with the mouth of the Danube."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1712","name":"Eastern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the northern and eastern Black Sea coasts, east of the Dniester, southeastwards to the Kuban basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1713","name":"Southern Pontic fixed dunes","description":"Fixed dunes of the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N18","name":"Atlantic and Baltic coastal Empetrum heath","description":"Heath on stable, decalcified dune sands along the cooler north Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Europe, dominated by Empetrum nigrum, with or without Calluna vulgaris, or occurring in dune slacks where Erica tetralix may also be abundant or even replace Empetrum with the same suite of associates. Persistent where wind-exposure or light grazing prevent succession to scrub or woodland. Dry Empetrum heaths are probably threatened by increased temperature and less precipitation during spring and summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N19","name":"Atlantic coastal Calluna and Ulex heath","description":"Heath on stable, decalcified, sharply-draining dune sands along the warmer, more humid Atlantic coast of Europe, dominated by Calluna vulgaris,Erica spp., Ulex spp. or other low spiny legumes, often with a strong contingent of grasses and sedges. Persistent where wind-exposure or light grazing prevent succession to scrub or woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N191","name":"Calluna vulgaris brown dunes","description":"Erica, Calluna and Ulex heaths colonizing decalcified dunes of France, Iberia, Britain, the Baltic coast, and Scandinavia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1911","name":"East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heaths of inner coastal dunes of East Anglia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1912","name":"French ling coastal dune heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris-Carex trinervis heaths of northern French inner coastal dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1913","name":"British bell heather coastal dune heaths","description":"Erica cinerea-Carex arenaria heaths of decalcified coastal dunes of the western British Isles, mostly dominated by Erica cinerea, sometimes by Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1914","name":"French bell heather coastal dune heaths","description":"Erica cinerea-Festuca vasconcensis heaths of dry coastal dunes of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1915","name":"French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths","description":"Erica ciliaris-Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium (Arrhenatherum thorei) heaths of more humid coastal dunes of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1916","name":"Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths","description":"Erica scoparia-Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus (Ulex australis) heaths of southwestern Iberian coastal dunes, dunal fraction of the thermo-Mediterranean heaths of unit S51T1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1917","name":"Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths","description":"Erica ciliaris-Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus heaths of more humid southwestern Iberian coastal dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1918","name":"Northern ling coastal dune heaths","description":"Open heathlands of inner coastal dunes of Denmark, of the southern and southeastern Baltic coast, of southern Scania, the Kattegat coast of Sweden, Åland, Gotland and the Öland-Archipelago Sea dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Empetrum nigrum, Carex arenaria, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieracium umbellatum, Lotus corniculatus, Polypodium vulgare, Salix repens, and a ground layer constituted mostly by Dicranum scoparium and Pleurozium schreberi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1A","name":"Atlantic and Baltic coastal dune scrub","description":"Scrub dominated by a wide diversity of low to tall shrubs on stabilised dry dune sands and in dune slacks along the Atlantic and Baltic coasts. The composition varies according to regional climate and soil conditions. Fen vegetation with low Salix repens or grasslands with Rosa spinosissima are not included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1A1","name":"Atlantic and Baltic coastal dune thickets","description":"Dense formations of large, mostly deciduous, shrubs of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes and dune-slacks of the boreal and  nemoral coasts of  the Atlantic and Baltic; they include sea-buckthorn, privet, elder, willow, gorse or broom, often festooned with creepers such as honeysuckle or white bryony (Bryonia cretica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1A11","name":"Hippophae rhamnoides dune thickets","description":"Thickets dominated by Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of the coasts of the North Sea, the eastern English Channel and the southern Baltic, mostly in Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Kalinin district, the Netherlands, Belgium, Northern France and southeastern and eastern England and southeastern Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1A12","name":"Western nemoral mixed dune thickets","description":"Dunal pre-forest thickets of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts formed of species of genera Ulex, Sarothamnus, Rubus,Ligustrum, Daphne,Sambucus. Codes of subdivisions of units S32 to S38 can be used, in addition to unit N1812, to specify the habitat. Listed elsewhere are dunal formations of heaths (N16), sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides, unit N1811) or creeping willow (Salix arenaria, unit N183)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1A2","name":"Salix arenaria mats","description":"Mats of Salix arenaria colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of Atlantic, North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Baltic coasts of western and northwestern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1A3","name":"Dune Juniperus thickets","description":"Juniper heaths and thickets formed by Juniperus communis in dune slacks and on dune slopes of the coasts of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1A31","name":"Common juniper dune thickets","description":"Juniperus communis scrubs of the calcareous dunes of northwest Jutland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1A4","name":"Coastal dune Rosa rugosa thickets","description":"Naturalized planted Rosa rugosa thickets planted for stabilization of shifting sandy soils. Shrubs low (0.3–0.8 m height) and dense. Sparser thickets include species of the Ammophiletea class."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1B","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal dune scrub","description":"Scrub dominated by a wide diversity of low to tall shrubs on stabilised dry dune sands along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, often grading to dune grassland or woodland, the associated herb flora showing elements from these neighbouring vegetation types or mosaics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1B1","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal dune thickets","description":"Dense formations of large, mostly deciduous, shrubs of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes and dune-slacks of the mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1B2","name":"Dune Juniperus thickets","description":"Juniper heaths and thickets formed by Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus lycia s.l., Juniperus macrocarpa, Juniperus transtagana, Juniperus communis in dune slacks and on dune slopes of the coasts of the  mediterranean or warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1B21","name":"Dune prickly juniper thickets","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa thickets and low woods of the outer belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit B1.7 of EUNIS 2012 (now split into N1D, N1F, N1G), with the habitat specified by unit G3.99 (B1.7 x G3.99) of EUNIS 2012."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1B22","name":"Lycian juniper thickets","description":"Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia thickets of the inner belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit B1.7 of EUNIS 2012 (now split into N1D, N1F, N1G) with the habitat specified by unit G3.9A (B1.7 x G3.9A) of EUNIS 2012."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N1B23","name":"Rufescent juniper thickets","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana scrub of the dunes of southwestern Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1B3","name":"Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets","description":"Juniperus communis scrubs of the calcareous dunes of northwest Jutland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1C","name":"Macaronesian coastal dune scrub","description":"Often sparse scrub on coastal dune sands in the arid mediterranean climate in parts of the Canarian archipelago."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1D","name":"Atlantic and Baltic broad-leaved coastal dune forest","description":"A forest type with a wide range of variation, comprising a diversity of relatively open to closed forests on Atlantic and Baltic coastal dunes. It develops where more stable coastal sands are invaded by broadleaved trees typical of the local soil and climatic conditions. It includes forests in dry and wet conditions, on calcareous and acidic sands and along the climatic gradient from southern Norway and the Baltics towards central Portugal. Many of these forests are indistinguishable in their floristic composition from inland examples of the same general type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1E","name":"Black Sea broad-leaved coastal dune forest","description":"Natural or semi-natural tree and tree-shrub communities on coastal dunes along the Black Sea coast. The forests on larger dunes have xerothermic features, the trees being small and strongly branched while on smaller dunes species more typical of alluvial forest are found. Lianas are frequent. Although non-disturbed stands are dominated by native species, invasive aliens such as Amorpha fruticosa,Robinia pseudoacacia and Elaeagnus angustifolia can be frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1F","name":"Baltic coniferous coastal dune forest","description":"Forests on coastal dunes on the Baltic coast dominated by Pinus sylvestris. Many of these forests are indistinguishable in their floristic composition from inland examples of the same general type."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1F1","name":"Coastal dunes covered with planted Pinus mugo woodland","description":"Very dense Pinus mugo scrubland planted for stabilization of shifting sand dunes, particularly in the Curonian Spit (SE coast of the Baltic Sea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1G","name":"Mediterranean coniferous coastal dune forest","description":"Forests on coastal dunes in the Mediterranean Basin are dominated by different species of pine. Many stands are of planted origin. A variety of other woody species occur including shrubs such as junipers. Where shrubs exceed the cover of pine, the habitat should be considered N19 Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal dune scrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1H","name":"Atlantic and Baltic moist and wet dune slack","description":"Dune slacks develop in Atlantic and Baltic dune systems as moist-wet depressions between dune ridges. Primary slacks originate from the development of the beach-dune-slack-system, while secondary slacks occur where blow-outs have lowered the sand level of dune systems to that of groundwater or, unusually in the Wadden Sea, where parts of barrier islands are occasionally flooded by tidal inundation (so-called “green beaches”). The water table fluctuates seasonally, less so around the Baltic, and the mean wetness of slacks can vary so that the range of vegetation is considerable from dwarf rush and bryophyte pioneer vegetation, through wet grasslands, to various kinds of mire and swamp, with persistent areas of open water with aquatic plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H1","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune-slack pools","description":"Freshwater aquatic communities (cf. units C1.22-C1.26, C1.32-C1.34, C1.42-C1.45, C1.69 of EUNIS 2012) of permanent dune-slack water bodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H2","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune-slack pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes on soils with low salinity. Component habitats may be found in unit C3, in particular unit C3.4132 and unit C3.512 of EUNIS 2012."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H3","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune-slack fens","description":"Calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations of coastal dune-slacks (cf. units Q22, Q43, in particular units Q226, Q431 & Q433 of EUNIS 2012), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts of dune-slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H4","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune-slack grassland and heaths","description":"Humid grasslands and rushbeds (units R31, R361, R371), wet heaths and swamp-heaths (unit S11.) of dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows (Salix rosmarinifolia,Salix arenaria)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H5","name":"Atlantic and Baltic dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds","description":"Reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and canebeds (cf. units C3.2, C3.3, D5.2 of EUNIS 2012) of dune-slacks. Communities of Phragmition,Magnocaricion,Potamogetonion,Juncetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1H6","name":"Atlantic and Baltic coastal wet dune slacks dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N1J","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea moist and wet dune slack","description":"Small permanent or temporary freshwater bodies that develop in the depressions between sand ridges in the dune systems along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. The constituent vegetation depends on the depth and persistence of the water which is very variable, and also on the level of enrichment, which is usually eutrophic to mesotrophic, though locally dystrophic. There can be aquatic communities in the open waters and swamps around the margins and, where the slacks dry out in summer, conditions can become saline with ephemerals colonising."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J1","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slack pools","description":"Freshwater aquatic communities (cf. units C1.22-C1.26, C1.32-C1.34, C1.42-C1.45, C1.69 of EUNIS 2012) of permanent dune-slack water bodies on Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J2","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slack pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes on soils with low salinity on Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. Component habitats may be found in unit C3, in particular unit C3.4132 and unit C3.512 of EUNIS 2012."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J3","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slack fens","description":"Calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations of coastal dune-slacks (cf. units Q22, Q43, in particular units Q226, Q431 & Q4-3), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts of dune-slacks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J4","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slack grassland and heaths","description":"Humid grasslands and rushbeds (units R31, R361, R371), wet heaths and swamp-heaths (unit S411) of dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows (Salix rosmarinifolia, Salix arenaria)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J5","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds","description":"Reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and canebeds (cf. units C3.2, C3.3, D5.2 of EUNIS 2012) of Mediterranean and Black Sea dune-slacks. Communities of Phragmition, Magnocaricion, Potamogetonion, Juncetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N1J6","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal wet dune slacks dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":2,"code":"N2","name":"Coastal shingle","description":"Beaches of the oceans, of their connected seas and of their associated coastal lagoons, covered by pebbles, or sometimes boulders, usually formed by wave action."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N21","name":"Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic coastal shingle beach","description":"These deposits of shingle are most typical of highly dynamic beaches along the Atlantic, Arctic and Baltic coasts, with concentrations along the English Channel. Often mobile and largely bare, they provide an inhospitable environment colonised only in more stable situations, with some deposition of finer material and drift detritus, by a distinctive suite of salt-tolerant and nitrophilous perennial plants. They also provide a habitat suitable for some nesting waders and seabirds and a variety of distinctive invertebrates. Locally, in southern England and the Baltic, larger apposition beaches are more extensively colonised by vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N211","name":"Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities","description":"Beach and upper beach formations, mostly of annuals of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are Cakile edentula, Polygonum norvegicum (Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. raii), Atriplex longipes s.l., Atriplex glabriuscula, Mertensia maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N212","name":"Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines","description":"Formations, predominantly of annuals, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter on nemoral and boreonemoral beaches of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic; characteristic are Cakile maritima ssp. maritima, Cakile maritima ssp. baltica, Salsola kali, Atriplex spp. (particularly Atriplex glabriuscula), Polygonum spp., Euphorbia peplis, Mertensia maritima, Glaucium flavum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N213","name":"Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks on Atlantic, Baltic and Arctic coastal shingle beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N214","name":"Baltic Crambe maritima communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern Baltic, east to Mecklenburg, where they are represented by fragmentary, endangered formations, of the Swedish, Finnish and Estonian coasts and islands of the Öland-Gotland basin, of the coasts of the Kattegat, the Oresund and the Baelts, dominated by Crambe maritima, with Leymus arenarius (Elymus arenarius), Euphorbia palustris, Honkenya peploides, Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis, Atriplex spp., Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, Elymus repens, Geranium robertiana ssp. rubricaule, Glaucium flavum, Isatis tinctoria, Ligusticum scoticum, Mertensia maritima, Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima (Silene uniflora), Tripleurospermum maritimum, Valeriana salina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N215","name":"Channel Crambe maritima communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern North Sea and Channel coasts of southeastern England and, very locally, the Channel coast of France, dominated by Crambe maritima, with Lathyrus japonicus and Honkenya peploides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N216","name":"Atlantic Crambe maritima communities","description":"Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula and Anglesey, dominated by Crambe maritima, with Crithmum maritimum and a sparse representation of other nitrophiles, in particular, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, Matricaria maritima, Rumex crispus, Glaucium flavum, Solanum dulcamara var. maritima, Sonchus oleraceus, Galium aparine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N217","name":"Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities","description":"Gravelly beaches can host pioneer communities of the class Ammophiletea consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis and the alliance Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N218","name":"Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands","description":"Dense perennial grasslands of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, swards of Arrhenatherum elatius of large Channel gravel banks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N22","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal shingle beach","description":"Shingle and cobble beaches formed on dynamic coasts around the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where waves, mostly in winter, weather cliffs and redeposit the eroded material. Mixed with shells and decaying algae and sea grass washed ashore, it provides a nitrogen-rich surface for patchy and sporadic colonisation by annuals and some perennials, also sometimes weedy assemblages. Though widespread, its stands are narrow and localised and highly vulnerable to tourist recreation and coastal development."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N221","name":"Gravel beach communities of the Mediterranean region","description":"Very open, low formations of annuals and perennials of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Black Sea gravel and shingle beaches, occupying accumulations of drift material, sandy gravels and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are Cakile maritima ssp. aegyptiaca, Cakile maritima ssp. euxina, Enarthrocarpus arcuatus, Matthiola sinuata, Matthiola tricuspidata, Salsola kali, Atriplex spp., Polygonum spp., Euphorbia peplis, Euphorbia paralias, Glaucium flavum, Eryngium maritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N222","name":"Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks on Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal shingle beaches","description":"Decaying algae and other plants (eg Salicornia spp., Posidonia) on Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal shingle beaches inhabited by a wide range of invertebrate detrivores and their predators."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":2,"code":"N3","name":"Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral","description":"Rock exposures adjacent to the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, or separated from them by a narrow shoreline. The faces, ledges and caves of sea-cliffs and the expanses of rocky shore are important as reproduction, resting and feeding sites for seabirds, sea-mammals and a few groups of terrestrial birds. Sea-cliffs may also harbour highly distinctive, specialised salt-tolerant vegetation with associated terrestrial fauna"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N31","name":"Atlantic and Baltic rocky sea cliff and shore","description":"Cliffs, together with vegetated crevices, ledges and cliff-tops along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean south to middle Portugal. Exposed bedrock dominates the habitat, and its very variable composition and structure determine the character of available surfaces. The height and slope of the cliffs influence the input of salt spray which, on exposed coasts, can be very high close to the sea. This combination of local climatic and topographic conditions determines the often strong zonation of crevice vegetation, grasslands and heaths found on the cliffs, with regional climate also affecting the flora. Nesting seabirds also add a distinctive nutrient-demanding element to the flora on their guano."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N311","name":"High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs and their associated features, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the High Arctic seas bordering middle and northern Greenland, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island and the northern Siberian mainland from the north coast of the Yamal peninsula eastwards. Together with floating ice (unit MJ11), they constitute the main hauling-out places for Odobenus rosmarus. Fulmarus glacialis, Larus glaucoides, Larus hyperboreus, Cepphus grylle, Plautus alle, Uria lomvia, Branta bernicla are among characteristic bird species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N312","name":"Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, cliff-faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks  of the Low Arctic region of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, in southern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, northwestern mainland Russia, southern and middle Novaya Zemlya. They constitute the principal breeding, resting or feeding areas of multitudes of seabirds and sea-mammals during at least part of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N313","name":"Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks,  of the Atlantic temperate region, including the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Bay of Biscay, along the coasts of Scandinavia south of the Arctic Circle, of the Faeroes, of the British Isles and their outlying archipelagoes, of mainland Europe south to Galicia. They are the breeding, resting or feeding places of great numbers of seabirds and sea-mammals, of which Halichoerus grypus, Sula bassana, Uria aalge, Alca torda, Rissa tridactyla, Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N314","name":"Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces and ledges, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks,  of the Baltic Sea without vascular plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3141","name":"Baltic boulder beaches","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3142","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3143","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3144","name":"Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3145","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3146","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3147","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N315","name":"Atlantic and Baltic rock stacks and islets above splash zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N316","name":"Atlantic sea-cliff communities","description":"Vegetated cliffs of the northern Atlantic, the English Channel, the Irish Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean and its seas, the northwest Pacific and its seas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N317","name":"Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs","description":"Vegetated cliffs of the Baltic Sea, with Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima, Silene uniflora, Ligusticum scoticum, Armeria maritima, Odontites litoralis ssp. litoralis, Odontites litoralis ssp. fennica, Matricaria maritima, Senecio viscosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3171","name":"Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3172","name":"Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3173","name":"Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3174","name":"Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3175","name":"Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3176","name":"Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3177","name":"Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3178","name":"Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3179","name":"Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N317A","name":"Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N317B","name":"Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N317C","name":"Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N32","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea rocky sea cliff and shore","description":"Cliffs, together with vegetated crevices, ledges and cliff-tops along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in southern Portugal, and more locally, the Black Sea. Exposed bedrock dominates the habitat, and its variable composition and structure determine the character of available surfaces, the height and slope of the cliffs influencing the input of salt spray which, on exposed coasts, can be very high close to the sea. This combination of local climatic and topographic conditions determines the often strong zonation of crevice vegetation and grasslands found on the cliffs, with regional climate also affecting the flora, with many Mediterranean endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N321","name":"Subtropical Thermo-Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the subtropical zone of the Atlantic, including  the Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts of Iberia, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic and Saharo-Atlantic coasts of Africa, south to Cap Blanc. A major zone of upwelling developed along the north African coast and the Canary Islands enhances their value as important breeding and resting places for marine birds and mammals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N322","name":"Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores","description":"Sea-cliffs, their associated faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated rocks  of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The endangered Monachus monachus depends on their caves for reproduction. Calonectris diomedea diomedea, Puffinus yelkouan mauretanicus, Puffinus yelkouan yelkouan, Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii, Falco eleonorae, Larus audouinii are characteristic breeders. Their vascular aerohaline communities , as well as the rock communities of unit U3 that colonize their less salt-influenced reaches, are particularly diverse and rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N323","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea rock stacks and islets above splash zone","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N324","name":"Tethyan sea-cliff communities","description":"Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Black Sea and of the subtropical eastern Atlantic with endemic Limonium spp. and e.g. Silene sedoides, Frankenia hirsuta, Frankenia pulverulenta, Crithmum maritimum, Lotus cytisoides of the Crithmo-Staticetea and the species of the Saginetea: Anthemis rigida, Bellium minutum, Catapodium marinum, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Parapholis incurva, Phleum crypsoides, Phleum exaratum, Plantagoweldenii, Psilurus incurvus, Sagina maritima, Sedum litoreum, Valantia muralis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3241","name":"Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, as well as of the southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic, with Crithmum maritimum, Plantago subulata, Silene sedoides, Sedum litoreum, Limonium spp., Armeria spp., Euphorbia spp., Daucus spp., Asteriscus maritimus. Mediterranean sea-cliffs harbour numerous endemics of of extremely local occurrence, in particular, of genus Limonium, which comprises at least 43 and probably closer to 120-150 Mediterranean cliff species species, many of them restricted to a few stations, and several threatened, such as, for instance, Limonium remotispiculum of southern Italy and Limonium strictissimum of Corsica and Caprera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3242","name":"Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Communities of the cliffs of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmara."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N32421","name":"Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities","description":"Herbaceous aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the maritime façade of the Stranja and of the Cape Kaliakra area of Bulgaria, with Limonium gmelinii, Goniolimon collinum, Crithmum maritimum, Elymus pycnanthus, Cichorium intybus, Atriplex hastata, Kochia prostrata, Melilotus officinalis, Convolvulus lineatus and the local endemic Silene caliacrae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N32422","name":"Western Pontic sea-cliff Ficus thickets","description":"Thickets of Ficus carica and Ulmus minor of the cliffs of the western Black Sea coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N32423","name":"Western Pontic low cliff communities","description":"Low cliffs and neighbouring sands of the southern Romanian Black Sea coast (between Constanta and Vama Veche), harbouring communities dominated by Scolymus hispanicus and Ecbalium elaterium, with Atriplex tatarica, Xanthium spinosum, Lactuca saligna, Lolium perenne and Polygonum aviculare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N32424","name":"Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, with Crithmum maritimum, Kochia prostrata, Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus, Holosteum umbellatum, Puccinellia distans, Limonium meyeri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":6,"code":"N32425","name":"Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the southern coasts of the Black Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N325","name":"Coastal lagoon cliff communities","description":"Communities of vascular chasmophytes and animals colonizing the cliffs of coastal saline or hypersaline bodies of water, which differ very significantly from the cliff communities of units B3.31-B3.35 of EUNIS 2012."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3251","name":"Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities","description":"Endemic Limonium secundirameum-dominated formations of the cliffs overlooking Bagno dell' Acqua on the island of Pantelleria, southwest of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3252","name":"Pontic saline lagoon cliffs","description":"Halocalcareous cliff communities of coastal lagoons of the Black Sea at Cape Dolosman (Romania), dominated by Artemisia santonicum, Limonium gmelinii, Halimione verrucifera (Obione verrucifera)and Lepidium cartilagineum, with Irano-Turanian species such as Camphorosma annua, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Leuzea salina and Taraxacum bessarabicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N33","name":"Macaronesian rocky sea cliff and shore","description":"The rocky cliffs of the Macaronesian islands comprise a narrow strip of basalt lava influenced by salt-spray whose zonation of crevice and ledge vegetation vary on the different island groups of the Canaries, Madeira and the Azores, with endemics providing a highly distinctive aspect to the flora. The habitat also provides important sites for nesting seabirds whose guano offers a nutrient-rich surface for colonisation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N331","name":"Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities","description":"Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira, with Crithmum maritimum, Astydamia latifolia, Schizogyne sericea, Andryala glutinosa, Plantago coronopus, Tolpis fruticosa, Aizoon canariense, Campylanthus salsoloides, Limonium pectinatum, Frankenia ericifolia, Reichardia ligulata, Argyranthemum frutescens, Lotus spp., Asplenium marinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N332","name":"Azorean sea-cliff communities","description":"Communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores dominated by the endemic Festuca petraea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N34","name":"Atlantic and Baltic soft sea cliff","description":"Coastal loamy cliffs, with a bedrock of clays, shales or loamy sands, erode much quicker than cliffs with a hard bedrock, and therefore usually have a less steep slope and are often unstable. Along the Atlantic and Baltic coasts, they harbour relatively common and widespread species, even though a range of different micro-habitats may be found with ephemeral plant communities on the bare sediments, rank grasslands and scrub on more stable ground and flush vegetation around seepages."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":4,"code":"N341","name":"Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3411","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3412","name":"Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3413","name":"Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3414","name":"Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3415","name":"Baltic sparasely vegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation","description":"No original description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":5,"code":"N3416","name":"Baltic sparsely vegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees","description":"No original description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"coastal","level":3,"code":"N35","name":"Mediterranean and Black Sea soft sea cliff","description":"Coastal soft cliffs around the Mediterranean and Black Seas that consist of readily-eroded clays, shales and sands. Usually, they have gently sloping and often unstable surfaces with a mixture of open soil, pioneer vegetation, scrub and flushes influenced by percolating waters. This habitat is poorly known, and there is little information on its ecological and floristic features."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":1,"code":"R","name":"Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens","description":"Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. The vegetation is dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants, including mosses, macrolichens, ferns, sedges and herbs. Includes semiarid steppes with scattered Artemisia scrub. Includes successional weedy vegetation. Excludes regularly tilled habitats (V1) dominated by cultivated herbaceous vegetation such as arable fields and artificial grasslands and herb dominated habitats (V3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R1","name":"Dry grasslands","description":"Well-drained or dry lands dominated by grass or herbs, mostly not fertilized and with low productivity. Included are Artemisia steppes. Excluded are dry mediterranean lands with shrubs of other genera where the shrub cover exceeds 10%; these are listed as garrigue (S6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R11","name":"Pannonian and Pontic sandy steppe","description":"Rather open steppe grassland dominated by perennial tussock grasses and herbs, with frequent spring annuals and cryptogams, typical of nutrient-poor, sandy soils on plains and dunes through the Pannonian, Pontic and southern Baltic regions. The climate is continental with cold winters, often with long frosts and shallow snow, and hot, droughty summers. Traditionally used for extensive grazing by stock, particularly sheep, but now widely abandoned.\r\nRemark: This habitat also occurs at some sites in the southern Baltic area (north of the Carpathians); therefore, an addition of the Sarmatic region in the habitat name can be considered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R12","name":"Cryptogam- and annual-dominated vegetation on siliceous rock outcrops","description":"Open pioneer grassland dominated by perennial succulents and annuals, with subordinate small tussock grasses, sometimes geophytes and often a prominent contingent of cryptogams. Typically forming small stands on very shallow and skeletal, impoverished, acid soils on siliceous rock outcrops, eroded slopes and disturbed or artificial habitats like soil heaps and wall tops, the habitat occurs throughout temperate and boreal Europe up to the subalpine belt, in situations where the permeable soils dry quickly in summer, but where spring rains can permit a quick flush of growth by the annuals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R121","name":"Bare weathered rock and outcrop habitats","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R122","name":"Sparsely vegetated weathered rock and outcrop habitats","description":"Rocks and outcrops colonised by pioneer communities, especially of Crassulaceae. Vegetation of the alliance Sedo-Scleranthion biennis. Substrates are mostly siliceous, occurring in the upland and montane levels of the nemoral zone. The communities are dominated by succulent [Sempervivum], [Jovibarba] and [Sedum] species accompanied by Silene rupestris, Erophila verna, Scleranthus polycarpos, Veronica fruticans, Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus, Viola tricolor ssp. saxatilis, by small crucifers, lichens and mosses Polytrichum piliferum and Racomitrium canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R13","name":"Cryptogam- and annual-dominated vegetation on calcareous and ultramafic rock outcrops","description":"Open pioneer grassland with perennial succulents and spring annuals, subordinate small tussock grasses and herbs, and often with a very prominent and rich contingent of cryptogams. Typically found in small patches on very shallow and skeletal, impoverished, base-rich soils on a wide variety of base-rich and sometimes ultramafic bedrocks, and similar artificial habitats like quarry spoil and wall-tops. It is found from the hemiboreal to the submediterranean zone, occurring mainly at higher altitudes further south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R131","name":"Fenno-Scandian pioneer rock swards","description":"Pioneer communities colonizing thin debris soils and cracks of rocks, cliffs and rock pavements of xerothermic enclaves of the boreonemoral and southern boreal zones of Norway, Sweden and Finland, mostly limited to coastal regions, southern slopes and alvars. Some of the communities share physiognomic and ecological characteristics with the Central European communities of unit R1B5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1311","name":"Alvar stonecrop swards"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1312","name":"Fenno-Scandian Sedum-Viola-Aira rock swards"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1313","name":"Fenno-Scandian Festuca-Viola rock swards"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1314","name":"Boreo-Norvegian rock swards"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R14","name":"Perennial rocky grassland of the Italian Peninsula","description":"Unique to base-rich bedrocks in the Italian Peninsula and Sicily, best developed within the submediterranean bioclimatic zone, this grassland is variously dominated by perennial grasses and herbs, or mat formers and sub-shrubs on steeper, rockier ground. Generally species-rich, and sometimes with contingents of annuals and, in disturbed places, geophytes, the habitat sometimes hosts endemic plants. Developed through clearance of broadleaved and mixed forest it is maintained by traditional grazing in a distinctive cultural landscape."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R15","name":"Continental dry rocky steppic grassland and dwarf scrub on chalk outcrops","description":"Usually open vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs and perennial mat-forming continental steppe plants on free-draining base-rich soils on rocky chalk outcrops in the Don and (possibly also) Volga basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R16","name":"Perennial rocky grassland of Central and South-Eastern Europe","description":"Open grassland generally dominated by perennial grasses with rich mixtures of associated rosette herbs, mat-formers and geophytes, and especially towards Southern Europe, annuals. It occurs on shallow, impoverished soils over both calcareous and siliceous bedrocks, through the lowlands and submontane zone of Central and Southern Europe, best developed on steeper ground unsuited for agriculture, but extended where forest clearance and grazing, particularly by goats, have been part of traditional farming."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R17","name":"Heavy-metal dry grassland of the Balkans","description":"Grassland confined to dry, nutrient-poor soils rich in heavy metals derived from ultramafic bedrock in the mountains of the Balkans, Euboea and Cyprus with an open cover of grasses and forbs, including many endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R18","name":"Perennial rocky calcareous grassland of subatlantic-submediterranean Europe","description":"Open grassland dominated by perennials and especially rich in mat-formers, typical of rudimentary, shallow, nutrient-poor, base-rich soils over sloping, rubbly limestone terrain. It occurs in the lowland to submontane belts in subatlantic and submediterranean Western Europe, including some areas at higher altitudes in the Western Mediterranean mountains, which were traditionally maintained by extensive grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R19","name":"Dry steppic submediterranean pasture of the Amphi-Adriatic region","description":"Dry steppic pasture typical of sharply-draining, base-rich soils developed over valley sides, dolines and sink-holes around the Adriatic seaboards where the submediterranean climate is characterised by late autumn and spring rains and summer drought. Dominated by often rich mixtures of graminoids, forbs and mat-formers, the habitat is dependent on extensive grazing and now often survives patchily among mosaics of scrub and forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1A","name":"Semi-dry perennial calcareous grassland (meadow steppe)","description":"Semi-natural grassland on deeper and not so drought-prone, nutrient-poor, base-rich soils over limestone throughout the lowlands and submontane belts of submediterranean to hemiboreal Europe. Generally closed and dominated by mixtures of graminoids and forbs, often extremely species-rich, with many rare plants and sometimes striking contingents of orchids and varying much across the large range with different sets of continental or submediterranean companions. Dependent on extensive grazing, usually with sheep, or on an annual mowing, and often developed over centuries of traditional pastoralism, contributing to some striking cultural landscapes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A1","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Satureja montana steppes","description":"Perennial, steppe-like low open grasslands on shallow stony soils of the sub-Mediterranean and sub-Pannonic Quercion frainetto and Fagion moesiacum zones of the Balkan peninsula, from Greece to Serbia and western Bulgaria. Typical species (among others): Festuca valesiaca, Festuca rupicola, Koeleria gracilis, Stipa spp., Bromus erectus, Poa bulbosa, Melica ciliata, Carex humilis, Carex caryophyllea, Satureja montana, Galium purpureum, Teucrium montanum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Artemisia alba, Galium album, Euphorbia cyparissias, Teucrium chamaedrys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A2","name":"Alvar steppes","description":"Steppic grasslands of palaeozoic limestones of the Baltic islands of Åland and Gotland and of calcareous enclaves of southern Sweden, in Vestgotland, dominated by fescues with numerous species of continental affinities, many at the northern limit of their range, in particular, Artemisia oelandica, Artemisia saxicola, Ranunculus illyricus, Globularia vulgaris. They are rich in endemic species and in orchids. Besides the steppe communities included in this unit, their environment includes pioneer rock swards included in unit E1.1 (of EUNIS 2012 now split in R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19) and lowland rock crack communities included in unit H3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A21","name":"Fescue-thyme alvars"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A22","name":"Öland rock-rose alvars"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A23","name":"Meadow alvars"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A3","name":"Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland","description":"More or less mesophile, closed formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, colonizing relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils. Generally species-rich, these communities may be overwhelmed by the highly social Brachypodium pinnatum.Their range extends from the British Isles, Denmark, the Low Countries and northern Germany to the Cantabric range, the Pyrenees, Catalonia, the southern Alps and the Central Apennines, extending east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, beyond which they are replaced by the vicariant formations of the Cirsio-Brachypodion, to the Wienerwald, Styria and Illyria. Bromus erectus and Brachypodium pinnatum often dominate, other grasses include Koeleria pyramidata, Festuca guestfalica, Festuca rupicola, Festuca lemanii, Avenula pubescens, Sesleria albicans, Briza media, Carex caryophyllea and Carex flacca. Herbs: Gentianella germanica, Trifolium montanum, Ononis repens, Medicago lupulina, Ranunculus bulbosus, Cirsium acaule, Euphrasia stricta, Dianthus deltoides, Potentilla neumanniana (Potentilla tabernaemontani, Potentilla verna), Anthyllis vulneraria, Galium verum, Euphorbia brittingeri (Euphorbia verrucosa), Hippocrepis comosa, Scabiosa columbaria, Centaurea scabiosa, Carlina vulgaris, Viola hirta, and numerous orchid species. Forming a bridge between the Mediterranean region and thermophile sites to the north, they can be identified by their high representation of Mediterranean species in the north and of Euro-Siberian ones in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A31","name":"Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands","description":"Sub-Atlantic dry calcareous grasslands of Denmark, southern Scandinavia and the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A311","name":"Fenno-Scandian sub-Atlantic calcicolous grasslands","description":"Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of sub-Mediterranean or sub-boreal affinities of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland dominated by species of genus Festuca or Avenula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A312","name":"Hibernian dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Calcareous grasslands of central and central-western Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A313","name":"Scotian dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Very local, dry or mesophile grasslands occupying isolated limestone outcrops or deposits of Scotland, in particular on the Durness limestone of the northwest, the Dalradian limestones of Perthshire and basalt hills of the east, with Koeleria macrantha, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Briza media, Avenula pratensis, Carex flacca, Carex caryophyllea, Carex capillaris, Helianthemum nummularium, Astragalus danicus, Thymus drucei."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A314","name":"Britannic Sesleria dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Dry calcicolous grasslands of northern England, characteristic mostly of Carboniferous or Magnesian limestone substrates in the Pennines of Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Lancashire, the Lake District and Durham, including Teesdale, rich in Sesleria albicans and with many isolated populations of restricted or rare plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A315","name":"Vecto-Cambrian Festuca-Carlina grasslands","description":"Dry calcicolous grasslands of Carboniferous Limestone outcrops of Wales and the Mendips, extending locally to hard Chalk formations of the Isle of Wight and of the neighbouring southern English mainland, with Festuca ovina, Koeleria macrantha, Carex flacca, Briza media, Avenula pubescens, Avenula pratensis, Festuca rubra, Carlina vulgaris, Sanguisorba minor, Thymus praecox, Hieracium pilosella, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Helianthemum nummularium, Helianthemum canum, Scilla verna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A316","name":"Southern Britannic dry calcicolous grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the chalk downs and mainly Jurassic calcareous hills of southern Britain, mostly of southern and eastern England, with Bromus erectus and Brachypodium pinnatum, or Festuca spp. and Avenula spp., often very rich in orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A32","name":"Middle European Bromus erectus semidry grasslands","description":"Mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the sub-Atlantic domaine in the Low Countries, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, northern, central and western France and northwestern Spain. They are faunistically and floristically rich and the highly discontinuous nature of their distribution gives rise to a considerable geographical variation in the composition of plant and animal communities, marked by the occurrence of numerous species of local or disjunct occurrence in addition to the basic cortège common to most of them. Besides this geographical variation, the nature of these grasslands also depends, to a great extent, on hydric regime, substrate characteristics and agropastoral treatment, notably on whether they are mowed or grazed and how intensively. In particular, the relative abundance of the main constituent grass species, Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum s. l., Sesleria albicans and Koeleria pyramidata, varies both geographically with climatic conditions and locally with topography and agropastoral regime. Thus, although separate geographical entities may differ in that relative abundance, similarly differing facies may also coexist locally, producing sharply distinct habitats. To accomodate for these concurrent axes of variation, formations dominated by Brachypodium or by Sesleria, as well as all semidamp formations, are removed from this division and placed in units 34.323, 34.324 and 34.325. Geographical subdivisions, most apt at identifying distinctive plant and animal communities, may be used in the four sections by addition of a fourth decimal digit common to all of them. The regions encompassed by the geographical subdivisions corresponding to each value of this fourth digit are in all cases described under this section although in some of them, or in parts of some of them, there may be no grasslands belonging to unit 34.322, but only grasslands belonging to units 34.323, 34.324 or 34.325; these cases have, as much as possible, been identified under each of the subdivisions below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A321","name":"Mosan Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones or dolomitic limestones, occasionally on calcschists, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with isolated stations in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A322","name":"Low Meuse Mesobromion","description":"Chalk grasslands of the Belgian low Meuse, extreme southeastern Netherlands and Westphalia, generally without Bromus erectus, and alluvial Mesobromion grasslands of adjacent regions (these to be listed under unit R1A34)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A323","name":"Harz Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones, of the periphery of the Harz in Saxony, Thuringe, Hesse and the hills of Lower Saxony."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A324","name":"Oder Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Oder basin in Brandenbourg and Mecklenburg."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A325","name":"Paris basin Cretaceous Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, the valleys of the Seine, Bray and Somme and adjacent Jurassic areas of Basse Normandie and the Boulonnais."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A326","name":"Parisian Tertiary Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A327","name":"Paris basin Jurassic Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute-Marne, Burgundy, Haute-Saone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A328","name":"Middle Rhine Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A329","name":"Upper Rhine Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32A","name":"Black Forest Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32B","name":"Western Jura Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32C","name":"Swabian Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32D","name":"Franconian Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32E","name":"Northwestern pre-Alpine Mesobromion","description":"Hill and montane mesophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32F","name":"Eastern peri-Alpine Mesobromion","description":"Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Isar valley, the Bavarian plateau, the Bavarian pre-Alps, the Austrian northern, eastern and southeastern pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32G","name":"Ligerian Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Ligerian basin in the southern Paris basin, Berry, Limagne d'Auvergne and Forez."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32H","name":"Aquitanian Mesobromion","description":"Mesophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32I","name":"Quercy Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy (southwest France)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32J","name":"Western Pyrenean Mesobromion","description":"Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the western Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32K","name":"Western Iberian Mesobromion","description":"Hill, montane and sometimes lower subalpine calcareous grasslands of the Picos de Europa, Cantabria, Asturias, Alava, Navarra dominated by Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre (to be listed as 34.323K) or by Bromus erectus, Carex brevicollis, Sesleria argentea, Helictotrichon cantabricum, Avenula vasconica, Avenula marginata, and often with Seseli montanum, Seseli cantabricum, Chamaespartium sagittale, Pulsatilla rubra ssp. hispanica, Phyteuma orbiculare ssp. hispanicum, Carduus argemone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A32L","name":"Eastern Hercynian Mesobromion","description":"Sub-Atlantic mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bohemian basin, its surrounding hills, Moravia and the Moravian pre-Carpathians, the Weinviertel of Austria, with local occurrences on the northern flank of the Sudeten in Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A33","name":"Middle European Brachypodium semidry grasslands","description":"Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. pinnatum or Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre facies of unit R1A32. Geographical subdivisions are given by level 6 units R1A321  - R1A322 . Brachypodium-dominated facies may form in all the regional types of grasslands inventoried in unit R1A32 as a result of nitrification or of dominance of grazing over mowing. Such processes are accompanied by a drastic reduction in species diversity. South western grasslands of sub units H to K of R1A32 and of R1A33 are, however, generally rich in Brachypodium even in the apparent absence of degradation processes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A34","name":"Alluvial and humid Mesobromion grasslands","description":"Closed grasslands rich in species of the Mesobromion and in particular Bromuserectus, developed on calcareous marls, on somewhat elevated expanses of alluvial plains and on other water retentive soils within the range of the grasslands listed under R1A32. They are transitional to humid grasslands (R3) and are often marked by the abundance of Carex flacca. Among characteristic elements are also Thalictrum majus, Peucedanum carvifolia, Silaum silaus, Festuca hirundinacea. Geographical subdivisions can be introduced by use of the fourth decimal digit of R1A32 in the fourth place of R1A34. Extensive examples are known in particular from the marls of Lorraine, the Belgian low Meuse and the great rivers of the Netherlands, Westphalia, the alluvial plains of the French Moselle and Meuse, the Rhine valley in Germany and Alsace, various valleys in south Germany and the valley of the Sarthe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A35","name":"Middle European Sesleria semidry grasslands","description":"Sesleria albicans-dominated facies of communities of unit R1A32 or R1A36, often rich in dealpine species, occurring in particular in the Alpine and Pyrenean periphery, but also occurring locally, farther from the immediate Alpine influence, in anomalous stations such as steep, more or less shaded slopes or cliffs; Sesleria argentea-dominated grasslands of Alava and Navarra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A36","name":"Sub-Mediterranean Mesobromion","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands, usually rich in Bromus erectus and orchids, of the periphery of the Mediterranean basin in Catalonia, the eastern Pyrenees, the Corbières, the Causses, Provence, the southwestern Alps and the northern Apennines. Many are comparatively dry and have sometimes been included in the Xerobromion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A37","name":"Insubrian Mesobromion grasslands","description":"Species-rich hill and montane grasslands of Lago di Garda, Lago di Como and neighbouring areas with Chrysopogon gryllus, Bromus erectus, Festuca rubra s.l., Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium pinnatum, Carex humilis and many orchids including the endemic Ophrys benacensis and Serapias vomeracea ssp. vomeracea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A38","name":"Central Apennine Mesobromion grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of the piani of the beech level of the Monti Sibillini and adjacent regions of the central Apennines, with a rich floristic cortège including many higher altitude species and Apennine endemics, dominated by the grasses Bromus erectus, Festuca circummediterranea, Brachypodium pinnatum, Poa pratensis, Briza media, Festuca pratensis, with Filipendula vulgaris, Alchemilla glaucescens, Scabiosa columbaria, Trifolium montanum, Lotus corniculatus, Thymus longicaulis, Rhinanthus personatus, Cerastium fontanum, Galium anisophyllon, and with the central Italianendemic Gentiana columnae on summitsand slopes, Asphodelus albus and Fritillaria tenella in plains and gullies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A39","name":"Illyrian Mesobromion grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of medio-European affinities developed on relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils of the Slovenian Alps, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia, within the Illyrian beech forest level, extending south to Albania along the maritime façade of the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, in particular, Bromus erectus, Sesleria juncifolia or Moliniaarundinacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A391","name":"Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by Bromus erectus, with Plantago media, Ranunculus bulbosus, Globularia elongata, Scabiosa agrestis, Knautia arvensis, Viola alba ssp. scotophylla, Dianthus giganteus ssp. croaticus, Koeleria pyramidata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A392","name":"Illyrian Sesleria grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by Sesleria juncifolia, with Centaurea triumfetti, Daphne cneorum, Genista januensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A393","name":"Illyrian Molinia-Gladiolus grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by Molinia arundinacea, with Succisa pratensis, Serratula tinctoria, Gladiolus illyricus, Euphorbia brittingeri, Anthericum ramosum, Helianthemum nummularium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Carex humilis, Agrostis tenuis, Danthonia provincialis, Bromus erectus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A4","name":"Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland","description":"Xerophile, open formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, often rich in chamaephytes, colonizing superficial calcareous soils, often on steep slopes, clifftops or hilltops, in the sub-Atlantic domain of the Quercion pubescentii-petraeae and its northern irradiations and in the sub-Mediterranean mountains of the northern Italian peninsula, with Bromus erectus, Sesleria albicans, Koeleria vallesiana, Melica ciliata, Stipa pennata, Stipa bavarica, Stipa capillata, Stipa pulcherrima, Phleum phleoides, Brachypodium pinnatum, Carex humilis, Fumana procumbens, Globularia punctata, Ononis pusilla, Helianthemum apenninum, Helianthemum canum, Helianthemum nummularium, Linum tenuifolium, Teucrium chamaedrys, Allium sphaerocephalon, Arabis hirsuta, Anthericum liliago, Aster linosyris, Pulsatilla vulgaris, Biscutella laevigata, Orobanche teucrii, Artemisia alba, Sedum album, Sedum acre, Acinos arvensis, Hippocrepis comosa, Sanguisorba minor, Potentilla neumanniana, Scabiosa columbaria, Astragalus monspessulanus, Teucrium pyrenaicum, Ononis spinosa, Ononis natrix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A41","name":"Southern Britannic Xerobromion grasslands","description":"Very dry calcicolous grasslands of southwestern England, restricted to very limited stations on the Carboniferous Limestones of the southern Mendips and on the Devonian Limestones of Tor Bay, with Festuca ovina, Koeleria vallesiana, Carex humilis, Helianthemum apenninum, Sanguisorba minor, Thymus praecox, Hieracium pilosella, Plantago lanceolata, Scilla autumnalis, Euphorbia portlandica, Inula conyza, Sedum forsteranum, Trinia glauca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A42","name":"Middle European Xerobromion grasslands","description":"Formations of southern Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland, northern Spain and the northern Apennines. Where they occur in the vicinity of communities of the Festucetalia valesiacae, the latter occupy sites with more continental microclimates than those inhabited by the formations of this group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A421","name":"Mosan Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with outposts in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland; the stations are for the most part very limited in extent and widely isolated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A422","name":"Harz Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones of the periphery of the Harz, notably in Thuringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A423","name":"Paris basin Cretaceous Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile grasslands of rare localities of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, in particular in the valleys of the Seine and Somme."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A424","name":"Parisian Tertiary Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A425","name":"Paris basin Jurassic Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute Marne, Burgundy, Haute Saone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A426","name":"Middle Rhine Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A427","name":"Upper Rhine Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A428","name":"Western Jura Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A429","name":"Swabian Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb, Lake Constance region and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42A","name":"Franconian Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42B","name":"Northwestern pre-Alpine Xerobromion","description":"Hill and montane xerophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42C","name":"Bavarian Xerobromion","description":"Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bavarian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42D","name":"Ligerian Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Paris basin, Berry and Auvergne."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42E","name":"Aquitanian Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42F","name":"Quercy Xerobromion","description":"Xerophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42G","name":"Pyrenean Xerobromion","description":"Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Pyrenees and adjacent areas; in the pubescent oak level of the eastern part of the range Xerobromion grasslands with Koeleria vallesiana, Festuca ovina s.l. and Bromus erectus come in contact with Aphyllanthion formations occupying more humid soils and closed postcultural Brachypodium grasslands of the Brachypodionphoenicoides. On the south side of the range, xerophile pastures are represented in lower zones and on sheletered sunny slopes by communities of the Aphyllanthion, of decidedly Mediterranean hue, while the formations of the Xerobromion, of more Euro-Siberian character, occupy the other situations. Chamaephytes such as Helianthemum nummularium, Artemisia alba, Teucrium pyrenaicum, Ononis spinosa, Ononis natrix are abundant alongside the gramineous Phleum phleoides, Festuca ovina s.l., and Carexhumilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42H","name":"Southwestern Alpine Xerobromion","description":"Xerobromion grasslands of the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1A42I","name":"Northern Apennine Xerobromion","description":"Open, arid pastures developed in the thermophilous deciduous Quercus cerris-Quercus pubescens-Ostrya carpinifolia belt of the northern Apennines, south approximately to the area of the Monte della Luna, southeastern Tuscany, where they occupy arenaceous-marly substrates and come in contact with the grasslands of unit R1H3, located on limestones and much richer in Apennine endemics. At their southern limit, the northern formations are rich in chamaephytes, notably Coronilla minima, Asperula purpurea, Fumana procumbens, alongside Astragalus monspessulanus, Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum and Festuca inops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1A43","name":"Hercynio-Jurassic blue moorgrass Xerobromion","description":"Dry calciphile grasslands of sunny stony slopes and cliff ledges of the Swabian and Franconian Jura and of the Franconian Main region, dominated by Sesleria albicans, usually accompanied by Bromuserectus and often, particularly in the Jura, by Festuca pallens and alpine species below their normal zone; they are somewhat intermediate between the sub-Atlantic very dry grasslands and the pale fescue grasslands of unit R1B5, particularly of unit R1B511, and are sometimes included among the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A5","name":"Brachypodium phoenicoides swards","description":"Closed, dry perennial grasslands of eutrophic soils within the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western Mediterranean basin, often on post-cultural land, formed by relatively tall grasses and usually dominated by Brachypodium phoenicoides, with, among many others, Phleum bertolonii (Phleum nodosum, Phleum pratense), Elymus repens, Carex divisa, Carthamus lanatus, Diplotaxis viminea, Echinops ritro, Euphorbia serrata, Echium vulgare, Echium pustulatum, Erodium acaule, Galactites tomentosa, Lepidium graminifolium, Medicago orbicularis, Salvia verbenaca, Foeniculum vulgare, Pallenis spinosa, Psoralea bituminosa, Seseli tortuosum, Tragopogon australis, Scabiosa atropurpurea, Verbascum sinuatum, Picris hieracioides, Calamintha nepeta, Centaurea aspera, Vicia hybrida, Phlomis herba-venti and many orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1A6","name":"Meadows of the steppe zone","description":"Lowland and montane mesotrophic pastures and hay meadows of the steppe zone of eastern Europe and Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1B","name":"Continental dry grassland (true steppe)","description":"Steppe and steppe-like grassland on mostly base-rich soils over limestones, of varying depth and stoniness, occurring through the lowland to submontane belts of continental Europe. Dominated by plants adapted to long periods of summer drought, mostly tall tussock grasses and perennial forbs, it shows wide variation in species composition and particular topographic location across the substantial range. In more extreme situations, the grasslands are natural, but they often sustain extensive grazing.\r\nRemark: This habitat also includes many dry grasslands that are not “true steppe”. Therefore the name should be changed, e.g. Continental steppic grassland (including the true steppe). For the steppe zone, this habitat is probably too broad. It includes specific types on rock outcrops (petrophytic steppe) and on solonetz soil (solonetz steppe), each of them with a distinct group of specialist species. These types need to be considered as a potential addition to the EUNIS classification system in the future."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B1","name":"Arid subcontinental steppic grassland (Festucion valesiacae)","description":"Open or closed arid, floristically rich steppe-like grasslands of sub-continental areas of Central Europe, typically with Stipa spp., Festuca valesiaca, Festuca rupicola and Festuca trachyphylla. Vegetation of alliances such as Festucion valesiacae and Seslerio-Festucion glaucae with other species like Festuca pallens, Poa badensis, Carex humilis, Sesleria varia, Teucrium montanum, Ononis pusilla, Helianthemum canum, Iris aphylla, Onosma tornensis, Draba lasiocarpa, Scorzonera austriaca and Fumana procumbens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B11","name":"Sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range, with irradiations into the Bohemian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B111","name":"Pre-Noric sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Relatively wide-ranging xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and northern, predominantly pre-Alpine or pre-Carpathian, periphery of the Pannonic basin in Austria, Moravia and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B112","name":"Pre-Bohemian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Localized xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the northwestern, pre-Bohemian, periphery of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B113","name":"Central Hungarian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Grasslands of dry slopes of the Hungarian Central Range and the Mecsek hills, harbouring many continental and regionally important species including the very rare Ferula sadlerana, with Festuca rupicola, Stipa capillata, Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica, Stipa dasyphylla, Cleistogenes serotina (Diplachne serotina), Dracocephalum austriacum, Lotus borbasii, Adonis vernalis, Iris pumila, Pulsatilla nigricans, Ranunculus illyricus, Veronica austriaca, Linum austriacum, Convolvulus cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B114","name":"Pre-Illyrian sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B115","name":"Andropogonid sub-Pannonic steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin, dominated by Dichanthium ischaemum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B116","name":"Sub-Pannonic rock steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of the Hungarian Central Range, intermediate between the rock swards of the Festucetalia pallentis and the steppes of the Festucetaliavalesiacae, and often in contact with both, developed on shallow rendzina soils over dolomites, rich in species of sub-Mediterranean and Illyrian affinities, in addition to a continental, in part Pontic, cortège, including in particular Festuca pallens, Carex humilis, Helianthemum canum, Jurinea mollis, Scorzonera austriaca, Teucrium montanum, Euphorbia seguierana, Erysimum diffusum, Fumana vulgaris, Minuartia setacea, Onosma visianii, Paronychia cephalotes, Allium moschatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B12","name":"Moesio-Carpathian steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B121","name":"Moesio-Carpathian feathergrass-fescue steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by Festuca spp., in particular Festuca valesiaca, Festuca rupicola or Stipa spp., in particular Stipa capillata, Stipa pulcherrima, and with Achillea nobilis, Achillea setacea, Astragalus exscapus, Euphrasia tatarica, Carex supina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B122","name":"Moesio-Carpathian andropogonid steppes","description":"Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by Dichanthium ischaemum (Bothriochloa ischaemum, Andropogon ischaemum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B2","name":"Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes (Cirsio-Brachypodion)","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Central Europe with Astragalus danicus, Inula spiraeifolia, Seseli annuum, Linum spp., Carex michelii, Carex praecox, Carex flacca. Varied plant communities of grasses and herbs mostly in basins and uplands. As a consequence of pasture, a mesophilous tendency often includes widespread Juniperus communis. Vegetation of alliance Carduo-Brachypodion pinnati, common species are Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca rupicola, Cirsium pannonicum, Linum flavum, Potentilla alba, Bromus erectus, Coronilla varia, Buphthalmum salicifolium and Campanula glomerata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B21","name":"Sub-Pannonic meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B22","name":"Sub-Pannonic wooded steppe meadows","description":"Secondary xero-mesophile grasslands colonizing abandoned vineyards in the Hungarian Central Range rich in rare and fragile species, harbouring, in particular, Stipa stenophylla (Stipa tirsa), Campanula macrostachya, Helictotrichon compressum, Danthonia alpina, Stipa dasyphylla, Seseli osseum, Centaurea triumfett ssp. axillaris, Iris pumila, Peucedanum cervaria, Carex humilis, Inula hirta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B23","name":"Dacio-Pannonic meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of the Transylvanian basin and the foothills of the Apuseni mountains, rich in species of Mediterranean or Mediterraneo-Atlantic affinities, with Brachypodium pinnatum, Dorycnium herbaceum, Trifolium montanum, Polygala major, Fragaria viridis, Plantago media, Onobrychis viciifolia, Filipendula vulgaris, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Melampyrum arvense, Hieracium bauhinii, Thesium linophyllon, Hypochoeris maculata, Drunella grandiflora, Seseli annuum, Anthericum ramosum, Bupleurum falcatum, Peucedanum cervaria, Trifolium alpestre, Gentiana cruciata, Cirsium pannonicum, Origanum vulgare, Carex montana, Bromus erectus, Orchis militaris, Orchis ustulata, Himantoglossum caprinum, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Herminium monorchis, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys sphegodes, Ophrys fuciflora, and the xerothermic steppe species Salvia nutans, Adonis vernalis, Crambe tataria, Seseli varium, Salvia austriaca, Hypericum elegans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B24","name":"Moesio-Carpathian meadow-steppes","description":"Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic or Illyrio-Pontic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the eastern Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B3","name":"Central alpine arid grassland (Stipo-Poion)","description":"Dry grasslands of the isolated, low-precipitation, high insolation, high summer temperature, inner Alpine valleys of the central, eastern and southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B4","name":"Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland","description":"Low-altitude middle European xerophile, rupicolous or psammophilous, grasslands of slightly calcareous substrates, with Festuca heteropachys, Festuca trachyphylla, Koeleria macrantha (Koeleria gracilis), Phleum phleoides, Luzula campestris, Dianthus deltoides, Jasione montana, Agrostis tenuis, Potentilla erecta, Armeria elongata, Artemisia campestris, Aster linosyris, Lychnis viscaria, Silene otites, Silene nutans, Chamaespartium sagittale, Campanula patula, Potentilla rupestris, Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum, Helianthemum apenninum, Scleranthus perennis, Allium senescens ssp. montanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B41","name":"Hercynian calcaro-siliceous stony grasslands","description":"Rupicolous communities, colonizing, in particular, deep cracks and ledges of calcaro-siliceous rocky slopes or cliffs, with, notably, Festuca heteropachys, Artemisia campestris, Aster linosyris, Lychnis viscaria, Potentilla rupestris. The range of these formations is centreed on the Hercynian ranges of middle Germany (notably Rhine, Nahe, Moselle, Mainz valleys and Hartz periphery), extending east to the Bohemian basin, west to Alsace and to extremely rare and isolated outposts in Ardenne valleys of Luxembourg, Belgium and France, where they are represented by Festucaheteropachys or Potentilla rupestris grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B42","name":"Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe, and of northern Eastern Europe, characteristic, in particular, of old riverine dunes and morainal hills, with Armeria elongata, Festuca trachyphylla, Sedum sexangulare, Carex ligerica, Helichrysum arenarium. Best represented in the dunal system of the large rivers of Central Europe, in particular the Weser, the Aller, the Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, the Bugu, the Narwi, of the morainal hills of the Baltic plain of Mecklenburg-Pomerania, of Brandenburg and of Poland and Lithuania, of the Main sands of Franconia and of the Bohemian basin, these formations extend west to the fluviatile district of the Netherlands, and east to Polesia, Lithuania and northwestern Russia, south to the upper Rhine sand flats and the Bavarian Plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B421","name":"Calcicline Central European sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of moderately calcareous stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with Armeria elongata, Festuca trachyphylla, Dianthus carthusianorum, Silene otites, Phleum boehmeri, Koeleria gracilis, Centaurea rhenana, Chondrilla juncea, Asperula cynanchica, Eryngium campestre, Sedum sexangulare, Helichrysum arenarium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B422","name":"Acidocline Central European sand grasslands","description":"Closed, perennial communities of acidocline stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with Armeria elongata, Festuca trachyphylla, Dianthus deltoides, Helichrysum arenarium, Vicia lathyroides, Chondrilla juncea, Hieracium pilosella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B423","name":"Substabilised Central European sand grasslands","description":"Moderately closed, perennial communities of loose slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with Corynephorus canescens, Silene tatarica, Petasites spurius, Plantago indica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B5","name":"Festuca pallens grassland","description":"Subcontinental xeric, thermophile grasslands of middle European collinar rock ledges, mostly dominated by the strong tufts of the glaucous Festuca pallens, Festuca sadlerana and Festuca pannonica and of the green Sesleria albicans, and with Dianthusgratianopolitanus, Carex humilis, Melicaciliata, Aster alpinus, Artemisia campestris ssp. lednicensis, Hieracium spp., Biscutella laevigata ssp. varia, Teucrium botrys, Teucrium montanum, Helianthemum canum, Iris aphylla, Allium strictum, Allium senescens ssp. montanum, locally distributed from French Jura and Rhine valley to sub-Pannonic foothils and Carpathians in Romania. The communities of the Festucion pallescentis often occupy isolated stations and include rare or relictual species which impart to many of them a distinctive biogeographical and physiognomic individuality. In particular, rare and highly disjunct western outposts occur in the Meuse basin of the Belgian and French Ardennes, harbouring, among others, very isolated populations of Draba aizoides var. montana, Artemisia alba ssp. saxatilis and Hieracium vogesiacum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B51","name":"Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European calcicolous subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of orogenous affinities, montane or submontane with a strong representation of species characteristic of higher-altitude communities, often occupying stations of comparatively cool microclimate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B511","name":"Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the eastern and southern periphery of the Alps and the Carpathians, with relict occurrences in the Bohemian basin, southern Moravia and the Central Hungarian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5111","name":"Peri-Alpine feathergrass rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery dominated by Stipa eriocaulis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5112","name":"Peri-Alpine blue moorgrass rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery and inner valleys, dominated by Sesleria albicans (Sesleria calcarea), Festuca pallens, Festuca rupicola, Koeleria pyramidata, Brachypodium rupestre, Carex humilis, Seseli austriacum, Teucrium montanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5113","name":"Peri-Carpathian dealpine rock grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the southern spurs of the Northwestern Carpathians of Moravia and southern Slovakia, of the Pavlov Hills of southern Moravia and the northern Weinviertel of Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5114","name":"Pannonic Sesleria sadleriana rock grasslands","description":"Relict primary calciphile closed rock grasslands of northern exposures of dolomite hills of the central part of the Hungarian Central Range and of the Austrian Hainburger Bergen, developed on shallow rendzinas, dominated by Sesleria sadleriana ssp. sadleriana, endemic to the region, with Carex humilis, Genista pilosa, Hieracium danubiale, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Draba lasiocarpa, Poa badensis, Alyssum saxatile, Dianthus lumnitzeri, Thalictrum foetidum, Sempervivum schlehanii, Saxifraga aizoon, Ceterach officinarum, Homalothecium lutescens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5115","name":"Bohemian dealpine rock grasslands","description":"North-facing slope rock-ledge grasslands of the Bohemian basin, in particular, of the Bohemian Karst and the Bohemian Central Range, with Sesleria albicans, Anthyllis vulneraria, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Primula veris, Scabiosa columbaria, Carex digitata, Lembotropis nigricans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B512","name":"East Carpathian Sesleria rigida grasslands","description":"Calciphile rock-ledge grasslands of the montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, locally extending to the collinar and subalpine levels, dominated by Sesleria rigida, Festuca xanthina or Helictotrichon decorum, with Asperula capitata, Dianthus spiculifolius, Dianthus kitaibelii, Carduus candicans, Iris reichenbachii, Jovibarba heuffelii, Sempervivum zeleborii, Seseli gracile, Seseli rigidum, Thalictrum uncinatum, Viola jooi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B52","name":"Calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of calcareous or weakly calcareous sunny collinar rock ledges. In the peri-Pannonic and peri-Alpine region, where they are in contact with communities of unit R1B51, they occupy stations with a warmer, drier microclimate, in particular south-facing slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B521","name":"Peri-Hercynian calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Rock-ledge grasslands of the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian and Little Polish Jura, of the central Hercynian ranges, of the middle German Saale-Mulde basin, of the Bohemian basin, of the Pieniny, of the Bavarian Plateau, developed on mussel limestones, dolomites, porphyrios, basalts, schists and sometimes serpentines, with Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Festucapallens, Stipa bavarica, Stipa eriocaulis, Stipa joannis, Poa badensis, Melica ciliata, Carex humilis, Dracocephalum austriacum, Campanula sibirica, Minuartia setacea, Fumana procumbens, Helianthemum canum, Pulsatilla grandis, Scorzonera austriaca, Teucrium montanum, Seseli hippomarathrum and local Hieracium species, including Hieracium bifidum, Hieracium schmidtii, Hieracium wiesbaurianum, Hieracium onosmoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B522","name":"Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Species-rich xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc in northeastern Austria, southern Moravia, Slovakia, northern Hungary and western Romania, developed on rendzinas over limestones or dolomite on south-facing steep slopes with extreme conditions of insolation, temperature variation and evaporation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5221","name":"Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of Carpathian affinities, distributed in the hills of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc and in the Central Hungarian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52211","name":"Pre-Carpathian Baden meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile subcontinental primary rock-ledge grasslands of limestones and dolomites of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the Pavlov Hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by large, distant tufts of Festuca pallens alternating with small, prostrate espalier subshrubs, Fumana procumbens, Thymus praecox, Helianthemum canum, succulents, Sedum album, Sedum sexangulare, Jovibarba hirta, mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52212","name":"Pre-Carpathian Sesleria hungarica grasslands","description":"Open rock-ledge grasslands installed on limestone rocks of higher elevations of the Hungarian Central Range, with numerous species of Carpathian affinities, dominated by Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica, Festuca pallens, with Campanula divergentiformis, Hieracium bupleuroides, Saxifraga paniculata, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Sempervivum marmoreum, Dianthus lumnitzeri, Cytisus ciliatus, Viola tricolor, Allium montanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5222","name":"Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Central Hungarian Range, with irradiations in neighbouring ranges, in particular, in the southern Moravian and eastern Austrian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52221","name":"Pannonic dwarf sedge pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open, xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the southern Moravian hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by fairy-ring or half-moon shaped colonies of Carex humilis, accompanied by Festuca carnuntina, Festuca pallens, Stipa eriocaulis, Stipa capillata, the subshrubs Thymus praecox, Helianthemum canum, Teucrium montanum, Fumana procumbens, the herbs Seseli hippomarathrum, Seseli osseum, Echinops ritro, Jurinea mollis, Scabiosa canescens, many spring annuals of sub-Mediterranean affinities and drought-resistant mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52222","name":"Pannonic seseli pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xerothermic grasslands of the Transdanubian part of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on skeletal soils and dolomite debris of warm, dry, steep slopes with a south and southwest exposure, rich in Festuca pallens, abundant in species of sub-Mediterranean or Eurasian affinities, such as Stipa eriocaulis, Stipa pulcherrima, Fumana procumbens, Paronychia cephalotes, Allium moschatum, Dorycnium germanicum, Gypsophila arenaria, Carex humilis, Pulsatilla grandis, Globularia aphyllanthes, Asperula cynanchica, with Thalictrum pseudominus, Astragalus vesicarius ssp. albidus, with Pannonic endemics Seseli leucospermum, Linumdolomiticum, and a significant representation of some typically high mountain species including Poa badensis and Draba lasiocarpa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52223","name":"Pannonic brome pale fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands, almost completely closed, on shallow rendzines of north-facing dolomite hills of the western Hungarian Central Range, often in contact with the Seseleo-Festucetum pallentis communities of southern exposures, with abundant Festuca pallens and Bromus erectus ssp. pannonicus, a well-developed moss layer and characteristic accompanying species, including Daphne cneorum, Thalictrum pseudominus, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris, Polygala amara, Phyteuma orbiculare, Coronilla vaginalis, Galium pumilum var. austriacum, Carduus glaucus and the extremely rare endemic Linum dolomiticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1B52224","name":"Pannonic cinquefoil pale fescue grasslands","description":"Open rock grasslands developed on slightly calcareous soft, crumbling oligocene sandstones of the northern Hungarian Central Range, dominated by Festucapallens, with Potentilla arenaria, and other perennial species, including Carex humilis, Minuartia setacea, Alyssum montanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5223","name":"Pre-Dacic pale fescue grasslands","description":"Subcontinental xero-thermophile rock-ledge grasslands of strongly insolated calcareous rocks of the lower and median montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, of the inner valleys of the Apuseni mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with Festuca pallens, Melica ciliata, Sedum hispanicum, Thalictrum foetidum, Helianthemum canum, Sempervivum marmoreum, Jovibarba heuffelii, Thymus comosus, Dianthus henteri, Taraxacum hoppeanum, Carduus candicans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B53","name":"Acidocline pale fescue grasslands","description":"Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of siliceous collinar and montane rock ledges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B531","name":"Hercynian siliceous pale fescue grasslands","description":"Species-rich subcontinental open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, developed on shallow acid, weakly or sometimes neutral soils in stations, particularly south-facing slopes, submitted to extreme temperaturature variations, drought and wind action, with Festuca pallens, Galium valdepilosum, Seseli osseum, Hieracium schmidtii, Hieracium mougeotii, Onosma helvetica ssp. austriacum, Aurinia saxatilis, Helianthemum nummularium, Sedum rupestre, Jovibarba sobolifera, Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Dianthus moravicus, Allium senescens ssp. montanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1B532","name":"Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands","description":"Subcontinental open or semi-open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, the Carpathic Ukraine and Transylvania, with Festuca pseudodalmatica, Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica, Poa pannonica, Hierochloe australis, Hierochloe hirta, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Cheilanthes marantae (Notholaena marantae), Centaurea coziensis, Crupina vulgaris, Genista januensis, Hieracium pavichii, Lathyrus nissolia, Medicago rigidula, Minuartia hirsuta ssp. frutescens, Orlaya grandiflora, Sempervivum marmoreum, Sedum hispanicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5321","name":"Pannonic siliceous spleenwort-melick rock grasslands","description":"Loosely-organized rock-ledge grassland communities of andesite and granite outcrops of the northern Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, comprising Melica ciliata, Polypodium vulgare, Sempervivum marmoreum, Sedum acre, Asplenium septentrionale, Asplenium brevnii and Woodsia ilvensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5322","name":"Pannonic Festuca pseudodalmatica rock grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range, the Slovakian Metallic Mountains and Kovacover Hills, installed on shallow soils of silicate rocks and sharing features of both rock swards and steppe grasslands, dominated by Festuca pseudodalmatica, Potentilla arenaria, Seseli osseum, Thymus glabrescens, Koeleria cristata, Asplenium trichomanes, Achillea nobilis ssp. neilreichii, Dianthus carthusianorum and harbouring many species of high conservation value, including Minuartia frutescens, Saxifraga paniculata, Alyssum saxatile."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5323","name":"Transylvanian Festuca pseudodalmatica rock grasslands","description":"Open xero-thermophile grasslands of moderately sloping extremely insolated rocks, mostly breccias, of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by Festuca pseudodalmatica and Minuartiafrutescens, with the locally characteristic species Genista januensis, Alyssum murale, Veronica bachofenii and Hieracium pavichii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1B5324","name":"Pannonic meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands","description":"Xeric, thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range and of Slovakia, installed on rocks of eruptive origin, notably diabase, gabbro, with Pannonic species Poa pannonica, Festuca pallens, Melica ciliata, Allium montanum, Allium flavum, Sempervivum hirtum, Sempervivum marmoreum, Potentilla arenaria, Thymus praecox, Veronica spicata, Asplenium trichomanes, and characterized by a welldeveloped moss and lichen layer including Rhizocarpon geographicum, Parmelia conspersa, Parmelia pulvinaris, Grimmia leucophaea, Grimmia fragrans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B6","name":"Serpentine steppes","description":"Steppic grasslands of serpentine outcrops, dispersed over a wide range in Central Europe and the Balkan peninsula. Open communities in shallow stony soils or eroded sites. Serpentine outcrops also exist in northwestern Europe, in Tuscany and in mediterranean Greece (Euboa); steppic grasslands have not formed on them or are less strongly individualised than those described here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B7","name":"Pannonic loess steppic grassland","description":"Grassland communities from the alliance Festucion valesiacae of the Pannonic region, rich on Stipa species (Stipacapillata, Stipa pulcherrima, Stipajoannis) and herbaceous dicotyledonous species including, among others, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia austriaca, Filipendula vulgaris, Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus exscapus, Phlomis tuberosa, Crambe tatarica, Galium verum, Ajuga genevensis, Dianthus pontederae, Thymus glabrescens, and grasses, Festuca rupicola, Koeleria macrantha, established on, notably, loess ridges formed by fluviatile erosion and accumulation. These rare communities are sensitive to grazing and trampling and have been extensively transformed into other grassland types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B71","name":"Pannonic loess steppes","description":"Primary species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands, on deep chernozems, the main Pannonic representative of the steppes of Central Eurasia, composed mainly of Festuca rupicola, Stipa capillata, Koeleria cristata, Poa angustifolia, Bromus inermis, Elymus hispidus, Achillea pannonica, Taraxacum serotinum, Viola ambigua, Astragalus onobrychis, Chamaecytisus austriacus, Chamaecytisus supinus, Adonis vernalis, Veronica austriaca, Veronica prostrata, Vinca herbacea, Asperula glauca, Allium paniculatum, with Nepeta parviflora, Silene longiflora, Ajuga laxmannii, Astragalus dasyanthus, Astragalus vesicarius, Astragalus exscapus, Astragalus austriacus, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia nutans, Echium maculatum. Originally widely distributed throughout the loess plateau of the Pannonic basin and at the foot of the Hungarian Central Range, but now reduced only to small fragments because of intensive agricultural activity. This habitat is of major conservation importance and harbours numerous rare and threatened taxa, including, among flowering plants, Crambe tataria, Adonis transsylvanica, Thlaspi jankae, Brassica elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B72","name":"Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes","description":"Species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands of the periphery of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on deep chernozems at the 200-300 metre level, formed by a species cortège shared in large part with the steppes of 31.911 but including numerous tall forbs that confer to it an even greater meadow-like appearance, dominated by or rich in Festuca rupicola, Poa angustifolia, Pulsatilla zimmermannii, Phlomis tuberosa, Trifolium montanum, Trifolium alpestre, Stachys officinalis (Betonica officinalis), Cytisus albus, Arenaria micradenia, Dianthus glabriusculus, Salvia pratensis, and with the rare and threatened Onosma tornensis, Thlaspi jankae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B73","name":"Pannonic semidesert steppes","description":"Open, semidesert-like pioneering community of loess walls of the Pannonic basin, comprising regional species Agropyron pectinatum, Brassica elongata, Adonis flammea with Kochia prostrata, Artemisia pontica, Stipa capillata, Centaurea micranthos, Iris pumila, Xeranthemum annuum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B74","name":"Pannonic loess pastures","description":"Secondary grasslands of wide present distribution in the Pannonic basin, developed mainly on sites previously occupied by primary steppes and forests of wooded steppe zone, with a grazing-induced simplified stratification and resulting predominance of low grasses and forbs, in particular, Cynodon dactylon, Carex supina, Achillea collina, Bromus mollis, Falcaria vulgaris, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Agrimonia eupatoria, and presence of weeds such as Echium vulgare, Convolvulus arvensis, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica arvensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B8","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppes","description":"Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of its associated basins, including those of the lower Danube, of Transylvania and of northern Thrace, of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, with Stipa capillata, Kochia prostrata, Koeleria lobata (Koeleria degenii), Stipa lessingiana, Festuca valesiaca, Dichanthium ischaemum (Bothriochloa ischaemum), Medicago minima, Brachypodium pinnatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B81","name":"Western Pontic steppes","description":"Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of the basin of the lower Danube and of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha, with Pimpinella tragium, Thymus zygioides, Stipa lessingiana, Stipa capillata, Agropyron pectiniforme."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B82","name":"Sarmatic steppes","description":"Steppes of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, forming a wooded steppe belt north of the Pontic plains, extending west to the upper Prut basin of Romanian Moldavia and east to the Volga-Kama trough, composed of Stipa lessingiana, Stipa joannis, Stipa pulcherrima, Stipa ucrainica, Koeleria macrantha, Agropyron cristatum, Festuca valesiaca, Astragalus onobrychis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1B83","name":"Eastern Pontic steppes","description":"Steppes of the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, extending west to the Dniestr, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1B9","name":"Irano-Anatolian steppes","description":"Steppes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, of the Iranian Plateau, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan, around the rim of the Ferghana basin and along the spur of the Karatau, and of northern Mesopotamia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1BA","name":"Pannonic sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Pannonic steppes (unit R1B7), thus in the Pannonic basin and the areas of preponderant influence of its communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and relate to unit R1Q7 and its subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1BA1","name":"Pannonic sand pioneer swards","description":"Therophyte-dominated stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, and in particular of Pannonic dunes (R1Q7), characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which Bromus mollis, Bromus tectorum, Bromus squarrosus, Medicago minima, Cerastium brachypetalum, Erophila verna, Plantago indica, Saxifraga tridactylites, Poa annua, Poa bulbosa, Viola kitaibeliana, Lithospermum arvense, Corispermum nitidum, Polygonum arenarium, with a few species of longer seasonal visibility, such as Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum, Alyssum tortuosum, Sedum acre, Cynodon dactylon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA11","name":"Drooping brome pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the northern Pannonic basin, dominated by Bromus tectorum, with Koeleria glauca, Secale sylvestre, Cynodon dactylon, Polygonum arenarium, Sedum urvillei, Kochia laniflora, Plantago arenaria, Helichrysum arenarium, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Alyssumalyssoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA12","name":"Corispermum pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the southern Pannonic basin, in particular of the Deliblat sand-steppe, dominated by Corispermumnitidum and Polygonum arenarium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA13","name":"Pannonic horsetail pioneer swards","description":"Pioneer sand-swards of the Pannonic basin, well characterized in the Seewinkel, dominated by Equisetum ramosissimum, with Scirpus holoschoenus and small herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1BA2","name":"Pannonic open sand steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (unit R1Q7), best characterized in Hungary and the Vojvodina, with representatives in southern Slovakia, northeastern Austria and western Romania, dominated by the perennial grasses Festuca vaginata, Stipa capillata, Stipa borysthenica, Cleistogenes serotina, Koeleria glauca, Koeleria cristata, Carex liparocarpos, accompanied by Euphorbia seguierana, Alkanna tinctoria, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Dianthus serotinus, Dianthus diutinus, Gypsophila paniculata, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus onobrychis, Erysimum diffusum, Fumana procumbens, Minuartia glomerata, Minuartia verna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA21","name":"Pannonic calciphile sand steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of calcareous Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (R1Q7), dominated by Festuca vaginata or feathergrasses (Stipa capillata, Stipaborysthenica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1BA211","name":"Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"More or less open grasslands of calcareous Pannonic sands dominated by Festucavaginata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1BA2111","name":"Central Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Extremely dry, open, semidesertic grasslands of the Hungarian Little Alföld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, on calcareous sands, with a 50-60% cover at most, constituted by Festuca vaginata, Euphorbia seguierana, Fumana procumbens, Viola rupestris, Alyssum tortuosum, Minuartia fastigiata, and harbouring numerous rare or endemic taxa, including Achillea ochroleuca, Corispermum canescens, Dianthus serotinus, Colchicum arenarium, Astragalus exscapus, Astragalus varius, Iris arenaria, Sedum hillebrandtii, Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens, Onosma arenaria, Centaurea arenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1BA2112","name":"Eastern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open sand steppes of the Carei area of northwestern Romania, in the Nyirseg system of the northeastern Pannonic basin, characteristic of semi-fixed continental sand, dominated by Festuca vaginata, with Poa bulbosa, Poa angustifolia, Linaria genistifolia, Draba verna, Euphorbia seguierana, Carex stenophylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R1BA2113","name":"Southern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open sand steppes of the Deliblat plateau of the Vojvodina, developed on extremely calcareous sands on which the moss Barbula ruralis contributes to the formation of carbonate crusts, dominated by Festuca vaginata with Koeleria glauca, Poa bulbosa, Alyssum tortuosum, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Polygonum arenarium, Centaurea arenaria, Artemisia campestris. Representatives of the community irradiate in eastern Serbia to the confines of the Oltenian plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R1BA212","name":"Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes","description":"Pioneer perennial grasslands of Pannonic sands, slightly less open than the fescue sand steppes, of which they often constitute a development stage towards closed grasslands, dominated by the tall feathergrasses Stipa capillata, Stipa borysthenica that confer to them a multistrata structure."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA22","name":"Pannonic acidophile sand fescue steppes","description":"Open grasslands of acidic sands of the Hungarian Little Alföld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld periphery, of the northern Danube-Tisza interfluve, of the Drava basin of Croatia and of the Nyirseg complex of northeastern Hungary and the Carei area of northwestern Romania, formed by an admixture of elements of sub-Atlantic Corynephorus swards and of continental, Pannonic, Festuca vaginata grasslands, dominated by Corynephorus canescens, Festuca vaginata, and with Minuartia viscosa, Anchusa officinalis ssp. pustulata, Filago germanica, Filago minima, Cynoglossum hungaricum, Thymus serpyllum, Veronica verna, Jasione montana, Helichrysum arenarium, Crepis capillaris, Equisetum ramosissimum, Euphorbia seguierana, Onosma arenaria, Gypsophila paniculata, Silene conica, Koeleria glauca, Scabiosa argentea (Scabiosa ucranica). They constitute a preferential habitat for the rare and threatened Pulsatilla hungarica, Pulsatilla patens and Herniaria hirsuta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1BA3","name":"Festuca wagneri sand steppes","description":"Pannonic semiclosed sand steppes dominated by fescues of the Festuca wagneri group, and, in the more evolved stages, by Stipa spp., intermediate between the Festuca vaginata formations of R1BA2 and the closed Festuca rupicola grasslands of R1BA4, with a species cortège drawn from both the Festucion vaginatae and the Festucion valesiacae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA31","name":"Central Pannonic Festuca wagneri sand steppes","description":"Semiclosed sand steppes of the Hungarian Plains, developed on calcareous sands with a degree of cover reaching 70-80%, usually in contact with the more open swards of the Festucetum vaginatae, dominated by the endemic Festuca javorkae (Festuca wagneri p.), accompanied by a species assemblage constituted partly of elements of the open perennial grasslands, but mainly of the steppic grasslands, with Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia, Centaurea arenaria, Eryngium campestre, Galium verum, Potentilla arenaria, Verbascum lychnitis, Silene otites var. pseudotites, Carex liparocarpos, Scabiosa ochroleuca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1BA32","name":"Deliblat Festuca wagneri sand steppes","description":"Semiclosed sand steppes of the Deliblat steppe of the Vojvodina, developed on highly calcareous sands as a transition stage between the Alysso-Festucetumvaginataea and the Chrysopogonetumpannonicum, dominated by the endemic Festucawagneri s.s., with Festucarupicola, Stipa capillata, Poa bulbosa, Peucedanum arenarium, Potentilla cinerea, Verbascum lychnitis, Silene otites, Scabiosa ochroleuca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1BA4","name":"Pannonic closed sand steppes","description":"Relatively closed, primary or secondary, fescue or feathergrass swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of the Pannonic basin of Hungary, eastern Austria, southern Slovakia and Transylvania, of relatively rare and sporadic occurrence, dominated by Festuca rupicola, Stipa joannis, Stipa pulcherrima, Carex humilis, Stipa capillata, Koeleria macrantha, Dichanthium ischaemum, or, in some facies, Chrysopogon gryllus, with Carex liparocarpos, Festuca vaginata, Festuca wagneri s.l., Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum, Achillea ochroleuca, Astragalus aster, Astragalus onobrychis, Astragalus exscapus, Astragalus austriacus, Oxytropis pilosa, Potentilla cinerea, Potentilla arenaria, Linum austriacum, Salvia nemorosa, Alyssum tortuosum, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Silene parviflora, Silene viscosa, Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae, Asperula cynanchica, Galium glaucum, Galium verum, Pulsatilla grandis, Pulsatilla nigricans, Lotus corniculatus, Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbia nicaeensis ssp. glareosa (Euphorbia glareosa, Euphorbia pannonica), Artemisia alba, Artemisia campestris, Artemisia laciniata, Artemisia pancicii, Thymus glabrescens, Daphne cneorum, Cytisus ratisbonensis, Muscari botryoides, Muscari comosum, Iris variegata, Iris humilis ssp. arenaria, Colchicum arenarium, Ophrys sphegodes, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Botrychium lunaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1BA5","name":"Pannonic sand puszta","description":"Fescue pastures of sandy alluvial soils of the Pannonic basin, distributed in the Austrian Seewinkel, the Hungarian plains, the Banat, the Crisana and Transylvania, forming a mosaic with saline pusztas (unit R6211) and water-edge vegetation to constitute the puszta landscape, formed by Festuca pseudovina, Potentilla arenaria, Cynodon dactylon, Carex stenophylla and, in some stands, Festuca valesiaca, with Fragaria viridis, Cerastium semidecandrum, Euphorbia seguierana, Eryngium campestre, Thymus glabrescens, Poa bulbosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1BB","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes (unit R1B8) and the regions of influence of their communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and and relate to unit R1Q8 and its subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1BC","name":"Irano-Anatolian sand steppes","description":"Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones. These formations are associated with inland dune systems, see also unit R1R5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1C","name":"Desert steppe","description":"Continental, temperate very dry zonal steppe, occurring in a transition belt between the true steppe region and the semi-desert region of southern Ukraine, the south-east of European Russia and ranging further into Kazakhstan. Dry steppe is dominated by a combination of xerophytic tall and low grasses, e.g. Agropyron and Stipa, and xerophytic semi-shrubs, e.g. Artemisia and Tanacetum. Vegetation cover is relatively low, with most biomass belowground. Typically found on southern black soil (chernozems) and light chestnut soils (kastanozems)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1D","name":"Mediterranean closely grazed dry grassland","description":"Heavily-grazed pasture of the Mediterranean Basin, mostly on silt and clay soils in the lowlands, dominated by rosette plants, various Fabaceae species and small grasses tolerant of intensive herbivory and trampling. The soils are dry in summer which helps exclude nitrophilous plants that might be encouraged by manuring but, refreshed by autumn rains, the herbage remains green and productive through the winter, providing valuable forage. Companion plants vary widely across the large range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1D1","name":"West Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of Spain, southern France, the large west Mediterranean islands, Italy and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1D11","name":"Causse dolomitic arenas","description":"Very open formations colonizing, within the supra-Mediterranean steppe zone of the Causses (unit R1H1), local deposits of dolomitic sands, characterized by Armeria girardii (Armeria juncea), Arenaria aggregata, Helianthemum pilosum, Sedum ochroleucum, Alkanna tinctoria, Alyssum serpyllifolium, Helichrysum stoechas, Silene otites, Aster alpinus, Festuca christianii-bernardii, Corynephorus canescens, Phleum arenarium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1D2","name":"Southwestern Mediterranean perennial pastures","description":"Iberian xerophile, intensively grazed pastures of both siliceous and calcareous substrates, dominated by short, perennial grasses, rich in specialised annuals, in particular peas and composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1D3","name":"East Mediterranean xeric grassland","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of continental, peninsular and insular Greece, of the Balkan peninsula, of western Asia and of Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1D31","name":"Helleno-Balkanic short grass and therophyte communities","description":"Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of Greece and its islands and of the Balkan peninsula, with numerous annual grasses such as Bromus fasciculatus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus intermedius, Bromus alopecuros, Bromus rubens, Brachypodium distachyon, Aegilops neglecta, Aegilops geniculata, Aegilops triuncialis, Avena sterilis, Avena barbata, Lagurus ovatus, Cynosurus echinatus, Stipa capensis, but sometimes with a strong representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Cynodon dactylon, Dactylis hispanica. They are very rich in annual flowering plants, among which of genera Euphorbia, Silene, Nigella, Adonis, Papaver, Fumaria, Biscutella, Rapistrum, Althaea, Malva, Linum, Geranium, Astragalus, Ononis, Trigonella, Medicago, Melilotus, Trifolium, Lotus, Coronilla, Scorpiurus, Hedysarum, Onobrychis, Bupleurum, Daucus, Anagallis, Orobanche, Plantago, Centaurium, Galium, Evax, Filago, Pallenis, Anthemis, Chrysanthemum, Tragopogon, suffrutescent labiates ofgenera Teucrium, Thymus, Ballota, Phlomis, Micromeria, Salvia andothers, and geophytes such as Urginea maritima, Asphodelus microcarpus, Lloydia graeca, Allium spp., Ornithogalum spp., Muscari spp., Romulea spp., Orchis spp., Ophrys spp., Anacamptis pyramidalis. They constitute a wide array of distinctive communities, many of them very local and restricted to small surfaces. Many of the more extensive pastures, in particular those dominated by annual grasses, are subnitrophilous or nitrophilous and may be better classified under unit 34.8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1D32","name":"Asio-Mediterranean short grass and therophyte communities","description":"Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean areas of Cyprus, Anatolia and the Levant, with annual grasses, in particular, Stipa capensis (Stipa tortilis) and Brachypodiumdistachyon and often a representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses, rich in annual flowering plants and geophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1E","name":"Mediterranean tall perennial dry grassland","description":"Grassland on base-rich soils over various types of calcareous bedrock through the Mediterranean region, where grazing and trampling sustain open or closed swards, generally dominated by tall, dense tussock grasses that lend a steppe-like character. Summer drought and disturbance by grazing and burning help prevent reversion to a forest but can encourage the invasion of aliens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E1","name":"Retuse torgrass swards","description":"Grasslands dominated by Brachypodium retusum and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues or occupying their clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E2","name":"Crau steppe","description":"Open grasslands of the coussous still covering vast but dwindling expanses of the Crau (southern France) a fossil delta of the Durance, with Brachypodium retusum, Stipa capillata, Dichanthium ischaemum, Elymus caput-medusae, Thymus vulgaris, Bellis sylvestris, Asphodelus fistulosus, Euphorbia seguierana, Linum gallicum, Salvia multifida, Bufonia macrosperma; they support a fauna of exceptional originality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E3","name":"Eastern retuse torgrass swards","description":"Grasslands of the Balkan peninsula, Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean region dominated by Brachypodium retusum and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues and phryganas or occupying their clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E4","name":"Stipa tenacissima steppes","description":"Stipa tenacissima-dominated formations of the Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E5","name":"Lygeum spartum steppes","description":"Lygeum spartum-dominated formations of North Africa, the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast, the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, southern Italy and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E51","name":"Iberian esparto steppes","description":"Sometimes extensive Lygeum spartum-dominated formations of the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast and the Guadalquivir basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E52","name":"Central Mediterranean esparto steppes","description":"More restricted Lygeum spartum-dominated formations of Sardinia, southern Italy, Sicily and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E53","name":"Cretan esparto steppes","description":"Rare and isolated Lygeum spartum-dominated formations of the south coast of Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E6","name":"Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than Stipa tenacissima or Lygeum spartum","description":"Mediterranean tall-grass steppes dominated by tall grasses other than Stipatenacissima or Lygeum spartum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E61","name":"Berceales","description":"Stipa gigantea-dominated formations of central and southern Spain and of northwestern North Africa, mostly on siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E62","name":"Mediterranean feathergrass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean formations of North Africa, Spain, Italy, southern France, Greece, the southern Balkans and western Asia, dominated by tall perennial grasses of genera Stipa (Stipa lagascae, Stipa offneri i.a.) or Piptatherum (Oryzopsis), other than the very tall Stipa tenacissima or Stipagigantea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E63","name":"Diss steppes","description":"Formations of North Africa, Italy, Spain and Greece, dominated by Ampelodesmos mauritanica; many chamaephyte and diss formations have the physiognomy of a garrigue or a brush and have been listed under S51L."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E64","name":"Andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa, Spain, southern France, Italy and the central Mediterranean islands, Greece, the Balkans and western Asia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium insculptum, Dichanthium ischaemum (Andropogon ischaemum, Bothriochloa ischaemum) or Chrysopogon gryllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E641","name":"Iberian andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Spain constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium insculptum, Dichanthium ischaemum or Chrysopogon gryllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E642","name":"Provençal andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of southern France constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium insculptum, Dichanthium ischaemum or Chrysopogon gryllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E643","name":"Central Mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Italy and the central Mediterranean islands constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium insculptum, Dichanthium ischaemum or Chrysopogon gryllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E644","name":"Helleno-Balkanic andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso-, thermo- and sub-Mediterranean steppes of Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, north to Albania and the North Macedonia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Dichanthium ischaemum, Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, or Chrysopogon gryllus. They are continued in Bulgaria by the steppic grasslands of unit R1B24, and in the western Balkan peninsula by tall-grass steppic grasslands of units R1K1, R1K2 and R1K3, in particular, of unit R1K24. They are represented farther north in the southern Alpine region by grasslands of unit R1A37."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E645","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian andropogonid grass steppes","description":"Meso- and thermo-mediterranean steppes of the Anatolian plateau, of the adjacent western Asian mediterranean lowlands and of Cyprus, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Andropogon distachyos, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium insculptum, Dichanthium ischaemum or Chrysopogon gryllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1E65","name":"Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean grasslands of the Baetic region dominated by the tall, cespitose Festuca scariosa, Festuca capillifolia, Arrhenatherum album, Helictotrichon filifolium and Helictotrichon sarracenorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E651","name":"Calcicolous fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of calcareous and dolomitic soils of the Serrania de Ronda mountain system, the peripheral ranges of the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Alhamilla in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E652","name":"Silicicolous fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Cabrera and the Sierra de Alhamilla in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1E653","name":"Carrascoy fescue and oat grasslands","description":"Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra de Carrascoy (Murcia, Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E7","name":"Cane steppes","description":"Meso-, thermo- and sometimes supra-Mediterranean formations of the Mediterranean basin, physiognomically dominated by very tall, robust, canelike grasses of genera Imperata, Saccharum, Arundo, Hemarthria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1E8","name":"Sub-Mediterranean Artemisia steppes","description":"Artemisia-dominated formations of the steppic regions of the North African and West Asian transition zones between the Mediterranean region and the Saharo-Arabian deserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1F","name":"Mediterranean annual-rich dry grassland","description":"Usually ephemeral vegetation related to the yearly cycle of spring rains and summer drought through the Mediterranean where a high diversity of small annual plants make a brief colourful appearance on bare patches of mainly base-rich soils. The species composition varies greatly, according to the particular regional terrain and climate and the impact of traditional pastoralism."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1F1","name":"Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils","description":"Spring-blooming, summer-desiccated formations of therophytes developed on base-rich, often calcareous, superficial soils of mesomediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin, with annual grasses such as Bromus fasciculatus, Brachypodium distachyon, Lagurus ovatus, Stipa capensis, Parapholis incurva, Hainardia cylindrica, Echinaria todaroana, Desmazeria marina, Desmazeria sicula, Desmazeria zwierleinii, Lamarckia aurea, Narduroides salzmannii, Vulpia unilateralis, Ctenopsis gypsophila, a few perennial grasses (e.g. Koeleria splendens, Dactylis hispanica) and numerous flowering plants, many of them annuals, and a very significant number restricted endemics; among the characteristic species are Silene tridentata, Silene neglecta, Silene sedoides, Paronychia argentea, Arenaria capillipes, Ionopsidium prolongoi, Erophila verna, Astragalus sesameus, Ononis ornithopodioides, Ononis oligophylla, Ononis sieberi, Onobrychis aequidentata, Trigonella monspeliaca, Trigonella polyceratia, Plantago albicans, Plantago coronopus, Plantago afra, Plantago amplexicaulis, Plantago notata, Plantago ovata, Polygala monspeliaca, Convolvulus lineatus, Eryngium dichotomum, Eryngium triquetrum, Eryngium ilicifolium, Hedysarum spinosissimum, Callipeltis cucullaris, Catananche lutea, Daucus aureus, Daucus lopadusanus, Daucus bocconei, Nigella arvensis, Scorzonera laciniata, Lavatera agrigentina, Scabiosa parviflora, Anthemis muricata, Senecio leucanthemifolius, Limonium calcarae, Limonium echioides, Limonium thouinii, Campanula fastigiata, Campanula erinus, Erodium pulverulentum, Iberis fontqueri, Viola demetria, Arabis verna, Brassica souliei, Aster sorrentinii, Asteriscus aquaticus, Echium parviflorum, Bellis annua, Matricaria aurea, Linaria reflexa, Linaria pseudolaxiflora, Linaria amethystea, Linaria huteri, Linaria platycalyx, Linaria saturejoides, Linaria clementei, Filago cossyrensis, Valantia calva, Sedum litoreum, Sedum caeruleum, Sedum stellatum, Saxifraga tridactylites, Hornungia petraea, Parietaria cretica, Biscutella lyrata, Anagallis monelli, Fedia cornucopiae, Evax pygmaea, Jasione penicillata, Andryala ragusina, Allium pallens ssp. siciliense, Allium agrigentinum, Allium chamaemoly. Various combinations of the species above enter in the constitution of numerous distinctive, often ephemeral and very local communities restricted to small surfaces among, or in clearings of, other formations. The more widespread pastures dominated by annual grasses are for the most part subnitrophilous and better classified under unit 34.8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F11","name":"Western Mediterranean calciphile annual communities","description":"Thermo- meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean calciphile formations of spring-blooming, summer-desiccated annual grasses and flowering plants of Mediterranean France, Iberia and Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F12","name":"Southeastern Iberian pre-desert annual communities","description":"Ephemeral annual grasses and flowering plants formations of the arid Iberian southeast, appearing among the pre-desert scrub communities of unit S541."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F13","name":"Iberian gypsum annual communities","description":"Formations of small annuals developing on gypsum soils of interior Iberia, among the gypsum-scrub communities of unit S651."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F14","name":"Andalusian magnesium annual communities","description":"Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants colonizing dolomites, ophiolites, peridotites and serpentines of Andalusia, developing among garrigue communities of S51Q."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F15","name":"Sicilian saxicolous annual communities","description":"Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants of Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Linosa, Lampedusa and Pantelleria, sometimes subhalophile, developed on steep slopes, exposed crests, coastal rocks and volcanic material, often among the rocky shore communities of B3.33 (of EUNIS 2012) or the pre-desert scrub of S541."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F16","name":"Northern Sicilian aster annual communities","description":"Aster sorrentinii formations of steep clay and marl slopes of northern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F17","name":"Calabro-Sicilian esparto annual communities","description":"Annual grasses and flowering plants formations accompanying the Lygeumspartum steppes of southern Calabria and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1F18","name":"Dalmatian siliceous grassland","description":"Uncommon acidophile annual-rich grasslands of Dalmatia occupying small, insularised surfaces on colluvions and red earths of the Dalmatian karst and on southern Dalmatian sands; characteristic are Tuberaria guttata, Filago vulgaris, Silene gallica, Linaria pelisseriana, Plantago bellardii, Galium parisiense, Hypochoeris radicata, Cynanchum contiguum, Crepis sancta, Trifolium cherleri, Trifolium lappaceum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium glomeratum, Trifolium nigrescens, Trifolium angustifolium, Lathyrus sphaericus, Ornithopus compressus, Lupinus micranthus, Lupinus lacromensis, Luzula campestris and the grasses Aira elegans, Vulpia ligustica, Vulpia bromoides, Vulpia myuros, Briza maxima, Anthoxanthum ovatum, Gastridium ventricosum, Gaudinia fragilis, Phleum echinatum, Psilurus aristatus; the orchids Ophrys apifera, Ophrys oestrifera, Spiranthes spiralis are recorded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1G","name":"Iberian oromediterranean siliceous dry grassland","description":"Grassland of base-poor soils over siliceous bedrock on the slopes and crests of high mountains in the Iberian Peninsula with a short growing season and harsh winters with strong winds which blow the ground free of snow and leave the surface subject to deep cold and the development of freeze-thaw features. The vegetation cover, moderately open to closed, is dominated by prostrate or dwarf grasses and forbs and includes many endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1G1","name":"Iberian Festuca frost-influenced grassland","description":"Supra-Mediterranean and montane psychroxerophile, open perennial grasslands of the Cantabrian and Iberian ranges particularly characteristic of frost-fashioned, snow-free, superficial soils of the Juniperus thurifera and Juniperussabina environments, rich in Festucahystrix, Festuca burnatii, Poa ligulata and with, among others, Armeriabigerrensis ssp. legionensis, Arenariaaggregata ssp. cantabrica, Centaurea janeri ssp. babiana, Draba cantabrica, Saxifraga conifera, Ononis striata, Ononis cristata, Ononis pusilla, Coronilla minima, Paronychia kapela ssp. serpyllifolia, Helianthemum canum, Carex humilis. They ascend to the oro-mediterranean level and extend southeast to the eastern Baetic chains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1H","name":"Iberian oromediterranean basiphilous dry grassland","description":"Grassland of base-rich soils over calcareous bedrocks on the slopes and crests of high mountains in the Iberian Peninsula and France, with a short growing season and harsh winters when strong winds blow the ground free of snow and leave the surface subject to deep cold which encourages the development of freeze-thaw features. The vegetation cover, moderately open to closed, is dominated by prostrate or dwarf grasses and forbs and includes many endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1H1","name":"Mediterraneo-montane steppes","description":"Sparse or discontinuous xerophile grasslands of Stipa pennata, Festuca auquieri (Festuca duriuscula), Festuca hervieri, Koeleria vallesiana or Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima with Helianthemum apenninum, Helianthemum canum, Genista spp., Globularia spp., Ononis striata, Euphorbia seguierana, Potentilla crantzii, Thymus dolomiticus, Plantago argentea, Rosa pimpinellifolia, Dianthus sylvestris, Lavandula angustifolia, Aster alpinus, Anthyllis spp., Carex humilis, best developed in the Causses, but also present locally in Provence and Languedoc, from the Alps to Catalonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1H11","name":"Mediterraneo-montane Stipa steppes","description":"Steppes dominated by Stipa pennata, with Festuca auquieri, Koeleria vallesiana, Brachypodium pinnatum, Ononis striata, occupying vast expanses of the Causses, and locally represented on crests and plateaux of Haute Provence, the southwestern Alps and the Corbières."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1H12","name":"Mediterraneo-montane Sesleria steppes","description":"More closed Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima-dominated grasslands occupying usually exiguous surfaces of somewhat shaded slopes, ledges, rocky corridors and snow-retaining cliff-bases in the Causses and other low mountains of the Mediterranean periphery of southern France and Catalonia, in particular Montserrat, the Corbières, the montagne d'Alaric and western Provence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1H13","name":"Mediterraneo-montane Festuca-Koeleria steppes","description":"Mediterraneo-montane steppe-grasslands poor in Stipa pennata, for the most part Festuca auquieri-, Koeleria vallesiana- or Carex humilis-dominated facies of R1H11."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1H14","name":"Mediterraneo-montane Artemisia steppes","description":"Open formations with Artemisia alba and Hyssopus officinalis, rich in chamaephytes, of eroded steep slopes of the Causses (France), harbouring, in particular, Convolvulus cantabrica and Allium flavum; similar formations of the southwestern Alps appear best included in the subcontinental steppe-grasslands (unit R1B3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1H2","name":"Aphyllanthes grassland and supra-Mediterranean steppes","description":"Coarse or steppe-like grasslands rich in chamaephytes of pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophile deciduous oak forests, or of Quercus rotundifolia forests, in the supra-Mediterranean belt of Iberia, southern France and Liguria; grassland facies of the supra-Mediterranean garrigues (F6.6 of EUNIS 2012 overlapping with S61, S62, S63) and hedgehog heaths (F7.4 of EUNIS 2012 split into S73, S74, S75, S76)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1H3","name":"Central and southern Apennine dry grassland","description":"Open grasslands of calcareous substrates of the middle and southern Apennines, southern vicariant of the Xerobromion, with Bromus erectus, Sideritis syriaca and many Apennine endemics or subendemics such as Crepis lacera, Centaurea rupestris ssp. ceratophylla, Phleum ambiguum, Carex macrolepis. Many distinctive communities exist in this unit, some still covering vast expanses of land of exceptional biological significance such as Campo Imperatore in the Gran Sasso range; a few examples are cited below, others may be added."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1J","name":"Cyrno-Sardean oromediterranean siliceous dry grassland","description":"Grassland of base-poor soils over siliceous bedrock on the slopes and crests of high mountains in Corsica and Sardinia, with a short growing season and harsh winters when strong winds blow the ground free of snow and leave the surface subject to deep cold which encourages the development of freeze-thaw features. The cover of vegetation is intermediate to complete, dominated by prostrate herbs, cushion plants and dwarf shrubs, and includes many endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1K","name":"Balkan and Anatolian oromediterranean dry grassland","description":"Closed grassland of deeper acid soils occurring over various bedrocks above the tree line in Greece and Anatolia. It is found on high mountain slopes and depressions where snow accumulates and provides springtime irrigation with melt-water. The vegetation is species-rich, but the dominants and associates vary from place to place. It provides valuable summer grazing for traditional pastoralism."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1K1","name":"Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the warmer lowlands and hills of the Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas, within the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum and Ostryo-Carpinion orientalisadriaticum zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K11","name":"Helleno-Paeonian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum zone of northern Greece, the southern North Macedonia and southwestern Albania, on the northwestern spurs of the Pindus system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K12","name":"Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of Adriatic Croatia, in Istria and Dalmatia, western Bosnia-Herzegovina, western Montenegro, northwestern and western Albania south to the Vjosa lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K121","name":"Dalmatian savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of the western Balkan peninsula, with Plantago holosteum ssp. depauperata, Centaurea tommasinii, Carlina lanata, Koeleria splendens, Festuca trachyphylla, Festuca valesiaca, Chrysopogon gryllus, Stipa bromoides, Bromus erectus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K122","name":"Dalmatian sage-feathergrass grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of strongly eroded slopes of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of Istria and Dalmatia, with Salvia officinalis, Campanula sibirica, Stipa bromoides, Bromus erectus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K123","name":"Dalmatian asphodel-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the northern part of the transition zone between the mesomediterranean and Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum regions of Dalmatia, particularly well developed on the karst of the island of Pag, with Asphodelus microcarpus, Chamaecytisus spinescens, Scutellaria orientalis var. pinnatifida, Inula candida, Cirsum acarna, Chrysopogon gryllus, Bromus erectus, Melica ciliata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K124","name":"Dalmatian thrift grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of the Dalmatian archipelago, noted in particular from Pag, with Armeria dalmatica, Artemisia alba, Alyssum montanum, Helichrysum italicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K125","name":"Dalmatian Aethionema grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the upper Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of Dalmatia, with Satureja montana, Galium corrudifolium, Aethionema saxatile, Artemisia alba, Melica ciliata, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Bromus erectus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1K126","name":"Dalmatian fescue grasslands","description":"Fairly dense, closed sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of the western Balkan peninsula, developed on relatively fine-textured soils, with Achillea nobilis, Medicago prostrata, Festuca valesiaca, Koeleria splendens, Bromus erectus, Cladonia endiviaefolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1K2","name":"Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the submontane and montane levels of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the upper levels of the Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum zone, reaching locally to the beech level, of more medio-European physiognomy than the formations of unit R1K1, and somewhat reminiscent of Bromion erecti grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K21","name":"Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands","description":"Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula with Carex humilis, Bromus erectus, Centaurea rupestris, Leucanthemum liburnicum, Plantago argentea, Jurinea mollis, Iris cengialti, Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis and, in warmer stations, Filipendula vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, Briza media, onexposed slopes, Sesleria juncifolia, Gentiana lutea, Gentiana clusii, Trinia glauca, in the most montane situations Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. They occur from Trieste to Montenegro, and in the Velebit, Dinara, Kamesnika, Prenj und Biokovo ranges, and are used as pastures or sometimes hay meadows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K22","name":"Savory-edraianthus grasslands","description":"Low, mat-forming submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, occupying windswept hilltops, with Satureja subspicata with Edraianthus tenuifolius, Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. italicum, Genista holopetala, Crepis chondrilloides, distributed from the Orjen to the Obruc range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K23","name":"Mucronated sedge grasslands","description":"Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, replacing the grasslands of unit R1K22 in the Obruc range and Gorsky Kotar on extremely wind-exposed domes with shallow dolomitic rendzinas, at an altitude of 800-1100 m, with Carex mucronata, Genista holopetala, Euphorbia saxatilis, Gentiana clusii, Minuartia laricifolia, Sesleria juncifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K24","name":"Triestine knapweed-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Lacunar, cespitose steppic grasslands of the northeastern Adriatic dominated by the tall andropogonid grasses Chrysopogon gryllus and Dichanthium ischaemum, associated with Cleistogenes serotina, and with Carex humilis, Anthyllis adriadica, Asperula purpurea, the endemic Centaurea cristata, Artemisia alba, Bupleurum veronense, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Argyrolobium zanonii, Onosma javorkae, Carlina corymbosa, Gentiana tergestina. They are characteristic of the Triestine karst, with uncommon occurrence in karstic Slovenia. These tall-grass steppic grasslands are intermediate between the more mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes of unit R1E644 and the peri-Alpine Chrysopogon grasslands of unit R1A37. Related Chrysopogon grasslands also exist in units R1K1 and R1K3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K25","name":"Silky greenwood-Sesleria grasslands","description":"Rock grasslands of steep slopes of the Triestine and Slovenian karst dominated by Sesleria juncifolia, with Carex humilis, Allium ochroleucum, Sempervivum tectorum, Scorzonera austriaca var. platyphylla, Athamanta turbith andspecies of the Sedo-Scleranthetea and Potentilletalia caulescentis rock-debris and cliff cortèges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1K3","name":"Viper's grass dry grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum zone, developed on deeper more acidified soils than the formations of units R1K1 and R1K2, over flysch or schists, or over loam or clay covered limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K31","name":"Viper's grass-lime sieglinglia grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed in Istria, northern coastal Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Danthonia provincialis, Chrysopogon gryllus, Bromus erectus, Schoenus nigricans, Dianthus ferrugineus ssp. liburnicus, Ferulago campestris, Scorzonera villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K32","name":"Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of the northern Quarnero-Istrian coastal area, with Euphorbia nicaeensis, Potentilla pedata, Potentilla cinerea, Dianthus carthusianorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K33","name":"Restharrow-brome grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed the Quarnero Islands, in particular Rab, Pag and Muc, and in central and northern Dalmatia, with Ononis spinosa ssp. antiquorum, Astragalus monspessulanus ssp. illyricus, Inula oculus-christi, Onobrychis arenaria, Scorpiurus subvillosus, Leucanthemum croaticum, Inula ensifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K34","name":"Viper's grass-catsear grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, limited to moutain slopes of Istria, up to the beech level, transitional to medio-European Bromion erecti grasslands, with Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca valesiaca, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Lilium bulbiferum, Gentianella germanica, Primula veris, Scorzonera villosa, Hypochoeris maculata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K35","name":"Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands","description":"Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of clearings of the submontane hop-hornbeam beech woods with Hypochoeris maculata, Pedicularis acaulis, Linum narbonense, Carex montana, and a number of acidophilous species, such as Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K36","name":"Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands","description":"Open acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of fallow, superficially eroded fields of the Croatian coastal region, with Poa bulbosa, Seseli montanum ssp. tommasinii, Trifolium incarnatum ssp. molinerii, Ophrys bertolonii, Salvia bertolonii, Thymus longicaulis, Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata, Silene vulgaris, Festuca pseudovina, Bromus erectus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1K37","name":"Cleistogenes grasslands","description":"Postcultural acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Cleistogenes serotina (Diplachne serotina, Leptochloa serotina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1K4","name":"Bosnian dolomite grasslands","description":"Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of dolomitic rendzinas of Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Peucedanum arenarium ssp. neumayerii, Euphorbia barrelieri, Reichardia macrophylla, Silene reichenbachii, Saponaria bellidifolia, Haplophyllum patavium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1L","name":"Madeiran oromediterranean siliceous dry grassland","description":"Highly distinctive tussocky grassland, rich in endemics, restricted to mountains in Madeira, where it occurs in crevices and on ledges in siliceous volcanic rocks where the soils are kept permanently moist by the very humid climate. It typically occurs in mosaics with heaths and forests, being threatened by the decline of domestic goat grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1M","name":"Lowland to montane, dry to mesic grassland usually dominated by Nardus stricta","description":"Usually dominated by the tightly tussocky Nardus stricta, this grassland is characteristic of nutrient-poor, acidic soils, sometimes seasonally wet, on siliceous substrates through the entire lowlands and submontane belts of temperate Europe, though optimally developed in the cooler and rainier climate of the Atlantic region. Other grasses may share dominance, but the associated flora is generally rather species-poor and related to the type and intensity of grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M1","name":"Nardus stricta swards","description":"Mesophile and xerophile Nardus stricta-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia. Other important species: Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis pyrenaica, Avenula versicolor, Campanula alpina and Avenella flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M11","name":"Insular Nardus-Galium grasslands","description":"Mesophile and xerophile Nardus stricta-dominated or -rich grasslands of the British Isles and the Faeroe Islands, with Agrostis capillaris, Galium saxatile, Potentillaerecta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M12","name":"Sub-Atlantic Nardus-Galium grasslands","description":"Mesophile and xerophile Nardus stricta-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of the mainland of Europe, extending north to western Jutland, northern Jutland, nemoral and boreonemoral southern Sweden, nemoral southern Norway and oceanic southern boreal Norway, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Carpathians and the Austrian pre-Alps, southwest to Asturias and Cantabria; the species cortège includes Polygala vulgaris, Hypericum maculatum f. glabrum, Galium saxatile, Carex panicea, Hieracium umbellatum, Hypochoeris maculata, Genista tinctoria, Arnica montana, Campanula rotundifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Potentilla erecta, Thymus pulegioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M13","name":"Beskid Calluna-Nardus grassland","description":"Endemic grassland community of the Beskid vicinity of Poland, dominated by Nardus stricta, accompanied by Danthonia decumbens (Sieglingia decumbens), Viola canina var. ericetorum, Polygala vulgaris and invaded to a varying degree by Callunavulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M14","name":"Bohemian orchid-matgrass swards","description":"Rare grassland community of the Czech and Austrian Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and of the Austrian southeastern pre-Alps, dominated by Nardus stricta with Carex pallescens, Gymnadenia conopsea, Orchis mascula, Dactylorhiza majalis, Platanthera bifolia, Phyteuma nigrum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Anemone nemorosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M15","name":"Illyrian mat-grass swards","description":"Mesophile and xerophile Nardus stricta-dominated or -rich grasslands of relatively high-rainfall lowland, collinar and montane regions of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, northwestern Albania, mostly characteristic of the Fagion illyricum beech level and of the heaths of the Carpinion illyricum environment, extending into the Adriatic-influenced western forests of the Fagion moesiacum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M2","name":"Agrostis - Festuca grassland","description":"Closed mesophile or dry grasslands of the nemoral  zones of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of Europe formed by Agrostis spp. and Festuca spp., in association with other grasses such as Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hierochloe odorata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia decumbens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1M21","name":"Nemoral Agrostis-Festuca grasslands","description":"Closed mesophile grasslands of Atlantic and, locally, of sub-Atlantic, middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the nemoral zone, extending north to the boreonemoral zone and, locally, to the boreal zone, formed by Agrostis spp. and Festuca spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1M211","name":"Britannic Agrostis-Festuca grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1M212","name":"Fenno-Scandian boreo-nemoral Agrostis-Festuca grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1M213","name":"Gallo-Britannic Agrostis curtisii grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1M214","name":"Iberian Agrostis-Festuca grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R1M215","name":"Sub-Atlantic Agrostis-Festuca grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M3","name":"Deschampsia flexuosa grassland","description":"Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial grasslands occupying acid soils in Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, north to Iceland and southern Scandinavia, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M4","name":"Calamagrostis epigejos stands","description":"Tall Calamagrostis epigejos-dominated facies of siliceous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic northern and middle Europe, otherwise described by units R1M1 or R1M2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M5","name":"Carex arenaria grassland","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by Carex arenaria, formed as invasion facies of grasslands of units R1M1 and R1M2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M6","name":"Dry sub-continental acid steppic grasslands","description":"Closed, floristically quite rich steppe-like perennial grasslands occupying acid soils of Central, East and Southeast Europe, dominated by grasses Agrostis capillaris, Festuca valesiaca, Anthoxanthumodoratum, Danthonia calycina and Chrysopogon gryllus or species of clover (Trifolium alpestre., T. montanum, T. pannonicum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. velenovskyi, T. campestre)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M7","name":"Southern Italian Nardus stricta swards and related communities","description":"Closed, mesophile grasslands of depressions, flats and snow patches of the beech level of the southern Apennines, with Luzula multiflora, Luzula pindica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca rubra, Festuca varia s.l., Festucaviolacea, Bellardiochloa violacea (Poa violacea), Alopecurus gerardii, Danthonia decumbens, Phleum alpinum, Carex leporina, Hypochoeris laevigata, Dianthus deltoides, Nardus stricta, Crocus vernus, Sedum atratum, Euphrasia minima, Ajuga tenorii (Ajuga acaulis), Potentilla neumanniana var. rigoana, Potentilla argentea var. calabra, Ranunculus sartorianus, Ranunculus polyanthemos ssp. thomasii, Meum athamanticum, Asphodelus albus var. pollinensis, Plantago brutia, Pedicularis petiolaris, Omalotheca sylvatica (Gnaphalium sylvaticum), Cirsium vallis-demoni, Viola calcarata, Armeria majellensis; they are widespread in the siliceous Sila range and also occur on deep decalcified soils of the piani of the calcareous Pollino range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1M8","name":"Balkanic montane Nardus stricta swards","description":"Closed Nardus stricta-dominated grasslands of the Fagion moesiacum zone of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1N","name":"Open Iberian supramediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland","description":"Dominated by small tussock grasses, forbs and mat-formers, including many endemics, this grassland occurs on shallow skeletal soils, nutrient-poor and drought-prone, developed over outcrops of siliceous and ultramafic bedrocks at moderate to high altitudes in the western Iberian Peninsula. The habitat is a traditional part of pastoral landscapes grazed mostly by sheep."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1N1","name":"Western Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland","description":"West Mediterranean annual-rich grasslands of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season; they are rich in small Fabaceae, in particular of genera, Trifolium, Lathyrus, Ornithopus, Lupinus, Anthyllis, Coronilla and grasses of genera Corynephorus, Aira, Airopsis, Molineria, Vulpia, Briza, Anthoxanthum, Micropyrum; characteristic species include Tuberaria guttata, Silene gallica, Linaria pelisseriana, Plantago bellardii, Galium divaricatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1N2","name":"Iberian Festuca elegans grassland","description":"Perennial grasslands dominated by the tall cespitose Festuca elegans of the supra-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica level of the Cordillera Central and Sierra Nevada with, among others, Geum heterocarpum, Trifolium ochroleucon and Paeoniacoriacea of deep, siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1N3","name":"West Mediterraneo-montane Nardus stricta swards","description":"Perennial grasslands on acid soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Iberian penisula, dominated by e.g. Festuca elegans or Nardus stricta. Mediterranean annual-rich siliceous grassland of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1P","name":"Oceanic to subcontinental inland sand grassland on dry acid and neutral soils","description":"Moderately open to closed grassland on nutrient-poor sandy soils, mostly acid to neutral though sometimes calcareous, on plains, river terraces and cliffs through the lowlands and submontane belts of temperate Europe. Narrow-leaved, tussocky graminoids dominate, associated herbs can be numerous and more open swards can have rich annual and cryptogam floras. Across the wide range, there is considerable variety among the dominants and companions, and the extreme topoclimate can provide a western outpost for steppe elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1P1","name":"Dwarf annual siliceous grassland","description":"Pioneer formations of typically dwarf annuals, often ephemeral and of very limited extent, characteristic in particular of fixed sands, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and supra-Mediterranean Europe, with Aira caryophyllea, Aira praecox, Micropyrum tenellum (Nardurus lachenalii), Vulpia bromoides, Vulpia myuros, Trisetum ovatum, Filago arvensis, Filago gallica, Filago lutescens, Filago minima, Filago pyramidata, Filago vulgaris, Spergula morisonii, Hypochoeris glabra, Evax carpetana, Moenchia erecta, Scleranthus polycarpos, Teesdalia nudicaulis, Myosotis discolor, Myosotis stricta, Linaria elegans, Linaria amethystea, Sedum lagascae, Sedum pedicellatum, Ornithopus perpusillus, Trifolium striatum, Trifolium arvense, Trifolium dubium, Trifolium campestre, Trifolium micranthum, Tuberaria guttata; typical former crop-following species also find a refuge in these communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1P2","name":"Perennial open siliceous grassland","description":"Open or semi-open grasslands of fixed sands and dry ground of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by perennial grasses such as Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Agrostis delicatula, Agrostis durieui, Agrostis castellana, Poa angustifolia, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca filiformis, Corynephorus canescens, Calamagrostis epigejos or Carex arenaria, usually succeeding to formations of unit R1P1 or R1Q1 and constituting a transition towards closed grasslands of unit E1.7 (of EUNIS 2012 narrower than R1M)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1Q","name":"Inland sanddrift and dune with siliceous grassland","description":"Usually sparse grasslands on sand drifts among inland dunes and other open landscapes, mainly in the northern Central European lowlands, where the nutrient-poor and highly acidic surface is prone to wind erosion and hot droughty summers, forming a highly distinctive shifting-dune landscape. Soil development is very slow, pioneer bryophyte vegetation succeeded by an open cover of small tussock grasses, often with rich contingents of lichens on the compacted surface. Military training zones and abandoned lignite areas provide a new environment for the development of these grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q1","name":"Corynephorus grassland","description":"Very open grasslands of mobile or poorly fixed sands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, dominated by Corynephoruscanescens, sometimes by Leymusarenarius or Carex arenaria; most are dunal and relate to other subunits of unit E1.9 (of EUNIS 2012 wider than R1P, R1Q)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q2","name":"Inland dune pioneer grassland","description":"Formations of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland sands with Corynephorus canescens, Carex arenaria, Spergula morisonii, Teesdalia nudicaulis and carpets of fruticose lichens (Cladonia, Cetraria) (cf. unit R1Q1). Communities of Jutland are rich in Ammophila arenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q3","name":"Inland dune siliceous grassland","description":"Grasslands of more stabilised Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems with Agrostis spp. and Corynephoruscanescens or other acidophilous grasses. Related units are found in E1.7 (of EUNIS 2012 narrower that R1M), R1P1 and R1P2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q4","name":"Northern fluviatile dunes","description":"Formations of the immediate vicinity of great rivers within the North Sea-Baltic plain, comprising, besides the communities of R1Q2 and R1Q3, slightly calcareous grasslands of E1.12 and R1B4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q5","name":"Southern fluviatile dunes","description":"Dunes of the great rivers of middle Europe (Seine, Loire, Saone, upper Rhine, upper Elbe). A small remnant exists in the Po plain of northern Italy. Like the fluvioglacial dunes of northern Europe, they carry specialised and rare ecosystems and are highly vulnerable. They are much more calcareous than the northern inland dunes and their grasslands (units E1.12, R1B4 i.a.) have a substeppic character contrasting with that of neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q6","name":"Breckland inland dunes","description":"Remnants of the once vast Breckland inland dune system, of similar glacial origin to that of the continental fluvioglacial dunes under units R1Q2-R1Q4, and like them, colonised by acidophilous grasslands and heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q7","name":"Pannonic inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain and of neighbouring basins, northwest to the Marchfeld and fragmentary on blown sands of Borska nizina lowland. During the spring ephemeral therophytes prevail, while grasses and lichens dominate during autumn. Xerophilous siliceous grasslands are characterised by the communities of alliances Corynephorion canescentis and Festucion vaginatae and species Corynephorus canescens, Festucavaginata, Koeleria glauca, Thymusserpyllum and Ceratodon purpureus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q71","name":"Pannonic bare sands","description":"Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation, in which the bare sand surface is usually covered by a thin film of soil algae and supports the fungus Psatirella ammophyla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q72","name":"Pannonic dune lichen communities","description":"Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pannonic dunes, with Cladonia convoluta, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia magyarica and the bryophytes Syntrichia ruralis, Tortula spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q73","name":"Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands","description":"Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of the Pannonic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which Bromus mollis, Bromus tectorum, Bromus squarrosus, Medicago minima, Cerastium brachypetalum, Erophila verna, Plantago indica, Saxifraga tridactylites, Poa annua, Poa bulbosa, Viola kitaibeliana, Lithospermum arvense, Corispermum nitidum, Polygonum arenarium, with a few more perennials such as Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum, Alyssum tortuosum, Sedum acre, Cynodon dactylon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q74","name":"Pannonic dune open grasslands","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic dunes, dominated by the perennial grasses Festuca vaginata, Stipa capillata, Stipa borysthenica, Cleistogenes serotina, Koeleria glauca, Koeleria cristata, Carex liparocarpos, accompanied by Euphorbia seguierana, Alkanna tinctoria, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Dianthus serotinus, Dianthus diutinus, Gypsophila paniculata, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus onobrychis, Erysimum diffusum, Fumana procumbens, Minuartia glomerata, Minuartia verna; arid sites on flattened plains are characterized by the abundance of lichens and have Helechrysum arenarium and Kochia laniflora; thermic slopes and tops of dunes support an open community with the shrub Fumana procumbens, Astragalus varius, Helianthemum nummularium, Scabiosaochroleuca; somewhat water-retentive depressions are characterized by Scirpus holoschoenus and Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens; shrub colonisation includes Juniperus communis, Berberis vulgaris and Salix rosmarinifolia. Decalcified dune tops and slopes may support more acidophilous formations dominated by Corynephorus canescens, with Jasionemontana and Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolia, but also with many species of the calcareous sandy grasslands, including Festuca vaginata and Koeleria glauca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q75","name":"Pannonic dune closed grasslands","description":"Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pannonic fixed dunes, dominated by Festuca rupicola, Festuca wagneri, Festuca pseudovina or, in some facies, Chrysopogon gryllus, with Carex liparocarpos, Festuca vaginata, Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum, Achillea ochroleuca, Astragalus asper, Astragalus onobrychis, Astragalus exscapus, Potentilla cinerea, Muscari botryoides, Muscari comosum, Linum austriacum, Thymus glabrescens, Iris variegata, Iris humilis ssp. arenaria, Colchicum arenarium, Ophrys sphegodes, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Salvia nemorosa, Alyssum spp., Silene parviflora, Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae, Lotus spp., Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q76","name":"Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs","description":"Formations of large shrubs colonizing Pannonic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q77","name":"Pannonic dune woods","description":"Natural woods installed within Pannonic dune systems. Their composition can be specified by use of codes of G1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q8","name":"Pontic inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Pontic plain and of neighbouring basins, including the lower Danube basin of Oltenia and Muntenia and the northern Thracian plain, the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain with the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek (units R1B81 and R1B83)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q81","name":"Pontic bare sands","description":"Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering Pontic dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q82","name":"Pontic dune lichen communities","description":"Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pontic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q83","name":"Pontic dune pioneer grasslands","description":"Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pontic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q84","name":"Pontic dune open grasslands","description":"More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pontic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1Q85","name":"Pontic dune closed grasslands","description":"Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pontic fixed dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1Q9","name":"Standing stone inland dunes","description":"Tertiary sands with upright stones and open psammophytic vegetation of the Varna district of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1R","name":"Mediterranean to Atlantic open, dry, acid and neutral grassland","description":"Usually ephemeral vegetation related to the yearly cycle of spring rains and summer drought through the western Mediterranean and more fragmentarily into the Atlantic and continental areas where a high diversity of small annual plants make a brief, colourful appearance on bare patches of nutrient-poor, acidic soils. Typically, the habitat occurs as small patches in intimate mosaics with heath and scrub and has provided a valuable supplementary resource for sheep at lambing time."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1R1","name":"Mediterranean annual deep-sand communities","description":"Open, spring-blooming communities of annuals developed on deep sands of Iberia, of Mediterranean North Africa and, very locally, of southern France and Italy, with Malcolmia lacera, Malcolmia ramosissima, Anthyllis hamosa, Maresia nana, Erodium laciniatum, Erodium cicutarium ssp. bipinnatum, Arenaria emarginata, Hymenostemma pseudanthemis, Loeflingia baetica, Loeflingia spartea, Loeflingia tavaresiana, Loeflingia hispanica, Linaria donyana, Linaria pedunculata, Vulpia membranacea, Ononis variegata, Ononis baetica, Ononis cossoniana, Ononis subspicata, Coronilla repanda, Evax asterisciflora, Evax lusitanica, Leucojum trichophyllum. Coastal dune equivalents are classified as unit B1.48; while others occur on coastal gravel banks, see units B2.4 and B2.5."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1R2","name":"Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands","description":"Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains and the southern Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1R21","name":"Iberian Festuca - Plantain swards","description":"Open perennial formations colonizing arenaceous or skeletal, often unstable, siliceous soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains, rich in cushion-forming, rosette-leaved chamaephytes (Jasione crispa ssp. sessiliflora, Plantagoradicata, Scleranthus perennis) and cespitose, rough perennial grasses (Festuca costei, Festuca indigesta, Festuca summilusitana, Corynephorus canescens, Koeleria caudata ssp. crassipes). Various formations, characterized by, among others, Hieracium castellanum, Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta, Dianthus merinoi, Dianthus laricifolius, Armeria caballeroi, Armeria alliacea, Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis, Teucrium aureum are distributed in the Cantabrian range, the southern Galician and Leonese mountains, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1R22","name":"Helleno-Balkanic supra-Mediterranean siliceous grasslands","description":"Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the southern Balkan peninsula and northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1R3","name":"Rhône riverine dunes","description":"Fossil dunes of the Camargue, built up by silty alluvial sands of the Rhone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1R4","name":"Southern Iberian inland dunes","description":"Fossil dunes of the Coto Doñana and other areas of southwestern Iberia. They support very specialised scrub (S542) and open grasslands belonging to the Malcomietalia (unit R121, see also unit B1.48 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1R5","name":"Irano-Anatolian inland dunes","description":"Inland dunes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1S","name":"Heavy-metal grassland in Western and Central Europe","description":"Short open sward with a distinctive metallophyte component, occurring on shallow, skeletal soils over natural rock exposures with heavy metals in western and Central Europe, on mine spoil or ground contaminated by dust and waters from such sources. Typically it occurs in small patches in the landscapes, colonising slowly and sustained by the extreme environment. Sometimes it is dependent on grazing by wild herbivores that maintain early successional stages that are richer in cryptogams."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1S1","name":"Atlantic heavy-metal grassland","description":"Heavy metal grasslands of the British Isles, with Armeria maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S11","name":"British heavy metal grasslands","description":"Formations, in particular of Wales and the Pennines, developed in the vicinity of former mining operations or on river gravels, with Minuartia verna, Thlaspi caerulescens, Armeria maritima, Viola lutea, Festuca ovina s.l., Festuca rubra s.l., Agrostis capillaris (Agrostis tenuis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S12","name":"Irish heavy metal grasslands","description":"Grasslands on copper-rich soils of Killarney, with Armeria maritima and Silenemaritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1S2","name":"Calaminarian grassland","description":"Open formations colonizing heavy metal soils, either natural or resulting from past mining operations, in rapid regression and limited to a few stations in eastern Belgium, western Rhineland, Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and to one station in the southern Netherlands, with outposts in northern France, comprised of a highly specialised flora with the endemics Viola calaminaria, Viola guestphalica, Thlaspi caerulescens (Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare) and Festuca aquisgranensis (Festuca ophioliticola ssp. calaminaria), with Minuartia verna var. hercynica, Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis and Armeriahalleri, limited to this formation and the next, and with the steppic, central European Festuca valesiaca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S21","name":"Viola calaminaria grasslands","description":"Formations of eastern Belgium, the extreme southern Netherlands and the Aachen area, with the yellow-flowered Viola calaminaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S22","name":"Viola guestphalica grasslands","description":"Formations of northern Westfalia and of southern Lower Saxony, with the purple-flowered Viola guestphalica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S23","name":"Western calaminarian thrift grasslands","description":"Western European calaminarian communities comprising Armeria halleri s.l. in the absence of Viola lutea or Viola guestphalica, known from very isolated stations, in particular, in the Eifel, southwestern Belgium and northern France. Cardaminopsis halleri is characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R1S24","name":"Calaminarian pennycress grasslands","description":"Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony and of Sauerland, with Thlaspi caerulescens (Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare), but without violets or thrift."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1S3","name":"Central European heavy-metal grassland","description":"Heavy metal grasslands of Saxony, of the Harz and of Upper Silesia, with the endemic or near endemic Armeria halleri, Armeria bottendorfensis, Armeria hornburgensis and with Minuartia verna var. hercynica, Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1S4","name":"Calaminarian Silene vulgaris grassland","description":"Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of which the distinctive cortège is essentially reduced to Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis, characteristic, in particular, of cupreous shists of the Niedersmarsberg of Westfalia, of outlying heavy metal stations of southern Germany in the Wiesloch-Baiertal of northern Baden-Württemberg and the southern Black Forest, as well as of peripheral sites within the range of other heavy metal lowland and hill communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R1S5","name":"Alpine heavy-metal grassland","description":"Formations of heavy metal soils of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, with, among others, Dianthus sylvestris, Galium anisophyllon, Poa alpina, Armeria arenaria, Thlaspi caerulescens, and the very restricted southern Alpine endemic Viola dubyana; they descend to the montane level and occur in some dealpine stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R1T","name":"Azorean open, dry, acid to neutral grassland","description":"Ungrazed grassland, with mixtures of grasses, herbs and mat-formers, including many endemics which may dominate, confined to the Azores where it is characteristic of exposed or unstable rocky slopes, ledges and landslips with nutrient-poor acid soils. The species composition varies according to altitude and climate, rock type and terrain stability."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R2","name":"Mesic grasslands","description":"Lowland and montane mesotrophic and eutrophic pastures and hay meadows of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are generally more fertile than dry grasslands (R1), and include sports fields and agriculturally improved and reseeded pastures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R21","name":"Mesic permanent pasture of lowlands and mountains","description":"The most common and widespread kind of traditionally managed pasture on deeper, well-drained mesic soils throughout temperate Europe, with many local types related to regional climate, terrain and pastoral traditions. Typically dominated by mixtures of productive grasses and herbs, it can be species-rich with distinctive scarce and rare plants where low input grazing and manuring are maintained. Often once part of wider pastoral landscapes with associated meadows, it is now widely transformed by intensive grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R211","name":"Unbroken pastures","description":"Continuous pastureland of Euro-Siberian Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece, unrelieved by networks of ditches. Cynosurus cristatus is usually present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2111","name":"Ryegrass pastures","description":"Relatively species-poor grasslands of Euro-Siberian Western and Central Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece dominated by Lolium perenne, often with Cynosurus cristatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2112","name":"Atlantic Cynosurus-Centaurea pastures","description":"More species-rich grasslands of the British Isles dominated by Cynosurus cristatus and with many flowering herbs, notably Centaurea nigra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2113","name":"Sub-Atlantic hill pastures","description":"Pastures mostly of uplands of Western Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, less treated, rougher and more species-rich than those of unit R2111, often with the cespitose Festuca nigrescens and a significant representation of nitrofuge species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2114","name":"Continental pastures","description":"Pastures of Eastern Europe, in the southern part of the Russian forest zone, Bashkiria and the southern Urals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R212","name":"Ditch-broken pastures","description":"Grasslands drained by a network of ditches, fleets, streams or pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R213","name":"Abandoned pastures","description":"Abandoned grasslands in which either weedy and ruderal species or species of the next successional stages occur beside the dominant grassland species after cessation of anthropogenic management . The richest stands are on carbonate and eruptive rock soils. Geranium sylvaticum, Trifolium medium, Astrantia major, Coronilla varia, Listera ovata, Gentiana cruciata, Platanthera bifolia are typical species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R214","name":"Species-rich lowland flood meadows","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R215","name":"Macaronesian mesic grassland","description":"Secondary grasslands of the highest levels of the Atlantic islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R216","name":"Boreo-arctic Agrostis-Festuca grasslands","description":"Grasslands of subarctic affinities of the northern boreal and middle boreal zones of northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia, of the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland, composed of Festuca spp., Agrostis capillaris, with Anthoxanthum odoratum, other grass species, often with Polygonum viviparum and other herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2161","name":"Boreo-subalpine Agrostis grasslands","description":"Relatively short grasslands of lower mountain slopes of northern Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland dominated by Agrostis capillaris or Anthoxanthum odoratum, with Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara) and Carex bigelowii. These grasslands are strongly influenced by, and perhaps entirely dependent on, grazing or mowing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2162","name":"Icelandic Anthoxanthum-Hierochloe grasslands","description":"Grasslands of Iceland dominated by Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hierochlo odorata, with a species cortège similar to that of unit R12161, occurring under similar conditions but with a somewhat longer-lasting snow cover. Some stands are dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa and are included in unit R1M3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2163","name":"Northern boreal Festuca grasslands","description":"Herb-rich grasslands, 20-40 cm tall, developed on sandy soils, often on inundatable terrain, under cold-temperate climates, characteristic of the northern boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia, extending locally in the middle boreal zone of eastern Sweden and Finland and in the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia, dominated by Festuca ovina with a cortège, rich in northern species, that includes Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex vaginata, Achillea millefolium, Campanula rotundifolia, Galium boreale, Geranium sylvaticum, Rubus arcticus, Solidago virgaurea, Thalictrum simplex, Trollius europaeus, Veronica longifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2164","name":"Icelandic Festuca grasslands","description":"Grasslands of lowlands and lower mountains of Iceland and of the Faeroe Islands dominated by fescues of the Festuca rubra group, in particular, Festuca vivipara, with a species cortège otherwise similar to that of unit R2161, including, in particular, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Kobresia myosuroides, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex bigelowii, developed on somewhat drier and sandier substrates than the grasslands of unit R2161."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2165","name":"Fenno-Scandian Avenula pratensis-Festuca rubra grasslands","description":"Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of subarctic affinities, limited to the continental middle boreal zone of lowland Sweden and northern Finland and to the middle boreal and arcto-alpine zones of the Scandinavian mountains;  dominated by Festuca rubra, with Botrychium boreale, Botrychium lanceolatum, Botrychium lunaria, Carex brunnescens, Carex ericetorum, Cerastium alpinum, Erigeron borealis, Galium boreale, Gentiananivalis, Gentianella amarella, Gentianella campestris, Gentianella tenella, Poa glauca, Primula scandinavica, Primula striata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R22","name":"Low and medium altitude hay meadow","description":"The most common and widespread kind of traditionally managed meadow in deeper, well-drained mesic soils throughout the lowlands and foothills of temperate Europe, with many local types differing according to regional climate, terrain and mowing traditions. Typically dominated by mixtures of productive grasses and herbs, it can be very species-rich with distinctive scarce and rare plants where traditional regimes of mowing, grazing and manuring are maintained. Often once part of wider agricultural landscapes with associated pastures, it is now widely transformed by shifts to silage production and transitions to intensive silage grasslands are commonplace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R221","name":"Atlantic hay meadows","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the Atlantic domaine of Europe, characteristic of the British Isles and western France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2211","name":"Atlantic Arrhenatherum grasslands","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the British Isles and western France rich in, or dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius accompanied by Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus with Centaurea debeauxii ssp. nemoralis (Centaurea nigra, Centaurea nemoralis), Rhinanthus lanceolatus, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Gaudinia fragilis, Linum bienne, Brachypodium pinnatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2212","name":"Atlantic Alopecurus-Sanguisorba grasslands","description":"Lowland mesophile hay meadows of England, characteristic of areas where traditional hay meadow treatment has been applied to seasonally flooded alluvial soils, formed by Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca rubra, Cynosurus cristatus, Lolium perenne, with less abundant or less constant Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Trisetum flavescens, Agrostis stolonifera, Bromus hordeaceus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca arundinacea, with many dicots, amongwhich Sanguisorba officinalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Leontodon spp., Taraxacum spp. are often abundant and Fritillaria meleagris particularly noteworthy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R222","name":"Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows","description":"Mesophile meso-to eutrophic lowland hay meadows of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, Central Europe, the humid Illyrian region and the Carpathian system, with Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Bromus erectus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Daucus carota, Crepis biennis, Knautia arvensis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Pimpinella major, Trifolium dubium, Geranium pratense, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Campanula patula, Pastinaca sativa, Galium album, Equisetum arvense, Medicago sativa, Picris hieracioides, Sanguisorba officinalis. Vegetation of alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2221","name":"Xero-mesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows","description":"Drier, more thermophile, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius, and with a species composition that includes Festuco-Brometea dry grassland species, in particular, Salvia pratensis, Bromus erectus, Ranunculus bulbosus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Plantago media, Galium verum, Euphorbia cyparissias, Linum catharticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2222","name":"Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows","description":"More humid, or temporarily more humid, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius and Alopecuruspratensis, or by the latter alone, and with a species composition intermediate between that of mesophile and humid meadows (R3) with Cirsium oleraceum, Angelica sylvestris, Sanguisorba officinalis, Ranunculus repens, Myosotis palustris, Glechoma hederacea, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Ajuga reptans, Cardamine pratensis, Lysimachia nummularia, Geranium pratense, Campanula patula, Pastinaca sativa, Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris. Towards the east, in more continental climates, the Alopecurus meadows communities increasingly take the character of humid riverine meadows; they have been included in R3 from the Pannonic region eastwards, in the range of the mesophile meadows of R215."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R223","name":"Continental meadows","description":"Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Thracian plain and their fringing foothills, of Eastern Europe and of southern Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2231","name":"Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows","description":"Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain and their fringing foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2232","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows","description":"Lowland, collinar and, locally, montane, mesophile grasslands of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R22321","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile floodplain meadows","description":"Mesophile floodplain hay meadows of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills, on soils moistened by a high water table fed by riverine inundation, situated on higher ground than riverine meadows of unit R3, dominated by similar grass species, including Poa pratensis, Alopecurus pratensis; Alopecurus rendlei (Alopecurus utriculatus), Festuca pratensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R22322","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile foothill meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of the valleys and lower slopes of mountain ranges fringing the northern Thracian plain and its peripheral basins installed on soils moistened by underground or surface water supplied by slope runoff, dominated by the same grass species as in the floodplain meadows of R22321, accompanied by Arrhenatherum elatius and Agrostis capillaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R22323","name":"Moeso-Thracian mesophile cold water meadows","description":"Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the lower slopes and foot of the southern flank of the Balkan Range, developed on calcareous substrates and with a supply of cold surface and ground water originating in the upper levels of the mountain, dominated by Poa pratensis, Alopecurus pratensis, Alopecurus rendlei (Alopecurus utriculatus), Festuca pratensis and with orchids, Clematis integrifolia, Cladium mariscus, Merendera sobolifera, Galium rubioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R23","name":"Mountain hay meadow","description":"The typical kind of traditionally-managed meadow on deep, well-drained, mesic soils throughout the mountains of Northern and Central Europe where there is a short cool growing season. There are many local types differing according to regional climate, terrain and farming traditions but the vegetation is typically dominated by mixtures of productive grasses and herbs and can be species-rich with distinctive scarce and rare plants where traditional regimes of mowing, grazing and dunging are maintained. Often once part of wider agricultural landscapes with associated pastures, good examples of the habitat now often survive more fragmentarily and transitions to silage grassland are widespread."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R231","name":"Medio-European submontane hay meadows","description":"Mesophile grasslands of middle European Hercynian hills, of the middle elevations of the greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the pre-Alps, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, intermediate between the lowland meadows of unit R222 and the montane meadows of unit E2.3 (of EUNIS 2012 smaller than R23). Vegetation of alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris, and association Arrhenatheretum elatioris. Arrhenatherum elatius is the dominant species, while Pastinaca sativa, Trifolium dubium, Knautia arvensis and Crepisbiennis often occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2311","name":"Western Hercynian submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of higher elevations of the lesser Hercynian ranges, with Meum athamanticum, Festuca nigrescens, Geranium sylvaticum, Lathyrus montanus, Phyteuma spicatum, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Ranunculus bulbosus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Lotus uliginosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2312","name":"Eastern Hercynio-Baltic submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of mid-elevations of the great Hercynian ranges of Central Europe and of the hills of the eastern Germano-Baltic Plain, in particular, of the Baltic States."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2313","name":"Carpathian submontane hay meadows","description":"Hay meadows of the submontane level of the Carpathians, at about 600-700 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R23131","name":"Western Carpathian gladiolus meadows","description":"Endemic community of the western Carpathians, with Alchemilla walasii, Alchemilla micans, Alchemilla pastoralis, Centaurea oxylepis, Gladiolus imbricatus, Viola saxatilis var. decorata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R23132","name":"Western Carpathian vetch-clover meadows","description":"Species-rich hay meadows of the Pienini and the Beskides, limited to thermophilous stations on deep calcareous soils, with Medicago falcata, Polygala comosa, Thymus pulegioides, Salvia verticillata, Ranunculus polyanthemos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R23133","name":"Eastern Carpathian yellow oatgrass meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile meadows of the Romanian Carpathians, developed on nutrient-rich acid brown soils, dominated by Trisetum flavescens, accompanied by Arrhenatherum elatius and a species cortège characteristic of the Arrhenatherion, including Campanulapatula, Trifolium repens, Leucanthemum vulgare, Lotus corniculatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2314","name":"Northern Iberian submontane hay meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of sub-Atlantic northern Spain, in particular, of the beech level of the oro-Cantabrian region, with Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum, Trisetum flavescens, Sanguisorba minor, Malva moschata, Knautia arvensis, Pimpinella major, Trifolium repens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2315","name":"Alpic submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the pre-Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2316","name":"Jurassian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2317","name":"Illyrian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Dinarides, within the range of the Fagion illyricum, dominated by Trisetum flavescens, with Poa pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca pratensis, Alchemilla xanthochlora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2318","name":"Southwestern Moesian submontane hay meadows","description":"Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Pelagonides, within the range of the Fagion moesiacum, dominated by Trisetum flavescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R232","name":"Boreal and sub-boreal meadows","description":"Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of the Palaearctic, with outposts in cool humid uplands of the northern nemoral zone, in particular, in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2321","name":"Fenno-Scandian boreal and sub-boreal meadows","description":"Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of Fennoscandia, distributed in the boreonemoral, southern boreal, middle boreal, northern boreal, boreoalpine and oceanic southern boreal zones of Finland, Sweden and Norway, formed by Deschampsia cespitosa, Anthoxanthumodoratum, Festuca ovina, Briza media, with, as dominant dicots, Geranium sylvaticum, Alchemilla spp., Rhinanthus minor, Anemone nemorosa and a cortège that includes boreal elements such as Polygonum viviparum, Rubus arcticus, boreonemoral species, in particular, Hypochoeris maculata, Veronica chamaedrys, as well as Cirsium helenioides, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus auricomus, Trollius europaeus, Hepatica nobilis, Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Listera ovata, Platanthera chlorantha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R2322","name":"Britannic submontane meadows","description":"Mesophile hay meadows of submontane areas of northern England, with affinities to both the Fennoscandian boreal meadows of unit R2321 and to the submontane continental Western European meadows of unit R231."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R233","name":"Alpic mountain hay meadows","description":"Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the montane and subalpine levels (mostly above 600 metres) of the Western Alps and neighbouring mountains (the greater Hercynian ranges, Carpathians, the Dinarides) on fresh, neutral to moderately acid or moderately basic soils, cut one to three times per year. Usually dominated by Trisetum flavescens and with Alchemilla spp., Anthoxanthum odoratum, Astrantiamajor, Campanula glomerata, Carum carvi, Centaurea nemoralis, Crepis spp., Crocus albiflorus, Geranium spp., Heracleum sphondylium, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Lilium bulbiferum, Malva moschata, Muscari botryoides, Narcissus poeticus, Phyteuma spp., Pimpinella major, Polygonum bistorta, Primula elatior, Salvia pratensis, Silene spp., Thlaspi caerulescens, Trollius europaeus, Valeriana repens, Viola spp. and many others. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance Polygono-Trisetion with many endemic taxa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R234","name":"Ponto-Caucasian hay meadows","description":"Meadows of the montane and subalpine levels of the Caucasus and the Pontic mountains of northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R235","name":"Balkan mountain hay meadows","description":"Mesophile tall grasslands in the mountain and sub-alpine areas of Balkan peninsula in the beech forest zone. They are dominated by Trisetum flavescens, Cynosurus cristatus, Festuca pratensis, and geographically differentiated by Balkan endemic species Armeria rumelica, Knautia dinarica, Rhinanthus rumelicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R24","name":"Iberian summer pasture (vallicar)","description":"Highly distinctive tall grass pasture and meadow associated with traditional cattle rearing in the lowlands and foothills of western Iberia where a mediterranean or submediterranean climate and the long-established grazing and occasional mowing regimes sustain a striking contingent of regional plants and association with dehesa. The substrate is sandy or clayey, often subject to temporary flooding with rapid desiccation, conditions which affect the pattern of grass dominance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R241","name":"Perennial vallicares","description":"Perennial Agrostis castellana-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R242","name":"Annual vallicares","description":"Annual Agrostis pourretii-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R243","name":"Andalusian Armeria vallicares","description":"Forb and grass communities of oligo-mesotrophic sandy soils of southwestern Iberia, with subsurface seasonal water saturation, in particular, of the edges of marshes and large lagoons, dominated by the endemic Armeria gaditana, with Gaudinia fragilis, Centaurea exarata and Asphodelus aestivus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R3","name":"Seasonally wet and wet grasslands","description":"Unimproved or lightly improved wet meadows and tall herb communities of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid, steppic and mediterranean zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R31","name":"Mediterranean tall humid inland grassland","description":"Rush- and tall grass-dominated vegetation of seasonally waterlogged soils, mostly acidic and slightly saline, occurring in depressions throughout the Mediterranean Basin. Though not dependent on grazing, it can be a valuable source of fodder for cattle and sheep in traditional pastoral systems during summer when other pastures are dried up."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R311","name":"Mediterranean tall humid grassland of mountains","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3111","name":"Peat grasslands of Troodos","description":"Calamagrostis epipejeos tall (c. 1m) meadows developing at an altitude of  around 1650 m on seasonally inundated depressions, on serpentinised substrate with basic pH. The meadows are inundated from October-November until June-July, depending on the rainfall but even in summer the soil is wet and muddy. The vegetation cover is thick and the dominant graminoids C. epipejeos and Juncuslittoralis and other herbs form a continuous mat on the soil. The floristic structure is characterised by species which occur only or mainly at this habitat in Cyprus, such as C. epipejeos and Poapratensis, and by a few endemic species occuring only at the high altitude damp places in the  Troodos mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R312","name":"Mediterranean tall humid grassland of lowlands","description":"These meadows can be eutrophic and have hygro-nitrophilous vegetation dominated by Lolium multiflorum and Rumexconglomeratus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3121","name":"Serapias grassland","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of crystalline Provence, with Carex divisa ssp. chaetophylla, often dominant, Brizaminor, Oenanthe lachenalii and numerous Serapias species (Serapiaslingua, Serapias neglecta, Serapias vomeracea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R32","name":"Mediterranean short moist grassland of lowlands","description":"Short species-rich swards dominated by graminoids, traditionally sustained by heavy grazing, on clay soils through the Mediterranean region where there is winter waterlogging and distinctive surface cracking in the droughty summer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R33","name":"Mediterranean short moist grassland of mountains","description":"Closed tussocky grassland of moist ground at high altitudes in the western Mediterranean which, remaining green through the summer, provide valuable grazing for transhumant cattle and sheep."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R34","name":"Submediterranean moist meadow","description":"Moist meadows of sandy to clayey, mesotrophic to eutrophic soils on riverside terraces and gentle slopes, mainly in the lowland to submontane belts of South-Eastern Europe, extending westwards to central Italy. Winter and spring flooding is common, but later in the season the ground may dry up and become locally saline. The species composition reflects regional differences in temperature and rainfall, but patterns of mowing and grazing can also affect the species composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R341","name":"Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid Trifolium meadows","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of river flood plains and other high water-table sites of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular of Bulgaria, the North Macedonia and northern Greece, with outposts in the Croatian coastlands, formed by Alopecurus pratensis, Alopecurus rendlei (Alopecurus utriculatus), Festuca pratensis (Festuca elatior) or Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola (Poa sylvicola), and by numerous Trifolium spp., Medicago hispida ssp. apiculata, Lotus corniculatus var. hirsutus, Hordeum murinum, Ranunculus marginatus, Ranunculus velutinus, Cirsium canum var. macedonicum, Oenanthe stenoloba, Moenchia mantica, Lychnis flos-cuculi ssp. subintegra, Teucrium scordioides, Podospermum canum, Narcissus poeticus, Leucojum aestivum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R342","name":"Apennine humid meadows","description":"Permanent humid grasslands of Apennine karstic basins, with Ranunculus velutinus, Bromus racemosus, Hordeum secalinum, Trifolium dubium, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium micranthum, Trifolium patens, Trifolium fragiferum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Carex distans, Deschampsia cespitosa, Gaudinia fragilis, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Centaurea jacea, Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus rendlei (Alopecurus utriculatus), Orchis laxiflora, Colchicum lusitanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R343","name":"Dalmatian riverine and humid meadows","description":"Humid meadows of Illyrian Istria and Dalmatia, developed in a mild semihumid to semiarid climate, of pronounced sub-Mediterranean affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R344","name":"Illyrio-Moesian riverine and humid Trifolium meadows","description":"Floodplain meadows of southern sub-Pannonic regions, within the eastern Carpinion illyricum, the Quercionfrainetto and the Fagion moesiacum zones of Bosnia, Serbia, Oltenia and northwestern Bulgaria, under semihumid to semiarid climates, mostly dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa, Alopecurus pratensis or Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola, with Trifolium pallidum, Trifolium patens, Trifolium fragiferum, Trifolium cinctum, Ranunculus stevenii, Lathyrus nissolia, Medicago arabica, Clematis integrifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R345","name":"Anatolian supra-Mediterranean humid grassland","description":"Humid meadows rich in clover of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of Mediterranean Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R35","name":"Moist or wet mesotrophic to eutrophic hay meadow","description":"Meadows of moist, sometimes seasonally flooded, nutrient-rich soils on floodplains and in brook-valleys throughout the lowland to submontane belts of Europe. Traditionally cut for hay, though sometimes also lightly grazed in late summer and autumn, the vegetation is often species-rich with a diverse associated invertebrate fauna attracted by the abundance of flowers. Often once part of wider agricultural landscapes with associated pastures, good examples of the habitat now often survive more fragmentarily, and transitions to improved silage grassland on flood-protected land are widespread."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R351","name":"Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows","description":"Lightly managed hay meadows and pastures on both basicline and acidocline, nutrient-rich permanently or temporarily humid soils of middle European lowlands, hills and low mountains under Atlantic or sub-Atlantic climatic conditions, from the British Isles and northwestern Iberia east to the Baltic States, the western Carpathians and Illyrian region. Among the characteristic plant components of the highly diverse communities forming this unit are Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Cirsium rivulare, Cirsium oleraceum, Carduus personata, Telekia speciosa, Epilobium parviflorum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Mentha aquatica, Scirpus sylvaticus, Stachys palustris, Bromus racemosus, Crepis paludosa, Fritillaria meleagris, Geum rivale, Polygonum bistorta, Senecio aquaticus, Trollius europaeus, Lotus uliginosus, Trifolium dubium, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum telmateia, Myosotis palustris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe silaifolia, Gratiola officinalis, Inula salicina, Succisella inflexa, Dactylorhiza majalis, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca pratensis, Festuca gigantea, Juncus effusus, Juncus filiformis and Carex cespitosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R352","name":"Juncus acutiflorus meadows","description":"Humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by, or rich in, Juncus acutiflorus. They are floristically and phytosociologically very varied and many are as related to the oligotrophic Molinion communities of unit E3.5 (of EUNIS 2012 wider than R37) as to the more eutrophic Calthion ones of unit E3.41 (of EUNIS 2012 split in R351 and R361). Sharp-flowered rush meadows are particularly characteristic of the oceanic and suboceanic regions of the western seaboard of Europe from northwestern Iberia to the Low Countries, extending locally in Hercynian ranges to the Harz and the Bohemian Quadrangle and in small sub-Atlantic enclaves of the Germano-Baltic plains to eastern Germany and Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R353","name":"Subcontinental riverine meadows","description":"Meadows of the valleys of great rivers of continental or subcontinental climate regions of Central Europe, submitted to repeated inundation periods in the year, characteristic of the Elbe, the Saale, the Main valleys of Germany and Bohemia, occuring also in Moravia, Austria, Slovakia, Croatia and Serbia, with a disjunct outpost in the arid Rhine graben. They are usually dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa or Alopecurus pratensis, Poa palustris, Poa pratensis, Carex and Juncus species. Characteristic species include Cnidium dubium (Cnidium venosum), Viola persicifolia, Allium angulosum, Clematis integrifolia, Iris sibirica, Oenanthe lachenalii, Oenanthe silaifolia, Gratiolaofficinalis, Juncus atratus, Leucojum aestivum, Carex praecox var. suzae, Carex melanostachya, Serratula tinctoria, Lythrum virgatum. Because of universal river control schemes, these communities, dependent on natural or near natural flow regemes, are extremely threatened. Vegetation of alliance Cnidionvenosi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R354","name":"Recently abandoned hay meadows","description":"Recently abandoned hay meadows with invasion of Polygonum bistorta, Filipendula ulmaria or Phragmitescommunis, in a successional state between E3.41 (of EUNIS 2012 split in R351 and R361)and communities of unit E5.4 (of EUNIS 2012 wider than R55) or of woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R355","name":"Continental humid meadows","description":"Meadows of moderately to very nutrient-rich, alluvial or fertilised, non-saline, wet or damp soils in the steppe and wooded steppe zones of Eurasia and their areas of influence. They are widespread in southeastern Central Europe, in Eastern Europe and southern Siberia, extending west to the Pannonic plain and to areas of Pannonic or Pontic influence in southern Moravia, sub-Carpathian hills and the Balkans. Depending on the degree of wetness and substrate type dominants in wet sites are Molinia caerulea or Carexgracilis; physiognomy of hygromesophile meadows is formed especially by Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus and Mentha longifolia; in mesophile and moderately moist conditions on alluvial sediments Agropyron repens or Festucapratensis dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R356","name":"Northern boreal alluvial meadows","description":"Meadows along large rivers with placid river sections which are frozen every winter, are affected by flooding in spring. The traditional management as hay meadows has usually ceased. They are not yet severely overgrown with trees and bushes. Distributed in Finland, Sweden. Includes several vegetation types which vary according to the moisture (flooding) gradient: alluvial meadows dominated by Equisetum fluviatile, Carex acuta, Carex aquatilis, Calamagrostis, Phalaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, or tall-herbs, and dry alluvial meadows. Other species: Convallaria majalis, Elymus fibrosus, Elymus mutabilis, Festuca ovina, Galium boreale, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Salix triandra, Solidago virgaurea, Thalictrum simplex ssp. boreale and Trollius europaeus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R36","name":"Moist or wet mesotrophic to eutrophic pasture","description":"Pastures of moist to wet, mesotrophic to eutrophic soils, generally inundated during winter and spring, on floodplains, lake shores and ditch sides throughout temperate Europe, sometimes with a brackish influence. Grazing is mostly by cattle which can strongly affect the nutrient status, and compaction of the soil and plants tolerant of inundation and trampling dominate here with a paucity of attractive flowers and a poor associated invertebrate fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R361","name":"Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid pastures","description":"Lightly managed hay meadows and pastures on both basicline and acidocline, nutrient-rich permanently or temporarily humid soils of middle European lowlands, hills and low mountains under Atlantic or sub-Atlantic climatic conditions, from the British Isles and northwestern Iberia east to the Baltic States, the western Carpathians and Illyrian region. Among the characteristic plant components of the highly diverse communities forming this unit are Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Cirsium rivulare, Cirsium oleraceum, Carduus personata, Telekia speciosa, Epilobium parviflorum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Mentha aquatica, Scirpus sylvaticus, Stachys palustris, Bromus racemosus, Crepis paludosa, Fritillaria meleagris, Geum rivale, Polygonum bistorta, Senecio aquaticus, Trollius europaeus, Lotus uliginosus, Trifoliumdubium, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum telmateia, Myosotis palustris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe silaifolia, Gratiola officinalis, Inula salicina, Succisella inflexa, Dactylorhiza majalis, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca pratensis, Festuca gigantea, Juncus effusus, Juncus filiformis and Carex cespitosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R362","name":"Flood swards and related communities","description":"Grasslands of occasionally flooded river and lake banks, of depressions where rain water collects, of disturbed humid areas and of humid pastures submitted to intensive grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R37","name":"Temperate and boreal moist or wet oligotrophic grassland","description":"Meadows and pastures of less nutrient-rich soils, wet for much of the year, though not inundated by flood-waters and drying out in summer, especially in more continental regions. The soils may be somewhat acidic to base-rich, sometimes peaty above, and through the lowland to submontane belts of Europe, they have been part of wider landscapes among fens and drier grasslands. Less productive than flood meadows, they are mown just once a year, and towards the west of the range, often just lightly grazed, but they can be species-rich with some characteristic and striking species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R371","name":"Molinia caerulea meadows and related communities","description":"Humid grasslands of soils poor in nutrients, unfertilised and with a fluctuating water level, of Western Europe, south to northwestern Iberia, of Northern Europe, of Central Europe, locally of western Eastern Europe, dominated by Molinia caerulea, with Succisa pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Potentilla erecta, Allium angulosum, Allium suaveolens, Stachys officinalis (Betonica officinalis), Cirsium dissectum, Cirsium tuberosum, Dianthus superbus, Trollius europaeus, Galium boreale, Gentiana asclepiadea, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Gladiolus palustris, Silaum silaus, Selinum carvifolia, Inula salicina, Iris sibirica, Laserpitium prutenicum, Lathyrus pannonicus, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Serratula tinctoria, Carex tomentosa, Carex panicea, Carex pallescens, Parnassia palustris, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Dactylorhiza maculata, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3711","name":"Calcicline purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Species-rich humid grasslands of oligotrophic calcareous or calcicline soils of middle Europe, southern Fennoscandia and northwestern Iberia, with Silaum silaus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Selinum carvifolia, Stachys officinalis (Betonica officinalis), Cirsium tuberosum, Carex tomentosa, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Galium boreale, Serratula tinctoria, Inula salicina, Dianthus superbus and abundant Colchicum autumnale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3712","name":"Acidocline purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Relatively species-poor humid grasslands of oligotrophic acid moist gley soils, sometimes with stagnant water and peat formation, of middle Europe north to the southern boreal approaches in Fennoscandia and the Faeroe Islands, and south to northwestern Iberia, with Succisa pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla anglica, Viola persicifolia, Viola palustris, Galium uliginosum, Cirsium dissectum, Crepis paludosa, Luzula multiflora, Juncus conglomeratus (Juncus subuliflorus), Ophioglossum vulgatum, Inula britannica, Lotus uliginosus, Dianthus deltoides, Carex pallescens, Carex demissa, Carex canescens, Carex echinata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3713","name":"Giant moorgrass swards","description":"Very tall Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea (Molinia arundinacea)-dominated humid meadows of southern Central Europe, in particular, of the Illyrian zone, the peri-Pannonic and peri-Bohemian regions, the Danube, Lech and Isar basins, the upper Rhine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R3714","name":"Boreal purple moorgrass meadows","description":"Acidocline oligotrophic wet, often inundated, grasslands of boreal Fennoscandia dominated by Molinia caerulea, with Achillea millefolium, Bartsia alpina, Galium boreale, Geranium sylvaticum, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Pinguicula vulgaris, Parnassia palustris, Scutellaria galericulata, Trientalis europaea, Viola epipsila, Carex acuta, Carex aquatilis, Juncus filiformis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Nardus stricta, Vaccinium uliginosum, Hypnum lindbergii, Mnium rugicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R372","name":"Heath Juncus meadows and humid Nardus stricta swards","description":"Humid, often peaty or semi-peaty swards of middle Europe, southwest to northwestern Iberia and east to Lithuania and southeast Europe, with Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Festuca ovina, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Pedicularis sylvatica, Scirpus cespitosus and sometimes Sphagnum spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R373","name":"Continental oligotrophic humid grassland","description":"Nutrient-poor humid grasslands of the northern steppe zone of central Eurasia, eastern vicariants of the Molinion communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R4","name":"Alpine and subalpine grasslands","description":"Primary and secondary grass- or sedge- dominated formations of the alpine and subalpine levels of boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, warm-temperate humid and Anatolian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R41","name":"Snow-bed vegetation","description":"Vegetation on skeletal, sometimes humic, soils developed beneath late-lying snow patches in Arctic and subarctic lowlands, boreal mountains and temperate high mountains of Central and Southern Europe. Dominated by grasses, sedges, herbs and cryptogams, the species composition depends on regional climate, altitude, bedrock and soil type, and sometimes includes endemics, particularly in Southern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R411","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats","description":"Snow patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians (e.g. alliances Salicion herbaceae and Festucion picturatae), the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the herbs e.g. Luzula alpinopilosa, Salix herbacea, Ligusticum mutellina; mosses Polytrichum sexangulare, Polytrichumjuniperinum, Pohlia commutata, Kiaeria falcata (Dicranum falcatum), the liverwort Anthelia juratzkana or sometimes lichens. Also snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4111","name":"Alpic acid moss snow-patch communities","description":"Moss snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the mosses Polytrichum sexangulare, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pohlia commutata, Kiaeria falcata (Dicranum falcatum), the liverwort Antheliajuratzkana or sometimes lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4112","name":"Alpic acid cudweed snow-patch communities","description":"Communities of areas covered by snow for six to eight months, with Carex foetida, Alopecurus gerardii, Omalotheca supina (Gnaphalium supinum) (including Omalotheca supina var. pusilla), Lepidium stylatum, Alchemilla pentaphyllea, Mucizonia sedoides, (Umbilicus sedoides, Sedum candollei), Sedum alpestre, Cardamine alpina, Carex pyrenaica, of the Alps, the eastern Carpathian system, the ranges of the Balkan peninsula, the Pyrenees; they extend to the subalpine level and include the isolated cryoro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4113","name":"Luzula spadicea snow patch communities","description":"Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura (Luzulaspadicea)-dominated snow patch communities of moderate slopes of the Alps and the Carpathians submitted to prolonged snow cover, ecological variant of the Luzula spadicea scree communities of H2.313 (of EUNIS 2012), more prevalent in the central and eastern Alps, the Tatras and the eastern Carpathians, characterized by an important representation of species of the Saliceteaherbaceae, among which Poa granitica, Ranunculus montanus, Oligotrichumhercynicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4114","name":"Hercynian acid snow patch communities","description":"Acidophilous snow patch communities of the higher Hercynian ranges, in particular the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Vosges, with Nardus stricta, Omalotheca supina (Gnaphalium supinum), Plantago atrata, Salix herbacea, Polytrichum gracile, Polytrichum norvegicum, or with Luzuladesvauxii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4115","name":"Boreal moss snowbed communities","description":"Snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4116","name":"Boreo-alpine Deschampsia-Anthoxanthum communities","description":"Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by coarse tussocky grasses, in particular, Deschampsiacespitosa, sometimes associated with large hypnaceous mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4117","name":"Boreo-alpine herb-rich acid snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous or acidocline snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland, the Faeroes and the Scottish Highlands forming a low, often open, turf of mat- and cushion-forming herbs, short tufted grasses and bryophyte patches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4118","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline sedge and rush snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous snowbed communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains and subarctic lowlands of Scandinavia and Iceland, mostly developed in areas of long snowcover, dominated by Cyperaceae or Juncaceae, usually with a prominent bryophyte or lichen ground layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R412","name":"Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of calcareous soils under snow for long periods, with Arabis caerulea, Carex atrata, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga androsacea and other calciphile snowfield, snowbed and snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains formed by small herbs, grasses or mosses. Dwarf, underground-stemmed willows may also be present but not dominant (c.f. unit S212)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4121","name":"Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of carbonated soils under snow for long periods, with Arabis caerulea, Carex atrata, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga androsacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R41211","name":"Arabis-Gnaphalium snow-patch communities","description":"Herbaceous snow-patch swards of humid, carbonated soils, of the Alps and the Pyrenees, under snow for long periods, with Ranunculus alpestris, Arabis caerulea, Omalotheca hoppeana (Gnaphalium hoppeanum), Hutchinsia alpina, Potentilla brauniana (Potentilla minima), Soldanella alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R41212","name":"Carpathian saxifrage snow-patch communities","description":"Endemic snow patch community of the high Tatras and nearby Carpathian ranges, characteristic of sites with very long snow cover, with the western Carpathian endemic Saxifraga wahlenbergii (Saxifraga perdurans), Hutchinsia alpina, Bucegia romanica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R41213","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonide calciphile herbaceous snow-patch communities","description":"Uncommon, isolated herbaceous snow-patch swards of the southern Dinarides and the Pelagonides, on carbonated soils under snow for long periods, generally associated with dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4122","name":"Distichium capillaceum snowbed communities","description":"Moss dominated snowbed communities of calcareous gravel and stonefields, or moraine, of Scandinavian mountains, with, in particular, Distichium capillaceum, Pohlia albicans, Pohlia drummondii, often pioneering on \"new ground\". Individual vascular plants, growing widely separated, include, notably, Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata, Cerastium arcticum, Cerastium cerastoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4123","name":"Snow buttercup snowbed communities","description":"Open snowbed communities of the alpine level of the boreal and arcto-alpine zones of Scandinavian mountains forming on level calcareous substrates often waterlogged the whole year, in the proximity of melting snow or cold springs, on north-facing slopes, with prolonged snow-lie. Vascular plants are characteristically scattered, with great variation in the ground layer, with an often broken moss carpet, bare patches of gravel and stones. Characteristic species, often hygrophilous, include Ranunculus nivalis, Ranunculus sulphureus, Salix herbacea, Arabis alpina, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Cerastium cerastoides, Minuartia biflora, Oxyria digyna, Taraxacum croceum, Viola biflora, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga rivularis, Saxifraga nivalis, Saxifraga tenuis, Saussurea alpina, Sibbaldia procumbens, Juncus biglumis, Poa alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4124","name":"Snow grass snowbed communities","description":"Sparse communities of the alpine level of northern boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia and of Iceland dominated by the grass Phippsia algida, with, notably, Salix herbacea, Cerastium arcticum, Cerastium cerastoides, Oxyria digyna, Ranunculus glacialis, Ranunculus nivalis, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Saxifraga cernua, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga rivularis, Saxifraga stellaris, Saxifraga tenuis, Carex lachenalii, Juncus biglumis, Poa alpina f. vivipara, Deschampsia alpina, Sagina saginoides, with a fragmentary moss cover and no lichens, located on gravelly, sandy, sometimes totally waterlogged soils, calcareous in Scandinavia, with prolonged snow-cover. Snow grass communities frequently occur as pioneer vegetation on small surfaces, very common in the central part of southern Norway and in Sweden from Jamtland northwards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4125","name":"Arctic woodrush snowbed communities","description":"Open, herb-rich, snowbed communities of the middle to high alpine level of the boreal and southern arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, developed on level or gently sloping moist calcareous ground with solifluction tongues separated by gravelly expanses with a thin but prolonged snow cover, dominated by Luzula arctica. Luzula confusa, Ranunculus glacialis, Ranunculus sulphureus, Cerastium spp. and Draba crassifolia are characteristic of the species cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4126","name":"Boreal herb-rich calcicline snowbed communities","description":"Herb-rich and often mosaic patterned snow-patch or near snow-patch communities of alpine levels of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, of the lower alpine belt of Iceland, of the Scottish Highlands and of the English Lake District, with many moss species and few lichens, occurring on calcareous, nutrient-rich, humid substrates. Characteristic species include Ranunculus acris, Poa alpina, Poa arctica, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Silene acaulis, Oxyria digyna, Potentilla crantzii, Cerastium alpinum, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Saussurea alpina, Primula stricta, Viola biflora, Carex norvegica, Minuartia biflora, Thalictrum alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4127","name":"Subarctic small-herb snowbed communities","description":"Chionophilous communities of stony and gravelly ground of the islands of the polar basin developed in conditions of shorter snow cover than the polar willow communities, with a species cortège that includes Trisetum spicatum, Ranunculus nivalis, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Oxyria digyna, Lidia biflora, Poa arctica, Potentilla hyparctica, Carex lachenalii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R413","name":"Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch grassland","description":"Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R414","name":"Boreo-alpine fern snowbed grassland","description":"Acidophilous snowbed communities of alpine and arcto-alpine levels of the Fennoscandian mountains, of Iceland and of the Scottish Highlands dominated by ferns, characteristic of screes with prolonged snow cover, related to the tall-herb communities of unit R56. Cryptogramma crispa, Athyrium distentifolium (Athyrium alpestre), Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris expansa (Dryopteris assimilis) or Dryopteris filix-mas can dominate the communities. Galium saxatile, Calamagrostis purpurea, Barbilophozia floerkii, Polytrichum alpinum are among the associates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R42","name":"Boreal and arctic acidophilous alpine grassland","description":"Boreal and Arctic acidophilous alpine grasslands, dominated by low graminoids and herbs, characteristic of shallow mostly base-poor soils with thick late snow-lie, occurring through the high mountains of Fennoscandia, Iceland and Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R43","name":"Temperate acidophilous alpine grassland","description":"Grassland and dwarf chamaephyte vegetation on skeletal and shallow soils over predominantly siliceous bedrocks in the alpine belt throughout the temperate mountains of Europe, typical of the highest summits and ridges, often very exposed to strong winds and largely blown clear of snow in the winter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R431","name":"Alpic Nardus stricta swards and related communities","description":"Closed grasslands of deep, acid soils of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the higher Hercynian ranges, the northern and central Dinarides, developed mostly and abundantly in the subalpine level and included in the alliance Nardion, dominated or co-dominated by Nardus stricta, Festuca eskia, Festuca nigrescens, Festuca rubra, Alopecurus gerardii, Bellardiochloa violacea (Poa violacea), Carex sempervirens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hieracium alpinum, Trommsdorfia uniflora, Potentilla aurea. Similar Nardus stricta grasslands of the Moesian region of the Balkan peninsula, distributed at high elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, as southern extensions of the Alpigenous communities or as grazing-induced facies of the more varied communities of unit R438."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4311","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine mesophile mat-grass swards","description":"Subalpine and lower alpine mesophile grasslands dominated by, or rich in, Nardus stricta, of the Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif, the Jura and the northern Apennines; for the most part, they are heavily grazed grasslands with much reduced species diversity and overwhelming dominance of mat-grass."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4312","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile mat-grass swards","description":"Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous Nardus stricta swards of depressions and humid flats around lakes and marshes, where snow melts slowly."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4313","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile foxtail swards","description":"Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous grasslands of depressions with prolonged snow cover dominated by Alopecurus gerardii and Trifolium alpinum; they constitute a transition between siliceous grasslands and snow-patch communities, which they often ring."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4314","name":"Pyrenean closed Festuca eskia grassland","description":"Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile Festuca eskia grasslands of north-facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with Arnica montana, Ranunculus pyrenaeus, Selinum pyrenaeum, Trifolium alpinum, Campanula barbata, Gentiana punctata, Leucorchis albida, Phyteuma betonicifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4315","name":"Pyrenean Poa violacea swards","description":"Subalpine Bellardiochloa violacea (Poa violacea)-dominated grasslands of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4316","name":"Hercynian summital mat-grass swards","description":"Summital swards of the greater Hercynian ranges dominated by, or rich in, Nardus stricta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43161","name":"Hautes Chaumes summital mat-grass swards","description":"Formations of the Hautes Chaumes (high Vosges), with Nardus stricta, Gentiana lutea, Arnica montana, Pulsatilla alba, Viola lutea ssp. elegans, Selinum pyrenaeum, Leontodon pyrenaicus, Hieracium vogesiacum, Hieracium olivaceum, Hieracium alpinum and abundant ericoid shrubs, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43162","name":"Black Forest summital mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus stricta grasslands of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43163","name":"Harz summital mat-grass swards","description":"Formations of the Harz dominated by, or rich in, Nardus stricta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43164","name":"Bohemian Forest summital mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus stricta grasslands of the high altitudes of the Bayerischer Wald and of the central Bohemian Forest (Sumava)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43165","name":"Sudeten summital mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus stricta grasslands of the high altitudes of the Sudeten mountains (Krkonose, Hruby Jesenik), with Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida (Carex rigida, Carex fyllae), Hieracium alpinum, Primula minima, Potentilla aurea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lycopodium alpinum, and, in some formations, Sphagnum nemoreum, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Polytrichum strictum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4317","name":"Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"Grasslands dominated by, or rich in, Nardus stricta of the Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43171","name":"Western Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians, with Carex pilulifera, Hieracium vulgatum, Hypochoeris uniflora, Crepis conyzifolia, Gentiana punctata, Homogyne alpina, Potentilla aurea, Pulsatilla alpina, of western Carpathian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43172","name":"Eastern Carpathian mat-grass swards","description":"Grasslands rich in, or dominated by, Nardus stricta, with Festuca nigricans, Festuca airoides, Poa media and regional species Viola declinata, Scorzonera rosea, Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda (Potentilla ternata), Campanula abietina, Campanula serrata, of flats and gentle slopes of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4318","name":"Oro-Moesian mat-grass swards","description":"Acidophilous grasslands dominated by Nardus stricta of higher, mostly subalpine, sometimes alpine, elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4319","name":"Dinaride mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus stricta-dominated grasslands of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Dinaride system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R432","name":"Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland","description":"Subalpine thermophile formations on often skeletal soils of the southern Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif and the Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4321","name":"Thermo-Alpigenous Festuca paniculata swards","description":"Thermophile, luxuriant, relatively closed grasslands formed by the very tall, bluegrey Festuca paniculata (Festuca spadicea) on south-facing slopes (adrets) of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, the southern Alps and, locally, the Central Massif and the Abruzzi; characteristic and often abundant accompanying species include Centaurea uniflora, Silene nutans, Trifolium montanum, Hieracium peleteranum, Hypochoeris maculata, Potentilla grandiflora, Lilium martagon, Eryngium alpinum, Luzula pediformis, Meum athamanticum, Nigritella nigra, Helictotrichon parlatorei, Asphodelus albus, Iris xiphioides, Paradisea liliastrum, Dianthus monspessulanus, Carduus defloratus. Many have been traditionally treated as hay meadows and are of extraordinary floristic richness; they are nowadays increasingly abandoned or left to grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4322","name":"Pyrenean Festuca eskia garland-grasslands","description":"Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands organized in ribbons retaining stony, almost bare steps  of the sunny slopes (adrets) of the upper subalpine and lower alpine zones in the Pyrenees, formed by the hard, sharp-pointed, slippery, bright green, tufted Festuca eskia, sometimes associated with Carex sempervirens s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4323","name":"Arverno-Alpine varicoloured fescue garland-grasslands","description":"Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands of the  sunny slopes (adrets) of the (mostly) southern Alps and Central Massif, formed by calcifuge species of the hard, sharp-pointed Festuca varia group (Festuca varia, Festuca scabriculmis), often associated with Carex sempervirens s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R433","name":"Alpigenous acidophilous grassland","description":"Mostly closed Carex curvula, Festuca spp., Oreochloa spp. or Juncus trifidus grasslands on siliceous soils of the alpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Pyrenees, with very local outposts in the great Hercynian ranges and the Cantabrian Range. Androsace obtusifolia, Androsace carnea ssp. laggeri, Campanula barbata, Juncus jacquinii, Juncus trifidus, Silene exscapa, Gentiana alpina, Achillea erba-rotta, Euphrasia minima, Luzula lutea, Luzula spicata, Luzula hispanica, Lychnis alpina, Minuartia recurva, Minuartia sedoides, Pedicularis kerneri, Pedicularis pyrenaica, Phyteuma globulariifolium, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Potentilla frigida, Armeria alpina, Senecio incanus, Trifolium alpinum, Veronica bellidioides, Ranunculus pyrenaeus are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4331","name":"Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands","description":"Formations of the Alps, of the Pyrenees and of the Carpathians, to which the dominance of the crooked sedge, Carex curvula, with twisted leaves whithering early at the tip, gives a highly distinctive texture and yellow-brown hue."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43311","name":"Alpine Carex curvula grasslands","description":"Carex curvula formations of the upper and middle alpine levels of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43312","name":"Pyrenean Carex curvula grasslands","description":"Carex curvula formations of the upper alpine level of the eastern Pyrenees and of the alpine level of the central and western Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43313","name":"Carpathian Carex curvula grasslands","description":"Formations dominated by Carex curvula accompanied by Juncus trifidus, Oreochloa disticha, Festuca airoides, Primula minima and characterized by regional species Poa media, Seneciocarpathicus, Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda, of the middle alpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4332","name":"Alpigenous Festuca halleri grasslands","description":"Formations of flats and gentle slopes of the lower alpine level of the Alps, dominated by Festuca halleri and Juncus trifidus, particularly widespread in the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4333","name":"Alpigenous Festuca airoides grasslands","description":"Festuca airoides (Festuca supina)-dominated swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees, the Northern Carpathians, the Eastern Carpathians and the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43331","name":"Pyrenean Festuca airoides grasslands","description":"Low, fairly dry swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees dominated by Festuca airoides (Festuca supina), with Carex ericetorum, Avenula versicolor, Silene ciliata, Lychnis alpina, Arenaria grandiflora, Jasione humilis, Hieracium breviscapum (Hieracium pumilum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43332","name":"Carpathian Festuca airoides grasslands","description":"Swards of the alpine zone of the Northern and Eastern Carpathians, dominated by Festuca airoides (Festuca supina), with Juncus trifidus, Cerastium alpinum, Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43333","name":"Hercynian Festuca airoides grasslands","description":"Swards of the alpine zone of the Sudeten dominated by Festuca airoides (Festuca supina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4334","name":"Pyrenean Festuca borderi swards","description":"Subnival formations of the Pyrenees with Potentilla frigida, Erigeron uniflorus, Carex rupestris and many cushion plants such as Saxifraga bryoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Minuartia sedoides, Silene acaulis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4335","name":"Alpigenous Oreochloa disticha swards","description":"Alpine grasslands of the Alps and the Carpathians dominated by Oreochloadisticha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43351","name":"Alpine Oreochloa disticha swards","description":"Oreochloa disticha-dominated formations of the Alps, developed in particular in the northern Alps (Allg„u) and northeastern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43352","name":"Carpathian Oreochloa disticha grasslands","description":"Oreochloa disticha (Sesleria disticha)-dominated formations of high altitudes on shallow podsolic siliceous soils of windswept crests and shaded slopes of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43353","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Formations of the Carpathians, of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, of the Sudeten and of the eastern Alps, dominated by Juncus trifidus, with Agrostis rupestris, Carex rigida, Festuca airoides (Festuca supina), Pulsatilla alpina, Senecio carpathicus, Hieracium alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Racomitrium canescens, Thamnolia vermicularis, Cetraria cucullata, Cetraria islandica, Cetraria nivalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43354","name":"Bohemian Forest Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Formations of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, dominated by Juncus trifidus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43355","name":"Sudeten Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Formations of the Sudeten dominated by Juncus trifidus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43356","name":"Carpathian Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Swards dominated by Juncus trifidus of high, windswept exposures of subalpine and alpine levels of the northern and eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R433561","name":"Northern Carpathian Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Widespread, physiognomically striking, Juncus trifidus-dominated formations of the high altitudes of the northern Carpathians, with Oreochloa disticha, Avenula versicolor (Avenastrum versicolor), Hieracium alpinum, Pulsatilla alpina, Senecio carpathicus, Lycopodium selago f. imbricatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R433562","name":"Eastern Carpathian Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Communities dominated by Juncus trifidus with Oreochloa disticha, Festuca airoides, Agrostis rupestris of windswept summits, ridges and steep slopes of subalpine and alpine levels of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43357","name":"Alpine Juncus trifidus swards","description":"Juncus trifidus-dominated swards of the siliceous inner Alps and of lime-free anomalous stations of the calcareous outer Alps, limited to the central and eastern part of the range in Switzerland and Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4336","name":"Cantabrian Oreochloa blanka swards","description":"Oreochloa blanka and Juncus trifidus formations of the alpine level of the Cantabrian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4337","name":"Alpigenous Agrostis rupestris swards","description":"Agrostis rupestris-dominated siliceous grassland of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R434","name":"Oro-Hellenic closed grassland","description":"Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid and often deep soils over siliceous or calcareous substrates of the higher mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus of Greece and southern Albania, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains; they develop on decalcified colluvions, on damp soils of seeps or poorly drained areas, and in depressions and other situations where snow lingers. Characteristic are Alopecurus gerardii, Poa pumila, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Phleum alpinum, Nardus stricta, Bellardiochloa violacea (Poa violacea), Trisetum flavescens, Trifolium pallescens, Trifolium parnassi, Trifolium heldreichianum, Trifolium alpestre, Trifolium ottonis, Omalotheca supina, Omalotheca hoppeana, Herniaria parnassica, Ranunculus sartorianus, Lotus corniculatus, Thesium parnassi, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago atrata, Plantago holosteum, Scleranthus perennis, Rorippa thracica, Erigeron epiroticus, Acinos alpinus, Luzula pindica, Crocus veluchensis, Scilla nivalis, Corydalis densiflora, Corydalis parnassica, Beta nana, Trinia guicciardii, Botrychium lunaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R435","name":"Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland","description":"Cryoro- and oro-Mediterranean grasslands of acid substrates in the higher mountain ranges of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4351","name":"Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper slopes and summits of the high Mediterranean mountains of the Iberian peninsula, locally extending into the Euro-Siberian domaine in the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43511","name":"Cantabrian acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"Festuca indigesta and Festuca eskia grasslands of the oro-Mediterranean, cryoro-Mediterranean and subalpine levels of the Cantabrian mountains and other high mountains of the northwest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43512","name":"Iberian Range acidophilous stripped grasslands","description":"Festuca indigesta grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43513","name":"Cordilleran Festuca stripped grasslands","description":"Festuca indigesta and Festucasummilusitana grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43514","name":"Cordilleran Agrostis stripped grasslands","description":"Agrostis rupestris grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43515","name":"Nevadan Festuca indigesta stripped grasslands","description":"Psychroxerophile garland grasslands of Festuca indigesta, Thymus serpylloides, and Arenaria tetraquetra var. granatensis, widespread in the oro-Mediterranean level (2000-2900 metres) of the Sierra Nevada (Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43516","name":"Nevadan Agrostis stripped grasslands","description":"Chionophilous grasslands with Agrostis nevadensis and Armeria splendens of depressions and sheltered areas within the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, often in contact with, and forming a transition to, the closed mat-grass swards of R4352."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43517","name":"Nevadan tall fescue stripped grasslands","description":"Pioneer grasslands formed by the robust Festuca pseudeskia and Festuca paniculata on steep slopes submitted to intense insolation and severe erosion of the oro-Mediterranean and locally cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43518","name":"Nevadan Festuca clementei stripped grasslands","description":"Psychroxerophile grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level (above 2900 m) of the Sierra Nevada, formed by Festuca clementei, Erigeron frigidus, Artemisia granatensis, Ptilotrichum purpureum, Papaver lapeyrousianum, all, except the last, Sierra Nevada endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43519","name":"Nevadan Trisetum stripped grasslands","description":"Communities of wind-beaten crests of the Sierra Nevada, with Trisetum glaciale and Galium pyrenaicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4352","name":"Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards","description":"Nardus stricta-dominated and related closed, dense grasslands of oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of high Iberian mountains, characteristic of seeps, poorly drained soils and areas with prolonged snow cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43521","name":"Cantabrio-Cordilleran oro-Mediterranean mat-grass swards","description":"Hygrophile and chionophile, closed grasslands of the oro- and cryoro- Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central and of the high Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, and of the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains, with Nardus stricta, Festuca iberica, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris ssp. carpetana, Campanula herminii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43522","name":"Nevadan borreguiles","description":"Dense hygrophilous grasslands occupying humid flats around lakes, gullies, glacial basins, depressions at the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada, with Nardus stricta, Festuca hispanica, Agrostis nevadensis, Plantago nivalis, Carex intricata, Ranunculus acetosellifolius, Vaccinium uliginosum, Lotus glareosus, Leontodon microcephalus, Galium nevadense, Gentiana boryi, Meum nevadense, Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina, many of which Sierra Nevada endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R436","name":"Oro-Corsican grassland","description":"Grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R437","name":"Oro-Apennine closed grassland","description":"Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on both calcareous and siliceous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R438","name":"Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland","description":"Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid substrates at the 1800-2500 metre level of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, in particular, Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos, the central Rhodope Mountains (Cernatica-Prespa complex) and the Falakron, the central Moeso-Macedonian mountains (Ozogovska Planina), the southern Dinarides, dominated by Festuca paniculata, Bellardiochloa violacea, Festuca airoides (Festuca supina), Agrostis rupestris or the Balkan endemics Festuca valida and Sesleria comosa, often associated with Nardus stricta, which may be abundant or co-dominant; rare species harboured in these communities include Aquilegia aurea, Lilium jankae, Gentiana lutea, Gentiana punctata, Viola rhodopeia. Outside of protected areas these grasslands are usually submitted to pasture regimes. Formations overwhelmingly dominated by Nardus stricta have been included in unit R4318."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4381","name":"Oro-Moesian Festuca paniculata grasslands","description":"Extensive, closed, acidophilous tall grasslands dominated by the large Festuca paniculata of higher elevations, up to 2400 metres, of the Central Balkan Range, the Rhodope mountains including Rila, Pirin and Vitosha, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Montenegrine Dinarides, mainly on eroded soils of south-facing slopes, with Festuca nigrescens, Bellardiochloa violacea, Nardus stricta, Genista depressa, Juniperus nana (Juniperus sibirica), Vaccinium myrtillus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4382","name":"Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula dominated by fescues of the \"Festuca varia\" complex, in particular, by Festuca valida or Festuca balcanica (\"Festucacyllenica\")"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43821","name":"Oro-Moesian Festuca valida grasslands","description":"Closed, tall, species-poor acidophile grasslands of the Rhodopide Vitosha, Rila and Pirin mountains, the western Balkan Range and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, occupying usually fresh, little eroded soils, strongly dominated by Festuca valida, with Veratrum lobelianum, Verbascum longifolium, Campanula epigaea, Viola tricolor, Stellaria graminea, Genista depressa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43822","name":"Balkan Festuca balcanica grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the western and central Balkan Range dominated by Festuca balcanica (\"Festuca cyllenica\")."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43823","name":"Pelagonide Festuca varia grasslands","description":"Festuca varia s.l.-dominated grasslands of the southern Pelagonides (Pelister), with Centaurea triumfetti, Bellardiochloa violacea, Festuca picta, Geranium cinereum, Verbascum longifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4383","name":"Oro-Moesian Poa violacaea grasslands","description":"Acid grasslands of upper elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide system, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by Bellardiochloa violacea (Poa violacea, Festuca poaeformis), with Nardus stricta, Linum capitatum, Antennaria dioica, Festuca nigrescens, Thymus spp.; most often distributed on siliceous terrain, these grasslands also occur on calcareous substrates in the Pirin mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4384","name":"Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands","description":"Open, short, acidophilous grasslands of windswept, shallow, easily desiccated, nutrient-poor soils with little snow cover of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43841","name":"Oro-Moesian crooked sedge grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of Pirin and the Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Korab, Pelister), dominated by Carex curvula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43842","name":"Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides and the southern Dinarides dominated by fescues of the Festuca halleri group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R438421","name":"Rhodopide Festuca riloensis grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rila, occupying the highest altitudes, from 2550 metres to 2925 metres, dominated by Festuca riloensis and Carex curvula, with Minuartia recurva, Gentiana frigida, Carex ericetorum, Silene acaulis, Luzula spicata, Dianthus microlepis, Sesleria comosa, Sesleria orbelica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R438422","name":"Pelagonide Festuca scardica grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the central Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Bistra), dominated by Festuca halleri ssp. scardica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R438423","name":"Montenegrine Festuca riloensis grasslands","description":"Closed acidophilous grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Bjelsica mountains of Montenegro, developed on recent volcanic substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43843","name":"Oro-Moesian Festuca airoides grasslands","description":"Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by Festuca airoides (Festuca supina), with Nardus stricta, Sesleria comosa, Poa media (Poa ursina), Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Potentilla ternata, Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda, Cerastium banaticum, Dianthus microlepis, Campanula alpina, Jasione laevis ssp. orbiculata, Hieracium alpicola."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43844","name":"Oro-Moesian Sesleria comosa grasslands","description":"Windswept, Sesleria comosa-dominated acid grasslands of the upper subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopide system, with Poa media (Poa ursina), Avenula versicolor (Avena scheuchzeri), Festuca airoides, Festuca riloensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43845","name":"Oro-Moesian Agrostis rupestris grasslands","description":"Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, dominated by Agrostis rupestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43846","name":"Southern Pelagonide aeolian grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of high southern Pelagonides, dominated by Sesleria varia, Sesleria coerulans, Festuca kajmakcalana, Elyna myosuroides and Carex ericetorum, Alopecurus gerardii and Plantagoholosteum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R43847","name":"Montenegrine aeolian fescue grasslands","description":"Open acidophilous grasslands of the Bjelasica mountains in the Montenegrine Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R439","name":"Western Asian acidophilous alpine grassland","description":"Acidophilous grasslands of the high mountains of western Anatolia and the Levant, developed, in particular, on rankers, in snow-soaked sinks and dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R43A","name":"Illyrian alpine and subalpine acid open grasslands","description":"Open habitats dominated by patches of Minuartia recurva and Scleranthus neglectus, with perimeter from several cm to 80 cm. The total herb cover is often not higher than 20%. They are species-poor, and in addition to the dominants the typical species are Armeria rumelica, Poa violacea, Cardamine pancicii, Luzula campestris, Juncus trifidus, Anthemis carpatica, Jasione orbiculata, Rumex acetosella, Plantago carinata, Campanula scheuchzeri and numerous mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R44","name":"Arctic-alpine calcareous grassland","description":"Grasslands on usually shallow, highly calcareous soils on limestone or dolomite slopes and ridges in the alpine or subalpine belts of the high mountains of the temperate zone, being best developed in the Alps, but occurring also in the Carpathians and Pyrenees, with small fragmentary stands also in the Sudetes and in Scotland. Grasses and sedges dominate, along with numerous small herbs, the cover varying from sparse to complete according to the soil depth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R441","name":"Closed calciphile arctic-alpine grassland","description":"Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, Pyrenees,   locally of  the Jura and other ranges. Vegetation typically of alliance Daphno-Festucetea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4411","name":"Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps and of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle shaded slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with Sesleria albicans, Carex sempervirens, Helictotrichon montanum, Arenaria ciliata, Draba aizoides, Globularia nana, Geranium cinereum, Ranunculus gouanii, Ranunculus thora, Primula elatior ssp. intricata, Oxytropis triflora, Trifolium thalii, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica, Alchemilla plicatula (Alchemilla asterophylla), Adonis pyrenaica, Horminum pyrenaicum, Geum pyrenaicum, Bartsia spicata, Bartsia alpina, Scabiosa cinerea, Leuzea centauroides (Rhaponticum cynaroides), Fritillaria delphinensis, Fritillaria burnatii, Crocus vernus, Bulbocodium vernum, Carex tendae, Salix pyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44111","name":"Alpine evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with Sesleria albicans, Carex sempervirens, Helictotrichon montanum, Arenaria ciliata, Draba aizoides, Globularia repens, Ranunculus thora, Oxytropis triflora, Trifolium thalii, Bartsia alpina, Scabiosa cinerea, Fritillaria delphinensis, Fritillaria burnatii, Crocus vernus, Bulbocodium vernum, Carex tendae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44112","name":"Pyrenean evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Meso-hygrophile grasslands of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with Sesleria albicans, Carex sempervirens, Helictotrichon montanum, Geranium cinereum, Globularia repens, Ranunculus gouanii, Ranunculus thora, Primula elatior ssp. intricata, Oxytropis campestris, Oxytropis pyrenaica, Trifolium thalii, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica, Alchemilla plicatula (Alchemilla asterophylla), Adonis pyrenaica, Horminum pyrenaicum, Geum pyrenaicum, Bartsia spicata, Bartsia alpina, Scabiosa cinerea, Leuzea centauroides (Rhaponticum cynaroides), Salix pyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4412","name":"Northern rusty sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile, often flower-rich grasslands of the northern Alps, and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, in the Karawanken and the Slovenian Alps, occupying deep soils in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the calcareous ranges, usually dominated by Carex ferruginea and with Astragalus alpinus, Astragalus frigidus, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Lathyrus laevigatus, Astrantia major, Centaurea montana, Anemone narcissiflora, Crepis pyrenaica, Crepis pontana, Pedicularis foliosa, Traunsteinera globosa, Phleum hirsutum, Agrostis agrostiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4413","name":"Southern rusty sedge grasslands","description":"Mesophile, flower-rich grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the southern and southeastern outer Alps of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, including the Insubrian and Garda Alps, the Dolomites, the Venetian and Carnic Alps, the Karawanken, the Julian and Steiner Alps, usually dominated by Carex ferruginea, Carex austroalpina or Carex sempervirens with, in particular, Horminum pyrenaicum, Pedicularis gyroflexa, Pedicularis foliosa, Knautia transalpina, Astrantia major, Asphodelus albus, Traunsteinera globosa and many composites and peas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4414","name":"Arctic-alpine Violet fescue swards and related communities","description":"Closed grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps and  the Pyrenees dominated by Festuca violacea or Festuca nigrescens and Trifolium thalii, developed on deep, often superficially slightly acidified, soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4415","name":"Cantabrian thrift swards","description":"Chionophilous grasslands of deep soils, somewhat decalcified at the surface, of the subalpine, and locally of the alpine or upper montane, levels of the calcareous Cantabrian Mountains, dominated by Armeria cantabrica, Carex sempervirens, Festuca glacialis or Festuca gautieri, associated with Sesleria albicans, Poa alpina, Poa minor, Festuca burnatii, Bellardiochloa violacea, Agrostis schleicheri, and with Anemone baldensis ssp. pavoniana, Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp. discolor, Jasione cavanillesii, Pedicularis pyrenaica ssp. fallax, Draba aizoides ssp. cantabriae, Pimpinella siifolia, Oxytropis pyrenaica, Oxytropis halleri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4416","name":"Jura summital swards","description":"Localized mesophile grasslands of the subalpine level of the French, Swiss and Swabian Juras, with Calamagrostis varia, Laserpitium siler, Laserpitium latifolium, Dryas octopetala, Eryngium alpinum, and very locally, Carex ferruginea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R442","name":"Arctic-alpine wind edge Kobresia myosuroides swards","description":"Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong winds in the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and  the Cantabrian Mountains with Oxytropis, Draba, Carex spp. and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4421","name":"Alpine naked-rush swards","description":"Brown swards of Alpine crests and ridges submitted to extreme winds, dominated by Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4422","name":"Pyrenean naked-rush swards","description":"Relatively extensive Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides) formations of the calcareous ranges of the Pyrenees, where the Elyna-Oxytropis swards represent the main grassland formation of the alpine level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4423","name":"Cantabrian naked-rush swards","description":"Uncommon Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides) formations of the high summits of the Picos de Europa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4424","name":"Carpathian naked-rush swards","description":"Very local formations of high summits of the Southern Carpathians (Bucegi Mountain) submitted to extreme winds, with Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides), Oxytropis carpatica, Cerastium lanatum, Silene acaulis, Dryas octopetala, Anthemis carpatica ssp. pyrethriformis, Minuartia sedoides andthe endemic Festuca bucegica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4425","name":"Scandinavian naked-rush swards","description":"Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides)-dominated calcicline communities of exposed ridges of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of Scandinavian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R443","name":"Arctic-alpine  calciphilous stepped and garland grassland","description":"Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland alpine and sub-alpine grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Pyrenees,  with very local outposts in the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4431","name":"Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Xero-thermophile stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northern and southeastern Alps, and locally, of the Jura, on slopes with shallow soil and snowcover of short duration, with Sesleria albicans, Carex sempervirens, Carex humilis, Gentiana favratii, Helianthemum alpestre, Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum, Phyteuma orbiculare, Leontopodium alpinum, Pedicularis rostratocapitata, Pedicularis verticillata, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris, Ranunculus thora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44311","name":"Alpine blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Widespread calciphilous formations of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44312","name":"Jura blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards","description":"Very local grasslands of the high Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4432","name":"Southern Alpine oatgrass-blue moorgrass swards","description":"Xero-thermophile, open, stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southern Alps, and particularly of the southwestern Alps, similar to those of the previous unit (R4431), but in which Carex sempervirens is less prominent, while various oats, Helictotrichon sedenense (Avena sedenensis) (Helictotrichon montanum, Avena montana), Helictotrichon sempervirens, Helictotrichon parlatorei, Helictotrichon setaceum, or Festuca dimorpha become important components together with Sesleria albicans, and oro-Mediterranean species such as Globularia nana, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Lilium pomponium, Centaurea triumfetti, Ononis cristata (Ononis cenisia), Ononis striata, Iberis sempervirens, Aethionema ovalifolium, Sempervivum calcareum, Arenaria cinerea, Alsine brunati, Galeopsis reuteri, Leuzea rhapontica ssp. bicknellii (Leuzea rhapontica, Rhaponticum scariosum) and the spiny Astragalus sempervirens appear; several of these species are local endemics of very restricted distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4433","name":"Arctic-alpine cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the Alps and the Carpathians  composed of cushions of Carex firma and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44331","name":"Alpine cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the southeastern Alps, and, to a lesser extent, of the northeastern Alps, composed of cushions of Carex firma and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants among which Saxifraga caesia, Gentiana clusii, Gentiana froelichii, Gentiana terglouensis, Crepis jacquinii, Pedicularis rosea, Saussurea pygmaea, Dianthus monspessulanus ssp. sternbergii, Primula wulfeniana, Chamorchis alpina, Sesleria albicans, Carex mucronata, sometimes in association with mats of Dryas octopetala."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44332","name":"Western Carpathian cushion sedge carpets","description":"Carex firma-dominated formations of high altitudes and dealpine stations of the calcareous northern Carpathians, with Chamorchis alpina, Crepis jacquinii, Helianthemum alpestre, Saxifraga caesia, Viola alpina and Leontopodium alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44333","name":"Eastern Carpathian cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathians, composed of cushions of Carex firma and accompanied by other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4434","name":"Pyrenean Festuca gautieri grasslands","description":"Open, xeric, stepped, scraped, species-rich grasslands of calcareous sunny slopes (adrets) in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Pyrenees, formed by the smooth, sharp-pointed, often curved-leaved Festuca gautieri, Festuca scoparia and often rich in small cushiony plants; characteristic elements include Koeleria vallesiana, Helictotrichon sedenense (Avena montana), Sesleria albicans, Sideritis hyssopifolia, Sideritis endressii, Helianthemum oelandicum var. hirtum, Androsace villosa, Gypsophila repens, Acinos alpinus, Paronychia serpyllifolia, Anthyllis vulneraria, Arenaria grandiflora, Astragalus sempervirens, Astragalus monspessulanus, Eryngium bourgatii, Fritillaria pyrenaica, Teucrium pyrenaicum, Erigeron pyrenaicus, Ononis cristata (Ononis cenisia), Onosma fastigiata, Saponaria caespitosa, Jurinea humilis, Seseli nanum, Arenaria tetraquetra, Scorzonera aristata, Thymelaea nivalis, Iberis bernardiana, Serratula nudicaulis, Asperula cynanchica, Polygala alpina, Oxytropis pyrenaica, Carex rupestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4435","name":"Oro-Iberian calciphilous stripped grasslands","description":"Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of calcareous upper slopes and summits in the subalpine and oro-Mediterranean levels of the Cantabrian mountains, the Iberian Range and the calcareous Baetic ranges, dominated by Festuca hystrix, Festuca burnatii, Poa ligulata or Oreochloa confusa. They are closely allied to the Iberian fescue frost-grasslands (unit R1G1) of the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of the same mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4436","name":"Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the Carpathians, dominated by or rich in Sesleria spp., Festuca spp., Carex spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44361","name":"West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Northwestern Carpathians, dominated by, or rich in, Sesleria tatrae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443611","name":"Tatra Sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Species-rich tall open grasslands of calcareous stony and gravelly slopes of the subalpine and montane levels of the Tatras formed by Sesleria tatrae, Festuca tatrae, Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum, with Allium montanum, Anthyllis alpestris, Carduus glaucus, Dianthus praecox, Hieracium bifidum, Hieracium bupleuroides, Hieracium villosum, Knautia kitaibelii, Leontodon incanus, Pulsatilla slavica, Sempervivum soboliferum ssp. preissianum, Thesium alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443612","name":"West Carpathian Festuca versicolor grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians dominated by Festuca versicolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443613","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian Agrostis alpina grasslands","description":"Open grasslands of the Northwestern Carpathians and the Sudeten formed by Agrostis alpina and Festuca versicolor, intermediate between calciphile and acidophile formations, and between grasslands and rock communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R44362","name":"East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands","description":"Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians, on slopes with shallow limestone soils, dominated by, or rich in Sesleria bielzii, Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana, Festuca versicolor, Festuca amethystina, Festuca saxatilis, Carex sempervirens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443621","name":"East Carpathian Sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands colonizing ledges, sills, crests of limestone rocks in the alpine and subalpine levels of the Eastern and the Southern Carpathians, formed by Carex sempervirens and Sesleria species, in particular, Sesleria bielzii, Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana, Sesleria heuflerana, or, at the contact with rock formations, by Festuca saxatilis, Sesleria spp., Carex sempervirens and Dianthus tenuifolius, accompanied by saxicolous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443622","name":"East Carpathian Festuca versicolor grasslands","description":"Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southeastern Carpathians, on shallow rendzinas of crests, summits and ledges, dominated by Festuca versicolor and Carex sempervirens, with Sesleriarigida ssp. haynaldiana, Cerastiumtranssilvanicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443623","name":"East Carpathian Festuca amethystina grasslands","description":"Calcicolous open grasslands of the lower alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians formed by Festucaamethystina, with Bellardiochloa violacea, Carex sempervirens, Allium ochroleucum, Phyteuma orbiculare, Biscutella laevigata, Linum perenne ssp. extraaxillare (Linum extraaxillare), Festuca saxatilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R443624","name":"East Carpathian Festuca flaccida grasslands","description":"Xero-mesophile open grasslands of sunny slopes (adrets) of the Rodnei mountains in the Eastern Carpathians dominated by the southeastern Carpathian endemic Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida (Festuca flaccida), developed on rendzinas overlying limestone substrates, ecologically similar to the Alpine violet fescue grasslands of unit R4416, though more open."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R444","name":"Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland","description":"High-altitude grass and sedge dominated formations of the Caucasus, of the Pontic Range, of the Elburz and of the Crimean mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4441","name":"Pontic alpine grassland","description":"Grasslands of the humid alpine level of the eastern Pontic Range, with Campanula tridentata, Alchemilla vulgaris, Poa alpina, Festuca ovina s.l., and of the humid subalpine level, occupied by pastures of Festuca spp., with Luzulaspicata, Carex tristis, Lotus corniculatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4442","name":"Caucasian alpine grassland","description":"Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of the high Caucasus, with a considerable variety of associations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4443","name":"Crimean alpine grassland","description":"Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4444","name":"Hyrcanian alpine grassland","description":"Extrasylvatic grasslands of the Elburz range of northern Iran, of limited extent and insularised, developed under humid alpine conditions, with Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus spp., Sesleria phleoides, Trifolium spp., Lotus corniculatus, Polygonum bistorta, Primula auriculata, Pedicularis comosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R45","name":"Alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Grass-dominated vegetation of base-rich soils in the high mountains in the Balkans and Apennines including both primary vegetation above the tree line but also secondary grasslands maintained by grazing at lower altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R451","name":"Closed calciphile alpine grassland of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the  the Balkan peninsula and the Apennines . Vegetation typically of alliance Daphno-Festucetea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4511","name":"Violet fescue swards and related communities of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Closed grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the  Apennines dominated by Festuca violacea or Festuca nigrescens and Trifolium thalii, developed on deep, often superficially slightly acidified, soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4512","name":"Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45121","name":"Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia in the north to Montenegro in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451211","name":"Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of southern Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro dominated by Festuca bosniaca ssp. bosniaca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451212","name":"Dinaric violet fescue grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina dominated by Festucaamethystina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451213","name":"Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina developed on deep, somewhat acidified soils, Carex sempervirens, Festuca amethystina, Campanula scheuchzeri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45122","name":"Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pelagonides and the Rhodopide Pirin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451221","name":"Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the western Rhodope Mountains dominated by Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis or Festuca penzesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R4512211","name":"Pirin fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Pirin formed by the endemic Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis (Festucapirinensis), with Festuca penzesii, Carex kitaibeliana, Androsace villosa, Achillea ageratifolia, Centaurea tartarea, Alyssum cuneifolium, Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum (Cerastium lanatum), Linum capitatum, Gentiana verna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":8,"code":"R4512212","name":"Slavianka pungent fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Slavianka-Orvilos, dominated by the regional endemic Festuca penzesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451222","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous feathergrass grasslands","description":"Stipa-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451223","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous sesleria grasslands","description":"Sesleria-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451224","name":"Pelagonide closed calcicolous fescue grasslands","description":"Festuca-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45123","name":"Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451231","name":"Balkan closed calcicolous fescue grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile fescue-dominated grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by the regional endemic Festuca xanthina, associated with Festuca varia s.s."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451232","name":"Balkan closed erect brome grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by Bromus erectus, with Lamium garganicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R451233","name":"Balkan closed evergreen sedge grasslands","description":"Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, formed by Sesleria nitida, Carex sempervirens, Sempervivum marmoreum, Lychnis viscaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4513","name":"Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands","description":"Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45131","name":"Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands","description":"Carex ferruginea-rich closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45132","name":"Dinaric bellflower grasslands","description":"Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Montenegro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45133","name":"Western Balkanic calcicolous scabious-fescue grasslands","description":"Closed grasslands of deep coluvial soils formed in karst dolines of the western Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina, dominated by Festuca nigrescens or Festuca paniculata, accompanied by a mixed cortège of acidophilous, neutrophilous and basiphilous species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R452","name":"Wind edge Kobresia myosuroides swards  of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong winds in the alpine and nival levels of the Abruzzi mountains and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with Oxytropis, Draba, Carex spp. and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4521","name":"Apennine naked-rush swards","description":"Very local Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides) formations of the high crests of the Abruzzi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4522","name":"Pirin naked-rush swards","description":"Extremely rare, local, exiguous open formations of ridges and outcrops of the high Pirin, at 2300 metres, submitted to extreme winds, with Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides), Oxytropis campestris var. sordida, Silene acaulis, Minuartia verna and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4523","name":"Pelagonide naked-rush swards","description":"Local formations of the high Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka), submitted to extreme winds, with Kobresia myosuroides (Elyna myosuroides)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R453","name":"Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland alpine and sub-alpine grasslands of the  mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean mountain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4531","name":"Cushion sedge carpets of the Balkans and Apennines","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the Dinarics  composed of cushions of Carex firma and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45311","name":"Dinaric cushion sedge carpets","description":"Open formations of the alpine level of the Dinarids of southwestern Slovenia and Croatia composed of cushions of Carexfirma and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4532","name":"Apennine stripped grasslands","description":"Open, xerophile, stripped, stepped, scraped and garland grasslands of alpine and subalpine slopes and summits of the central and southern Apennines, dominated by Sesleria tenuifolia (Sesleria juncifolia), Sesleria nitida, Sesleria italica, Festuca dimorpha, Carex kitaibeliana (Cesleria laevis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4533","name":"Helleno-Balkanic stripped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains, dominated by Sesleria korabensis, Sesleria coerulans, Festuca graeca, Carex kitaibeliana, Stipa pulcherrima with Viola heterophylla ssp. graeca, Minuartia verna, Paronychia rechingeri, Silene ciliata, Dianthus minutiflorus, Draba athoa, Iberis sempervirens, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pulchella, Acinos alpinus, Edraianthusgraminifolius, Centaurea pindicola, Galium anisophyllon, Morina persica, Bornmuellera baldaccii, Bornmuellera tymphaea, Poa pirinica, Poa thessala, Festuca olympica, and a few woody species, in particular Daphne oleoides and Juniperus nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4534","name":"Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Dinarides, dominated by or rich in Sesleria spp. including Sesleria korabensis, Sesleria klasterskyi, Sesleria coerulans, Sesleria rigida, Sesleria tenuifolia, Sesleria wettsteinii, Festuca spp., Carex kitaibeliana (Carex laevis), with Dryas octopetala, Leontopodium alpinum, Saxifraga spp., Draba spp., Daphneoleoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45341","name":"Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia to Albania, dominated by Sesleria tenuifolia (Sesleria juncifolia), accompanied by Carex kitaibeliana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45342","name":"Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, submitted to more extreme temperature variations than the more northwestern formations of unit R45341, dominated by Sesleria tenuifolia, Sesleria tenerrima, Sesleria korabensis or Sesleria bielzii, accompanied by Carex kitaibeliana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R453421","name":"Pelagonide calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the high summits of the Pelagonides formed by Sesleria tenuifolia, Sesleria tenerrima, Sesleria korabensis, accompanied by Carex kitaibeliana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R453422","name":"Rhodopide Sesleria klasterskyi grasslands","description":"Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pirin and the Slavianka, developed at altitudes above 2500 metres, formed by Sesleria korabensis (Sesleria klasterskyi), Carex kitaibeliana (Carex laevis), with Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale, Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi, Saxifraga luteoviridis, Achillea ageratifolia ssp. aizoon, Draba lasiocarpa var. athoa, Dryas octopetala."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45343","name":"Balkan Range calciphile stripped grasslands","description":"Open, calcicolous, dealpine grasslands of the Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, dominated by Sesleria rigida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R45344","name":"Montenegrine Oxytropis grasslands","description":"Open alpine grasslands of basic volcanic substrates of the Montenegrine Dinaric Bjelasica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R4535","name":"Balkan alpine and sub-alpine serpentine grasslands","description":"Habitats with sparse vegetation on stony serpentine soils in high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The dominant species are sedges Carex humilis and Carex laevis, and grasses Sesleria latifolia, Sesleria rigida, Stipa pulcherrima. The occurrence of endemic and sub-endemic species is typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R5","name":"Forest fringes and clearings and tall forb stands","description":"Stands of tall herbs or ferns, occuring on disused urban or agricultural land, by watercourses, at the edge of woods, or invading pastures. Stands of shorter herbs forming a distinct zone (seam) at the edge of woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R51","name":"Thermophilous forest fringe of base-rich soils","description":"Fringe communities on neutral to base-rich, only moderately nutrient-rich soils in the transition zone between forests or scrub and open habitats or in similar situations alongside cliffs and on roadsides. They occur across large parts of lowland North-Western Europe, but also extending into more continental regions where they fringe more open thermophilous forests, and into cooler montane levels to the south and south-east. Typically comprising half-shade plants, other species of neighbouring habitats can also find a place and, in calcareous landscapes, the vegetation can be very species-rich, harbouring many rare and/or endangered species. This vegetation depends on grazing or mowing to prevent succession."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R52","name":"Forest fringe of acidic nutrient-poor soils","description":"Fringe vegetation of semi-shaded forest margins and similar situations on acidic, nutrient-poor soils in the cooler Atlantic, subatlantic and subcontinental regions of Europe, becoming rare and more species-poor in Eastern Europe. It is generally dominated by bulky grasses and tall forbs, rather species-poor, and ultimately dependent on extensive grazing or occasional mowing to prevent encroachment by shrubs and trees that threaten denser shade."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R53","name":"Macaronesian thermophilous forest fringe","description":"Perennial herbaceous communities of the warm half-shade of forest fringes and clearings of Macaronesian laurel forests in the Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores. It is found as sunnier micro-sites in or along humid woodland edges but is dependent on forest litter producing somewhat mesotrophic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R54","name":"Pteridium aquilinum vegetation","description":"Dense species-poor stands of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), naturally a lowland European forest fern which, when not held in check by dense shade and lacking the traditional management of cutting and trampling by cattle, readily establishes itself as a dominant in non-forest land. It spreads vigorously by rhizome extension and produces a deep litter layer. It is common in many pastoral landscapes that are less traditionally managed than before. It can also dominate in areas of burned forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R541","name":"Sub-Atlantic Pteridium aquilinum fields","description":"Pteridium aquilinum fields appearing as a recolonisation stage of the Quercion of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic areas of continental Europe, including the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R542","name":"Macaronesian Pteridium aquilinum fields","description":"Pteridium aquilinum facies of the heaths of the Atlantic Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R543","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Pteridium aquilinum fields","description":"Pteridium aquilinum fields of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R55","name":"Lowland moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringe","description":"Tall-herb and fern-dominated communities of moist, sometimes flooded nutrient-rich soils in the lowlands and low mountain areas of Europe, up to the subalpine zone, through the temperate, boreal and submediterranean regions. The relatively species-rich vegetation may be found in river floodplains, along smaller watercourses, in the shade at the edge of forests, often as narrow strips, and, as secondary vegetation after the abandonment of pastures and especially meadows. The species composition is quite diverse, depending on the altitude, geographic distribution and location in the landscape."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R551","name":"Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses","description":"Tall herbs fringe communities on banks of runnning waters on gleyic soils with humus horizon. Characteristic species are Petasites spp., Filipendula ulmaria, Aegopodium podagraria, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Urtica dioica, Mentha longifolia, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Crepis paludosa, Epilobium hirsutum and Geranium palustre. Vegetation of Calthion, Senecionionfluviatilis, and Petasition officinalis is found in this unit. Often replaced by neophytes or ruderal plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5511","name":"Watercourse veils (other than of Filipendula)","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R55111","name":"Angelica archangelica fluvial communities","description":"Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis formations of great northern rivers, presently rare and threatened."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R55112","name":"Angelica heterocarpa fluvial communities","description":"Angelica heterocarpa formations of tidal estuaries of the Loire, the Charente and the Gironde; the species is a rare and very narrow endemic of southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R55113","name":"Althaea officinalis screens","description":"Althaea officinalis formations of river banks and marsh edges, particularly on somewhat saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5512","name":"Western nemoral river bank tall-herb communities dominated by Filipendula","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5513","name":"Boreal river bank tall-herb communities dominated by Filipendula","description":"River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by Filipendula ulmaria, with, among others, Achillea ptarmica, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Galium uliginosum, Geum rivale, Lysimachia vulgaris, Trollius europaeus, Valeriana sambucifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5514","name":"Continental river bank tall-herb communities dominated by Filipendula","description":"River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5515","name":"Eastern nemoral riverbanks with tall herb communities","description":"Tall herb communities of river banks in the eastern nemoral region of Europe (Note – this habitat type has not yet been formally incorporated into the EUNIS classification)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R552","name":"Tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"Non-ruderal commuties of the alliance Calthion. Filipendula ulmaria is dominant here, Crepis paludosa, Iris sibirica, Lythrum salicaria and Geranium palustre are also present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5521","name":"Western nemoral tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5522","name":"Boreal tall-herb communities of humid depressions","description":"River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by Filipendula ulmaria, with, among others, Achillea ptarmica, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Galium uliginosum, Geum rivale, Lysimachia vulgaris, Trollius europaeus, Valeriana sambucifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5523","name":"Continental tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5524","name":"Eastern nemoral Tall-herb communities of humid meadows","description":"Tall herb communities of humid meadows in the eastern nemoral region of Europe (Note – this habitat type has not yet been formally incorporated into the EUNIS classification)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R553","name":"Shady woodland edge fringes","description":"Nitro-hygrophilous communities of usually large-leaved herbs developing along the shaded side of wooded stands and hedges, with Galium aparine, Glechoma hederacea, Geum urbanum, Aegopodium podagraria, Silene dioica, Carduus crispus, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Lamium album, Alliaria petiolata, Lapsana communis, Geranium robertianum, Viola alba, Viola odorata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R554","name":"Mediterranean grasslands on alluvial river banks","description":"Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of Mediterranean permanent or temporary water courses, most characteristic of great Mediterranean rivers, with Paspalum paspalodes, Paspalum vaginatum, Polypogon viridis (Agrostis semiverticillata), Cyperus fuscus, Catabrosa aquatica. Vegetation of alliance Paspalo-Agrostidion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R56","name":"Montane to subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringe","description":"Tall forb and fern vegetation of moist, fertile soils in relatively cool and humid conditions through high levels of the mountain ranges of Europe, having its optimum in the subalpine zone but also occurring in the Arctic lowlands of Scandinavia. Typically found as strips along streams and on the edges of forests, in the shelter of large rocks, on mountain ledges and under scrub, sometimes also fringing snowbeds where it benefits from protection from winter frosts. The vegetation is often very rich in species and hosts many local and regional endemics, as well as widespread montane plants. Vulnerable to grazing by wild herbivores and stock, but often protected by its remoteness."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R561","name":"Alpic tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, the Central Massif and the Apennines. Vegetation of Adenostylion with dominant Adenostyles alliariae and Veratrum album, Chaerophyllumhirsutum, Cicerbita alpina, Aconitum spp. and others also present. In the Carpathians these communities are represented also by alliance Delphinion elati. Some habitats are dominated by ferns (e.g. Athyrium distentifolium, Dryopteris filix-mas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5611","name":"Alpine tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5612","name":"Jura tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5613","name":"Hercynian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Central Massif and of the great ranges of the Hercynian arc, in particular, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the major ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5614","name":"Carpathian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56141","name":"Carpathian adenostyles communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by Adenostyles alliariae, Cicerbita alpina (Mulgedium alpinum), Epilobium alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56142","name":"Carpathian fern communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians dominated by Athyrium distentifolium (Athyrium alpestre)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56143","name":"Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by Aconitum species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R561431","name":"North Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the northwestern Carpathians formed by Aconitum firmum (Aconitum callibotryon), Archangelica officinalis, Delphinium oxysepalum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R561432","name":"East Carpathian monkshood communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, occupying wet nutrient- and humus-rich colluvions of glacial cirque perimeters dominated by Aconitum tauricum, with Saxifraga heucherifolia and a representation of species of the Adenostylion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56144","name":"Carpathian butterbur communities","description":"Formations of the Carpathians dominated by Petasites spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R561441","name":"Carpathian white butterbur communities","description":"Petasites albus-dominated formations of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Carpathians, with species typical of the Adenostylion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R561442","name":"Carpathian glabrous butterbur communities","description":"Petasites kablikianus-dominated formations of shady streamsides of Carpathian mountain valleys, with Orobanche flava, Carduus personata, Chaerophyllum hirsutum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5615","name":"Dinaric tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5616","name":"Apennine tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R562","name":"Alpic tall grass communities","description":"Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of high and moderately high mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges, dominated by tall grasses, accompanied by a species cortège similar to that of the subalpine tall-herb communities. They are bound to both siliceous and carbonate substrates. Characteristic species: Calamagrostis arundinacea, Calamagrostis villosa, Deschampsia cespitosa. In the Carpathians they are represented by a very high number of associations included in the alliances Calamagrostion villosae, Trisetion fusci, Festucion carpaticae and Calamagrostionarundinaceae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5621","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on siliceous substrates","description":"Dominant species are Calamagrostis villosa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Trisetum fuscum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5622","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on carbonate substrates","description":"Dominant species are Calamagrostis varia, Festuca carpatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5623","name":"Alpic tall-grass communities on drier and warmer slopes","description":"Dominant species are Calamagrostisarundinacea, Laserpitiumlatifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R563","name":"Pyreneo-Iberian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, with Valerianapyrenaica and Adenostyles alliariae ssp. hybrida (Adenostyles alliariae ssp. pyrenaica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R564","name":"Ibero-Mauritanian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of southern Iberian and North African mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5641","name":"Southern Iberian tall herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb communities of the Sierra Nevada and other southern Iberian mountains, with the endemic Cirsium flavispina, Aconitum nevadense, Senecio elodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R565","name":"Corsican Cymbalaria tall-herb communities","description":"Tall-herb communities of the subalpine and lower alpine level of Corsica, limited to shady, strongly sloping corridors with prolonged snow cover and often with stabilised scree, formed by Adenostyles briquetii, Valeriana rotundifolia, Peucedanum ostruthium, Cymbalaria hepaticifolia, Ranunculus platanifolius, Aquilegia bernardii, Viola biflora, and often several fern species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R566","name":"Corsican Doronicum tall-herb communities","description":"Tall herb riparian communities of stony and rocky torrents and of dripping rocks of the upper montane, subalpine and alpine levels of Corsica formed by Doronicum corsicum, Narthecium reverchonii, Carex frigida, Calamagrostris varia ssp. corsica, Phalaris arundinacea var. rotgesii (Typhoides arundinacea ssp. rotgesii)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R567","name":"Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Hellenides and the mountains of Mediterranean Anatolia. Species: Cirsiumappendiculatum, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Geum coccineum from alliances Cirsionappendiculati and Geion coccinei."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5671","name":"Hellenic tall herb communities","description":"Riparian and spring-edge vegetation of the montane and subalpine level of the Pindus and the Thessalian mountains south to Giona and Parnassus, with Cirsiumappendiculatum, Cirsium tymphaeum, Heracleum sphondylium ssp. pyrenaicum (Heracleum pollinianum), Stachys alopecuros (Betonica jacquinii), Scrophularia umbrosa (Scrophularia samaritanii), Scrophularia scopolii, Achillea grandifolia, Campanula trachelium ssp. athoa, Chaerophyllum aureum, Epilobium obscurum, Solidago virgaurea, Veratrum album, Geranium asphodeloides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5672","name":"Moesian tall herb communities","description":"Montane meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of small splashing mountain torrents, moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. These communities harbour many species of the genus Alchemilla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56721","name":"Moesian Balkan thistle tall herb communities","description":"Cirsium appendiculatum tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. The communities of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopides harbour several species endemic or rare in the region, including Alchemilla plicatula, Trollius europaeus, Pinguicula vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56722","name":"Moesian butterbur tall herb communities","description":"Petasites albus or Petasites hybridus tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, with Epilobium montanum, Alchemilla spp., Carex spp., Geum coccineum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56723","name":"Moesian hogweed tall herb communities","description":"Tall herb communities of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides dominated by Heracleum sphondylium ssp. verticillatum, or Heracleum sphondylium ssp. ternatum, extending south to the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodopide mountains of northeastern Greece, in particular, to Belles, Athos, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R56724","name":"Moesian scarlet avens tall herb communities","description":"Geum coccineum formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, south to the Varnous, Vernon, Vermion and Voras-Tzena groups."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R568","name":"Alpine Rumex communities","description":"Alpine and subalpine meso-hygrophile nitrophilous tall herb formations of the Alpine system and the higher Hercynian and Carpathian ranges, in particular, the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Fichtelgebirge, the Dinarides, characteristic of the vicinity of cattle and game resting places, with Rumex alpinus, Senecio alpinus, Cirsium spinosissimum, Aconitum napellus, Geranium phaeum, Peucedanum ostruthium, Urtica dioica, Phleum alpinum and, in easternCarpathian communities, Senecio subalpinus, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Achillea distans, Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum. This habitat may have sometimes ruderal character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R569","name":"Oro-boreal tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the boreal mountains and of the Scottish Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5691","name":"Roseroot-cranesbill-woodrush oroboreal communities","description":"Generally species-rich communities of North Atlantic boreal mountains and uplands dominated by forbs of moderate stature, in particular, Rhodiola rosea, Alchemilla glabra, Geranium sylvaticum, associated with Angelica sylvestris, Angelica archangelica, grasses, woodrushes or geophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5692","name":"Oroboreal tall forb communities","description":"Communities of the mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the Eurasian continent dominated by tall dicotyledonous herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R5693","name":"Oroboreal tall grass and fern communities","description":"Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the northern Eurasian continent, dominated by tall grasses of genera Calamagrostis, Deschampsia, Festuca accompanied by ferns and a dicot species cortège similar to that of the oroboreal tall-herb communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R56A","name":"Ponto-Caucasian tall-herb communities","description":"Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Pontic Range, of the Caucasus, of the Crimean mountains and of the Elburz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R56B","name":"Alpine and subalpine fern stands","description":"Fern-dominated facies of the tall herb communities of the alpine and sub-alpine zone, with Athyrium distentifolium (Athyrium alpestre), Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris filix-mas, Dryopteris dilatata; succession stages are often floristically more related to the small reed communities of R562."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R57","name":"Herbaceous forest clearing vegetation","description":"Tall forb and fern-rich as well as low-grown short-lived herblands forming seral vegetation complexes in woodland and forest clearings in various forest zones of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R571","name":"Willowherb and foxglove clearings","description":"Communities of acid soils with raw humus, composed of Epilobium angustifolium, Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis grandiflora, Senecio sylvaticus, Calamagrostis epigejos, Carex pilulifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R572","name":"Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings","description":"Formations of mull soils, with Arctium nemorosum, Atropa bella-donna, Bromus ramosus, Hypericum hirsutum, Fragaria vesca, Stachys alpina, Digitalis lutea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R6","name":"Inland salt steppes and salt marshes","description":"Saline land with dominant salt-tolerant grasses and herbs including inland salt marshes. Excludes saline scrubland, listed under S66 Mediterranean nitrophilous scrub and S67 Caspian halo-nitrophilous scrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R61","name":"Mediterranean inland salt steppe","description":"Halophyte vegetation of inland situations in the Mediterranean region where the soils of flats or gentle hollows are permeated by waters laden with soluble salts from underlying substrates, and are then subject to extreme summer drought, with a surface efflorescence of crystalline deposits. The vegetation can be rich in endemics, but the particular species composition depends on the regional climate and local soil conditions, and there is often a distinctive seasonal pattern of growth and zonation around the hollows. In some regions, the vegetation has provided valuable grazing for sheep and goats in summer drought."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R611","name":"Mediterranean Limonium salt steppes","description":"Mediterranean salt steppes dominated by rosette-forming species of Limonium and with the presence of Inula crithmoides, Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus, Elymus flaccidifolius, Centaurium tenuiflorum, Polypogon maritimus, Polypogon monspeliensis, Psilurus incurvus, Centaurium pulchellum, Halimione portulacoides, Parapholis marginata, Plantago crassifolia and Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta. Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarsh formations of Camphorosma monspeliaca or Petrosimonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6111","name":"Ibero-Tyrrhenian sea-lavender steppes","description":"Communities of salt basins of Iberia and of northwestern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subject to extreme summer drying, dominated by rosette-forming Limonium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6112","name":"Adriatic sea-lavender steppes","description":"Communities of Adriatic and Ionian coasts dominated by rosette-forming species of Limonium or Goniolimon, developed in coastal basins, coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subjected to extreme summer drying."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6113","name":"Aegeo-Levantine sea-lavender communities","description":"Formations of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by rosette-forming Limonium and Goniolimon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R612","name":"Mediterranean Lygeum spartum salt steppes","description":"Saltmarsh and saltmarsh fringe formations of Lygeum spartum of coastal Crete, coastal and interior Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R613","name":"Mediterranean inland halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals (Frankenia pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola soda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa, Hordeum marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus, Polypogon maritimus, Spergularia spp., Vella annua) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic (closed drainage) basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. Vegetation e.g. of Frankenion pulverulentae. They are more species-rich or richer in non-Chenopodiaceae than the communities of unit A2.551 (of EUNIS 2012); they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in unit R623."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R62","name":"Continental inland salt steppe","description":"Salt steppe of the Pannonian and Pontic regions, characteristic of solonetz soils, saturated, even shallow flooded, by soluble carbonates in spring, then drying in summer with surface cracking. According to variations in salinity, slope and erosion by spring floods, the vegetation is a complex mosaic of grasslands and more halophytic herb communities, rich in endemic species and plant communities. Traditionally part of the pastoral landscape of older breeds of cattle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R621","name":"Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"Salt steppes and saltmarsh meadows of the Pannonic plain and its satellite basins. Large expanses of salt steppe form an open landscape of short-grass swards on slightly elevated ground (unit R6211) and of rills (units R6213, R6214), eroded shallow depressions with bare or sparsely vegetated saline soils, dry or moist in spring and prone to white salt efflorescences. Deeper rills, with less ephemeral water, support medium-tall saline meadows (unit R6212). This unit is represented by the alliance Beckmannion eruciformis in the Carpathians and includes small-area fragments. Waterholes that dot the surface harbour brackish aquatic vegetation (unit C1.523 of EUNIS 2012) and are fringed by tall emergents (units C3, D5, in particular halophile communities of C3.27 of EUNIS 2012); their drying muds, subjected to prolonged immersion, are colonised by pioneer formations of Chenopodiaceae (unit D6.161 of EUNIS 2012) or crypsoid grasses (unit R623). These ensembles of communities are mainly represented in the central Pannonic plain, east of the Tisza, in the Danube lowlands of the Tisza-Danube interfluve and in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin. Smaller relics persist in the Danube lowlands of Slovakia, in the eastern Pannonic plain and Transylvanian basin of Romania, in the Voivodina and have survived until recently in Moravia, where they may now be extinct. Outside of the Pannonic basin, western outposts of the continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (unit R62) are also known from the Bohemian basin and from isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula; the Bohemian communities have long been extinct; the extremely localized Balkanic ones, although equally related to the Pannonic and Pontic formations, have, for convenience, been includedhere, since they share their extreme western location within the Eurasian salt steppe complex. Species composition depends on two gradients – soil moisture and salination. Important species are Chenopodium chenopodioides, Crypsis aculeata, Spergularia salina, Scirpus pumilus, Juncus gerardi and Melilotus macrorrhizus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6211","name":"Saline puszta","description":"Festuca pseudovina swards of the slightly elevated natron shoulders and low benches of the Pannonic puszta, on saline but permanently dry soils with a thin humic layer. Together with the low-lying rills that score them, they constitute the main landscape of the saline Pannonian steppes; the formations of unit R62111 constitute the centre group of communities, those of unit R62113 mostly compose intermediate belts between these and the bare or sparsely vegetated rills, those of units R62112 and R62114 are edaphically or geographically limited variants, that of unit R62116 is both transitional to rill vegetation and geographically limited. The communities of unit R62115 comprise the transitions between the saline pusztas and saline steppe-forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62111","name":"Grassy saline puszta","description":"Dominant salt-steppe communities of dry soils of the Pannonic plain, capable of covering vast surfaces, with Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina, Achillea setacea, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium pallidum, Trifolium strictum, Trifolium retusum, Lotus tenuis, Centaurea pannonica, Scilla autumnalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R621111","name":"Northern grassy saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities of the northern and central parts of the Pannonian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R621112","name":"Southern grassy saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities of the southern parts of the Pannonian basin, with Trifolium subterraneum, Scilla autumnalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":7,"code":"R621113","name":"Agropyron saline puszta","description":"Rare local salt-steppe formation of the Hortobagy, invaded by the tall, physiognomically dominant Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus (Agropyron ruthenicum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62112","name":"Grassy psammo-saline puszta","description":"Salt-steppe communities developed on sandy soils of the Pannonic plain, usually occupying much smaller surfaces than those of R6211, with Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina and Achillea asplenifolia. They are locally a refuge for tall grass loess-steppe and sand-steppe species such as Astragalus varius, Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus aster, Orchis ustulata, Iris pumila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62113","name":"Artemisia saline puszta","description":"Saline steppe communities of the Pannonic plain, of strong middle Asian affinities, developed on more low-lying surfaces than those of unit R62111, often on the periphery of rills, usually inundated in early spring, dominated by sward-forming Festuca pseudovina with a variable admixture of emergent Artemisia, often physiognomically dominant, and patchy mass-occurrences of Limonium. Characteristic species include Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum, Artemisia maritima ssp. maritima, Festuca pseudovina, Limonium gmelinii, Trifolium retusum (Trifolium parviflorum), Sedum caespitosum, Taraxacum bessarabicum and the endemic Plantagoschwarzenbergiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62114","name":"East Pannonic Petrosimonia-Artemisia salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes or semideserts of the Transylvanian basin, with Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina and species of Pontic and middle Asian affinities, such as Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens, Goniolimon tataricum, Petrosimonia triandra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62115","name":"Saline forest-edge meadow-steppe","description":"Medium tall meadow communities of the Pannonic basin characteristic, in particular, of clearings and edges of oak forests on saline soils covered by water in early spring, species-rich and with an admixture of species of mesophile grasslands, dry grasslands and salt steppes, in particular, Peucedanum officinale, Peucedanum alsaticum, Scutellaria galericulata, Vicia narbonensis var. serratifolia, Aster sedifolius (Aster punctatus), Aster linosyris, Artemisia pontica, Dianthus pontederae, Rumex pseudonatronatus, Iris spuria, Orchis morio, Festuca pseudovina, Alopecurus pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62116","name":"East Pannonic Limonium-Artemisia salt steppes","description":"Communities dominated by Limonium gmelinii and Artemisia santonicum, with Aster tripolium, Spergularia media, Hordeum hystrix, Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa, of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, transitional to formations of the Puccinellion limosae (unit R6213)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6212","name":"Pannonic saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, developed on summer-dry carbonate-poor clay soils (Beckmannion communities) or on carbonate-rich or sandy soils (Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii communities) of the Pannonic plain. The Scorzonero-Junciongerardii formations are well represented in particular in western Pannonia, in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin and in the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62121","name":"Pannonic bent-grass saline meadows","description":"Medium-tall saline meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain, developed on less alkaline soils, poor in halophytic species, with Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Glyceria fluitans ssp. poiformis, Lysimachia nummularia, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Sium sisaroideum and the Pannonic endemic Cirsiumbrachycephalum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62122","name":"Pannonic Beckmannia saline meadows","description":"Medium tall salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on more alkaline soils, richer in halophytic species but poorer in overall species richness than the communities of unit R62121, with Agrostis stolonifera, Beckmannia eruciformis, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Pholiurus pannonicus, Puccinellia limosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62123","name":"Pannonic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows","description":"Medium-short salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with Agrostis stolonifera, Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis uniglumis, Myosotis palustris, Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Alopecurus geniculatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62124","name":"Pannonic saltmarsh rush saline meadows","description":"Pannonic salt-meadow communities of tussock-forming species installed on higher ground and less alkaline soils, subject to brief periods of water cover, with Scorzonera parviflora, Juncus gerardi, Agrostis stolonifera, Carex distans, Taraxacum bessarabicum; Lotus tenuis, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Blackstonia serotina are characteristic. They also harbour Plantago maxima, Ophrys scolopax, Iris spuria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62125","name":"Pannonic divided sedge saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of low-lying, mostly long-inundated, areas of the Alföld of Hungary and southern Slovakia, with strongly alkaline soil, dominated by Carex divisa, accompanied by Triglochinpalustris, Triglochin maritima, Orchis coriophora, Orchis palustris and, on the highest surfaces, Ophrys sphegodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62126","name":"Dacian saline meadows","description":"Short-grass salt-meadow communities installed on high chloride soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, surrounding endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins) of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, composed of central Asian species such as Peucedanum latifolium, together with Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Triglochin maritima, Plantago cornuti, Agrostis stolonifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6213","name":"Pannonic solonetz hollows","description":"Rill communities, mostly characteristic of the eastern part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-poor sandy or clayey solonetz soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62131","name":"Pannonic Puccinellia limosa hollows","description":"Communities of moist rills, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with a 50% to 80% cover, dominated by the small tussocks of Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa with Mentha pulegium, Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Atriplex littoralis, Atriplex tatarica, Kochia prostrata, Puccinellia distans ssp. distans, Chenopodium botryodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62132","name":"Pannonic Camphorosma hollows","description":"Communities of dry rills, sparse and species-poor, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, though extending west to the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto), dominated by Camphorosma annua, with Chamomilla recutita, Matricaria perforata, and, on more silty soils Spergularia rubra, Spergularia marina, Spergularia media."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62133","name":"Pannonic Bassia sedoides hollows","description":"Rare formations of dry rills of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with Bassia sedoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62134","name":"Pannonic Pholiurus-Plantago hollows","description":"Communities of moist rills, wet until the beginning of summer, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with Pholiurus pannonicus, Plantago tenuiflora, Myosurus minimus and the blue alga Nostoc commune. They reach their western limit at the Neusidlersee (Lake Ferto) where they are extremely rare and endangered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62135","name":"Pannonic barley hollows","description":"Halonitrophile, zooanthropogenous formations of the Pannonic salt steppes dominated by Hordeum hystrix (Hordeum geniculatum) and Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa with Agrostis stolonifera, Elymus repens, Lotus tenuis (Lotus glaber), Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum, Scorzonera cana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6214","name":"Pannonic solonchak hollows","description":"Poolside and rill communities, mostly characteristic of the western part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-rich sandy or clayey solonchak soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62141","name":"Pannonic Lepidium-Puccinellia limosa hollows","description":"Rill formations of the Alföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, with large tussocks of Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa surrounding bare low-lying surfaces. Characteristic species include Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Plantago maritima, Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus and the extinct Puccinellia pannonica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62142","name":"Seewinkel Puccinellia peisonis swards","description":"Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, developed along the shores of salt pools on solonchaks that remain wet until the beginning of summer, with Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia (Puccinellia peisonis), Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum, Plantago maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62143","name":"Pannonic Lepidium-Camphorosma hollows","description":"Sparse communities of hollows of the western Pannonic salt steppes, in particular of the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, of eastern Transdanubia and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, developed on higher, drier ground than those of units R62141 and R62142."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62144","name":"Seewinkel Lepidium swards","description":"Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee basin, developed along the shores of salt ponds, where it occupies higher ground or more landward locations of the solonchak belt than the Puccinellia swards of unit R62142, and is submitted to more extreme conditions of high saltiness and summer soda efflorescences resulting from a briefer annual period of soaking and less frequent inundations. Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium dominates alone or in association with Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia (Puccinellia peisonis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6215","name":"Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes","description":"Interior halophile communities of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, isolated southwestern outlyers of the Ponto-Pannonic formations, developed in the low rainfall areas of the Vardar-upper Morava trough and and of associated or neighbouring small intermontane basins, in particular, within the Pelagonian and Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62151","name":"Pelago-Vardarian saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses of the intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the northern Vardar and Strumica basins in the North Macedonia and from Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62152","name":"Pelago-Vardarian solonetz hollows","description":"Rill communities of interior salt-steppe and saltmarsh complexes of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the Vardar trough of the North Macedonia, with Camphorosma annua, Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta, Pholiuruspannonicus, Plantago tenuiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62153","name":"Pelago-Vardarian Camphorosma monspeliaca flats","description":"Camphorosma monspeliaca-dominated formations of saline flats of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the Vardar trough in the North Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62154","name":"Central Paeonian salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the central North Macedonia developed in the Vardar trough between Titov Veles, Stip and Negotino."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R622","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"Salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western and northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the lower Danube, the Prut, the Dniester, the Dnieper, the Don, and of the southern Russian hills, north of the Caspian depression and west of the Volga-Kama trough, associated with the steppes of unit R1B8. Coastal saltmarshes of the Black Sea and Azov Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6221","name":"Western Pontic saline steppes","description":"Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular Festuca pseudovina and Artemisia spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62211","name":"Western Pontic Achillea-Festuca steppes","description":"Haloxerophile grassland communities dominated by Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina and Achillea setacea accompanied by Alopecurus pratensis, Trifolium strictum, Trifolium retusum (Trifolium parviflorum), of the lower Danube basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62212","name":"Western Pontic Artemisia-Festuca steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the western Pontic region dominated by Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens and Festuca pseudovina, accompanied by Limonium gmelinii, Camphorosma annua, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Bromus hordeaceus, Poa bulbosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62213","name":"Western Pontic Petrosimonia-Artemisia salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the lower Danube basin, with Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens, Goniolimon tataricum, Petrosimonia triandra, Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62214","name":"Western Pontic Peucedanum-Festuca salt steppes","description":"Communities of weakly saline soils of salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains dominated by Festuca pseudovina and Peucedanum latifolium, accompanied by Aster sedifolius, Asterlinosyris, Achillea collina, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Potentilla argentea, Alopecurus pratensis, Poa pratensis, Carex praecox."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62215","name":"Western Pontic Limonium-Artemisia salt steppes","description":"Communities of Limonium gmelinii and Artemisia santonicum with Aster tripolium, Spergularia media, Hordeumhystrix, Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa, of the lower Danube basin and of northern Thrace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6222","name":"Western Pontic saline meadows","description":"Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, sedges or rushes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains, with local representatives in the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62221","name":"Western Pontic Zingeria saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Oltenia harbouring the Valacho-Anatolo-Caucasian Zingeria pisidica and the sub-Mediterranean Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium michelianum, Medicago arabica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62222","name":"Western Pontic Beckmannia saline meadows","description":"Western Pontic Beckmannia eruciformis saline meadows, with Oenanthe silaifolia, Rorippa kerneri, Carex melanostachya, Peplis portula, Aster tripolium, Ranunculus lateriflorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62223","name":"Western Pontic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows","description":"Medium-short salt-meadow communities of Muntenia and Oltenia, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with Eleocharis palustris, Alopecurus geniculatus, Glyceria fluitans, Cerastium dubium, Rorippa sylvestris ssp. kerneri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62224","name":"Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of carbonate-rich or sandy soils of the western Black Sea and Danube plains, dominated by or rich in Juncusgerardi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62225","name":"Western Pontic divided sedge saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Muntenia, Oltenia, the Dobrogea and the Danube delta, occupying moderately saline soils, dominated by Carex divisa, with Taraxacumbessarabicum, Cirsium alatum, Juncus littoralis, Schoenus maritimus, Halimione pedunculata, Spergularia media."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62226","name":"Western Pontic arrow-grass sea-aster saline meadows","description":"Saline meadows of Muntenia, dominated by Triglochin palustris and Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, developed on soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, with Spergularia marina, Cyperuspannonicus (Acorellus pannonicus), Crypsis aculeata, Trifolium fragiferum, Taraxacum bessarabicum, Puccinelliadistans, Suaedamaritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62227","name":"Western Pontic tall grass and rush saline beds","description":"Formations of western Black Sea saltmarshes and of saline depressions of the western Pontic plains, dominated by tall rushes of the Juncus maritimus group or tall grasses, in particular Phacelurusdigitatus and Elymus elongatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6223","name":"Western Pontic solonetz hollows","description":"Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes and other inland saline flats subject to inundation and desiccation of the western Black Sea plain, as well as on the higher ground of western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes, with outposts in the lower Danube valley and the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62231","name":"Western Pontic Puccinellia solonetz swards","description":"Grassy formations of western Black Sea coastal and inland solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, constituted by Puccinellia festuciformis and its subspecies (Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta, Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia) or Puccinellia distans (Puccinellialimosa), in monospecific swards or accompanied by other halophytes including Hordeum hystrix, Crypsis aculeata, Suaeda maritima, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Camphorosma annua, Salicornia spp., Limonium spp., Spergularia spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62232","name":"Western Pontic Camphorosma annua hollows","description":"Camphorosma annua formations with Puccinellia limosa, Aeluropus littoralis, Cyperus pannonicus (Acorellus pannonicus), Bassia sedoides, Lepidium crassifolium, Spergularia media, Taraxacum bessarabicum of the Black Sea and lower Danube plain of eastern Romania, and of northern Thrace in the middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins, the Studena River valley, the Veliko Tarnovo, Yambol and Burgas districts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62233","name":"Western Pontic Bassia sedoides hollows","description":"Rare formations of dry rills of the western Pontic salt steppes of Muntenia, Moldavia and the Danube delta, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with Bassiasedoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62234","name":"Western Pontic Pholiurus-Plantago hollows","description":"Formations of western Pontic solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, with outposts in the northern Thracian basin, composed by Pholiurus pannonicus and/or Plantagotenuiflora, with Myosurus minimus, Puccinellia limosa, Puccinellia distans, Matricaria chamomilla, Lepidium ruderale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62235","name":"Western Pontic Hordeum hystrix swards","description":"Grassy solonetz or solonchak-solonetz formations of the western Black Sea coast and lower Danube plain and of the northern Thracian basin, dominated by Hordeum hystrix, often accompanied by Poa bulbosa, Crypsis spp., Trifolium neglectum, Cynodon dactylon, Lepidium ruderale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6224","name":"Western Pontic solonchak communities","description":"Communities dominated by Ponto-Pannonic perennial grasses and herbs, or by Ponto-Caspian steppe and semidesert zone annuals and perennials, developed on solonchak or solonchak-solonetz soils of the western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of the salt basins of adjacent lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6225","name":"Western Pontic salt scrubs","description":"Scrubby formations of Halimione verrucifera, Halocnemum strobilaceum and Nitraria schoberi, accompanied by Artemisia spp., Limonium spp., Petrosimonia spp., colonizing saltmarshes and salt basins of western Black Sea coastal areas and of the lower Danube valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6226","name":"Sarmatic saline steppes","description":"Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular Festuca pseudovina and Artemisia spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the southern periphery of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian and the Volga plateaux, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains, west to the upper Prut basin and east to the Volga-Kama."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62261","name":"Sarmatic Artemisia-Festuca salt steppes","description":"Halophilous communities of shady slopes of the Sarmatic steppe region composed of Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens, with Halimione pedunculata, Aster tripolium, Bassia sedoides, Puccinellia distans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62262","name":"Sarmatic Petrosimonia salt steppes","description":"Salt steppes of the Sarmatic region, west to Romanian Moldavia, with Festuca pseudovina, Achillea collina, Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens, Goniolimon tataricum, Petrosimonia oppositifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62263","name":"Sarmatic Limonium-Festuca salt steppes","description":"Festuca pseudodalmatica, Festuca pseudovina and Limonium tomentellum saline steppes formed on deeply columnar solonetz of loess river terraces of the Ukrainian forest-steppe and steppe zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6227","name":"Sarmatic saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic humid meadow communities of the Puccinietalia, particularly of the Beckmannion and Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii, developed on moderately saline, permanently humid soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62271","name":"Sarmatic Beckmannia eruciformis saline meadows","description":"Communities occupying small, permanently humid, weakly saline depressions of the Sarmatic salt-steppes and saltmarshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62272","name":"Sarmatic Leuzea altaica saline meadows","description":"Meso-hygrophile hay meadows of Moldavia, developed on weakly saline soils, with Leuzea salina, Peucedanum latifolium, Iris halophila, Aster sedifolius, Scorzonera austriaca var. aucronata, Lotus tenuis, Taraxacum bessarabicum, Juncus gerardi, Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, Plantago schwarzenbergiana, Limonium gmelinii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62273","name":"Sarmatic Iris halophila saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic saline meadows formed on alluvial sandy, weakly saline soils, with a high diversity of halophile species, with Iris halophila, Camphorosma annua, Juncus gerardi, Puccinellia distans, Atriplex littoralis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62274","name":"Sarmatic Juncus gerardii saline meadows","description":"Communities of Juncus gerardi with Aster tripolium, Puccinellia limosa, Spergularia media, Lotus tenuis, Trifolium fragiferum, Centaurium pulchellum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R62275","name":"Sarmatic Carex distans saline meadows","description":"Sarmatic formations dominated by Carexdistans, of soils with low humidity and very low salinity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6228","name":"Sarmatic solonetz hollows","description":"Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6229","name":"Sarmatic solonchak hollows","description":"Communities dominated by perennial grasses and herbs or by steppe and semidesert zone annuals, developed on solonchak soils of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R623","name":"Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with Crypsis","description":"Sparse solonchak formations of annual grasses of genus Crypsis (Heleochloa), accompanied by Cyperuspannonicus (Acorelluspannonicus), Spergulariamedia (Spergulariamarginata), Camphorosma annua, Spergularia marina (Spergularia salina), Salicornia spp., Lepidium latifolium, Chenopodium spp., Atriplex spp., colonizing drying muds of humid depressions of the salt steppes and saltmarshes (c.f. unit R621) of Eurasia, from Pannonia to the Far East. In some countries it is a very rare habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6231","name":"Ponto-Pannonic Acorellus community","description":"Pioneer community of the salt basins of the Pannonic Plain, of Muntenia, the Danube delta, the Dobrogea, the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coastlands and steppes, characteristic of sandy soils, with Cyperus pannonicus (Acorellus pannonicus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6232","name":"Pontic Frankenia pulverulenta communities","description":"Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals dominated by Frankenia pulverulenta colonizing salt muds susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying in openings within Artemisio austriacae-Poetum bulbosae or Obionetumpedunculatae communities of lagoon systems of the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Danube Delta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R624","name":"Central Balkan salt steppes and saltmarshes","description":"The flora and vegetation of Central Balkan salt steppes and marshes are intermediate in character, influenced both by Pannonian and Mediterranean salt habitats. The vegetation represents a complex mosaic of diverse herb communities. The most frequently dominant species are Puccinellia convoluta or Puccinelliadistans, growing in depressions of saltmarshes, where ephemeral vegetation of annuals Plantago coronopus, Myosurus minimus, Camphorosma monspeliaca etc. is also typical. On higher parts of the saltmarsh micro-relief Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium nigrescens, Ranunculus marginatus, Ranunculus pedatus, Scilla autumnalis, Allium guttatum are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R63","name":"Temperate inland salt marsh","description":"Inland salt marsh and meadow of temperate and continental regions, characteristic of situations where fossil salt lies close to the surface or where relict seawater is present, resulting in brackish or saline ground and surface water. In more continental regions inland salt pans are more common, where the habitat is found in depressions within a matrix of salt steppes and as sub-halophytic meadows. Elsewhere in Europe, the habitat can be found in association with a variety of salty bedrocks and also on abandoned salt workings. The species composition is very varied according to the regional climate and particular site conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R631","name":"Interior European Puccinellia distans meadows","description":"Meadows of Puccinellia distans and Puccinellia limosa occupying the lower levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, with fairly extended periods of inundation. As typical species we can consider here Hordeum geniculatum, Plantago tenuiflora, Camphorosma annua and Juncus gerardi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R632","name":"Interior European saltmarsh Juncus gerardi and Elymus repens beds","description":"Formations dominated by Juncus gerardi or Elymus repens, with Triglochin maritima, Glaux maritima, Melilotus dentata, of the upper levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, on damp, less saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R633","name":"Interior European Halimione pedunculata beds","description":"Formations dominated by the threatened Halimione pedunculata restricted to saltmarshes east and south of the Harz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R634","name":"Interior Iberian Microcnemum and Salicornia swards","description":"Annual Salicornia spp. and Microcnemumcoralloides formations of interior Iberian salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6341","name":"Iberian Microcnemum swards","description":"Formations of the endemic Microcnemumcoralloides ssp. coralloides, associated or not with Salicornia europaea s.l., of interior salt basins of central and east-central Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6342","name":"Iberian interior Salicornia swards","description":"Formations of Salicornia europaea s.l. of interior salt basins of Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R635","name":"Interior central European and Anatolian Salicornia, Microcnemum, Suaeda and Salsola swards","description":"Annual glasswort (Salicornia spp., Microcnemum coralloides), seablite (Suaeda spp.) and saltwort (Salsola spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6351","name":"Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards","description":"Annual glasswort (Salicornia spp.), seablite (Suaeda spp.) and saltwort (Salsola soda) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain (unit R621) and its satellite basins. Similar communities restricted to isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, related to both the Pannonic and western Pontic formations, are included in this unit, to parallel the treatment of the steppes and saltmarshes of unit R621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R63511","name":"Pannonic glasswort swards","description":"Formations dominated by the reddening Salicornia prostrata or Salicorniasimonkaiana colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R63512","name":"Pannonic seablite swards","description":"Formations dominated by Suaeda pannonica, Suaeda maritima ssp. prostrata or Suaeda maritima ssp. salsa colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R63513","name":"Pannonic saltwort communities","description":"Formations of Salsola soda colonizing periodically inundated silty, nitrogen-rich muds of the lower levels of salt-basins of the Pannonic Plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":6,"code":"R63514","name":"Pelagonian seablite swards","description":"Annual formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland saltmarshes of isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the middle Vardar trough, northwest of the Pelagonian mountains, with Suaeda maritima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6352","name":"Western Pontic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards","description":"Annual glasswort (Salicornia spp.), seablite (Suaeda spp.) and saltwort (Salsolasoda) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of the saltmarshes of the western Black Sea coast and adjacent inland waterbodies and of the inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western Black Sea plain, west of the Dniestr, of the basin of the lower Danube, and, in very fragmentary form, of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha. Typical species include Salicornia prostrata, Suaeda maritima, Bassia hirsuta, Limonium gmelinii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":5,"code":"R6353","name":"Central Eurasian glasswort swards","description":"Annual glasswort (Salicornia spp.), seablite (Suaeda spp.) and saltwort (Salsola spp.) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kourgan, Ichim, Koulounda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe regions and of saltmarshes of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and other inland waterbodies of the northern Aralo-Caspian, Kura basin, western Kazakh, Dzungarian, Oust-ourt, Kyzyl Koum and Kara Koum middle Asiatic deserts and semideserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R636","name":"Western European continental glasswort beds","description":"Glasswort formations of inland saltmarshes of nemoral middle Europe, in particular of Germany, Poland, France and England (unit D6.1 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":4,"code":"R637","name":"Interior European saltmarsh Carex divisa and Carex distans beds","description":"Inland saltmarsh formations of central Europe, dominated by Carex divisa or Carex distans, typically c. 40-60 cm high, occurring particularly in the Pannonian lowlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R64","name":"Semi-desert salt pan","description":"Azonal, mosaic habitat of halophytic chenopod scrub and saline grassland in the semi-desert zones of South-Eastern Europe. Vegetation is a combination of open annual and perennial halophytic communities and more closed grassland. It occurs on solonchak soils, in poorly drained, saline or hypersaline depressions and on shores of rivers and lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R65","name":"Continental subsaline alluvial pasture and meadow","description":"Subsaline, perennial grassland of river valleys and other depressions in the steppe, forest-steppe, and semi-desert zones. In occurs on terraces and elevations in river valleys where this grassland is flooded for a short period in some years and on non-alluvial soils that are temporarily wet."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":2,"code":"R7","name":"Sparsely wooded grasslands","description":"Grasslands with a wooded overstorey that normally has less than 10% cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R71","name":"Temperate wooded pasture and meadow","description":"A very diverse landscape-scale habitat occurring across the temperate zone of Europe where different traditions of grazing, mowing and silviculture have together created distinctive associations of trees growing among pastures and meadows. Such wood-pastures, wooded steppes, park meadows, grazed orchards, parklands and open hunting forests, variously managed for stock rearing, hay production, coppice and timber products, represent highly distinctive social and economic histories and can express great cultural traditions. Species-rich types occur, including contingents of epiphytic plants growing on veteran trees, but, even where the components are more commonplace, the combinations of floristic and structural elements are striking."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R72","name":"Hemiboreal and boreal wooded pasture and meadow","description":"Open wooded landscapes of the lowlands, foothills and mountains of the boreal zone, traditionally managed for grazing, hay-making and forest products, mainly by pollarding. Diverse very open canopies of broadleaved and coniferous trees, including veterans sometimes with rich epiphytic cryptogam floras, often with few or no associated shrubs, occur scattered over pasture and meadow vegetation. Long traditions of complex interactions and cultural associations make these landscapes both dynamic and distinctive."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"grassland","level":3,"code":"R73","name":"Mediterranean wooded pasture and meadow","description":"Open wooded landscapes created and maintained through combinations of traditional grazing, hay-making and tree management in the Mediterranean. Variations in the local climate, topography and interventions, and the accumulation of long cultural traditions of use have resulted in a variety of highly distinctive types such as the dehesas of Spain and montados of Portugal. Typically the tree canopy is of evergreen broadleaved trees, variously with veterans, pollards or coppice, often with elements of sclerophyllous scrub beneath, and perennial and annual grasses and herbs in the field layer. In some traditions, there can even be small arable areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":1,"code":"S","name":"Heathland, scrub and tundra","description":"Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally inundated (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) usually with greater than 30% vegetation cover and with the development of soil. Tundra is characterised by the presence of permafrost. Heathland and scrub are defined as vegetation dominated by shrubs or dwarf shrubs of species that typically do not exceed 5 m maximum height. Excludes habitats subject to frequent management such as shrub orchards, vineyards and hedges (which may have occasional tall trees)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S1","name":"Tundra","description":"Vegetated land with graminoids, shrubs, mosses or macrolichens overlying permafrost. European tundras are limited to Spitzbergen and northern Russia. Vegetation with the same species also occurs on boreal mountains and in the low arctic remote from the main permafrost region, notably in Fennoscandia and Iceland; these oroboreal and low arctic habitats are listed under alpine and subalpine grassland E4 or arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub S2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S11","name":"Shrub tundra","description":"Tundra with a usually extensive cover of sub-shrubs or dwarf shrubs over herbs, bryophytes and lichens. It occurs in the southern Arctic and subarctic zones, often on permafrost soils. In grazed areas, it occurs in mosaics with grassland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S111","name":"Western shrub tundra","description":"Southern tundras of Europe, comprising Kola tundras in the west, the southern part of the Eastern European tundras from the Kanin peninsula to the Ural piedmont, and the southern part of the Uralo-Vaikatchan tundras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S12","name":"Moss and lichen tundra","description":"Tundra of the middle and northern High Arctic zones where permafrost soils, often occurring in the patterned ground, support a frequently sparse cover of bryophytes, lichens and low herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S121","name":"Cladonia - espalier willow tundra","description":"Moss and lichen tundras of the northern Kanin peninsula, Kolguiev island, the northeastern European Petchora tundras, the Kara sea tundras, the southern Yamal peninsula, the southern Gyda peninsula, the southern Taimyr peninsula, in the Ienissei and Piasana basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S122","name":"Moss tundra","description":"Moss and lichen tundras of the middle Taimyr peninsula, on the southern flanks of the Byrranga Range, and in the Taimyr basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S2","name":"Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub","description":"Scrub occurring north of or above the climatic tree limit, but outside the permafrost zone. Scrub occurring close to but below the climatic tree limit, where trees are suppressed either by late-lying snow or by wind or repeated browsing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S21","name":"Subarctic and alpine dwarf Salix scrub","description":"Salix-dominated dwarf scrub, often with abundant bryophytes and lichens, on skeletal calcareous or siliceous soils in late snow beds with a short growing-season, occurring in the Arctic and subarctic zones and in the high mountains of temperate Europe, increasingly local and fragmentary to the south.\r\nRemark: This habitat also occurs in the Arctic zone (e.g. Svalbard), which is not reflected in its current name."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S211","name":"Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch Salix herbacea scrub","description":"Acidophile or acidocline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Creeping species dominate, adapted to the short growth season in areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months. Typical species: Salix herbacea, Carex firma, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Aster alpinus and Carex sempervirens. Endemic species are also often found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2111","name":"Alpic acid dwarf willow snow-patch communities","description":"Dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarids, the Pelagonides, the Pirin and Rila mountains, occupying areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2112","name":"Oroboreal moss-dwarf willow snowbed communities","description":"Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by dwarf willows embedded in dense bryophyte carpets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S212","name":"Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch Salix polaris scrub","description":"Calciphile or calcicline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Typical species: Salix reticulata, Salix retusa, Salix polaris, Salix kitaibeliana, Poa alpina, Selaginella selaginoides and Polygonum viviparum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2121","name":"Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of calcareous stone fields submitted to relatively long snow-cover of the Alpids and the boreal mountains, with Salix reticulata, Salix retusa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S21211","name":"Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of snow-bound calcareous stone fields of the Alpids, with the net-leaved willow, Salix reticulata, and the retuse-leaved willow, Salix retusa, or with Salix kitaibeliana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S212111","name":"Alpide Salix retusa-reticulata snowbed communities","description":"Salix reticulata or Salix retusa communities of calcareous stone fields with late-lying snow cover, of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains and their associated ranges, with Gentiana bavarica, Dryas octopetala, Sesleria varia, Sesleria rigida var. haynaldiana, Carex parviflora, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga androsacea, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga sempervivum, Omalotheca hoppeana (Gnaphalium hoppeanum), Homogyne discolor, Veronica alpina, Veronica aphylla, Plantago atrata (Plantago montana), Bartsia alpina, Anemone narcissiflora, Achillea schurii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S212112","name":"Carpathian Salix kitaibeliana snowbed communities","description":"Distinctive snow patch communities, endemic to the Eastern Carpathians, in particular, to the Rodnei Mountains, formed by the Carpathian endemics Salix kitaibeliana and Soldanella hungarica ssp. hungarica, with Luzula alpinopilosa, Polygonum viviparum, Oreochloa disticha, Doronicum clusii, and, more sporadically, the Eastern Carpathian endemics Poa deylii and Lychnis nivalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S21212","name":"Scandinavian espalier willow snowbed communities","description":"Espalier willow communities of calcareous stonefields in mountains in heavy-rainfall areas of boreal and arctic Scandinavia dominated by Salix reticulata, often exclusively, and Poa alpina, with a sparser participation of, among others, Salix polaris, Antennaria alpina, Pinguicula alpina, Silene acaulis, Tofieldia pusilla, Viola biflora, Thalictrum alpinum, Festuca vivipara, Equisetum variegatum, Selaginella selaginoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2122","name":"Polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Chionophilous communities of boreal and arcto-alpine Palaearctic mountains and of islands of the polar basin dominated by, or rich in, Salix polaris, associated with mosses and small forbs, developed, at least in the boreal and arcto-alpine regions, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S21221","name":"Fenno-Scandian polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, characteristic of the edges of snowfields on calcareous often stone-littered soils with near-surface ground water or moisture in early spring and little or no solifluction, constituted by dense carpets of mosses and forbs in which Salix polaris dominates, often totally; the species cortège includes Salix reticulata, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Erigeron uniflora, Omalotheca supina (Gnaphalium supinum), Minuartia biflora, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga cernua, Saxifraga stellaris, Saxifraga tenuis, Silene acaulis, Taraxacum croceum, Thalictrum alpinum, Tofieldia pusilla, Veronica alpina, Viola biflora, Carex lachenalii, Poa alpina f. vivipara and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S21222","name":"Spitzbergen polar willow snowbed communities","description":"Snowbed communities of islands of the polar basin, in particular, of Spitzbergen with Salix polaris, Luzula confusa, Pedicularis hirsuta, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Cerastium arcticum, Dicranum elongatum, Drepanocladus uncinatus, Gymnomitrion coralloides, Anthelia juratzkana, Cetraria delisei, Stereocolon alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S213","name":"Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch dwarf Salix scrub","description":"Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S22","name":"Alpine and subalpine ericoid heath","description":"Dwarf-shrub vegetation dominated by ericoids and other woody species (not juniper or genistoids) occurring in high mountains throughout Europe, varying in dominants and associates according to regional climate, degree of exposure and snow lie, soil reaction, soil depth and moisture."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S221","name":"Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths","description":"Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, Loiseleuria procumbens, prostrate Vaccinium spp. or other prostrate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichens Cetraria islandica, Cladonia spp., of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, with an outpost in the Balkan Peninsula: Šar planina (Kosovo)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2211","name":"Alpide dwarf azalea heaths","description":"Dwarf alpine heaths of the western Alps dominated by Loiseleuria procumbens, often accompanied by Vaccinium spp., and rich in lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2212","name":"Alpide dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Very low, single-stratum, carpets of prostrate Vaccinium spp. and lichens, of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, for the most part Vaccinium-dominated facies of the trailing azalea communities, in which Loiseleuria procumbens often accompanies Vacciniummyrtillus, Vacciniumvitis-idaea or Vacciniumuliginosum, the latter represented, as in S2211, S224 and S229, by the distinctive low, small-leaved, creeping, mat-forming entity variously referred to as Vacciniumgaultherioides, Vacciniumuliginosum ssp. microphyllum, Vacciniumalpina, Vacciniumpubescens, Vacciniumuliginosum ssp. pubescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22121","name":"Alps dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Prostrate Vaccinium spp. and lichen carpets of windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22122","name":"Carpathian dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Very local prostrate Vaccinium spp. and lichen carpets of high windswept summits and peaks, in the lower alpine belt of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, dominated by Vacciniumgaultherioides (Vacciniumuliginosum ssp. microphyllum) and Cetraria islandica with Empetrum hermaphroditum, Juncus trifidus, Festuca airoides and Cetraria islandica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2213","name":"Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Communities of prostrate Vacciniumuliginosum and lichens of the alpine level of the mountains of the Rhodopide system and of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22131","name":"Rhodopide dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Communities of prostrate Vacciniumuliginosum and lichens of the alpine level of the Rila and Pirin mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22132","name":"Balkan Range dwarf Vaccinium wind heaths","description":"Vacciniumuliginosum and lichen mats occupying windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Balkan Range, local and fragmented representatives of communities of unit S22131 of the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2214","name":"Pontic dwarf Vaccinium heaths","description":"Prostrate Vacciniumuliginosum ssp. microphyllum, or rarely Vacciniumvitis-idaea, and lichen mats of high windswept localities in the Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S222","name":"Alpide acidocline Rhododendron heaths","description":"Rhododendron spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system, often with Vaccinium spp., sometimes with dwarf pines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2221","name":"Alpine rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"Rhododendron ferrugineum-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, often with Vaccinium spp., sometimes with Pinus mugo. They often alternate in mosaic with units S2311 and S223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2222","name":"Pyrenean rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"Rhododendron ferrugineum-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Pyrenees, often with Vaccinium spp. and alternating in mosaic with units  S2311 and S223."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2223","name":"Dinaric rusty alpenrose heaths","description":"Rhododendron ferrugineum-dominated heaths of the Dinaric alps"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2224","name":"Carpathian Rhododendron kotschyi heaths","description":"Heaths of the subalpine and lower alpine levels (1700-2000 m) of the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains, common and widespread, but occupying small surfaces, dominated by Rhododendron myrtifolium (Rhododendron kotschyi), Vaccinium gaultherioides and Vaccinium vitis-idaea, with some regional species such as Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda, Melampyrum saxosum, Campanula abietina and Campanula serrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2225","name":"Balkan Rhododendron kotschyi heaths","description":"Rhododendron myrtifolium-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22251","name":"Balkan Range Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"Rhododendron myrtifolium-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22252","name":"Rila Kotschy's alpenrose heaths","description":"Rhododendron myrtifolium-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the eastern Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2226","name":"Pontic alpenrose heaths","description":"Heaths of the Pontic Range, formed, mostly above treeline, by Rhododendron caucasicum, Rhododendron smirnovii, Rhododendron ungernii, Rhododendron x sochadzeae, sometimes with Rhododendron ponticum, Rhododendron luteum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S223","name":"Alpigenic high mountain Empetrum - Vaccinium heaths","description":"Dwarf heaths of alliances Loiseleurio-Vaccinion and Juncion trifidi dominated by Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium spp., with Arctostaphylos alpinus, Calluna vulgaris, Festuca supina, Avenula versicolor; lycopodes (Huperzia selago, Diphasiastrum alpinum), mosses (Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) andlichens (Cetraria islandica, Cladonia spp., Peltigera aphthosa) of the subalpine belt of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, the Sudeten, the Jura, the Northern Apennines, characteristic of relatively windswept, snow-free stations, in frost-exposure situations that are, however, less extreme than those prevailing where communities of unit S221 dominate. Unlike the formations of S221, those of S223 are clearly two-layered."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S224","name":"Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths","description":"Alpine and high-montane heaths of the highlands and islands of Scotland and, very locally, of the Lake District and of Ireland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths of Iceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of the Urals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just south of, the limits of the boreal zone, with Juniperus nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Phyllodoce caerulea, Betula nana and elements of alpine flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2241","name":"Hiberno-Scotian dwarf mountain heaths","description":"Prostrate alpine and high-montane Calluna vulgaris or Vaccinium myrtillus heaths of windswept summits and ridges, with little snow cover, of the Highlands, the Inner Hebrides and, very locally, of the uplands of Ireland, England and Wales, with Loiseleuria procumbens, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos alpinus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2242","name":"Britannic chionophilous boreo-montane heaths","description":"Low- to very low-growing low alpine and subalpine Vaccinium myrtillus heaths of the Highlands of Scotland, Skye, and, locally, the Southern Uplands and northern England, characteristic of somewhat more protected stations with longer snow cover than those of unit S2241, with Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rubus chamaemorus, Cornus suecica, Carex bigelowii, Racomitrium lanuginosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2243","name":"Fenno-Scandian boreo-alpine heaths","description":"Alpine heaths of the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, with Juniperus nana, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Loiseleuria procumbens, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium spp., Arctostaphylos alpinus, dwarf Salix spp., Betulanana and elements of alpine flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2244","name":"North Atlantic boreo-alpine heaths","description":"Lowland and alpine boreal heaths of Iceland, Spitzbergen and Greenland formed by low, compact or mat-forming shrubs of Ericaceae, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Betula nana, Juniperus nana and Salix spp. and alpine flora elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2245","name":"Arctic heaths","description":"Heaths of arctic mountains, coasts and islands of the Palaearctic zone, mostly dominated by or rich in Cassiope tetragona, often associated with Dryas heaths of unit S2284."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S225","name":"Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Formations of Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, often accompanied by Juniperus nana, Vaccinium myrtillus and herbaceous alpine grassland species, occupying damp, non-calcareous substrates of high mountains of the Balkan peninsula and northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2251","name":"Rhodopide Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Bruckenthalia spiculifolia heaths of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin, the Slovianka, the Rhodopes, the Vrondous, the Menikion and the Pangeon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2252","name":"Northwestern Hellenide Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Bruckenthalia spiculifolia formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Pelagonian mountains, south to the Varnous, the Vitsi, the Piperitsa, the Voras, the Pinovon, the Tzena, of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Kerkini (Belles range), and of the Pieria in the northern Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2253","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Bruckenthalia spiculifolia formations of the Balkan Range, with northern representatives in the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22531","name":"Carpathian Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Sporadically distributed formations in the Apuseni Mountains and the southern Carpathians, dominated by Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, accompanied by Juniperusnana, Vacciniumvitis-idaea and the endemic or near-endemic Campanula patula ssp. abietina (Campanula abietina), Campanula serrata and Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22532","name":"Balkan range Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Bruckenthalia spiculifolia formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2254","name":"Anatolian Bruckenthalia heaths","description":"Scattered dwarf shrub formations dominated by Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, of the alpine and subalpine belt of high mountains of northern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S226","name":"Alpide Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arctostaphylos alpinus heaths","description":"Mats of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi or Arctostaphylos alpinus of the alpine, subalpine and locally, montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (including Athos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon and Kajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S227","name":"Alpide Rhododendron hirsutum - Erica heaths","description":"Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides, with Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron intermedium, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and Erica herbacea, often accompanied by Clematis alpina, Daphne striata, Daphne mezereum, Globularia cordifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Rhododendron hirsutum and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, Erica herbacea are the most frequent dominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. Arctostaphylos spp. -dominated facies have, however, been been included in unit S226."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2271","name":"Hairy alpenrose heaths","description":"Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats dominated by Rhododendron hirsutum, of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides. Rhododendron intermedium, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and Erica herbacea may participate in the constitution of the heath, often accompanied by Clematis alpina and Daphne mezereum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2272","name":"Alpine erica heaths","description":"Species-rich montane, subalpine and low alpine heaths of calcareous soils of the Alps and the Dinarids, dominated by Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), mostly characteristic of the Austrian northern and southern calcareous Alps, south to the Dolomites and the Karawanken, with Sesleria albicans, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Daphne striata, Globularia cordifolia, Globularia nudicaulis, Polygala chamaebuxus. Small shrubs other than Erica herbacea, in particular Globularia cordifolia, may locally dominate communities. Distinctive formations also exist on siliceous and on serpentine substrates. They are provisionally included in this unit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S228","name":"Dryas octopetala mats","description":"Dwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody Dryas octopetala in high Palaearctic mountains, in arctic and boreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2281","name":"Alpigenic high mountain Dryas mats","description":"Mats of Dryas octopetala of the high levels of the mountains of the western Alpine system, the Jura and the Central Massif, in calcicolous alpine grasslands and on high mountain rocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22811","name":"Alpine Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala mats of the high levels of the Alps, widespread pioneering communities on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22812","name":"Southwestern high moutain Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala mats of the high levels of the Pyrenees and Central Massif, relatively uncommon pioneering communities of calcareous substrates distributed in the Corbières (pic d'Ourthizet), in the eastern and central Pyrenees, and, very locally, on high summits of the Cental Massif ranges of Monts-Dore and Cantal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22813","name":"Jura Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala mats of the high levels of the western Jura, mostly above 1300 metres, on, in particular, la D“le, le Reculet, le Creux-du-Van, le Chasseral, le Mont-d'Or, le Suchet, la Dent de Vaulion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22814","name":"Apennine Dryas mats","description":"Rare Dryas octopetala mats of the high levels of the Apuan Alps, the Pistoiese Apennines (Mandromini), the Central Apennines (Sibillini, Terminillo, Mount Viglio) and the Abruzzian and Campanian Apennines (Monte Cassino, Monte Cairo)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22815","name":"Carpatho-Balkanide Dryas mats","description":"Communities dominated by Dryas octopetala, scattered in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Carpathians and the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S228151","name":"Western Carpathian Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala mats of calcareous substrates in the subalpine and alpine belts of the western Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S228152","name":"Southeastern Carpathian Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala communities widespread in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grassland of the Romanian Carpathians, having as endemics Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii (Achillea schurii), Oxytropis carpatica, and Cerastium transsilvanicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S228153","name":"Balkan Range Dryas mats","description":"Calciphile communities dominated by Dryas octopetala of subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Balkan Range, west to the Gethian mountains of eastern Serbia (Suva Planina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22816","name":"Dinaro-Hellenide Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala mats of calcareous substrates of the high levels of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides south to Mount Tzena."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S22817","name":"Rhodopide mountain avens mats","description":"Dryas octopetala communities of the Rila, the Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos and the Falakron."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2282","name":"Hiberno-Britannic maritime Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala dwarf heaths of the oceanic lowlands of northern Scotland, the Inner Hebrides and western Ireland, associated with Durness, Jurassic or Carboniferous limestone outcroppings and karstic pavements, or with shell sands blown over rocky or peaty headlands, with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Thymus praecox, Carex flacca, Viola riviniana, Plantago maritima, Lotus corniculatus, Festuca ovina, Calluna vulgaris, Carex rupestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2283","name":"Boreo-alpine Dryas mats","description":"Dryas octopetala heaths of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of northern Palaearctic mountains of Scotland and Fennoscandia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2284","name":"Arctic Dryas heaths","description":"Maritime or submaritime Dryas octopetala heaths of the arctic lowlands of the Palaearctic continent and of the low arctic and subarctic islands of the North Atlantic and the Northern Ocean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S229","name":"Alpide high mountain dwarf Vaccinium heaths","description":"Vaccinium-dominated dwarf heaths of the subalpine belt of southern mountains, in particular, of the northern and central Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum s.l., Vaccinium vitis-idaea and, locally, Empetrum nigrum. They are richer in grassland species than the communities of unit S223 and often take the appearance of alpine grassland with dward shrubs. Vaccinium myrtillus also plays a much more dominant role, in lieu of Vaccinium uliginosum and Empetrum hermaphroditum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2291","name":"Central Mediterranean subalpine dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"Vaccinium dwarf heaths of the subalpine or lower alpine belt of mountains of the Italian peninsula and of the large Tyrrhenian islands formed by Vacciniummyrtillus and Vacciniumuliginosum s.l., with a large admixture of alpine or subalpine grassland species and sometimes of megaforb elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2292","name":"Balkano-Hellenic dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"Communities of Vacciniummyrtillus and/or Vacciniumvitis-idaea, rich in grass and herb species, of the subalpine level of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2293","name":"Pontic Range dwarf bilberry heaths","description":"Communities of Vacciniummyrtillus and/or Vacciniumvitis-idaea of the Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S23","name":"Alpine and subalpine Juniperus scrub","description":"Juniper-dominated vegetation of the montane to subalpine belts of European mountains, occurring as primary vegetation tolerant of both high exposure and snow-lie, but also a secondary derivative of the deforested, long-grazed and eroded ground at high altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S231","name":"Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf Juniperus scrub","description":"Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearctic mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2311","name":"Mountain Juniperus nana scrub","description":"Thermophile Juniperus nana-dominated heaths of the upper levels, mostly of the subalpine or equivalent levels, of the Alps, mostly in the central and southern chains, of the northern and central Apennines, the Corsican and Sardinian mountains, the Forez, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Caucasus, the high mountains of the Iberian and Hellenic peninsulas, the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Himalayan system, the temperate Far Eastern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2312","name":"Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Juniperus sabina heaths of Iberia, the Alps, the Apennines, the Tell of North Africa, the southeastern Central European mountains, the Pontic Range, the Anti-Taurus, the western Caucasus, Crimea, the Elburz, the Altai."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S23121","name":"Iberian Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Oro-Mediterranean Juniperus sabina heaths of Iberia north to the Pyrenees, where they are limited to south-facing slopes in the montane and subalpine belt of the central part of the range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S23122","name":"Alpine Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Juniperus sabina heaths of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys with sporadic fragmentary occurrence in the alti-Mediterranean subalpine level of the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S23123","name":"Apennine Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Juniperus sabina heaths of rare stations in the Marcho-Abruzzian Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S23124","name":"Dinarid Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Juniperus sabina heaths of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S23125","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic Juniperus sabina scrub","description":"Thermophile Juniperus sabina-dominated formation on limestone in the montane belt of the Apuseni Mountains of the southeastern Carpathians, accompanied by regional species Rhamnus saxatilis ssp. tinctorius and Sesleria rigida, Thymus comosus, and Rhamnus catharticus. Sporadic fragmentary Juniperus sabina formations of the Balkan Range and the Rila mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2313","name":"Juniperus hemisphaerica scrub","description":"Juniperus hemisphaerica heaths of Iberia, the southern Apennines, Sicily (Madonie, Nebrodi, Etna), Greece, the Caucasus and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2314","name":"Mountain Juniperus oxycedrus scrub","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus heaths of high mountain slopes of Greece, the Near East and the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2315","name":"Scotian juniper heaths","description":"Prostrate Juniperus nana mats of the Highlands of Scotland, restricted to a limited number of stations on the west side of mountains in the northwest Highlands and on Skye, with Calluna vulgaris, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cladonia uncialis, Racomitrium lanuginosum and oceanic hepatics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S24","name":"Subalpine genistoid scrub of the Amphi-Adriatic region","description":"Genistoid heath and scrub of high mountains in Italy and the Balkans, often in primary grassy mosaics at higher altitudes, but also extending below the timberline where wood-cutting and grazing open up the forest cover and sustain the vegetation as an anthropogenic replacement."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S241","name":"Rayed broom heaths","description":"Genista radiata, Genista holopetala, Genista hassertiana heaths of the montane, subalpine and alpine belts of the southeastern Alps, in particular the Bergamesque Alps, the Dolomites, the Carnic Alps, the Julian Alps, of the Dinarides, with more localized stations in the Novarese Alps, the northern and central Apennines, the southern Carpathians, the Pelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Thessalian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S242","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide Chamaecytisus absinthioides heaths","description":"Low shrub formations dominated by the Balkan peninsula endemic Chamaecytisus eriocarpus (Chamaecytisus absinthioides) characteristic of the subalpine and montane belts of the Balkan Range, of the Rhodope Mountains (Rila, Pirin, Orvilos, Vrondous, Pangeon, Falakron, Rhodope) and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Belasitza-Kerkini."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S243","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Chamaecytisus hirsutus heaths","description":"Chamaecytisus hirsutus heaths of the mountains of the southern Balkan and Hellenic peninsula, in particular, of the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S25","name":"Subalpine and subarctic deciduous scrub","description":"Low scrub, including krummholz, dominated by various deciduous trees and shrubs, on moist but free-draining, sometimes quite fertile, soils on high-mountain slopes throughout Europe, often with long snow-lie and prone to natural disturbance due to avalanche and scree slides, after which it is well able to recover and recolonise. The associated flora can be rich in tall mountain herbs. It can also be found as a secondary succession stage in abandoned subalpine pastures and meadows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S251","name":"Mountain Alnus brush","description":"Dense thickets of bushy alders characteristic of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, Corsica and the mountains of northeastern Asia. Alders (e.g. Alnus viridis) are accompanied by shruby willows Salix waldsteiniana, Salix appendiculata, Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea etc. and tall herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2511","name":"Green alder brush","description":"Green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. viridis)-dominated formations of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides and the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, rich in tall herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25111","name":"Alpine green alder scrub","description":"Green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. viridis)-dominated formations, rich in tall herbs, of the subalpine and lower alpine belts of the Alps, on slopes with a good water-holding capacity, mostly on siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25112","name":"Carpathian green alder scrub","description":"Alnus viridis-dominated formations of the Carpathian mountains, with, in some communities, Pulmonaria filarszkyana, Cirsium waldsteinii, Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25113","name":"Dinaric green alder scrub","description":"Alnus viridis-dominated formations of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25114","name":"Balkan range green alder brush","description":"Alnus viridis-dominated formations, often with Rumex alpinus, Ligusticum mutellina, Salix silesiaca, Geum coccineum, Veratrum album, of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25115","name":"Rhodopide green alder brush","description":"Alnus viridis-dominated scrub of the subalpine, 1300-2100 metre, level of Vitosha and Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2512","name":"Corsican sweet alder brush","description":"One to three metre-tall brush of the Corsican endemic Alnus viridis ssp. suaveolens, sometimes accompanied by a few Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus or Rhamnus alpinus, limited to the moist, cool, north-facing slopes (ubacs) and, locally, to humid torrent galleries on the south-facing slopes (adrets) of the subalpine (1600-2100 m) belt of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S252","name":"Subalpine and oroboreal Salix brush","description":"Willow-dominated communities of higher Eurasian mountains and of the boreal zone, mostly characteristic of the subalpine zone of the higher ranges of the Alpine system and its satellites, where many constitute facies of subalpine shrub and tall herb communities, of the slopes of lesser ranges in the boreal zone, including the Scandinavian mountains, of Iceland and of the northern British Isles (cf. unit R56). Vegetation of the alliance Salicion silesiacae. Species composition is very variable and endemic species are highly represented here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2521","name":"Alpide willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix-dominated scrub of the mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25211","name":"Alpigenous small willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane  low scrub of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western great Hercynian ranges, dominated by small shrubby, generally 0.5-2 metre tall, Salix species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25212","name":"Alpine prostrate willow brush","description":"Dwarf shrub heaths and espaliers of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Alps, formed by prostrate or near-prostrate Salix alpina, Salix breviserrata, Salix reticulata, Salix retusa, and occasionally very small forms of Salix species characteristic of unit S25211; snow patch communities dominated by Salix reticulata or Salix retusa (unit S21211) are excluded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25213","name":"Alpigenous tall willow brush","description":"Tall Salix-dominated scrub of the mountains of the subalpine, sometimes alpine and montane, belts of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western greater Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25214","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabric willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix-dominated  scrub of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25215","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix-dominated  scrub of the Carpathians and the eastern Hercynian ranges of the Sudeten."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25216","name":"Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix-dominated scrub of the Balkan Range, the Dinarides and the Hellenides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S252161","name":"Dinaride willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and montane Salix-dominated scrubs of the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S252162","name":"Balkan Range willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and montane Salix-dominated  scrub of the Balkan Range, dominated by Salix waldsteiniana or Salix silesiaca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S252163","name":"Rhodopide willow brush","description":"Thickets of shrubby willows of Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope, dominated by Salix lapponum, Salix waldsteiniana or other mountain willows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S25217","name":"Ponto-Caucasian mountain willow brush","description":"Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix-dominated scrub of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2522","name":"Oroboreal Salix scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular of the Highlands of Scotland, the mountains of Iceland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, European Russia, Siberia, northern China, Korea and Japan. Mostly characteristic of a suprasylvatic belt in the lower arcto-alpine or oroboreal zone, they may extend into the taiga belt in exposed locations and edaphic enclaves, and ascend locally into the arcto-alpine zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2523","name":"Northern British willow brush","description":"Mixed Salix aurita, Salix atrocinerea, Salix repens and Salix caprea scrub, with Rumex acetosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Dryopteris spp., Oxalis acetosella, developed on ungrazed ledges, islands and gullies of Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides and the Northern Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S253","name":"Subalpine mixed brushes","description":"Communities of the subalpine zone, of the tree-limit, and sometimes of the montane zone, of higher nemoral mountains of the western Alpine system and its associated ranges (Carpathians) mainly of alliances Calamagrostion villosae and Trisetion fusci dominated by tall or medium shrubs, for the most part Rosaceae species (of genera Rubus, Sorbus, Amelanchier, Potentilla), Betula or tall Vaccinium, Salix helvetica, Salix kitaibeliana and grasses Calamagrostis villosa and Deschampsia cespitosa often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit R56), or by subalpine heaths, such as the Juniperus nana-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2531","name":"Subalpine Sorbus brush","description":"Thickets of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, dominated by Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Sorbus mougeotii, Sorbus ambigua, Sorbus austriaca or other shrubby Sorbus species, in particular, tree-limit formations with Betula carpatica, Lonicera nigra, Prunus padus ssp. borealis (Padus petraea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2532","name":"Subalpine birch brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, usually at the tree-limit, dominated by shrubby or krumholtz birches, in particular, Betula carpatica, Betula pubescens, often with Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata, Lonicera nigra, Prunus padus ssp. borealis (Padus petraea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2533","name":"Subalpine bramble brush","description":"Scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, dominated by Rubus spp., in particular, Rubus idaeus, Rubus saxatilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2534","name":"Subalpine cherry brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges dominated by shrubby species of genus Prunus or related genera, in particular, Prunus padus ssp. borealis (Padus petraea), often with Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata, Betula carpatica, Lonicera nigra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2535","name":"Subalpine ericaceous brush","description":"Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura dominated by large Vaccinium shrubs, often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit R56)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2536","name":"Rhodope Potentilla fruticosa thickets","description":"Closed formations dominated by Potentilla fruticosa of the 1550 metre level in the Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris belt of the west Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S254","name":"Oroboreal Betula scrub","description":"Very low scrubs formed in exposed situations by otherwise thicket-building birches of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Betula tortuosa, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa, Betula kusmisscheffii) of Iceland, Greenland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, the Urals. These form dwarf facies of the woods and thickets of unit T1C14."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S26","name":"Subalpine Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Krummholz of dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo) on mineral soils with long snow-lie above the tree line through the mountains of central and South-Eastern Europe. Woody and herbaceous species and the sometimes abundant bryophyte layer vary according to the base-richness of the soils and ground moisture."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S261","name":"Inner Alpine Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Pinus mugo scrub of the dry eastern inner Alps, of local occurrence throughout the area, accompanied by Rhododendron hirsutum, Erica herbacea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, or, on siliceous ground, Rhododendron ferrugineum and Vaccinium myrtillus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S262","name":"Outer Alpine Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Main range Pinus mugo scrub of well-drained, mostly calcareous, soils of the northern and southeastern outer Alps, usually with Rhododendron hirsutum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Lonicera caerulea, Lonicera alpigena, Calamagrostis varia, sometimes with Erica herbacea or Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and, in acidophilous variants, known in particular from the Karawanken, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Empetrum hermaphroditum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S263","name":"Southwestern Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Very local Pinus mugo scrub of the southwestern Alps (Moyen-Valais, Haute-Roya, Ligurian Alps), with Juniperus nana, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Daphne striata, Erica herbacea, Carex firma and, in some stations, Rhododendron hirsutum; cold-block Pinus mugo formations of the Swiss Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S264","name":"Apennine Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Rare and local Apennine formations of the Parmian Apennines, the Abruzzi and the Campanian Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S265","name":"Hercynian Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Pinus mugo scrub of the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischerwald, the B”hmerwald, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix silesiaca s.l., Trientalis europaea, Homogyne alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S266","name":"Carpathian Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Pinus mugo scrub of the Carpathians, where they form a separate vegetation altitudinal zone. Additional trees and shrubs are Pinus cembra, Ribes petraeum, Sorbus aucuparia, Salix silesiaca, herbs Homogyne alpina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Adenostyles alliariae, Calamagrostis villosa, Luzula sylvatica and endemic species, e.g. Soldanella carpatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2661","name":"Carpathian subalpine mountain pine scrub","description":"Pinus mugo scrub forming an extensive belt in the upper subalpine zone of the higher mountains of the northwestern, eastern and southeastern Carpathians with Vacciniummyrtillus, Ribes petraeum var. carpaticum, Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata, Rosa pendulina, Homogyne alpina, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major in siliceous stations, with tall herbs in calcareous ones. The southeastern Carpathian formations, particularly those of the Apuseni Mountains, harbour the regional endemic Campanula patula ssp. abietina (Campanula abietina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S2662","name":"Carpathian alpenrose mountain pine scrub","description":"Widespread formations of Pinus mugo accompanied by the regional endemic Rhododendron myrtifolium, on shallow-soil slopes of the subalpine level of the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S267","name":"Pelago-Dinaride Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Pinus mugo-dominated formations of the Dinarides and of neighbouring chains of the Pelagonides, in particular the Jakupica range, with Vacciniummyrtillus, Rubus saxatilis, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Rosa pendulina, Veratrum album and Polygonatum verticillatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S268","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide Pinus mugo scrub","description":"Pinus mugo-dominated formations of the Pirin and the Rila, with remnants in the Balkan Range, including the Suva Planina and Stara Planina. This habitat has been severely reduced by clearance for pastures, and its distribution area regressed; in addition to the ranges where it still forms substantial stands, Pinus mugo is recorded from the western Rhodope, the Vitosha and, perhaps, Orvilos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S27","name":"Krummholz with conifers other than Pinus mugo","description":"Coniferous krummholz on mineral soils above the tree line dominated by short individuals of Pinus sylvestris (especially in Scotland and Norway) or Picea abies (especially in Scandinavia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S3","name":"Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub","description":"Shrub communities of nemoral affinities. They include deciduous and evergreen scrubs of the nemoral zone, and deciduous scrubs of the submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Excluded are heathlands with dominant Ericaceae S4, and the typically mediterranean maquis S5, garrigue S6 and phrygana S7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S31","name":"Lowland to montane temperate and submediterranean Juniperus scrub","description":"Juniperus communis scrub on nutrient-poor sandy and calcareous soils through the temperate and submediterranean lowlands and foothills of Europe. The juniper can be very patchy in occurrence, often related to past land use, and with a striking variety of growth forms, the associated flora being very diverse according to soil base-status, sharing much in common, where the scrub is open, with local calcicolous grasslands or heath."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S311","name":"Juniper downs","description":"Juniperus communis thickets developed on calcareous substrates of middle Europe, in particular, of southern England, southern Germany, southern Belgium, the periphery of the Paris Basin, the Danish, Swedish and eastern Baltic islands, the Estonian mainland, often as colonization facies of medio-European calcareous grasslands of unit E1 (of EUNIS 2012 split in R1G, R1H, R1J, R1K, R1L)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S312","name":"Sub-Atlantic juniper heaths","description":"Juniperus communis thickets developed on acidic, often sandy, substrates of middle Europe, including inland dunes, often as colonization facies of heaths and related communities, distributed in particular in southern Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Paris Basin, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Estonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S313","name":"Juniper-wood sorrel forests","description":"Upland formations of the central highlands of Scotland and of northern England, in which Juniperus communis is the most abundant small tree or large shrub, accompanied by ericoids, ferns, grasses, bryophytes and a fairly rich flora of herbaceous dicots."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S314","name":"Sub-Mediterranean common juniper thickets","description":"Collinar and montane communities of sub-Mediterranean levels of southern and southeastern Europe, dominated by Juniperus communis, mostly Juniperus-dominated facies of units S355, S356 or S357, in particular, formations of Bulgaria, Greece and the North Macedonia, such as the Juniperus communis-Pteridium aquilinum formations on deep soils of the Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S315","name":"Inland dune juniper scrubs","description":"Juniperus communis-rich scrub of Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes (unit S312)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S32","name":"Temperate Rubus scrub","description":"Low Rubus-dominated scrub, deciduous or sometimes evergreen, of successions and ecotones in a wide variety of semi-natural landscapes through the Atlantic region and elsewhere in submontane belts Europe where a locally moist climate prevails. Rubus is an enormously diverse genus of often apomictic and endemic taxa with associated floras related to soil base-status and moisture."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S33","name":"Lowland to montane temperate and submediterranean genistoid scrub","description":"Low scrub dominated by various woody legumes on mostly sharply-draining, nutrient-poor acidic soils throughout the temperate and submediterranean lowlands and Mediterranean foothills of Europe. To the north the vegetation is usually found in successions or ecotones within pastoral landscapes and is often rather species-poor; further south, the scrub can occur as a more persistent or repeatedly renewed habitat among rocky or unstable hill-slopes with richer associated floras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S331","name":"Temperate Cytisus scoparius fields","description":"Expanses of broom (Cytisus scoparius), a common recolonisation stage of the Quercion in the plains and hills of northern and middle Europe, reaching the montane zone in the higher mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3311","name":"Lowland and hill broom fields","description":"Cytisus scoparius fields of the lowlands, hills and low mountains of northern, western and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3312","name":"Alpine broom fields","description":"Montane Cytisus scoparius fields of the Alpine system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3313","name":"Central Massif Cytisus scoparius fields","description":"Montane beech-level formations of Cytisus scoparius of the Central Massif."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3314","name":"Pyrenean Cytisus scoparius fields","description":"Montane formations of Cytisus scoparius of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S332","name":"Ulex europaeus thickets","description":"Ulex europaeus thickets of the Atlantic domaine (including British Ulex europaeus-Rubus fruticosus scrub p.)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S333","name":"Montane Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Cytisus purgans-dominated formations of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro-mediterranean) of southwestern European and North African mountains, often associated with dwarf juniper scrubs (unit S231) or hedgehog-heaths (unit F7.4 of EUNIS 2012 split in S73, S74, S75, S76), and physiognomically reminiscent of the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3331","name":"Cévennes Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Localized formations of the upper levels of the Cévennes (southern France)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3332","name":"Pyrenean Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Upper montane Pyrenean formations appearing on the edge of, or as substitution of, acidophilous pine woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3333","name":"Galicio-Cantabrian Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Galician and oro-Cantabrian upper montane formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3334","name":"Upper Cordilleran Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Alti-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3335","name":"Lower Cordilleran Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Upper supra-Mediterrranean formations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3336","name":"Galicio-Leonese Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Oro-Mediterranean formations of the high southern Galicio-Leonese sierras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3337","name":"Nevadan Cytisus purgans fields","description":"Oro-Mediterranean formations of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S334","name":"Piornales","description":"Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus striatus, Cytisus scoparius, Cytisus grandiflorus, Cytisus cantabricus, Genista florida and other tall broom fields of the Iberian peninsula, mostly characteristic of the transition between the Atlantic and Mediterranean domaines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3341","name":"White-flowered broom fields","description":"Formations rich in white-flowered Cytisus multiflorus of the western Meseta, the (mostly western) Cordillera Central, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon and the western Cantabrian mountains, in which Cytisus multiflorus is either the only tall broom or is an important component of broom fields also containing yellow-flowered Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla, Genista florida ssp. florida, Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens, Cytisus scoparius and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3342","name":"Northwestern Iberian Genista florida fields","description":"Formations rich in Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla of the oro-Cantabrian region, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon, the Serra da Estrela, the northern Iberian range, with Cytisus cantabricus, Cytisus scoparius, Cytisus striatus, Genista obtusiramea, Adenocarpus complicatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3343","name":"Northwestern Iberian Cytisus fields","description":"Formations rich in Cytisus striatus or Cytisus ingramii of the western Cordillera Central and of Galician hills and plateaux, with Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla, Cytisus scoparius, Cytisus multiflorus or Ulex europaeus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3344","name":"Central Iberian Genista florida fields","description":"Formations rich in Genista florida ssp. florida of the Cordillera Central and the Southern Iberian Range with Cytisus scoparius, Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus striatus, Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens, Adenocarpus hispanicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3345","name":"Upper Cordilleran Genista cinerea fields","description":"Formations dominated by Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens of higher elevations of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3346","name":"Central Iberian Cytisus fields","description":"Formations rich in Cytisus striatus or Cytisus scoparius of the Cordillera Central and the Montes de Toledo with Genista florida ssp. florida or Chamaespartium tridentatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3347","name":"Andalusian broom fields","description":"Formations of Cytisus reverchonii, Cytisus grandiflorus, Adenocarpusdecorticans of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Andalucian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S335","name":"Tyrrhenian broom fields","description":"Broom fields of peninsular Italy and of the large Tyrrhenian islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S336","name":"Genista aetnensis stands","description":"Formations of the very large Genista aetnensis, endemic to the western Mediterranean and of considerable biogeographical interest, with a distribution limited to Sicily and Sardinia. The species has been introduced on Vesuvio, where it also forms extensive stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S337","name":"Canary Island broom fields","description":"Canary Island formations with Teline spp., Micromeria spp., Adenocarpusfoliolosus developed in particular in the humid montane zone where they replace heaths on sunnier exposures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S338","name":"Moesian broom fields","description":"Broom formations of the hills of the Balkan peninsula, in regions of transition between Central European and Mediterranean influences."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S34","name":"Balkan-Anatolian submontane genistoid scrub","description":"Open scrub, dominated by Genista lydia endemic to steep rocky slopes and screes, and also degraded forest, in the lowlands and foothills of the south-eastern Balkan Peninsula, on various soils but especially rich on limey substrates where calcicolous grassland species figure strongly among the associated flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S35","name":"Temperate and submediterranean thorn scrub","description":"Scrub dominated by a diversity of mostly thorny shrubs, small trees and saplings, in successions and ecotones on mesic soils in a wide variety of semi-natural landscapes through the temperate and submediterranean lowlands of Europe but sometimes extending to higher altitudes, as in the Balkan šibljak. The dominants and associated floras vary widely with differences in regional climate and soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S351","name":"Medio-European rich-soil thickets","description":"Deciduous Prunetalia thickets of the Western and the Central Europe formed by Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Rosa spp., Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Sorbus aria, Crataegus spp., Lonicera xylosteum, Rhamnus catharticus, Rhamnus alpinus, Clematis vitalba, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Viburnum opulus, Rubus spp., Amelanchier ovalis, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Cotoneaster nebrodensis, Pyrus pyraster, Malus sylvestris, Euonymus europaeus, Corylus avellana, Ulmus minor, Acer campestre, Acer monspessulanum and Carpinus betulus characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation, developed on soils relatively rich in nutrients, neutral or calcareous. In the herb layer the most common species are Brachypodium pinnatum, Fragaria moschata, Geranium robertianum and Tithymalus cyparissias. The alliances Berberidion and Corylo-Populion tremulae. They are substitution communities of the Carpinion betuli (units T1E1), Quercionpubescenti-petraeae (unit T191) and Fagion sylvaticae (units T181, T182, T171, T172, T173, T174) and Aremonio-Fagion (unit G1.6C of EUNIS 2012 split in T17A and T184) climax forests. The communities of unitS351 extend south to northern Iberia and northern Italy, east to Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, Poland and northern Moravia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3511","name":"Blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"Mesophile, often luxuriant, shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, characteristic of Carpinion forest edges and substitution formations with, among others, Prunus spinosa, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus spp., Sambucus nigra, Rosa spp., Viburnum opulus, Rubus spp. Included are species-poor Prunus spinosa thickets, such as British Prunus spinosa-Rubus fruticosus scrub and corresponding mainland formations with Rubus fruticosus, Rubus elegantispinosus, Rubus bifrons, Rubus armeniacus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35111","name":"Sub-Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"Prunus spinosa, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus spp., Rosa spp., Rubus spp. communities of the Western European and western and northern Central European mainland east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35112","name":"Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub","description":"Prunus spinosa, Rubus spp. communities of the British Isles and other areas of strongly Atlantic climates. Ulex europaeus, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum and Pteridium aquilinum are often present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3512","name":"Blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, developed on the usually calcareous, dry soils with warm exposure characteristic of the Quercionpubescenti-petraeae and of xeric, calciphilous forms of the Carpinion, with, among others, Prunus spinosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Cornus mas, Rhamnus catharticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35121","name":"Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, occupying the domaine of the Carpinion and northern irradiations of Quercetaliapubescenti-petraeae communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S351211","name":"Medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of the mainland of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, formed by Prunus spinosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Cornus mas, Rhamnus catharticus, Crataegus spp., Carpinus betulus under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S351212","name":"Atlantic hawthorn-ivy scrub","description":"Thermophile shrub communities of the British Isles and areas of strongly Atlantic climates differing from unit S351211 in particular in the scarcity of Carpinus betulus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35122","name":"Sub-Mediterranean blackthorn-privet scrub","description":"Xero-thermophile scrub communities of Western Europe and western Central Europe, occupying the southern part of the west European range of unit S3512, within the main range of the Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, as well as a few highly xerothermic central European sites. Prunus mahaleb and Acer monspessulanum are characteristic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35123","name":"Rock pear scrub","description":"Possibly primary scrub formations of the Hercynian ranges and their vicinity, the Jura, the Alpine periphery and Alpine inner valleys, with Cotoneaster integerrimus, Cotoneaster tomentosus and Amelanchier ovalis developed on very shallow soils between Xerobromion grasslands and open xerothermic oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35124","name":"Peri-Alpine sea buckthorn-barberry scrub","description":"Shrub formations characterized by the physiognomically distinctive presence of Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. fluviatilis or Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. carpatica, rich in xero-thermophile species, colonizing dry shingle terraces, no longer subjected to flooding, of peri-Alpine water courses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35125","name":"Inner Alpine barberry scrub","description":"Thorny heaths of inner Alpine valleys with Berberis vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35126","name":"Iberian barberry scrub","description":"Northwestern Iberian montane communities with Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata, Crataegus monogyna, Ribes alpinum, Ribes petraeum, Rhamnus alpinus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S352","name":"Buxus sempervirens thickets","description":"Buxus sempervirens-dominated variants of units S351, S355, S356 or S357 with for example Juniperus oxycedrus or Pteridium aquilinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S353","name":"Atlantic poor soil thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe formed by Rubus spp., Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Lonicera periclymenum, Cytisus scoparius, characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation developed on soils relatively poor in nutrients, usually acid, mostly under climates with strong Atlantic influence. Substitution communities of the Quercion robori-petraeae (c.f. units T1B11-T1B6, parts of T1B7 and of G4.71 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3531","name":"Bramble thickets","description":"Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by Rubus spp., including British Rubus fruticosus-Holcus lanatus underscrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3532","name":"Alder buckthorn, rowan, honeysuckle thickets","description":"Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Lonicera periclymenum or other shrubs, with the exception of brambles (genus Rubus), included in unit S353, or of brooms (genus Cytisus), gorse (Ulex europaeus), hazel (Corylus avellana), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), separately covered in units S331, S332, S3711, E5.31, respectively."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S354","name":"Inland dune thickets","description":"Formations of large shrubs colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes. Very rare in central Europe, as developments of the habitat units S421 and S422."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3541","name":"Inland dune mixed thickets","description":"Thickets other than juniper scrubs in Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit F3.1 (of EUNIS 2012, now overlapping with S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S37, S38)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S355","name":"Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, usually tall and luxuriant, often very rich in lianas, of Mediterranean France, of sub-Mediterranean areas of the Iberian peninsula and of North African mountains, of moist stations in the Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3551","name":"Franco-Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Formations mostly of moist stations within the Mediterranean zone of France, Catalonia, the Balearics and Valencia, with Rosa sempervirens, Rubus ulmifolius, Tamus communis, Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegusmonogyna and, locally, Coriaria myrtifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3552","name":"Western Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Formations of the western, particularly northwestern, part of the Iberian peninsula, with Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, Euonymus europaeus, brambles, particularly the Mediterranean Rubus ulmifolius, various roses, notably Rosa sempervirens and Rosa canina agg., and particularly rich in lianas, Tamus communis, Smilax aspera, Clematis vitalba, Lonicera periclymenum, Lonicera etrusca, Rubia peregrina, Bryonia cretica, Vitis vinifera, Humulus lupulus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3553","name":"Central Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"More continental formations of central Iberia, developed mostly on deep, moist soils in the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Meseta, the Ebro basin, the Cordillera Central, the Southern Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Morena and the western Baetic or sub-Baetic mountains, with Berberis hispanica, Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Crataegus monogyna, Ribes uva-crispa, Rubus ulmifolius, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera etrusca, Amelanchier ovalis, Rhamnus saxatilis, numerous roses of the Rosa agrestis and Rosa canina aggregates (e.g. Rosa micrantha, Rosa pouzinii, Rosa corymbifera, Rosa sicula) and, locally, Hippophae rhamnoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3554","name":"Oro-Baetic sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of eastern sub-Baetic and Baetic mountains (sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Baza, Magina, Alcaraz and the Sierra Nevada), with Lonicera arborea, Lonicera splendida, Prunus ramburii, Cotoneaster granatensis, Berberis hispanica, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3555","name":"North African sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of North African mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S356","name":"Tyrrhenian sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, often tall, luxuriant and rich in lianas, of sub-Mediterranean areas and moist stations in mediterranean areas of peninsular Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S357","name":"Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous pre- and postforest formations, forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation of thermophilous deciduous oak forest and steppe forest zones of the Balkan peninsula, of southeastern Europe, of western Asia and of Central Eurasia, in particular, of the Quercion frainetto and Ostryo-Carpinion zones of the Balkan peninsula, with very local irradiations in Central Europe, extreme northeastern Italy, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Vegetation of alliances Prunion fruticosae, Prunion spinosae and partially Berberidion with species Prunus spinosa, Cornus mas, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa pimpinellifolia, Rhus coriaria, Rubus discolor and Pistacia terebinthus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3571","name":"Central European subcontinental thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with northwestern irradiations in Central Europe, within and around the range of occurrence of white cinquefoil oak woods (units T199111, T199112, T199113), of western tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit T199121) and of Pannonian white oak woods (unit T19374)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35711","name":"Northern Central European ground cherry scrub","description":"Prunus fruticosa scrub of dry, continental enclaves of Central Europe, in particular of the rain shadow of the Harz in Anhalt and Thuringe, of the xeric left-bank limestone and loess hills of the Palatine upper Rhine, of the Nida Valley and Lublin uplands of southeastern Poland, of dry hills of the Bohemian basin and of Moravia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35712","name":"Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrub of continental affinities of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions including the eastern Alpine periphery, the southern periphery of the Northwestern Carpathians, the Transylvanian plateau and the adjacent foothills and valleys of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin, with irradiations to the lower Danubian plain, to the Moravian plateau, to the Dobrogea and to the hills and valleys of the northern Balkan peninsula southeast to southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357121","name":"Peri-Pannonic ground cherry scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, of Pannonic Austria west to the eastern Waldviertel, of southern Slovakia, central Transylvania, Muntenia and Moldavia, dominated by Prunus fruticosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357122","name":"Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond scrub","description":"Low deciduous, more or less closed, scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, central Transylvania, the Apuseni mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, the southeastern Weinviertel and northern Bergenland of northern Austria, the southern and southeastern periphery of the Pannonic basin, east to the Chepan, Golo Bardo, Zemenska and Konyiavska hills of western Bulgaria and to the Balkan Range of eastern Serbia and Bulgaria, with Prunus fruticosa, Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Prunus spinosa, Rhamnus catharticus, Rosa gallica, Rosa pimpinellifolia, Peucedanum alsaticum, Asparagus officinalis, Festuca rupicola, Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum (Agropyron pectinatum, Elymus hispidus (Agropyron intermedium), Poa angustifolia, Artemisia campestris, Euphorbia cyparissias, Salvia nemorosa, Stachys recta, Teucrium chamaedrys, Vinca herbacea. These forest steppe shrub communities have become greatly reduced throughout their range as a result of changes in land use, in particular, following the expansion of agriculture in the lowlands and low hill regions of the Danube basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357123","name":"Peri-Pannonic burnet rose scrub","description":"Very low deciduous scrub of Pannonic Austria, in particular the Weinviertel, of the Apuseni mountains, of the Balkan Range of Serbia and Bulgaria, dominated by Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosa spinosissima), with Achillea millefolium agg., Euphorbia cyparissias, Teucrium chamaedrys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357124","name":"Peri-Pannonic spiraea scrub","description":"Very rare low deciduous scrubs on shallow rocky soils of limestone or andesite outcrops of the eastern Hungarian Central Range, of the eastern Alpine periphery of Austria and of Slovakia, dominated by Spiraea media, with Cotoneaster integerrimus, Rosa pimpinellifolia, Prunus fruticosa, Waldsteinia geoides, Silene vulgaris, Carduus collinus, Doronicum hungaricum, Carex brevicollis, Melica altissima, Melica picta, Melica ciliata, Sedum maximum, Euphorbia cyparissias."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357125","name":"Danubian hawthorn scrub","description":"Low deciduous scrubs dominated by Crataegus spp. of the flood plain of the Danube basin in Slovakia, Hungary, Muntenia and Oltenia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35713","name":"Peri-Pannonic thickets","description":"Tall sub-Mediterranean deciduous scrub of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with Cotinus coggygria, Amelanchier ovalis, Cotoneaster tomentosus, Cotoneaster matrensis, Pyrus nivalis, Prunus mahaleb, Spiraea media, Sorbus graeca, Fraxinus ornus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357131","name":"Peri-Pannonic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357132","name":"Pannonic amelanchier thickets","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357133","name":"Pannonic wig tree-manna ash thickets","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35714","name":"East Carpathian montane thickets","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357141","name":"Dacian service tree thickets","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357142","name":"Carpathian elm-leaved spiraea thickets","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3572","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula, substitution communities of the Carpinion betuli illyricum (unit T1E1A), Fagion illyricum (unit G1.6C of EUNIS 2012 split in T17A and T184) or Ostryo-Carpinion adriadicum (units T193, T194) climax vegetation woodlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35721","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by Carpinus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35722","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic mixed thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula formed by Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Rubus caesius, Viburnum lantana, any of which may dominate or codominate, and by Crataegus monogyna, Euonymus europaeus, Rhamnus catharticus,Rosa spp., Acer campestre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35723","name":"Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush","description":"Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by Paliurus spina-christi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3573","name":"Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets","description":"Varied, often species-rich, shrub formations of the temperate and sub-Mediterranean belts of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains and adjacent regions, accompanied by a flora of mostly Moesian affinities, substitution formations of Quercion frainetto (unit T196), Fagion moesiacum (unit G1.69 of EUNIS 2012 split in T177 and T185), Fagion dacicum (unit G1.6D of EUNIS 2012 split in T17B and T186), Fagion hellenicum (unit T178) and, locally, Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum (unit T193) climax forests, generally dominated by, or rich in, Carpinus orientalis, Syringa vulgaris, Paliurus spina-christi, Cotinus coggygria or Rhus coriaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35731","name":"Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Shrub communities dominated, or co-dominated, by Carpinus orientalis, often rich in Syringa vulgaris, Cotinus coggygria and other characteristically Moesian shrubs, of warm foothill slopes of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, and neighbouring regions, within the geographical range of Quercion frainetto, Fagion moesiacum, Fagion dacicum, and, locally, Ostryo-Carpinion forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357311","name":"Thracio-Macedonian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Shrub communities dominated by Carpinus orientalis, of Epirus, southern Paeonia, Macedonia and Thrace, with Fraxinus ornus, Cornus mas, Crataegus spp., Pistacia terebinthus, Lonicera caprifolium, Asparagus acutifolius, Ruscus aculeatus, Colutea arborescens, Cotinus coggygria, Paliurus spina-christi, Cyclamen hederifolium (Cyclamen neapolitanum, Cyclamen linearifolium), Carex hallerana, Geranium purpureum. Many of the communities include evergreen shrubs; if these are sufficiently prevalent, the formation belongs to unit S521."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357312","name":"Central Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities of Serbia, western Bulgaria and the North Macedonia, dominated by Carpinus orientalis, with Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum, Acer hyrcanum, Sorbus domestica, Pyrus communis, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Coronilla emerus, Cotinus coggygria, Colutea arborescens, Syringa vulgaris, Cornus mas, Ligustrum vulgare, Euonymus verrucosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357313","name":"Peri-Carpathian manna ash oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities dominated by Carpinus orientalis, of the Banat, Muntenia and the Dobrogea, with Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Prunus mahaleb, Euonymus verrucosus, Cornus mas, Quercus pubescens, Quercus virgiliana, Rosa canina, Paeonia peregrina, Orchis purpurea, Carex hallerana, Cruciata laevipes, Polygonatum odoratum, Thalictrum minus, Viola mirabilis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Chrysanthemum corymbosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357314","name":"Peri-Carpathian wig tree oriental hornbeam thickets","description":"Tall shrub communities dominated by Carpinus orientalis, of the Banat and Oltenia, with Cotinus coggygria, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus pentagyna, Cornus sanguinea, Rosa arvensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35732","name":"Moesian lilac thickets","description":"Xerothermic tall shrub communities of the middle and eastern Balkan peninsula, widespread in hills and low mountains of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides, within the zone of Quercion frainetto, the Fagion moesiacum, the Fagion dacicum, and, locally, the Ostryo-Carpinion, rich in continental Moesian species, dominated by, or with a great abundance of, Syringa vulgaris. Cotinus coggygria, Rhus coriaria, Genista lydia, Cercis siliquastrum, Coronilla emerus, Colutea arborescens, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus cocomilia, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laciniata, Sorbus domestica, Rosa sempervirens, Rosa canina agg., Rosa rubiginosa agg., Rubus ulmifolius, Euonymus spp., Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Rhamnus saxatilis, Corylus spp., Acer spp., Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Quercus spp. may contribute to the shrub layer. Achillea clypeolata, Asperula montana, Asperula tenella, Asyneuma anthericoides, Campanula divergens, Campanula grossekii, Delphinium fissum, Dianthus banaticus, Echinops bannaticus, Eryngium palmatum, Ferula heuffelii, Hypericum rochelii, Inula candida ssp. aschersoniana, Jasione dentata, Piptatherum holciforme (Oryzopsis holciformis), Paeonia decora, Salvia ringens, Scabiosa banatica, Scutellaria pichleri, Stachys recta ssp. leucoglossa, Symphytum ottomanum are characteristic of the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357321","name":"Central Moesian lilac thickets","description":"Syringa vulgaris-dominated or -rich tall scrub of the Balkan Range and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357322","name":"Danubian lilac thickets","description":"Tall Syringa vulgaris-dominated brush of hills and low mountains of the Banat, Oltenia, Muntenia, western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, in the vicinity of the Iron Gates and the lower Danube."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357323","name":"Moesio-Hellenic mixed thickets","description":"Varied tall scrub of the Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum and Quercion frainetto zones of northern Greece, southern Bulgaria, the southern North Macedonia and adjacent regions, with Rhus coriaria and/or Syringa vulgaris, Cotinus coggygria, Carpinus orientalis, Quercus spp., Paliurus spina-christi, Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum, Cercis siliquastrum, Pistacia terebinthus, Buxus sempervirens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357324","name":"Spleenwort lilac chasm thickets","description":"Tall scrub of the Moesian region, northeast to the Banat, Oltenia and Transylvania, pioneering on abrupt slopes and in chasms, dominated by Syringa vulgaris, with Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Acer monspessulanum, Coronilla emerus, Ceterach officinarum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S357325","name":"Apuseni Syringa josikaea thickets","description":"Shrub formations with the Southern and Eastern Carpathian endemic Syringa josikaea, of the Apuseni mountains, within the zone of the Fagion dacicum at the 800 metre level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S35733","name":"Moesian Christ's thorn brush","description":"Paliurus spina-christi-dominated thickets, usually dense and sometimes tall, often monodominated, with a Moesian subcontinental accompanying flora, of the hills of the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, and more locally, of the extreme southeastern Dinarides, of the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3574","name":"Aegean deciduous thickets","description":"Southern and eastern Aegean formations with Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus azarolus, Prunus cocomilia, Prunus webbii, Prunus prostrata, Prunus discolor, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Rubus ulmifolius, Rosa sempervirens, Berberis cretica, Rhododendron flavum, Acer sempervirens, Quercus brachyphylla, Quercus infectoria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3575","name":"Eastern Mediterranean deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of Cyprus and of the Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean zones of Asia Minor and the Levant, within the regions of occurrence of eastern white oak woods (unit T193), hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods (unit T194), Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous oak forests (unit T196), Macedonian-oak woodland (unit T198) and Mediterranean valonia oak woodland (unit T1A)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3576","name":"Mediterraneo-Euxinian deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of sub-Mediterranean climate enclaves of the Black Sea in southern Crimea and the western Caucasus, within and around the area of occurrence of Euxinian white oak woods (unit T1938)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S36","name":"Low steppic scrub","description":"Low scrub, dominated by various, often clonal, shrubs frequently forming patches in locally mesic and sheltered situations within the dry grasslands of the steppe zone of Central and Eastern Europe. It can form a persistent natural landscape element or develop after the abandonment of pasturing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S361","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets","description":"Deciduous thickets of the wooded steppe zone of the Pontic and Sarmatic regions and of adjacent areas, including the Thracian steppe zone, within and around the zone of occurrence of easternmost white cinquefoil oak woods (unit T199114), of tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit T199122) and of sub-Euxinian steppe woods (unit T19913)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S3611","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe brush","description":"Low scrub of the steppe and southern wooded steppe zones of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, characteristic in particular of microdepressions, dominated by Caragana frutex, Spiraea crenifolia, Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Prunus spinosa, Prunus fruticosa or Crataegus monogyna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S3612","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic pre-steppe thorn thickets","description":"Shrub formations of the southern wooded steppe zone of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, in which Prunus spinosa often plays a dominant role, constituting, in particular, natural, stable biocoenoses on degraded chernozems, similar, in appearance and bush-layer composition, to the sub-Atlantic European recolonisation thickets but with an herb layer dominated by steppe species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S3613","name":"Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub","description":"Thickets and scrubs of the western Ponto-Sarmatic steppe and wooded steppe zone and of the Thracian steppe zone, composed of a mixture of species of continental and Mediterranean affinities, including Crataegus monogyna, Paliurus spina-christi, Jasminum fruticans, Carpinus orientalis, Cotinus coggygria, Asparagus verticillatus, Achillea clypeolata, Asphodeline lutea, Salvia ringens, Genista sessilifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S36131","name":"Western Pontic jasmine christ's thorn scrub","description":"Paliurus spina-christi, Jasminum fruticans and Crataegus monogyna scrub of the western Pontic region, characteristic of superficial chernozems on calcareous substrates of the coastal regions of the southern Romanian Dobrogea and the northeastern Bulgarian Dobruja, with Asparagus verticillatus, Achillea clypeolata, Asphodeline lutea, Salvia ringens, Genista sessilifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S36132","name":"Thracian christ's thorn scrub","description":"Paliurus spina-christi thickets and scrub of the rim and hills of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of eastern and southeastern Bulgaria, remnants of flower-rich bushy steppe communities of specific Thracian character, harbouring species of both sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic or Central Eurasian affinities, including Jasminum fruticans, Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Paeonia peregrina (Paeonia decora), Paeonia tenuifolia, Tulipa aureolinea, Tulipa urumoffii, Adonis vernalis, Adonis flammea, Adonis aestivalis, Ranunculus illyricus, Salvia nutans, Verbascum phoeniceum, Milium vernale, Scandix australis, Phlomis herba-venti ssp. pungens (Phlomis pungens), Phlomis tuberosa, which still covered vast expanses at the beginning of the century but which may now be largely extinct in their most developed form."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S36133","name":"Western Pontic wigtree scrub","description":"Thickets of south-facing slopes of the wooded steppe zone of the Moldova Republic, with Cornus mas, Cotinus coggygria, Tilia tomentosa, Prunus mahaleb, Staphylea pinnata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S3614","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe-ravine scrub","description":"Scrub formations of the mantle of steppe ravine woods (bairaks) of the central and eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe regions of the Ukraine, with Prunus spinosa, Prunus fruticosa, Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Caragana frutex, with Filipendula vulgaris (Filipendula hexapetala), Stipa lessingiana, Verbascum nigrum, Achillea millefolium, Melica altissima, Phleum phleoides, Stachys recta, Galium rubioides, Melampyrum cristatum, Delphinium elatum, Asperula glauca, Coronilla varia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S3615","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic pod thickets","description":"Thickets of endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins) of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppe zone, dominated by Prunus spinosa, with Rosa gallica, Spiraea crenata, Prunus fruticosa, Rubus caesius, Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Caragana frutex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S37","name":"Corylus avellana scrub","description":"Scrub dominated by hazel (Corylus avellana). Natural occurrences are found on shallow soils along the northern Atlantic seaboards, where they are permanently maintained by exposure to winds, and locally on rocky slopes and cliffs through the continental region. Secondary hazel scrub can develop after by felling of mesic broadleaved forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S371","name":"Corylus thickets","description":"Thickets or brush, often very extensive, composed exclusively or predominantly of Corylus spp. In associated units S351, S353, S355-S357, Corylus is mixed with other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3711","name":"Atlantic and sub-Atlantic hazel thickets","description":"Corylus avellana-dominated thickets of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones of middle Europe, a frequent facies of units S351 and S353, particularly in the most Atlantic areas of the British Isles, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian piedmont and northwestern Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3712","name":"Sub-boreal hazel thickets","description":"Corylus avellana-dominated thickets of the northern nemoral zone, the boreonemoral zone and the southern boreal zone, in northern England, Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden, southern Finland, northern Poland, with a species-rich cortège that allies species of northern affinities with thermophile species; the field layer includes, in England, Trollius europaeus, Rubus saxatilis, Melica nutans, Geranium sanguineum, Aquilegia vulgaris, Convallaria majalis or, in Scandinavia, Geranium sylvaticum, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus ficaria, Rubus saxatilis, Hepatica nobilis, Lathraea squamaria, Paris quadrifolia, Viola mirabilis, Convallaria majalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3713","name":"Peri-Alpine hazel thickets","description":"Thickets of the Jura, the pre-Alps, the southern German Hercynian ranges and the inner Alps, dominated by Corylus avellana, with Clematis vitalba and Cornus sanguinea, of particular bio-historical significance as a possible model of the hazel-dominated communities of the Boreal era."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S3714","name":"Subcontinental hazel thickets","description":"Thickets or scrub of Corylus avellana or Corylus colurna of hills and low mountains of the Pannonic basin and its periphery, of the plateaux of southeastern Poland, of the eastern Carpathian system and of the Balkan peninsula, a frequent facies of 31.8B."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S38","name":"Temperate forest clearing scrub","description":"Often dense scrub of shrubs and small trees invading after natural or anthropogenic clearance in forests of the temperate zone of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S4","name":"Temperate shrub heathland","description":"Shrub communities of nemoral affinities, in which Ericaceae are dominant or at least prominent. Such heaths are best developed on acid soils in the Atlantic zone and also in sub-Atlantic Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S41","name":"Wet heath","description":"Heath with prominent Erica tetralix on shallow, acid, nutrient-poor peats and peaty mineral soils, kept moist for much of the year and often seasonally waterlogged, through the Atlantic and subatlantic lowlands and foothills of Europe. It typically occurs in wet depressions and seepage areas within dry heaths or as a marginal zone around bogs where drainage of deeper peats can increase its extent. In milder oceanic climates, other Erica and Ulex spp. occur in richer humid heath. The habitat is frequently influenced by grazing and sod-cutting."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S411","name":"Northern wet heaths"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S412","name":"Southern wet heaths","description":"Humid and meso-hygrophile heaths of gley-podsols and semi-peaty soils of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, Atlantic France, the Paris Basin and its periphery, extreme southern England, dominated by Erica tetralix or Erica ciliaris, with Erica scoparia, Erica ciliaris, Calluna vulgaris, Ulex minor, Ulex gallii or Genista anglica. They may, in particular, form transition belts between peaty heaths of unit S411 and dry heaths of unit S42."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S413","name":"Molinia caerulea wet heaths","description":"Degraded facies of wet heaths, humid heaths and swamp-heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, dominated by Molinia caerulea. Includes heaths on drained open peatlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S42","name":"Dry heath","description":"Heath dominated by various ericaceous sub-shrubs on free-draining, nutrient-poor, acid sands and siliceous soils through the lowlands and foothills of Western and Central Europe, extending northwards in more oceanic situations and into continental regions in precipitation-rich areas at higher altitudes. Very often influenced by grazing and burning and frequently a secondary vegetation type derived by clearance of acidophilous forest and maintained anthropogenically."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S421","name":"Submontane Vaccinium - Calluna heaths","description":"Submontane, or sometimes lowland or coastal, heaths rich in Vaccinium spp., usually with Calluna vulgaris, Nardus stricta, Luzula campestris and Genista spp., of the northern and western British Isles, of the North Atlantic islands, of Fennoscandia, of the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica. Secondary stands originating after deforestation of pine and oak acidophilous forests also belong to this unit."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4211","name":"North Atlantic Vaccinium - Empetrum - Racomitrium heaths","description":"Low altitude heaths of boreomontane affinities developed under euoceanic climates along the coasts of low Arctic and northern temperate North Atlantic islands and of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, generally characterized by the prominence of Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum or Vaccinium vitis-idaea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4212","name":"Sub-boreal Vaccinium heaths","description":"Vaccinium-dominated, Vaccinium-rich and Empetrum-rich heaths of boreomontane affinities characteristic of northern and western uplands of Britain and of western and southern Scandinavia, with extensions in the Germano-Baltic plain, particularly in Jutland, Poland, southern Finland and the Baltic States. Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens are strongly represented among the associates of Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4213","name":"Hercynian Vaccinium heaths","description":"Montane or submontane Calluna-Vaccinium heaths of the Hercynian ranges of northern and middle Western and Central Europe and of their surrounding regions. They mostly include secondary heaths of the beech level of the Vosges, of the Black Forest, of the Ardennes and the Eifel, of the mid-German Hercynian ranges, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, including the Erzgebirge (Metallic Mountains), the Sudeten, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and the Czecho-Moravian Hills, of the Massif Central and, locally, the Morvan, with Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum and montane lycopodes (Diphasiastrum spp.). They also comprise partly primary and sometimes threatened local formations of extrasylvatic areas, in particular the Calluna vulgaris heaths enclaved in alpine and subalpine Pinus mugo scrub and acidophilous grassland complexes of the high slopes and plateaux of the Giant Mountains (Sudeten), or the Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea heaths of the Brocken summit in the Harz with Anemone micrantha and Hieracium alpinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4214","name":"Submontane Alpine Vaccinium heaths","description":"Vaccinium spp. heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Alps with, Calluna vulgaris, Artemisia alba, Silene otites, Campanula spicata and other thermophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4215","name":"Submontane Pyreneo-Cantabrian Vaccinium heaths","description":"Vaccinium-rich heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4216","name":"Collinar-montane Carpathian Vaccinium heaths","description":"Vacciniummyrtillus-Vacciniumvitis-idaea and Vaccinium-rich Calluna vulgaris heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42161","name":"Submontane western Carpathian bilberry-cowberry heaths","description":"Vacciniummyrtillus-Vacciniumvitis-idaea heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the western and northern Carpathians of Moravia, Slovakia, Poland, with Deschampsia flexuosa, Melampyrum pratense, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Calamagrostis arundinacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42162","name":"Montane eastern Carpathian bilberry-ling heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris heaths of the beech and spruce levels of the eastern Carpathians, most widespread in the Apuseni mountains, rich in Vacciniummyrtillus and Vacciniumvitis-idaea, with Lycopodium clavatum, Genista sagittalis, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Campanula abietina, Campanula serrata, Scorzonera rosea, Viola declinata, Nardus stricta, Potentilla erecta, Hieracium pilosella, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S422","name":"Sub-Atlantic Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Low Calluna vulgaris heaths often rich in Genista spp., Armeria vulgaris, Jasione montana, Saxifraga granulata, Teucrium scorodonia mostly of the Germano-Baltic, but extended south- and eastwards to the Pannonic lowlands. Similar formations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the western Mediterranean basin and high-rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are included. Vegetation of the alliance Genistion pilosae is present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4221","name":"Northern Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Heaths of the northern Germano-Baltic plain and neighbouring regions, in Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, northern Poland and the Netherlands north of the Rhine, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Genista pilosa and, in the west, Genista anglica, and with a species cortège that reflects boreal influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of Empetrum nigrum or Vaccinium spp. These formations have their main area of occurrence in northwestern Germany, Jutland and the Netherlands in Friesland, the Drente, and the Hoge Veluwe, extending northward to northern Jutland and coastal Halland, eastward to the Prignitz and to Poland. Outliers occupy restricted surfaces in the Hercynian upper Rhine hills, the Rhine Valley and middle Franconia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4222","name":"Subcontinental Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Relatively thermophile, subcontinental Calluna vulgaris heaths of Central Europe, in central and southern Germany, eastern France, the Czech Republic, Austria, with Genista germanica, Genista tinctoria, Chamaespartium sagittale (Genista sagittalis), Vacciniummyrtillus and, in peri-Alpine habitats, Lembotropis nigricans (Cytisus nigricans), Chamaecytisus supinus (Cytisus supinus), Polygala chamaebuxus, Vacciniumvitis-idaea. They have their main area of distribution in the Thuringian and Franconian ranges, the Upper Palatinate hills, the Danube-Isar hills, the Swabian Alb, the Baar plateau, the eastern Black Forest, the Rhenano-Burgondian hills, the foothills of the Bayerischer Wald, the hills and low mountains of the Bohemian uplands, in the Bavarian and Austrian Danube basin, in the southeastern foothills of the Alps, in Carinthia and Styria; they irradiate northward, in thermophilous enclaves, in the Elbe basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4223","name":"Campino-Flandrian Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Heaths of the southwestern Germano-Baltic plain, in the Netherlands, south of the Rhine, Belgium and northwestern France, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Genista anglica, Genista pilosa and a species cortège that reflects Atlantic influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of Erica cinerea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4224","name":"Campino-Flandrian Erica cinerea heaths","description":"Erica cinerea-dominated heaths of the southern Netherlands and Belgium, facies of the Calluna-Genista heaths of unit S4223. They represent a transition to the northern Atlantic heaths of unit S425."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4225","name":"Britannic Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Species-poor Calluna vulgaris lowland and hill heaths of England, limited to base-poor substrates in areas of local relative contintality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4226","name":"Montane Calluna - Genista heaths","description":"Thermophile Calluna vulgaris heaths of the montane zone (beech forest level) of the Central Massif, the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps, with Genista anglica, Genista pilosa, Vacciniummyrtillus and, often, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4227","name":"Southern sub-boreal Calluna - Empetrum heaths","description":"Sub-boreal heaths of the Netherlands and northern Germany, occupying enclaves within the range of heaths of unit S422, rich in Vaccinium myrtillus, Vacciniumvitis-idaea, or in Empetrum nigrum, characteristic, in particular, of the Hoge Veluwe, Drente and Friesland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4228","name":"Illyrian heaths","description":"Heaths of the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin and the lower montane level of the Dinarides, with Calluna vulgaris, Erica herbacea, Genista germanica ssp. heteracantha, Genista pilosa, Juniperus communis, Prunella laciniata, Hieracium murorum (Hieracium silvaticum), Serratula tinctoria, Nardus stricta, Carex pilulifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4229","name":"Po basin heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris heaths of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with Genista pilosa, Genista tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius, Polygala chamaebuxus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S422A","name":"Genista sagittalis heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris-Chamaespartium sagittale (Genista sagittalis) heaths of the southwestern Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Jura, the Bavarian plateau and the southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S422B","name":"Central European basicline heaths","description":"Heaths of calcareous or somewhat calcareous substrates, and of low-precipitation continental enclaves, in particular, in Hercynian hills and on Pleistocene inland dunes, of Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, southern Scandinavia, with southern representatives in the northern Dinarides of Croatia, with Calluna vulgaris, Euphorbia cyparissias, Cruciata glabra, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Prunella vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Carex caryophyllea, Carex ericetorum, Carex humilis, Koeleria pyramidata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S422C","name":"Pontic ling heaths","description":"Heaths, often extensive, of the Stranja-Istranca mountains and of the coasts of the Sea of Marmora, with Calluna vulgaris, Erica arborea, Erica manipuliflora, Cistus incanus, Cistus salvifolius, Genista carinalis, Teucrium polium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S423","name":"Atlantic Erica - Ulex heaths","description":"Heaths rich in gorse (Ulex spp.) of the Atlantic margins of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4231","name":"Maritime gorse heaths","description":"Wind-swept heaths with prostrate, cushiony gorse or broom (Ulex europaeus f. maritimus, Ulex gallii f. humilis, Cytisus scoparius ssp. maritimus), Erica vagans, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, and numerous other maritime ecotypes, of cliff tops of promontories and islands of Brittany, Cotentin, southern Ireland, Cornwall, Wales, the Cantabrian coast and Galicia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4232","name":"Hiberno-Britannic Calluna vulgaris - Ulex gallii heaths","description":"Oceanic heaths of Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man, the South-West Peninsula and, locally, the Pennines and the coasts of East Anglia, dominated by Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea. Basicline heaths, somewhat homologous to the continental formations of unit S422B, may form in zones of transition between some communities of this unit and calcareous grasslands of unit E1 (of EUNIS 2012 split in R1G, R1H, R1J, R1K, R1L)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4233","name":"Irish Erica mackaiana heaths","description":"Western Irish heaths comprising the northern, isolated, populations of Erica mackaiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4234","name":"Northern Erica vagans heaths","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of the coasts and offshore islands of Ireland, Cornwall and Brittany, other than cushiony maritime formations, dominated by or rich in Erica vagans, constituting isolated northern outposts of occurrence of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4235","name":"Anglo-Armorican Erica cinerea - Ulex gallii heaths","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula, the South-Western Peninsula and the south coast of Wales, dominated by Ulex gallii, Erica cinerea and Calluna vulgaris, often rich in grasses, in particular, Agrostis curtisii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4236","name":"Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica mackaiana - E. cinerea heaths","description":"Heaths with Ulex gallii, Erica mackaiana, Erica cinerea, Daboecia cantabrica of well drained soils of the beech level of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian chain and, very locally, of Galicia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4237","name":"Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica vagans - E. cinerea heaths","description":"Heaths with Ulex gallii, Erica vagans, Erica cinerea, sometimes Erica aragonensis, and Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium of the French and Spanish Basque coast and of the beech level of the Atlantic Pyrenees and of the Cantabrian chain, mostly on mildly acid or slightly calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4238","name":"Gallo-Britannic dwarf gorse heaths","description":"Heaths of sub-Atlantic France and of southern and southeastern England formed by Ulex minor, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris and Ulex europaeus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4239","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf gorse heaths","description":"Heaths of well drained soils of Aquitaine, Saintonge, Poitou, Sologne and the Loire region formed by Ulex minor and Erica cinerea, sometimes with Erica scoparia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S424","name":"Ibero-Atlantic Erica - Ulex - Cistus heaths","description":"Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian heaths with numerous species of heathers (notably Erica umbellata, Erica aragonensis) and brooms, rock-roses and often Daboecia. When the rock-roses and other Mediterranean shrubs become dominant they should be classified as maquis or garrigues (units S5 or S6)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4241","name":"Biscay heaths","description":"Coastal and collinar Erica-Ulex-Cistus heaths of the periphery of the Bay of Biscay and of the slopes of the Garonne Gap."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42411","name":"Aquitanian Erica-Cistus heaths","description":"Erica cinerea and Cistus salvifolius heaths of the Aquitanian coast, with irradiations in the Landes and to the Montagne noire and Minervois."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42412","name":"Gascony-Sologne arid heaths","description":"Arid Erica cinerea heaths of interior sandy hills and dunes of the Landes of Gascony and of Sologne gravels, with Halimium alyssoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42413","name":"Northern Iberian heaths","description":"Tall, dense heaths of the coasts, hills and lower montane areas of the Atlantic slope of Cantabria, the Asturias and Galicia, formed by Erica vagans and Ulex europaeus, with Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris and Daboecia cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4242","name":"Luso-Galician heaths","description":"Atlantic Galician and Portuguese Erica cinerea, Erica umbellata and Ulex europaeus heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42421","name":"Luso-Galician collinar heaths","description":"Coastal and collinar, thermo-Atlantic Galician and northern Portuguese heaths with Erica cinerea, Erica umbellata, Ulex minor, Ulex europaeus, Ulex micranthus, Cistus salvifolius and Halimium alyssoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42422","name":"Luso-Galician maritime heaths","description":"Cushiony heaths with Ulex europaeus ssp. latebracteatus f. humilis and Erica cinerea of cliff tops of Galicia, north and central Portugal (southern vicariant of unit S4231)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4243","name":"Cabreran heaths","description":"Low Calluna vulgaris-rich heaths of interior northwestern mountains, limited to the Sierra de la Cabrera and the neighbouring Sierra Segundera, Pena Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42431","name":"Cabreran dry whin heaths","description":"Open, cushiony formations of Calluna vulgaris, Erica umbellata, Genista sanabrensis, Halimium umbellatum, Halimium alyssoides occupying dry, superficial soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42432","name":"Cabreran mesophile whin heaths","description":"Formations of Calluna vulgaris, Genista carpetana, Genista anglica, Genista micrantha and Thymelaea coridifolia (Thymelaea dendryobryum) of wetter stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4244","name":"Galicio-Leonese heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis or Erica umbellata heaths of the interior slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, of interior Galicia and of the Leonese mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42441","name":"Galicio-Leonese Erica aragonensis heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean Erica aragonensis heaths with Chamaespartiumtridentatum, Calluna vulgaris, Halimium alyssoides of the interior slopes of the Cantabrian Cordillera, eastern Galician ranges, Leon mountains and the Sierra de Cabrera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42442","name":"Galicio-Leonese Erica umbellata heaths","description":"Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon dominated by Erica umbellata accompanied by Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Chamaespartium tridentatum, Halimium alyssoides, Genista triacanthos, Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42443","name":"Galicio-Leonese Erica cinerea heaths","description":"Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon, characteristic of slightly more uniform and humid climates than those of unit S42442, dominated by Erica cinerea, accompanied by Calluna vulgaris, Chamaespartium tridentatum, Erica umbellata, Halimium umbellatum and Mediterranean elements such as Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedunculata, Thymus mastichina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4245","name":"Oro-Castillan heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis heaths of the Cordillera Central and the summits of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42451","name":"Western Cordilleran Erica aragonensis heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela, Sierra de Gata, Sierra de Pena de Francia) with Erica umbellata, Halimium alyssoides and sometimes Juniperus nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42452","name":"Ayllon Erica aragonensis heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis formations of the Sierra de Ayllon with Halimium viscosum, Halimium ocymoides, Genista pilosa and, sometimes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42453","name":"Villuercan Erica aragonensis heaths","description":"Isolated summital Erica aragonensis heaths of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4246","name":"Sorian heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis and Calluna vulgaris heath communities of the northern Iberian Range, often with Genista pilosa or, on wetter soils, Genista anglica and Genista micrantha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42461","name":"Sorian summital heaths","description":"Calluna heaths of high peaks, with Viola montcaunica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42462","name":"Sorian Erica aragonensis heaths","description":"Beech-zone Erica aragonensis heaths with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42463","name":"Sorian Erica vagans heaths","description":"Formations of lower beech zone, with Erica vagans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S42464","name":"Sorian collinar heaths","description":"Erica arborea, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris formations of the acidophilous oak zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4247","name":"Cuencan heaths","description":"Erica aragonensis heaths of the southern Iberian Range (Valdemeca, Serrania de Cuenca) with Thymelaea subrepens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4248","name":"Luso-Extremaduran heaths","description":"Formations rich in Erica umbellata, or sometimes Erica aragonensis, of the meso-Mediterranean and occasionally thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western parts of the Iberian peninsula, intermediate between heath and maquis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4249","name":"Erica andevalensis heaths","description":"Formations constituted by the local endemic Erica andevalensis on soils rich in heavy metals of the rio Odiel basin in western Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S425","name":"Boreo-Atlantic Erica cinerea heaths","description":"Low, open heaths of northern hyper-Atlantic Europe, north of the range of gorses, dominated by Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S426","name":"Inland dune heaths","description":"Heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4261","name":"Dry sandy heaths with Empetrum nigrum","description":"Crowberry heaths (unit S4227) of the relict wandering dunes of Drente and southern Friesland, with Empetrum nigrum, Salix arenaria, Lophochloa cuspidata, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Hylocomium splendens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4262","name":"Dry sandy heaths with Calluna and Genista","description":"Sub-Atlantic Calluna-Genista heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes, other than those of S4261; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit S422."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S43","name":"Macaronesian heath","description":"Shrubby vegetation on thin soils in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, colonising pyroclastic debris, lava, rock outcrops and landslips, sometimes cyclically renewed by further disturbance or seral to a forest. Floristically diverse between and within the archipelagos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S431","name":"Canary Island heaths","description":"Low and medium-tall ericaceous formations of the cloud belt of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4311","name":"Canary Island Erica scoparia heaths","description":"Humid low heaths of high elevations of Tenerife (Anaga) and La Gomera (Incherada), with Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S4312","name":"Canary Island Erica arborea heaths","description":"Low and medium-tall stages of the Erica arborea, Myrica faya and Ilex canariensis formations (tall forest-like formations are listed as T28)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S432","name":"Madeiran cloud heaths","description":"Sometimes fairly tall, 2-3 metre high, Erica arborea, Myrica faya, Erica scoparia, Laurus azorica, Clethra arborea and Pteridium aquilinum heaths of the cloud zone of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S433","name":"Madeiran summital heaths","description":"Erica cinerea var. maderensis-dominated heaths of the highest peaks of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S434","name":"Azorean lowland heaths","description":"Erica azorica, Myrica faya and Laurus azorica heaths of the lower altitudes of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S435","name":"Upland Azorean Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia heaths","description":"Heath facies of the Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia \"upper woods\" of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S436","name":"Azorean summital heaths","description":"Calluna vulgaris, Daboecia azorica and Thymus caespititius communities of the highest altitudes of the Azores (1200-1500 m)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S5","name":"Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean scrub","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a closed or nearly closed canopy structure, having nearly 100% cover of shrubs, with few annuals and some vernal geophytes; trees are nearly always present, some of which may be in shrub form. Shrubs, sometimes tall, of Arbutus, Cistus, Cytisus, Erica, Genista, Lavandula, Myrtus, Phillyrea, Pistacia, Quercus and Spartium are typical. Included is pseudomaquis, in which the dominants are mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S51","name":"Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or laurophyllous shrub vegetation forming a dense closed canopy, with or without low emergent trees, on a wide variety of substrates and soils through the thermo- to mesomediterranean belts. May be permanent primary vegetation on xeric sites but is usually derived by the degradation of evergreen deciduous or coniferous forest and much influenced in structure and composition by grazing and fire."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S511","name":"Evergreen Quercus matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean arborescent matorral organized around evergreen oaks. Dense, low, coppice-like Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods of evergreen oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5111","name":"Cork-oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by Quercus suber."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5112","name":"Acidiphile western Mediterranean holm-oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral of siliceous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by Quercus ilex or Quercus rotundifolia, usually with Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5113","name":"Calciphile western Mediterranean oak matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral of calcareous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by Quercus ilex, Quercus rotundifolia or Quercus coccifera. For Quercus ilex or Quercus rotundifolia matorrals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5114","name":"Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral","description":"Evergreen oak arborescent matorral of the Dalmatian coastlands, Montenegro and Albania, of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, of Cyprus, Asia Minor and the Levant, dominated by Quercus ilex or Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos), developed on either siliceous or calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5115","name":"Iberian mixed oak arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral organized around mixed evergreen (Quercus suber, Quercus ilex, Quercus rotundifolia) and deciduous (Quercus pyrenaica, Quercus faginea) oaks of Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5116","name":"Mediterranean evergreen oak low forests","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like formations of evergreen oaks of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51161","name":"Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia low forests","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like woods of Quercus ilex or Quercus rotundifolia of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with S51161 appropriate codes from unit T212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51162","name":"Quercus coccifera and Quercus alnifolia low forests","description":"Dense, low, coppice-like woods of Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos) or Quercus alnifolia of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with S51162 appropriate codes from unit T213."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S512","name":"Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals with Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis, Ceratonia siliqua, Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia atlantica or Myrtus communis, degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit T24."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5121","name":"Olive arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit T241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5122","name":"Carob arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by Ceratonia siliqua, degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit T242."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5123","name":"Lentisc and phillyrea arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall Pistacia lentiscus or Phillyrea latifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5124","name":"Myrtle arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall Myrtus communis, in particular Balearic \"murtedas\" of the Clematidi-Myrtetum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5125","name":"Canary Island olive-lentisc arborescent matorral","description":"Thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals dominated by Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis or Pistacia atlantica, degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit T243."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S513","name":"Juniper matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous brush and scrub organized around arborescent junipers of different species (Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus lycia, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus communis, Juniperus drupacea and Juniperus thurifera, which are classified as subunits)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5131","name":"Prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51311","name":"Juniperus oxycedrus arborescent matorral","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus-dominated formations of dry, rocky slopes and deforested areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51312","name":"Juniperus macrocarpa arborescent matorral","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa formations of coastal sands and abrupt shores; many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63 (of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51313","name":"Juniperus transtagana arborescent matorral","description":"Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana formations of maritime sands of southwestern Portugal; they should usually be listed under unit B1.63 (of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5132","name":"Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus lycia arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus phoenicea s.l."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51321","name":"Juniperus phoenicea arborescent matorral","description":"Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea-dominated formations occupying steep rocky slopes of the meso-Mediterranean and, locally, thermo-Mediterranean or lower supra-Mediterranean zones, particularly developed on crests and spurs of the mountains bordering the Ebro depression, in calcareous mountains of Valencia, in the southwestern Alps and Provence, in Sardinia, in Sicily, in Puglia, in southern Greece, in North Africa. Remarkable, generally uncommon, stands of old, tall trees may take on an almost woodland appearance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51322","name":"Juniperus lycia arborescent matorral","description":"Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia-dominated formations of coastal sands, alluvions and abrupt shores. Many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5133","name":"Juniperus excelsa and Juniperus foetidissima arborescent matorrals","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by Juniperus excelsa or Juniperus foetidissima."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51331","name":"Juniperus excelsa arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by Juniperus excelsa, derived from unit T3D7."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51332","name":"Juniperus foetidissima arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by Juniperus foetidissima, derived from unit T3D8."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5134","name":"Juniperus communis arborescent matorral","description":"Mediterranean formations dominated by Juniperus communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5135","name":"Juniperus drupacea arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus drupacea, limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor, derived from forests of unit T3D9."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5136","name":"Juniperus thurifera arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus thurifera of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa, derived from forests of unit T3D6. Geographical divisions can be retained by appending the suffixes of units T3D6 to S5136."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S514","name":"Pinus matorral","description":"Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean sclerophyllous brush and scrub dotted by pines. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5141","name":"Mesogean pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5142","name":"Stone pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by Pinus pinea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5143","name":"Aleppo pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by Pinus halepensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5144","name":"Aegean pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by Pinus brutia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5145","name":"Black pine and scots pine arborescent matorral","description":"Arborescent matorrals dominated by black pines (Pinus pallasiana, Pinus salzmannii) or occasionnally by scots pines (Pinus sylvestris)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S515","name":"Tetraclinis articulata matorral","description":"Thermo-mediterranean, meso-mediterranean or sub-mediterranean arborescent matorral of North Africa, the Maltese Islands and southern Spain dominated by Tetraclinis articulata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S516","name":"Deciduous Quercus matorral","description":"Tall scrub formations of the Mediterranean basin dominated by semideciduous or deciduous oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S517","name":"Arid zone matorral","description":"Scrub and steppes of the arid Iberian southeast, North Africa, Anatolia, central Cyprus and Palestine, dominated by often scattered tall shrubs and small trees of Ziziphus lotus, Ziziphus spina-christi or Acacia albida, in part distinctively thermo-mediterranean, in part intermediate between Mediterranean formations and open dry tropical woodland not found in the EUNIS classification area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5171","name":"Iberian arid zone Ziziphus matorral","description":"Pre-desert brush of Periploca laevigata, Lycium intricatum, Asparagus stipularis, Asparagus albus, Withania frutescens with tall Ziziphus lotus, confined to the arid Iberian Southeast; similar formations with lower Ziziphus lotus bushes are listed in unit S5411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S518","name":"Laurus nobilis matorral","description":"Humid arborescent matorral with tall laurel (Laurus nobilis) developed locally in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania, in particular."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S519","name":"Cypress matorral","description":"Maquis dominated by native (in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean basins; cf. unit T3D1) or planted cypress (Cupressus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51A","name":"Zelkova matorral","description":"Formations of the mountains of Crete, for the most part hedgehog-heaths, dominated by sparse to moderately closed stands of Zelkova abelicea, a rare, endemic, declining Tertiary relict of Pontic affinities, often associated with Acer sempervirens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51B","name":"High maquis","description":"Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin with a dominant stratum of Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo, Quercus spp. and Pistacia lentiscus, but no or few emergent oaks, in contrast to unit F5.1 (of EUNIS 2012 smaller than S51)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51B1","name":"Western Mediterranean high maquis","description":"Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa with Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo, Quercus ilex, Phillyrea angustifolia, Phillyrea media, Viburnum tinus, Rhamnus alaternus, Juniperus oxycedrus, Fraxinus ornus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51B2","name":"Luso-Extremaduran high maquis","description":"Western Mediterranean maquis with Erica lusitanica, Erica arborea, Erica scoparia, Cistus psilosepalus, Cistus populifolius developed in particular in the vicinity of lauriphyllus formations of ravines and watercourse edges of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51B3","name":"Eastern Mediterranean high maquis","description":"Maquis of Greece and the Balkan peninsula, with Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo, Arbutus andrachne, Myrtus communis, Pistacia terebinthus, Phillyrea latifolia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51C","name":"Low ericaceous maquis","description":"Lower (usually less than one metre) western Mediterranean maquis rich in Calluna vulgaris, Erica scoparia, Erica cinerea or sometimes low Ericaarborea, often accompanied by Cistus spp., Lavandula stoechas and various brooms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51D","name":"Tall Cistus maquis","description":"Meso-, thermo- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean maquis of Iberia, southern France and western Mediterranean North Africa, in which the tall, large-flowered Cistus ladanifer is prominent. Included are more or less dense, homogeneous fields of Cistus ladanifer, which can be identified by addition of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place of any of the subdivisions below, and more varied formations dominated by tall clumps of Cistus ladanifer, which can be identified by addition of digit 2 in the fourth decimal place of these subdivisions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51D1","name":"Southwestern Iberian tall cistus maquis","description":"Cistus ladanifer-dominated formations rich in gorses, spiny brooms or, occasionally, heathers, abundant on usually shallow soils in the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of the southwest of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51D2","name":"Central Iberian tall cistus maquis","description":"Cistus ladanifer-dominated formations with brooms, heathers and lavenders of siliceous soils, generally rather eroded and oligotrophic of the meso- and, locally, supra-Mediterranean zones of the Meseta, the Iberian Range and its satellites, the eastern Cordillera Central and southern Galicia and Leon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51D3","name":"Baetic tall cistus maquis","description":"Cistus ladanifer-dominated formations of southern Andalusia, developed in siliceous or peridotite ranges in association with local Baetic floras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51D4","name":"Tyrrhenian tall cistus maquis","description":"Localized meso- and thermo-Mediterranean Cistus ladanifer-dominated formations of siliceous or decalcified soils and subhumid climates of the Tyrrhenian hinterland (crystalline Provence, Valencia), often with heath elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51E","name":"Low Cistus maquis","description":"Western Mediterranean formations of small or medium Cistus spp., most characteristic of the siliceous soils of the meso-Mediterranean zone, but also widely occurring in the thermo-Mediterranean zone and in the siliceous supra-Mediterranean zone. Formations dominated by different Cistus species are included as subunits, with the exception of: formations of mostly calciphile Cistus species (e.g. Cistusalbidus, Cistusclusii) and of indifferent species accompanied by strongly calciphile floras are classified as unit F6.1 (of EUNIS 2012 now overlapping with S61 and S62); formations of entirely thermo-Mediterranean species (e.g. Cistus bourgaeanus, Cistus palhinhae, Cistus heterophyllus) and of widespread species associated with co-dominant thermo-Mediterranean species are classified as unit F5.5 (of EUNIS 2012 now wider than S54)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E1","name":"Cistus monspeliensis maquis","description":"Formations dominated by Cistus monspeliensis, widespread in the Mediterranean region; homogeneous fields form in particular after fires."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E2","name":"Cistus salvifolius maquis","description":"Formations dominated by Cistus salvifolius, equally widespread, though less often dominant, in the entire Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E3","name":"Cistus populifolius maquis","description":"Formations dominated by Cistus populifolius, often taller, mainly of cooler, moister, shadier, siliceous or serpentine stations of the meso-Mediterranean zone of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, in particular of Portugal, Extremadura, the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo, the Iberian Range system, the mountains of Andalusia Occidental, entering in several areas into the supra- or thermo-Mediterranean zones and extending north locally to northern Iberia and Languedoc."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E4","name":"Cistus laurifolius maquis","description":"Formations dominated by Cistus laurifolius, often also of medium height, widespread on siliceous or decalcified soils in meso- and supra-Mediterranean Iberia and northwestern Africa, particularly in the Quercus pyrenaica realm, extending to the montane zone of the Pyrenees, and locally to sub-mediterranean areas of the southern Central Massif and the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E5","name":"Cistus psilosepalus maquis","description":"Formations dominated by Cistus psilosepalus of moist, lime-free soils of the western half of the Iberian peninsula, usually associated with southern heath elements, within the Atlantic influence, frequently located in depressions and gullies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E6","name":"Cistus crispus maquis","description":"Formations of southern and eastern Iberia, southern France, western Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by Cistus crispus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E7","name":"Cistus incanus maquis","description":"Cistus incanus (including Cistus incanus ssp. corsicus and Cistus incanus ssp. creticus) formations of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, peninsular Italy and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51E8","name":"Cistus albidus maquis","description":"Silicicolous formations with Cistus albidus. Most Cistus albidus formations have a pronounced garrigue character and should be listed under 32.4; however, some may be accompanied by a cortège so typical of silicolous maquis that they are better retained here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51F","name":"Low Cistus - Lavandula stoechas maquis","description":"Usually varied west-Mediterranean maquis rich in Lavandula stoechas, accompanied by Cistus spp., Erica spp., brooms (Genista spp., Cytisus spp. i.a.). The subspecies of Lavandula stoechas can be used to characterize regional groups of communities otherwise differing by the assembly of accompanying species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51F1","name":"Central Mediterranean lavender maquis","description":"Formations with Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas of northeastern Iberia, France, Italy and the west Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51F2","name":"Central Iberian lavender maquis","description":"Formations of central Iberia with Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedemontana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51F3","name":"Western Iberian lavender maquis","description":"Formations of western Iberia with Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri or Lavandula stoechas ssp. sampaiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51G","name":"Low sparse maquis","description":"Sparse, low silicicolous western Mediterranean maquis of Helichrysum spp., Cistus spp., Erica spp. physiognomically similar to calcicolous garrigues."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51H","name":"Cytisus-dominated maquis","description":"Low, west-Mediterranean maquis dominated by leguminous shrubs (Cytisus, Teline, Genista, Adenocarpus, Calicotomespinosa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51J","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues","description":"Lentisc-dominated or lentisc-rich scrub and related formations with Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus spp. and Rhamnus lycioides subspecies, Myrtus communis, Rubia spp., Asparagus spp., Phillyrea spp., Osyris spp., Bupleurum spp., various oaks (Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera and other species), Calicotome spp., Laurus nobilis, Helichrysum italicum and other species widespread in the whole thermo-Mediterranean zone (except the arid Iberian Southeast: unit S541). A few extremely distinctive habitats formed by facies of these formations, distributed throughout large portions of their range, are separated under units S51K-S51M. Other characteristic habitats are classified as subunits of this unit according to the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J1","name":"Oleo-lentisc brush","description":"Usually pluri-specific scrub in which Olea europaea var. sylvestris accompanied by Pistacia lentiscus plays a determinant physiognomic role. Almost entirely restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean zone, they are represented by particularly well-developed, extensive stands in southern Iberia, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and the Levant, North Africa. When the characteristic species increase in height they grade into arborescent matorral (unit S512)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J2","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues","description":"Formations dominated by the thermophile, often calciphile, heathers Erica multiflora and Erica manipuliflora, best developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zones of southern and eastern Spain, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, southern Italy, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and coastal Mediterranean North Africa. Western meso-mediterranean formations are listed under unit S61B, eastern meso-Mediterranean formations under unit S63C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J21","name":"Western Erica multiflora heath-garrigues","description":"Usually calciphile Erica multiflora formations of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, the large western Mediterranean islands and coastal Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J22","name":"Western Erica manipuliflora heath-garrigues","description":"Rare, calciphile Erica manipuliflora formations of Puglia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J23","name":"Eastern Erica manipuliflora heath-garrigues","description":"Erica manipuliflora formations of Greece and its archipelagoes, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J3","name":"Thorny burnet brush","description":"Non-cushion formations dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum of the eastern Mediterranean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J4","name":"Lentisc brush","description":"Pistacia lentiscus -dominated or -rich formations, widespread and abundant in thermo-Mediterranean and coastal meso-Mediterranean zones of the entire Mediterranean basin; locally, similar formations may appear in warm inland meso-Mediterranean areas. Often low and sometimes very open, the lentisc scrub can in favourable situations reach a height of several metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit S5123)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J5","name":"Calicotome brush","description":"Thermo-mediterranean formations physiognomically dominated by the brilliantly flowering Calicotome villosa or Calicotome spinosa, widespread in European thermo-mediterranean regions, in the Levant, in particular on sandy plains and in pre-steppic areas, and in North Africa, notably in semi-arid areas of northeastern Tunisia and northeastern Libya."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J6","name":"Laurus thickets","description":"Laurus nobilis thickets of humid or fresh stations of thermo-mediterranean regions, low-growing facies of unit S518, noted in particular in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J7","name":"Coastal Helichrysum garrigues","description":"Low formations of Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum) with spurges (Euphorbia pithyusa, i.a.), Pistacia lentiscus, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Artemisia densiflora or Thymelaea passerina, Thymelaea hirsuta, Thymelaea tartonraira of the immediate vicinity of sea cliffs, forming the transition between cliff vegetations or clifftop phryganas and thermo-Mediterranean scrub; they are particularly characteristic of the large Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J71","name":"Iberian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of southern Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and the Ebro basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J72","name":"Tyrrhenian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Rare Quercus coccifera formations of Liguria, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J73","name":"Hellenic thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Greece and its archipelagoes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J74","name":"Anatolian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the periphery of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J75","name":"Cyprian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J76","name":"Levantine thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the eastern Mediterranean coastal fringe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51J77","name":"North African thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush","description":"Formations of Quercus coccifera of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J8","name":"Myrtle thickets","description":"Myrtus communis-dominated thickets. Particularly noteworthy formations occur in the Balearics (Clematidi-Myrtetum), in southern Iberia, in Sardinia, in the Aegean, in the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions, in North Africa. Myrtle thickets can in favourable situations reach a height of a few metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit S5124)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51J9","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brushes","description":"Quercus coccifera thickets of the Mediterranean basin rich in thermo-Mediterranean elements, in particular, Pistacia lentiscus, Chamaerops humilis, Rhamnus lycioides ssp. lycioides, Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides, Asparagus albus, Asparagus acutifolius, Bupleurum gibraltarium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JA","name":"Phillyrea thickets","description":"Phillyrea angustifolia or Phillyrea media-dominated thermo-Mediterranean brushes; they constitute facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean scrub, in particular of the southern Iberian Asparago-Rhamnion and of the Aegean Ceratonio-Rhamnion, notably on Samothrace and Rhodes; they also constitute remarkable coastal formations on Minorca, based on the endemic Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii, and in Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JA1","name":"Minorcan lentiscares","description":"Thickets of Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii of wind-beaten coastal areas of Minorca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JA2","name":"Valencian mata","description":"Thickets of Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides var. angustifolia, Rhamnus alaternus of fixed dunes of Valencia. They are almost extinct, surviving only in the Dehesa de la Albufera. The code should be used in conjunction with unit B1.64 (of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JA3","name":"Western Phillyrea thickets","description":"Phillyrea angustifolia or Phillyrea latifolia-dominated facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean thickets of the westerm Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the coastal Phillyrea thickets of Minorca and Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JA4","name":"Eastern Phillyrea thickets","description":"Phillyrea angustifolia or Phillyrealatifolia-dominated formations of the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JB","name":"Buckthorn-asparagus brushes","description":"Thermo-mediterranean formations in which Asparagus spp. and/or Rhamnus spp., in particular Rhamnus lycioides, predominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JC","name":"Osyris brushes","description":"Formations dominated by Osyris alba or Osyris tripartita."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JD","name":"Storax thickets","description":"Styrax officinalis-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of the eastern Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JE","name":"Buxus balearica box thickets","description":"Buxus balearica formations of coastal regions of Andalusia, bordering the Sea of Alboran, and of the Balearics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JF","name":"Dwarf oak scrub","description":"Formations of the semievergreen shrub Quercus fruticosa (Quercus humulus), endemic of southern and southwestern Iberian and the Moroccan Tang‚rois; they are located in southern Portugal, western Andalusia and in the lower elevations of the western Rif, at around 500 m (j. Kbir, j. Zem-zem, j. Khezana)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JG","name":"Tall spiny broom brush","description":"Scrub dominated by tall, spiny species of Genista."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JG1","name":"Genista fasselata brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG11","name":"Aegean tall spiny broom brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG12","name":"Cyprian tall spiny broom brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG13","name":"Carmel tall spiny broom brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51JG2","name":"West Mediterranean tall spiny broom brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG21","name":"Pantelleria tall spiny broom brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG22","name":"North African Genista aspalathoides tall brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S51JG23","name":"North African Genista ferox tall brush","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JH","name":"Corema brush","description":"Corema album-dominated formations of the southwestern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. Most of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64 (of EUNIS 2012), completed by this code. They often constitute the hem of juniper woodland or thickets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JJ","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean juniper brushes","description":"Formations rich in thermo-mediterranean elements dominated by prostrate or low shrubby Juniperus oxycedrus or Juniperus phoenicea. Many of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64 (of EUNIS 2012), completed by this code. See also unit S51S."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JK","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean wormwood brushes","description":"Artemisia arborescens scrub of the Tyrrhenian islands and peninsular Italy, the Iberian peninsula, Mediterranean North Africa, the southern Balkans, Greece and Crete, Mediterranean Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JL","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean Jupiter's beard brushes","description":"Anthyllis barba-jovis scrub of thermo-Mediterranean rocky coastal slopes often associated with coastal phrygana and Euphorbia dendroides formations, of eastern Spain, Provence, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, mainland Greece and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51JM","name":"Coastal dwarf leguminous garrigues","description":"Local low thermo-Mediterranean formations of calcareous coasts of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the west Mediterranean mainland of Europe and Africa, dominated by leguminous subshrubs of Dorycnium or Coronilla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51K","name":"Euphorbia dendroides formations","description":"Stands of Euphorbia dendroides, remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occur as a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean scrub of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Islas Eolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northern Catalonia, southeastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably on slopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagoes, Albania and enclaves of the Mediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust stands occur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Very local formations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastal capes and isolated inland sites, in Cyrenaica, northern Tunisia (Ichkeul), and in a narrow coastal strip in northern Algeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51L","name":"Ampelodesmos mauritanica -dominated garrigues","description":"Garrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of Ampelodesmos mauritanica; typically thermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They are most prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in the Mediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51M","name":"Chamaerops humilis brush","description":"Chamaerops humilis-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean scrub or garrigues rich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this code and that of the other appropriate subdivision of unit F5.5 (of EUNIS 2012 now wider than S54). Palmetto brushes are best represented in the coastal areas of southwestern, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy. They are apparently extinct in the wild in the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51N","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)","description":"Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas (Lygos spp.) or by large, non-spiny thermo-mediterranean brooms of genera Cytisus and Genista, limited to the Iberian peninsula, the Balearics, mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast of Campania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N1","name":"Yellow retama brush","description":"Lygos sphaerocarpa formations of the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N2","name":"Ibero-Mauritanian white retama brush","description":"Lygos monosperma formations of the southwestern Iberian peninsula and coastal Mediterranean North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N3","name":"Genista speciosa broom fields","description":"Tall, open formations dominated by or rich in the endemic Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa, with Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii, Chronanthus biflorus, Ptilostemon hispanicus, and, sometimes, Lavandula lanata, Catananche caerulea, Teucrium polium, Salvia candelabrum or Satureja graeca, of the lower meso-Mediterranean slopes of hills facing the Guadalquivir depression of eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N4","name":"Genista valentina broom fields","description":"Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast dominated by the endemic Genista valentina, accompanied by Lygos sphaerocarpa or, in the Sierra de Cartagena area, Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N5","name":"Genista retamoides broom fields","description":"Formations of the coast of the Sea of Alboran and of the arid Iberian southeast dominated by the endemic Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N6","name":"Genista haenseleri broom fields","description":"Open formations of abrupt, hot, sunny slopes of the sierras de Ojen, Mijas (Unidad Blanca), southern Andalusia characterized by the presence of the striking, tall endemic broom Genista haenseleri, associated with Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii, Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis, Thymus capitatus, Teucrium fruticans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N7","name":"Genista ramosissima broom fields","description":"Formations characterized by the presence of the usually dominant, non-spiny broom Genista ramosissima of southeastern Spain and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N8","name":"Thermo-mediterranean Lygos raetam brush","description":"Retama fields formed in coastal regions and on maritime sands of southern Sicily, North Africa and eastern Spain by Lygos raetam ssp. gussonei, Lygos raetam ssp. duraiei and Lygos raetam ssp. sarcocarpa, close relatives of the widespread retam, Lygos raetam ssp. raetam, of the desert and subdesert regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51N9","name":"Eolian broomfields","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations of volcanic rocks and sands of Stromboli and Vulcano dominated by the very tall Eolian endemic broom Cytisus aeolicus, with the Tyrrhenian insular endemic Centaurea aeolica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51NA","name":"Genista ephedroides broomfields","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations dominated by the Tyrrhenian endemic Genista ephedroides, often on steep rocky substrates, restricted to a few localities on western and northern Sardinian headlands, on the island of Zannone, Circeo National Park (Latium), on the north coast of Sicily, on the Eolian and Ponsian islands and along the Cilento coast (Campania)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51NB","name":"Ibiza broomfields","description":"Formations characterized by the remarkable, tall Ibiza endemic Genista dorycnifolia, accompanied by the eastern Iberian Chronanthus biflorus (Cytisus fontanesii)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51NC","name":"Genista pseudoretamoides broom fields","description":"North African scrub formed by the tall Genista spartioides ssp. pseudoretamoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51P","name":"Mediterranean gorse-heaths","description":"Western Mediterranean formations, for the most part limited to the lower meso-mediterranean and thermo-mediterranean zones of the western Iberian peninsula, with outposts in western Morocco, dominated by gorse (Ulex spp., Stauracanthus spp.) of thermo-Mediterranean affinities, or by the spiny, globular broom Genistahirsuta, accompanied by a cortège of plants characteristic of the meso- and thermo-mediterranean cistus maquis (S51D), thermo-mediterranean scrub (S51J) or, occasionally, meso-mediterranean garrigues (F6.1 of EUNIS 2012 now overlapping with S61 and S62). Other thermo-mediterranean gorse formations will be found among the more specialised extreme southern Iberian endemic communities listed under S541, S51Q, S51R, S542, S515, S51T."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P1","name":"Monchique Ulex argenteus gorse-heaths","description":"Ulex argenteus ssp. argenteus-dominated or -rich formations of low slopes of the Serra da Monchique and neighbouring areas of Algarve and southwest Alentejo, usually with Cistus ladanifer. The gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P2","name":"Lusitanian Ulex densus gorse-heaths","description":"Cushion-heaths of Ulex densus formed in substitution stages of the Melico-Cocciferetum on dry, calcareous coastal hills of the Tejo and Estremadura regions of central-western Portugal; the gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P3","name":"Morena Ulex eriocladus gorse heaths","description":"Formations of the western Sierra Morena (Sierra de Aracena, Badajos region, southeastern Portugal) dominated by Ulex eriocladus, developed mostly in the meso-Mediterranean zone and locally in contact with Erica umbellata heaths; the gorse is endemic to the area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P4","name":"Ulex parviflorus gorse-heaths","description":"Ulex parviflorus ssp. parviflorus-dominated formations of central-western Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and southern France and coastal North Africa, locally distributed on calcareous or siliceous substrates of the thermo-Mediterranean and lower meso-Mediterranean zones, occasionally ascending to higher elevations. Communities including the related Ulexparviflorus ssp. willkommii, Ulexbaeticus and Ulex australis are listed under units S51Q, S542 and S51T, clearly meso-Mediterranean formations under unit S622."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P5","name":"Stauracanthus spectabilis gorse-heaths","description":"Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. spectabilis-dominated formations; the gorse has a very restricted distribution on the coast of Alentejo and in Morocco."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51P6","name":"Luso-Extremaduran Genista hirsuta gorse-heaths","description":"Genista hirsuta-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean Luso-Extremaduran regions, widespread and physiognomically striking by the hemispherical port of the shrub, similar to that of many gorses and of phrygana species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51Q","name":"Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Mostly calcicolous, open garrigues of the extreme south of the Iberian peninsula characterized by the abundance of Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii, Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis, Thymus eryanthus, Thymus capitatus, Micromeria graeca, Teucrium polium, Calicotome villosa, Asperula hirsuta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q1","name":"Baetic garrigues","description":"Varied calcicolous formations of Baetic hills of southern Spain; they may be dominated by any of a number of characteristic species of the class, and in particular by Thymus capitatus, Teucrium polium, Helianthemum hirtum, Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea or Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii; they occur locally throughout the entire Baetic area. A few communities, remarkable for the dominance of less widespread, often endemic, usually striking species, and, in many cases, for their adaptation to non-calcareous soils or to outlying areas, have been listed separately."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q2","name":"Ronda Ononis speciosa garrigues","description":"Spectacular formations dominated by the endemic shrub Ononis speciosa with Bupleurum gibraltarium, Thymus capitatus, Micromeria graeca, Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii, Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis, Calicotome villosa, Satureja obovata, Ptilostemon hispanicus, locally distributed in calcareous areas of the Serrania de Ronda and satellite ranges in southern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q3","name":"Guadalquivir Genista equisetiformis garrigues","description":"Sub-Baetic formations of calcareous hills lining the Guadalquivir depression of Andalusia with the large cushion-forming Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis and Chronanthus biflorus accompanied by Thymus capitatus, Thymus eryanthus and Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q4","name":"Alboran Genista equisetiformis garrigues","description":"Acidophilous formations limited to rare enclaves of the slopes above the Sea of Alboran, with Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis, Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii, Calicotome villosa, Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas, Adenocarpus grandiflorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q5","name":"Andalusian magnesium garrigues","description":"Ulex baeticus-dominated or -rich formations of ultra-basic dolomites, serpentines and peridotites of the Serrania de Ronda and its peripheral ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51Q51","name":"Ronda dolomite garrigues","description":"Dolomitic formations with Ulex baeticus, Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Cistus clusii, Halimium viscosum, Euphorbia baetica, Linaria clementei and, sometimes, Genista haenseleri of the Serrania de Ronda, Sierra Blanquilla, de Ojen and surrounding areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51Q52","name":"Ronda serpentine and peridotite garrigues","description":"Formations of serpentines and peridotites of the Sierra de Carratraca and a few nearby stations of the Serrania de Ronda with Ulex baeticus (or sometimes Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis), Galium boissieranum, Staehelina baetica, Centaurea carratracensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S51Q53","name":"Bermeja Ulex garrigues","description":"Formations of the Sierra Bermeja dominated by Ulex baeticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51Q6","name":"Bermeja Halimium garrigues","description":"Tall Halimium atriplicifolium formations of the peridotites of the Sierra Bermeja (Andalucia) with Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea, Genista lanuginosa, Genista hirsuta, Lavandula stoechas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51R","name":"Stauracanthus boivinii gorse-heaths","description":"Highly distinctive formations, dominated by the endemic gorse Stauracanthus boivinii, limited to a few locations with siliceous, oligotrophic soils and high precipitation of the thermo- and lower meso-mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51R1","name":"Aljibe Stauracanthus boivinii gorse-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras del Aljibe, Blanquilla, del Nino and de Ojen (Andalucia) with the Gibraltar endemics Genista tridens and Bupleurum foliosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51R2","name":"Algarve Stauracanthus boivinii gorse-heaths","description":"Very local formation of the coast of the Algarve, with Genista triacanthos, Erica umbellata, Calluna vulgaris and Tuberaria major."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51R3","name":"North African Stauracanthus boivinii gorse-heaths","description":"African formations dominated by Stauracanthus boivinii, distributed in the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51R4","name":"Western Mediterranean xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of coastal sands of Tyrrhenian islands and Italy, dominated by Halimium halimifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51S","name":"Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes","description":"Low brush and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas of the vicinity of Cape San Vicente, with dwarf Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia, Cistus palhinhae, Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus, rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S51T","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean heaths","description":"Closed formations of heather, gorse and halimium constituting the extensive \"monte negro\" of the Coto Doñana; alternating with the xerophile \"monte blanco\" (unit S5421), they occupy deep, sandy, oligotrophic soils with a water table close to the surface; their composition includes an admixture of thermo-Mediterranean and Atlantic heath species together with local endemics. Particularly characteristic in the Guadalquivir area, they are locally represented north to the Sado-Tago river area of coastal Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51T1","name":"Dry Andalusian monte negro","description":"Formations of higher ground with the endemic gorse Ulex australis, Erica scoparia, Calluna vulgaris, Genista triacanthos, Erica umbellata, Halimium halimifolium, Cistus salvifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S51T2","name":"Humid Andalusian monte negro","description":"Formations of semi-peaty edges of freshwater lagoons and depressions where the winter and spring water table reaches the surface, with Ulex minor var. lusitanicus, Erica ciliaris, Erica scoparia, Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, Molinia caerulea, Pteridium aquilinum, Cistus salvifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S52","name":"Submediterranean pseudomaquis","description":"Mixed deciduous-evergreen scrub of shallow, rocky, mostly calcareous soils in the lowlands and foothills of Southern Europe. Usually derived by forest degradation and much affected in structure and composition by grazing, fire and logging."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S521","name":"Helleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis","description":"Shrub formations intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak (Southeastern sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets), resulting from the degradation of the Ostryo-Carpinion of the Helleno-Balkanic peninsula, distributed in particular in northern Greece, in the Maritsa, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and Vardar valleys of Bulgaria and the North Macedonia, in the Lake Ohrid basin of Albania, along the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria, and in the eastern Adriatic hills of Albania, Yugoslavia and Croatia, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus excelsa, Quercus trojana, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia atlantica, Berberis cretica, Paliurus spina-christi, Pyrus spinosa, Buxus sempervirens, Phillyrea media, Prunus spinosa, Prunus lusitanica, Laurus nobilis, Ligustrum vulgare, Jasminum fruticans, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus pycnoloba, Pyracantha coccinea, Rosa sempervirens, Rubus ulmifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S522","name":"Italo-French pseudomaquis","description":"French and Italian mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations dominated by Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S523","name":"Iberian pseudomaquis","description":"Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations of Iberia, with Amelanchier ovalis, Prunus lusitanica, Ilex aquifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S524","name":"Western Asian pseudomaquis","description":"Formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos) and Pistacia palaestina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S53","name":"Spartium junceum scrub","description":"Secondary scrub dominated by Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), typical of disturbed, open, sunny situations on a wide variety of soils through the Mediterranean, where its rapid establishment is favoured by post-fire seed germination, aggressive rooting, nitrogen-fixation and unpalatability."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S54","name":"Thermomediterranean arid scrub","description":"Scrub with a usually low and rather open cover of shrubs with sub-shrubs, dwarf shrubs and herbs between, on dry soils of varied composition in the thermomediterranean belt, and of very diverse local composition. Primary and permanent in more arid and exposed situations, but can be successional to a forest and often much affected by grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S541","name":"Mediterranean pre-desert scrub","description":"Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (unit S6624) and the localized gypsum scrubs (unit S653), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of southeastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of unique climatological, biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African and endemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbed localities and are gravely at risk. Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterranean arid) zone of North Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagie islands, the Maltese Islands and Pantelleria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5411","name":"Iberian jujube brush","description":"Communities dominated by hummocks of the lotus tree Ziziphus lotus, usually with Lycium intricatum, Withania frutescens, Asparagus albus, Asparagus stipularis, Rhamnus lycioides, of the arid Iberian Southeast. Very tall stands can be coded as unit S517."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5412","name":"Sicilian jujube brush","description":"Ziziphus lotus formations of western Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5413","name":"Maytenus brushes","description":"More or less dense, spiny scrub limited to very restricted areas of the Almerian and Carthagenian coasts of the arid Iberian Southeast, dominated by the shrub of African affinities Maytenus senegalensis var. europaeus with Rhamnus oleoides ssp. angustifolia and Rhamnus oleoides ssp. velutinus, Asparagus albus, Asparagus stipularis, Asparagus horridus, Chamaerops humilis and occasionally Buxus balearica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5414","name":"Iberian Periploca scrubs","description":"Open, sometimes sparse brush dominated by Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia with Osyris quadripartita, Chamaerops humilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus lycioides and locally Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia, Tetraclinis articulata, Maytenus senegalensis or Lyciumintricatum, limited to very arid coastal areas of Murcia and Almeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5415","name":"Sicilian Channel Periploca scrubs","description":"Summer deciduous shrub formations of Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia, Lycium intricatum, Euphorbia dendroides with Prasium majus, Pistacia lentiscus, Asparagus acutifolius, Phillyrea angustifolia, Calicotome villosa of islands of the Sicilian Channel, in particular of the southwestern coast of Pantelleria, of the Maltese Islands and of the Egadi Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5416","name":"Iberian tall arid brushes","description":"Communities essentially endemic to the province of Almeria, constituted by Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis, Phlomis caballeroi, Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides, Genista umbellata, Genista ramosissima, Genista cinerea ssp. valentina, Launaea arborescens, Launaea lanifera, Lavatera oblongifolia, Linum suffruticosum, Salsola webbii, Salvia candelabrum, Sideritis foetens, Thymelaea tartonraira, Ulex parviflorus ssp. canescens, Frankenia webbii, Anthyllis terniflora. Formations belonging to this alliance dominated by large, non-spiny brooms are listed separately under unit S51N."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54161","name":"Salsola webbii brush","description":"Tall brush communities of arid slopes at the base of coastal mountains with Salsola webbii, Launaea arborescens, Anthyllis terniflora, Frankenia webbii, Echium pycnanthum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54162","name":"Sideritis brush","description":"Montane brush of sunny calcareous slopes of the Sierra de Gador and the Sierra de Alhamilla, rich in endemics among which the shrubs Sideritis foetens and Lavandula lanata and the woody perennials Salvia candelabrum, Lavatera oblongifolia and Ptilostemon hispanicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54163","name":"Gorse-phlomis scrub","description":"Formation endemic to the base-rich volcanic rocks of the mountains of Cabo de Gata, dominated by the gorse Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus, of extraordinarily limited range, accompanied by Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis, Phlomis caballeroi and numerous elements of thermo-Mediterranean scrub, Asparagus spp., Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Chamaerops humilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54164","name":"Genista umbellata garrigues","description":"Open scrub rich in dwarf shrubs and dominated by the large cushions of var. umbellata of the remarkable, taxonomically widely isolated, southern and southeastern Spanish endemic Genista umbellata, in association with the also cushion-forming Thymus capitatus, Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides, another southern Spanish endemic, and Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis. This formation, which presents physiognomic similarities with phryganas (unit S7), constitutes a transition between the arid scrub and the thermo-Mediterranean garrigues of section S51P, in particular those formed by the only other population of Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis). Many of the accompanying dwarf shrubs, such as Thymus glandulosus, Saturejaobovata, Teucrium eriocephalum, however, are Iberian Southeast endemics or preferentials."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5417","name":"Iberian arid garrigues","description":"Low, open garrigues, often of steppic character, occupying mostly skeletal soils of the arid Iberian Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54171","name":"Murcio-Alicantian arid garrigues","description":"Diverse formations of the northern part of the arid Iberian Southeast characterized by various combinations of the dwarf shrubs Helianthemum caput-felis, Helianthemum cinereum ssp. cinereum, Helianthemum pilosum ssp. violaceum, Hypericum ericoides, Launaea pumila and the endemic Astragalus hispanicus, Sideritis leucantha ssp. tragoriganum, Teucrium pumilum ssp. carolipaui, Thymus longiflorus ssp. moroderi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S54172","name":"Almerian arid garrigues","description":"Very open formations limited to the areas of the Iberian Southeast with the most extreme arid conditions, characterized by Anabasis articulata, Frankenia webbii, Haloxylon articulatum, Launaea lanata, Limonium album, Teucrium gnaphalodes, Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens, and an exceptional number of endemics, including Coris hispanica, Euzomodendron bourgaeanum, Herniaria fontanesii ssp. almeriana, Limonium insigne, Salsola papillosa, Santolina viscosa, Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla, Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla, Teucrium eriocephalum, Teucrium almeriense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S541721","name":"Limonium-Anabasis arid garrigues","description":"Formations rich in succulent plants of argillous and stony soils of Murcia and Almeria, with Anabasis articulata and Limonium insigne."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S541722","name":"Cabo de Gata arid garrigue","description":"Formations of Cabo de Gata (Charidemum Promontorium) with Teucrium charidemi, Caralluma europaea var. confusa, Lapiedra martinezii, Antirrhinum charidemi, Dianthus charidemii, Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla, taxa for the most part endemic to the promontory."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S541723","name":"Tabernas arid garrigues","description":"Species-rich formations of the arid depression between the Sierras de Gador, Filabres and Alhamilla, with Euzomodendron bourgaeanum, Coris hispanica, Koelpinia linearis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S541724","name":"Coastal Almerian arid garrigues","description":"Coastal Murcio-Almerian formations with Teucrium gnaphalodes, Teucriumbaltasari, Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla and Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens, Launaea nudicaulis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S542","name":"Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Open scrub formed by Stauracanthusgenistoides ssp. genistoides, Halimium halimifolium, Halimium commutatum or Cistus libanotis (Cistus bourgaeanus), highly adapted to the extreme aridity and oligotrophy of fossil dunes and other deep, fixed sands with very low water table of coastal areas of the western Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic, particularly developed in the southwestern Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5421","name":"Southern Andalusian \"monte blanco\"","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of the coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz, between the estuaries of the rios Guadalete, Guadalquivir and Tinto, particularly characteristic of the Coto Donana (\"monte blanco\"), in which Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides, Halimium halimifolium, Halimium commutatum and Cistus libanotis (Cistus bourgaeanus) are accompanied by, in particular, Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica, Armeria velutina and Thymus tomentosus and, in the widetransition zone with the \"monte negro\", by Ulex australis and Erica scoparia. The \"monte blanco\" is an important habitat for several threatened or rare vertebrates, including Lynx pardellus, Genetta genetta, Felis sylvestris, Dama dama, Aquila adalberti."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5422","name":"Guadalquivir xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Somewhat transitional xero-psammitic scrub of inland sands of the Guadalquivir valley with Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides, Halimium halimifolium, Halimium commutatum, Halimium viscosum, Genista hirsuta, Cistus libanotis (Cistus bourgaeanus), Cistus crispus and elements of thermo-Mediterranean brushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5423","name":"Algarve xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Very local xero-psammitic scrub of the Algarve coast with Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides, Halimium halimifolium, Halimium commutatum, Cistus libanotis (Cistus bourgaeanus), Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica, Armeria macrophylla and the extremely narrow endemic Ulex argenteus ssp. subsericeus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S5424","name":"Lusitanian xero-psammitic brushes","description":"Xero-psammitic scrub of sands of the Atlantic coast of Portugal with Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides, Halimium halimifolium, Halimium commutatum, Cistus libanotis (Cistus bourgaeanus), Helichrysum italicum and Corema album."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S6","name":"Garrigue","description":"Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with an open canopy structure and some bare ground, usually with many winter annuals and vernal geophytes. Low shrubs of Cistus, Lavandula, Rosmarinus and Stoechas are usually present, and there may be some larger shrubs and scattered trees. Garrigue is found mostly in the Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Pontic regions, where it typically derives from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (T2), but it extends into deciduous forest areas in the supra-Mediterranean zone and sub-Mediterranean zones and into steppe areas in Anatolia. Includes scrubby land with mainly herbaceous vegetation and a large component of unpalatable non-vernal monocots (Asphodelus, Urginea) and thistles, provided that shrub cover exceeds 10%."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S61","name":"Western basiphilous garrigue","description":"Sub-shrub vegetation dominated by nanophanerophytes and chamaephytes on thin, base-rich soils through the western thermo- to mesomediterranean belts. Its species composition is very diverse in response to differences in local climate and soils. On rocky slopes, it can be permanent vegetation but is often derived from forest clearance and is much affected by grazing and fire."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S611","name":"Western Quercus coccifera garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by Quercus coccifera with no, or little, Pistacia lentiscus or other thermo-Mediterranean shrubs, very widespread in the meso-Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula and southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S612","name":"Western Rosmarinus officinalis garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively tall, dominated by Rosmarinus officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S613","name":"Western Cistus garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, mostly meso-Mediterranean, but often also thermo- or supra-Mediterranean, dominated by the low, calciphilous Cistus albidus or Cistus clusii, or occasionally by indifferent species, usually accompanied by a more varied flora than that of the silicicolous cistus maquis, though sometimes capable of forming dense cistus fields. These can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S614","name":"Western Euphorbia garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by bushy or robust perennial Euphorbia species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6141","name":"Euphorbia spinosa or Euphorbia melitensis cushion garrigues","description":"Ne description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6142","name":"Unarmed spurge garrigues","description":"No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S615","name":"Western Juniperus oxycedrus garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus or other low, shrubby junipers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S616","name":"Western Lavandula garrigues","description":"Meso-, or sometimes thermo-, mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin rich in calciphile Lavandula latifolia or, occasionally, Lavandula angustifolia; almost pure fields of Lavandula latifolia may form, in particular, as a facies of calcareous grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S617","name":"Western Teucrium and other labiate garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except Lavandula and Rosmarinus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S618","name":"Western Genista garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin characterized by the abundance of small, spiny brooms such as Genista scorpius, Genista hispanica, Genista corsica, Genista lucida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S619","name":"Western Calicotome garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Calicotome spinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61A","name":"Western composite garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by members of various genera of the family Asteraceae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61B","name":"Western Erica garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by the calciphile heathers Erica multiflora or Erica manipuliflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61C","name":"Western Globularia garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Globularia alypum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61D","name":"Western Helianthemum and Fumana garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera Helianthemum (e.g. Helianthemum asperum, Helianthemum pilosum, Helianthemum oelandicum, Helianthemum marifolium, Helianthemum cinereum, Helianthemum lavandulifolium, Helianthemum nummularium, Helianthemum caput-felis) or Fumana (e.g. Fumana ericoides, Fumana laevipes, Fumana thymifolia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61E","name":"Lithodora fruticosa garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Lithodora fruticosa, distributed in Spain and southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61F","name":"Western Thymelaea garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin rich in shrubs of genus Thymelaea (e.g. Thymelaea tinctoria, Thymelaea nitida, Thymelaea pubescens)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61G","name":"Western Ononis fruticosa garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Ononis fruticosa, limited to Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61H","name":"Western Anthyllis cytisoides garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Anthyllis cytisoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61J","name":"Western Dictamnus garrigues","description":"Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Dictamnus albus (Dictamnus hispanicus), characteristic of stony terrains of eastern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61K","name":"Lavandula angustifolia garrigues","description":"Montane formations dominated by Lavandula angustifolia (\"Lavandula vera\") with Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea, Buxus sempervirens (both sometimes co-dominant), Astragalus purpureus, Onobrychis supina, Satureja montana, Artemisia alba, Catananche caerulea, Aphyllanthes monspeliensis, Thymus vulgaris characteristic of great surfaces of the supra-Mediterranean level of southwestern Alps of France, also occurring on the southern flanks of the Pyrenees in northern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61L","name":"Genista cinerea garrigues","description":"Supra-Mediterranean garrigues or grasslands of the southwestern Alps, Haute Provence, the southern Central Massif, the Corbières and the eastern Pyrenees dominated by Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea, including the broom-rich facies of the French lavender garrigues and the White Quercy broom-fields."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61M","name":"Ibero-Gallic supra-Mediterranean dwarf-shrub garrigues","description":"Low frutescent or suffrutescent formations of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Meseta and its surrounding mountains and of northern Spain and southern France, rich in small labiate shrubs of genera Thymus, Teucrium, Salvia, Satureja, Sideritis, Lavandula, accompanied by leguminous shrubs (Genista scorpius, Genista pilosa, Genista pseudopilosa, Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa, Coronilla minima, Dorycnium pentaphyllum ssp. pentaphyllum) and various grasses (Stipa spp., Brachypodium spp.). In the north they often have an important, sometimes predominant, grass element and their impoverished shrub component is sometimes reduced to an almost monospecific Thymus formation; southwards, they become progressively more dominated by a richer constellation of shrub species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61N","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Buxus sempervirens scrub","description":"Buxus sempervirens thickets of the supra-Mediterranean zone, occurring as facies within several formations of southern France such as true-lavender garrigues (unit S61K) and supra-Mediterranean steppic grassland complexes (unit E1.5 of EUNIS 2012 split in R1G, R1H, R1J, R1K, R1L), in northeastern Spanish ranges, in isolated stations of the Apennines and in Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S61P","name":"Italian supra-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Characteristically supra-Mediterranean garrigues of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands. In the supra-Mediterranean level of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands, the substitution stages of the thermophile deciduous forests are mostly grasslands or shrubby grasslands, hedgehog heaths, deciduous shrubs, semimaquis or occasionally embryonic garrigues that differ little from those of the mesomediterranean level. A few formations, in particular with labiates of genera Thymus, Teucrium, Salvia, Lavandula and others, with Helichrysum spp. or with Euphorbia spp., may warrant separate listing under this heading."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S62","name":"Western acidophilous garrigue","description":"Sub-shrub vegetation dominated by nanophanerophytes on thin, acidic soils, developed on hard silicate bedrock or soft sand, through the western thermo- to lower supramediterranean belts. Its species composition is very diverse in response to differences in local climate and soils. On rocky slopes, it can be permanent vegetation but is often derived from forest clearance or abandonment of farm fields and is much affected by grazing and fire."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S621","name":"Western Bupleurum garrigues","description":"Often tall, sometimes very tall, dense shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Bupleurum fruticosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S622","name":"Western Ulex garrigues","description":"Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Ulex parviflorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S63","name":"Eastern garrigue","description":"Low, mostly evergreen sclerophyllous scrub on diverse soils occurring through the eastern Mediterranean meso-, thermo- and occasionally supramediterranean belts, including the regions around the southern seaboards of the Black Sea. The habitat is derived from forest degradation and usually maintained by grazing and fire. Vegetation structure and composition vary greatly with local climate and human impacts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S631","name":"Eastern Quercus coccifera garrigues","description":"Shrub communities of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by Quercus coccifera with no, or little, Pistacia lentiscus or other thermo-mediterranean shrubs; kermes oak garrigues are by far the most widespread xerophyllous shrub formations in the eastern meso-mediterranean zone. They are also well represented in the supra-Mediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones. Formations pertaining to the latter, when rich in other, more restrictively thermophile shrubs, have been listed as unit S51J73."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S632","name":"Eastern Rosmarinus officinalis garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively tall, dominated by Rosmarinus officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S633","name":"Eastern Cistus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by or rich in Cistus species. Dense cistus fields can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S634","name":"Eastern Euphorbia garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by bushy or robust perennial Euphorbia species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S635","name":"Eastern Juniperus oxycedrus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by low, shrubby Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus communis or Juniperus phoenicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S636","name":"Eastern Lavandula garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in Lavandula stoechas or, occasionally, Lavandula angustifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S637","name":"Eastern Teucrium and other labiates garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except Lavandula and Rosmarinus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6371","name":"Eastern tree germander garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the tall or very tall Teucrium fruticans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6372","name":"Jerusalem sage garrigues","description":"Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by Phlomis fruticosa. Very degraded habitats occupied by almost monospecific fields of this species can be listed under E1.C."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6373","name":"Eastern Salvia and Stachys garrigues","description":"Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by shrubs or woody perennials of genera Salvia (e.g. Salvia triloba, Salvia argentea, Salvia eichlerana, Salvia pomifera), Stachys (e.g. Stachys cretica) or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6374","name":"Eastern dwarf labiate garrigues","description":"Low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf shrubs or perennials of genera Thymus (e.g. Thymus capitatus, Thymus teucrioides, Thymus atticus, Thymus sibthorpii, Thymus striatus, Thymus comptus), Teucrium (e.g. Teucrium polium), Sideritis (e.g. Sideritis syriaca, Sideritis clandestina), Micromeria (e.g. Micromeria juliana, Micromeria graeca), Phlomis (e.g. Phlomis cretica, Phlomis floccosa, Phlomis lanata) or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S638","name":"Eastern Paliurus spina-christi garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by Paliurus spina-christi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S639","name":"Eastern broom garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by the abundance of broom-like shrubs of genera Genista, Chamaecytisus, Teline or others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63A","name":"Ebenus cretica brushes","description":"Garrigues of Crete dominated by Ebenuscretica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63B","name":"Eastern Helichrysum and other composite garrigues","description":"Usually low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genera Helichrysum, Phagnalon (Phagnalon graecum), Scorzonera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63C","name":"Eastern Erica garrigues","description":"Mesomediterranean garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the heather Erica manipuliflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63D","name":"Arbutusandrachne garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by their richness in low bushes of Arbutus andrachne."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63E","name":"Eastern Globularia garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by Globularia alypum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63F","name":"Eastern Helianthemum and Fumana garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera Helianthemum or Fumana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63G","name":"Eastern Thymelaea garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in shrubs of genus Thymelaea (e.g. Thymelaea tartonraira)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63H","name":"Eastern Bupleurum garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, dense and often tall, sometimes very tall, dominated by Bupleurumfruticosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63J","name":"East Mediterranean pre-desert scrub","description":"Low formations of Ziziphus spina-christi, Ziziphus lotus, Acacia albida, Capparis spinosa, Rhamnus palaestina, Rhus tripartita of the Levant and southern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63K","name":"Illyrian Quercus coccifera garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Quercus coccifera, of limited distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63L","name":"Illyrian Rosmarinus officinalis garrigues","description":"Rosmarinus officinalis-dominated communities of the Dalmatian coast and its islands, in particular, Hvar, Brac, Solta, Vis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63M","name":"Illyrian Cistus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Cistusincanus ssp. creticus, Cistusmonspeliensis or Cistus salvifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S63M1","name":"Illyrian Cistus incanus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Cistusincanus ssp. creticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S63M2","name":"Illyrian Cistus salvifolius garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Cistussalvifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S63M3","name":"Illyrian Cistus monspeliensis garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Cistusmonspeliensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63N","name":"Illyrian Euphorbia garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by the spiny cushions of Euphorbia spinosa or by non-spiny often woody-stocked, clump-forming species of Euphorbia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63P","name":"Illyrian Juniperus oxycedrus garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by low, shrubby Juniperus oxycedrus or Juniperus phoenicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63Q","name":"Illyrian Teucrium and other labiates garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except Rosmarinus), in particular Salvia officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63R","name":"Illyrian Paliurus spina-christi garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Paliurus spina-christi, characteristic, in particular, of Inner Istria, of Ravni Kotari, of the lower reaches of the Neretva and of Herzegovina. Punica granatum is a frequent component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63S","name":"Illyrian broom garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by leguminous shrubs, in particular by Calicotome villosa, Genista sericea var. rigida, Genistasylvestris ssp. michelii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63T","name":"Illyrian Helichrysum and other composite garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genus Helichrysum and related genera, in particular, Scorzonera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63U","name":"Illyrian Erica garrigues","description":"Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by Erica manipuliflora or sometimes Erica multiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63V","name":"Crimean garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean southern Crimea, with, in particular, Cistus incanus ssp. incanus (Cistus tauricus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63X","name":"South-Euxinian garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, with Cistus incanus ssp. creticus, Cistus salvifolius, Arbutus andrachne, Arbutusunedo, Erica arborea, Jasminum fruticans, Myrtus communis, Laurus nobilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63Y","name":"Thracian garrigues","description":"Sclerophyte shrub communities of the Mediterraneo-steppic Evros-Merich-Maritsa and Ergene river basins of southern Thrace and of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of the Stranja and of Turkey-in-Europe, with Cistus incanus ssp. creticus, Cistus salvifolius, Jasminum fruticans, Phillyrea latifolia, Quercus coccifera, Asparagus acutifolius, Asparagus verticillatus, Paliurus spina-christi, Anemone pavonina. They extend northward to Harmanli on the Maritsa, and to Varna on the Black Sea coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S63Z","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs or subshrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S63Z1","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean shrub garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs, impoverished irradiations of the communities of units S51C and F6.2 (of EUNIS 2012 now overlapping with S63), in particular unit S631. Included are, notably, the Phillyrea latifolia and Quercus coccifera thickets or scrubs of the middle Struma-Strimon and Mesta-Nestos valleys of Bulgaria, when monodominated by these species, as well as some Buxus sempervirens- or Juniperus oxycedrus-dominated formations of the supra-Mediterranean Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum region of northern Greece, southern Albania and the southern North Macedonia; most of the communities that include them also comprise, however, a substantial admixture of deciduous species and thus belong to unit S52."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S63Z2","name":"Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean subshrub garrigues","description":"Formations of the supra-Mediterranean Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum zone of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of northern Greece and the southern North Macedonia, dominated by subshrubs associated with supra-Mediterranean dry grassland elements and generally forming a mosaic with such grasslands; they include, notably Satureja montana grassy, stony scrubs and Genista nissana heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S64","name":"Macaronesian garrigue","description":"Low shrub vegetation with an open canopy, of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S65","name":"Mediterranean gypsum scrub","description":"Open chamaephyte scrub with a lichen crust and rainy-spring annual herb flora, on gypsum-rich substrates in areas with a dry to semi-arid mediterranean climate in the Iberian Peninsula. The extreme climatic and edaphic conditions maintain the habitat as naturally stable, but it can bear some light grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S651","name":"Central Iberian gypsum scrubs","description":"Low garrigues dotted with occasional tall bushes, developed on gypseous soils which are often covered by a crust of lichens, generally rich in Centaurea hyssopifolia and often in Gypsophila struthium, Lepidium subulatum, Thymus zygis or Jurinea pinnata. They are limited to the meseta and eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6511","name":"Meseta gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of the central meseta of Spain dominated by, or rich in, Centaurea hyssopifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6512","name":"Eastern Andalusian gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of eastern Andalusia (Armeria, Granada) dominated by, or rich in, Centaurea hyssopifolia, Jurinea pinnata or Gypsophila struthium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6513","name":"Dueran gypsum scrubs","description":"Formations of the central Duero with Linum suffruticosum and Lepidium subulatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S652","name":"Ebro gypsum scrubs","description":"Open low garrigues of eroded gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, with Gypsophila hispanica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6521","name":"Gypsophila hispanica garrigues","description":"Open formations of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region dominated by, or very rich in, Gypsophila hispanica, the most widespread northeastern gypsum scrub component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6522","name":"Helianthemum squamatum garrigues","description":"Formations of Helianthemum squamatum of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, often very homogeneous."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6523","name":"Ononis tridentata garrigues","description":"Formations of somewhat deeper calcaro-gypsiferous soils of hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, rich in Ononis tridentata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S653","name":"Southeastern Iberian gypsum scrubs","description":"Low, open thyme, germander and rockrose garrigues colonizing poorly developed gypsiferous soils of the arid southeast of the Iberian peninsula (Alicante and Murcia). Characteristic elements are Teucrium libanitis (Teucrium verticillatum), Teucrium polium, Teucrium pumilum, Teucrium carthaginense, Thymus longiflorus, Thymus antoninae, Helianthemum lavandulifolium (Helianthemum racemosum), Helianthemum squamatum, Gypsophila hispanica, Gypsophila struthium, Astragalus alopecuroides. Grasses (Lygeum, Stipa, Brachypodium), wormwood (Artemisia) and Chenopodiaceae may be locally prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S66","name":"Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrub","description":"Perennial coastal scrub dominated by nitrophilous and salt-tolerant species in often artificially-disturbed places through the semi-arid infra- and thermomediterranean belts. In coastal situations, the sea-borne salt and concentration of birds have a major influence on the high levels of soil nutrients and high levels of salt deposition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S661","name":"Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs","description":"Shrubby formations of Zygophyllum fontanesii, Chenoleoides tomentosa, sea-heath, saltworts and seablites of the vicinity of the coasts of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6611","name":"Canary Island coastal scrub","description":"Formations of Chenoleoides tomentosa, Suaeda vermiculata, Frankenia laevis, Zygophyllum fontanesii, Polycarpaea nivea, Atriplex halimus, Atriplex glauca and Limonium spp. forming a halophile belt in the littoral zone of the larger Canary Islands and, with somewhat modified composition, of the islets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6612","name":"Canary Island Zygophyllum dry scrubs","description":"Formations of Zygophyllum fontanesii of sandy stone fields and black sands of the coastal zone of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6613","name":"Canary Island Salsola longifolia dry scrubs","description":"Formations of Salsola oppositifolia (Salsola longifolia) of dry coastal areas of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6614","name":"Selvagen woody seablite scrubs","description":"Shrubby formations of Suaeda vera of the Selvagens, with Limonium papillatum var. callibotryum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S662","name":"Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Nitrophilous scrubby formations typically of dry soils and arid climates, often greyish-white and semidesert-like, sometimes including taller, denser scrub. They are most frequent in the eastern Iberian peninsula, where characteristic shrubs include Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Lycium intricatum, Capparis ovata andthe Chenopodiaceae Salsola vermiculata, Salsola genistoides, Salsola verticillata, Suaeda pruinosa, Atriplex halimus, Atriplex glauca, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Anabasis articulata and Haloxylon articulatum. In the eastern Mediterranean species like Artemisia arborescens, Piptatherum miliaceum, Smyrnium apifolium, Atriplex halimus, Ruta chelepensis and Anagyris foetida are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6621","name":"Ebro sisallares","description":"Interior, extensive and varied, halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the Ebro basin, comprising both dry ground sisallares proper, as well as various more hygrophile communities of edges of salt lagoons."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6622","name":"Manchegan sisallares","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of La Mancha, in the central Iberian peninsula, formed of communities related to those of the Ebro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6623","name":"Catalano-Valencian halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Local halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the coasts of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6624","name":"Southeastern Iberian matojares","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs, matojares and related communities, of the arid zone of southeastern Spain, forming, with pre-desert scrubs (unit S541) and localized gypsum scrubs (unit S653), the unique vegetation of this highly distinctive region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6625","name":"Sicilian halo-nitrophilous scrubs","description":"Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of southwestern Sicily, with Salsola verticillata, Suaeda pruinosa, Reaumuria vermiculata, Capparis ovata and the endemics Limonium opulentum and Herniariafontanesii ssp. empedocleana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S663","name":"Interior Iberian salt scrubs","description":"Formations of woody glassworts and seablites of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6631","name":"Interior woody seablite scrubs","description":"Suaeda pruinosa (Suaeda fruticosa var. brevifolia) formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6632","name":"Interior glaucous glasswort scrubs","description":"Arthrocnemum glaucum formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S6633","name":"Interior creeping glasswort scrubs","description":"Arthrocnemum perenne formations of Iberian interior salt basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S67","name":"Aralo-Caspian semi-desert","description":"Zonal scrub on loamy and sandy-loamy, often subsaline soils of the semi-deserts of the Caucasus foothills, South-Eastern European Russia and Kazakhstan. The open vegetation is dominated by species of Artemisia and other sub-halophytic shrubs (e.g. Petrosimonia spp. and Salsola spp.). In the Caspian lowland, this habitat reaches its north-western distribution limit, having its main distribution in the desert regions surrounding the Caspian Sea, in the basin that used to support Aral Lake, and further into central Asia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S68","name":"Semi-desert sand dune with sparse scrub","description":"Open perenhnial vegetation of halophytic shrubs, e.g. Artemisia spp., Haloxylon spp., Salsola spp. and Tamarix spp., and annuals on wind-blown drifting or stabilised dunes and sandy soils in the semi-desert region of the Caspian lowlands. If overgrazed, this habitat can change into shifting dunes (barkhans) devoid of vegetation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S7","name":"Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)","description":"Shrublands with dominant low spiny shrubs, widespread in Mediterranean and Anatolian regions with a summer-dry climate, occurring from sea level to high altitudes on dry mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S71","name":"Western Mediterranean spiny heath","description":"Low scrub of often spiny, cushion-forming plants on thin soils on wind-exposed and spray-splashed tops of rocky cliffs on Corsica, Sardinia, Pantelleria and in the Gulf of Taranto."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S711","name":"West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana","description":"Rare, extremely local and isolated associations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts of Provence, Cap Corse, the Straits of Bonifacio, Catalonia (Cabo de Creus) and extreme southwestern Portugal, characterized by the presence of Astragalus massiliensis or Anthyllis hermanniae, variously accompanied by Thymelaea hirsuta, Helichrysum italicum, Plantago subulata, Armeria ruscinonensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7111","name":"Calcareous Provence phrygana","description":"Very rare clifftop cushion formations of the calcareous Marseilles coast of Provence (les Goudes), with Astragalus massiliensis, Thymelaea tartonraira and Plantago subulata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7112","name":"Crystalline Provence phrygana","description":"Cliff-top communities of the cristalline maritime façade of the Maures and the Esterel (southern France), with Anthyllis barba-jovis, Thymelaea hirsuta, Limonium minutum, Euphorbia pithyusa, and of Catalonia and Roussillon, with Thymelaea hirsuta, Polycarpon polycarpoides, Plantago subulata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7113","name":"West-Mediterranean Anthyllis phrygana","description":"Clifftop cushion formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by Anthyllis hermanniae, distributed in particular on Cap Corse and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7114","name":"Straits of Bonifacio phrygana","description":"Formations of the southern tip of Corsica and the extreme northern coast of Sardinia, with Astragalus massiliensis, accompanied by Teucrium polium, Asteriscus maritimus, Plantago coronopus ssp. humulis, Artemisia arborescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7115","name":"Cabo de Creus phrygana","description":"Isolated formation of the Cabo de Creus promontory in Catalonia, with Astragalus massiliensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Cistus albidus, Cistus salvifolius, Phillyrea angustifolia, Juniperus oxycedrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7116","name":"Cabo de Sao Vicente phrygana","description":"Very isolated formations of the Cabo de Sao Vicente and the Ponta de Sagres (Portugal), with Astragalus massiliensis and Crithmum maritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S712","name":"Balearic clifftop phrygana","description":"Formations of the coasts of Mallorca and Minorca dominated by the cushion-forming Balearic endemics Launaea cervicornis, Astragalus balearicus, Centaurea balearica, Anthyllis fulgurans, Anthyllis hermanniae ssp. hystrix, Teucrium subspinosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S713","name":"Sardinian Centaurea horrida phrygana","description":"Highly threatened formations of the promontories of northern Sardinia, limited to the peninsulas of Stintino and Capo Caccia and the islands of Asinara and Tavola, dominated by the large, silvery-blue, hemispherical cushions of the endemic Tertiary relict Centaurea horrida, associated with many other endemic or restricted relict species including Astragalus massiliensis, Erodium corsicum, Limonium acutifolium, Nananthea perpusilla, Evax rotundata, Armeria pungens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S714","name":"Sardinian Genista acanthoclada phrygana","description":"Very local Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa-dominated communities of northwestern Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S715","name":"Corsican and Sardinian Genista phrygana","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean formations of headlands and peninsulas of Corsica and Sardinia dominated by cushion-forming spiny Genista corsica or Genista morisii. These endemic species participate in the constitution of hedgehog-heaths (unit S741) as well as in that of the coastal formations listed here, which assume an evident phrygana appearance; they may also enter in the composition of midelevation formations of less distinctive appearance which can be listed under unit S618."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S716","name":"Pantelleria phrygana","description":"Coastal formation of hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria endemics Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae and Matthiola pulchella, vicariant of the west Mediterranean, Balearic and Sardinian clifftop phryganas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S717","name":"Central Mediterranean Sarcopoterium phrygana","description":"Very local, impoverished Sarcopoterium spinosum formations of Capo St. Elia (southern Sardinian coast), of the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria) and of the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S718","name":"Hypericum aegyptiacum phrygana","description":"Extremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of Hypericum aegyptiacum forming open phryganas on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian islands, western Crete, Sardinia and Lampedusa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S72","name":"Eastern Mediterranean spiny heath (phrygana)","description":"Low scrub dominated by thorny hemispherical chamaephytes on various base-rich and acidic substrates in the thermo-, meso- and supramediterranean belts of mainland Greece, Anatolia, the Aegean and Ionian islands, Crete, Cyprus and parts of Sicily. It can be of a primary origin or develops after clearance of evergreen sclerophyllous forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S721","name":"Aegean phrygana","description":"Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone of Aegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia and Crete (up to 1000 m a.s.l.), with Sarcopoterium spinosum, Centaurea spinosa, Satureja thymbra, Thymus capitatus, Genista acanthoclada, Anthyllis hermanniae, Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Stachys spinosa, Ballota pseudodictamnus, Ballota acetabulosa, Erica manipuliflora, Rhamnus oleoides, Lithospermum hispidulum, Fumana arabica, Fumana thymifolia, Cistus creticus, Cistus parviflorus, Cistus salvifolius, Pistacia lentiscus, Teucrium brevifolium, Teucrium divaricatum, Teucrium polium, Calicotome villosa, Micromeria graeca, Micromeria juliana, Micromeria nervosa, Salvia triloba, Ononis spinosa, Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum, Phagnalon graecum, Phlomis fruticosa,much more widespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations. The subunits are based on physiognomically significant dominants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7211","name":"Aegean Sarcopoterium phrygana","description":"Sarcopoterium spinosum-dominated formations, by far the commonest phrygana facies, widespread in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete, with local outposts in peninsular Greece, the Ionian islands and coastal Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7212","name":"Maritime Centaurea spinosa phrygana","description":"Rare, relict formations on coastal sands and gravels of Egina, Attica, Euboea, Skyros, Samos, Lesbos, Khios, Kos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Crete, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, western Anatolia, dominated by the large, silvery hemispherical cushions of Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa, sometimes accompanied by Sarcopoterium spinosum or Euphorbia acanthoclada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7213","name":"Lesbian Centaurea spinosa phrygana","description":"Phryganas often rich in Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa, mixed with Sarcopoterium spinosum, Satureja thymbra, Ballota acetabulosa of Lesbos, extending from the coast to the highest hills in the arid western part of the island; covering a relatively vast expanse, they harbour a highly distinctive flora and fauna as well as remnants of fossil forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7214","name":"Cycladian Centaurea phrygana","description":"Formations of the Cyclades, rich in Centaurea spinosa ssp. cycladum, extending from coastal areas to the highest elevations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7215","name":"Aegean Erica manipuliflora phrygana","description":"Phryganas of the Aegean region in which Erica manipuliflora plays an important role, often associated with Sarcopoterium spinosum, Genista acanthoclada, Pistacia lentiscus, Ballota acetabulosa, Cistus creticus, Cistus parviflorus, Cistus salvifolius, a facies of the Sarcopoterium phrygana developing locally, notably in eastern Crete and the Cyclades."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7216","name":"Aegean Thymus capitatus phrygana","description":"Phryganas of the Aegean region dominated or formed by Thymus capitatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7217","name":"Aegean Genista acanthoclada phrygana","description":"Genista acanthoclada formations of the thermo-Mediterranean zone Aegean islands and coasts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7218","name":"Aegean Satureja thymbra phrygana","description":"Facies of the Aegean phryganas in which Saturejathymbra becomes locally dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7219","name":"Aegean Euphorbia acanthothamnos phrygana","description":"Euphorbia acanthothamnos-dominated formations of the Aegean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S721A","name":"Aegean Lithospermum hispidulum phrygana","description":"Lithospermum hispidulum-dominated phryganas, limited to southeastern Aegean islands and adjacent Anatolian peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S721B","name":"Aegean Anthyllis hermanniae phrygana","description":"Anthyllis hermanniae-dominated or -rich phryganas, widespread, in particular in the northern Aegean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S722","name":"Mid-elevation phrygana of Crete","description":"Varied formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broad contact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (unit S52), with Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spinosum, Berberis cretica, Phlomis cretica, Satureja biroi, Sideritis syriaca, Hypericum empetrifolium, Origanum microphyllum, Micromeria juliana, Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Genista acanthoclada and Astragalus angustifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S723","name":"Thracian phrygana","description":"Thorny cushion communities of the Thracian wooded steppe zone enclaved between the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean, with Sarcopoterium spinosum and Astragalus thracicus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7231","name":"Thracian Sarcopoterium phrygana","description":"Sarcopoterium spinosum-dominated phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7232","name":"Northern Thracian collinar Astragalus thracicus phrygana","description":"Astragalus thracicus phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe, with local representatives in the xerothermic oak belt of the hills and rim of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of southeastern Bulgaria, in particular, in the Bakadzicita hills of the Yambol Tundzja basin and in the foothills of the eastern Rhodopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S724","name":"East Mediterranean bathas","description":"Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Mediterranean areas of the Levant, north and west to the Gulf of Alexandrette, with local outposts in the Gulf of Antalaya and in Cyprus; they occupy large areas in the lowlands, ascending locally into the hills and, in Lebanon, to 1300 m in the mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7241","name":"Cyprian phrygana","description":"Cushion-forming thermo-mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Cyprus, mostly characteristic of the central plains, of semisteppic batha appearance, outpost of the continental formations of units S7242 to S7245, and like them of Irano-Turanian affinities, formed by Sarcopoterium spinosum, Thymus capitatus (Coridothymus capitatus), Lithodora hispidula (Lithospermum hispidulum), Onosma fruticosum, Galium suberosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7242","name":"Sarcopoterium bathas","description":"Thorny cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum on calcareous substrates, including terra rossa, rendzina or sand, typically on hills near the coast; there is often a significant participation of annuals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7243","name":"Thymus capitatus bathas","description":"Cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by Thymus capitatus (Coridothymus capitatus), typically forming a sparse plant cover poor in annuals, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7244","name":"Salvia triloba and Satureja thymbra bathas","description":"Cushion formations of the Levant dominated by labiates, in particular, Salvia triloba or Satureja thymbra, typically developed on calcareous rocky substrates and red soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7245","name":"Lithospermum hispidulum bathas","description":"Lithospermum hispidulum-dominated phryganas of southeastern Anatolia and the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S73","name":"Western Mediterranean mountain hedgehog-heath","description":"Heath of often spiny hedgehog sub-shrubs on base-rich and acidic soils in the upper supra- and oromediterranean belts of the Iberian Peninsula, historically sustaining transhumance pastoralism but often extending down from crests and steep slopes due to grazing and burning."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S731","name":"Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths","description":"Echinospartum horridum formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are Juniperus hemisphaerica, Buxus sempervirens, Ononis fruticosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia and Pinus sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S732","name":"Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of Echinospartum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7321","name":"Gredos hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Gredos (Spain) dominated by the endemic Echinospartum lusitanicu ssp. barnadesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7322","name":"Bejar-Peña de Francia hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Bejar and Peña de Francia (central Spain) dominated by Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7323","name":"Estrela hedgehog-heaths","description":"Relict heaths of highly xeric upper supra-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean stations of the Serra da Estrela (Portugal) dominated by Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7324","name":"Western Cordilleran secondary hedgehog-heaths","description":"Secondary Echinospartum lusitanicum-Genista hystrix hedgehog-heaths developed on skeletal soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the western Cordillera Central and surrounding areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S733","name":"Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with Erinacea anthyllis, Vella spinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis (Astragalus boissieri), Ptilotrichum spinosum, Bupleurum spinosum, Genista baetica. Associated dwarf suffrutescent formations of high slopes and crests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7331","name":"Lower Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean (lower xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 1700-2000 m altitudinal range, often rich in Bupleurum spinosum, with Vella spinosa, Erinacea anthyllis or Echinospartum boissieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7332","name":"Middle Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean (higher xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2000-2300 m altitudinal range, with Vella spinosa, Erinacea anthyllis, Ptilotrichum spinosum, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7333","name":"Upper Nevadan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Upper oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2300-2600 m altitudinal range, with Erinacea anthyllis, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis, Juniperus nana and Juniperus sabina ssp. humilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7334","name":"Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Dwarf suffrutescent formations of windswept crests and slopes on very superficial soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73341","name":"Siliceous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of base-rich siliceous soils at 2600-2900 m with Sideritis glacialis, Arenaria pungens, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73342","name":"Calcareous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of white-tomentose dwarf cushions developed on calcareous soils (Trevenque, Dornajo, Dilar) with Andryala agardhii, Erodium boissieri, Scabiosa pulsatilloides, Santolina elegans, Globularia spinosa, Pterocephalus spathulatus, Helianthemum pannosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7335","name":"Nevadan Genista hedgehog-heaths","description":"Genista baetica-dominated hedgehog-heaths, often with Juniperusnana and Genista purgans, of siliceous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S734","name":"Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7341","name":"Erinacea hedgehog-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean Erinacea-dominated and related hedgehog-heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73411","name":"Baetic Erinacea-Vella hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges and of the southern Iberian Range, dominated by Erinacea anthyllis and/or by Vella spinosa, Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, Bupleurum spinosum, Ptilotrichum spinosum, developed in particular in the sierras de Segura, de Cazorla, de Alcaraz, Tejeda, Harana, Magina, de Baza, La Sagra, de Gador, Maria and on a few summits of the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73412","name":"Iberian Range Erinacea hedgehog-heaths","description":"Erinacea anthyllis-dominated hedgehog-heaths of the Iberian Range (Teruel, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Soria), often in altitudinal contact with Genistapumila formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73413","name":"Maestrazgo Erinacea-Genista hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths with Genista hispanica ssp. hispanica and/or Erinacea anthyllis of the Maestrazgo, eastern spur of the Iberian Range under maritime influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73414","name":"Southeastern Erinacea hedgehog-heath","description":"Hedgehog-heaths with Genista lobelii ssp. longipes, Erinacea anthyllis, Vella spinosa of the sub-Baetic Aitana and Mariola ranges in the arid southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73415","name":"Southeastern Daphne hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations with Daphne oleoides ssp. hispanica of the mountains of the arid souteast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7342","name":"Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, and sometimes supra-Mediterranean, formations of dwarf white-tomentose, cushion-forming suffrutescents of the high sub-Baetic and Baetic ranges; characteristic are Andryala agardhii, Convolvulus boissieri, Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa, Pterocephalus spathulatus and Thymus granatensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73421","name":"Cazorla dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz, Taibilla of the high Guadalquivir basin (Andalucia), with Erodium cazorlanum, Scorzonera albicans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73422","name":"Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras Tejeda, Almijara, la Torrecilla, Harana, Baza, la Sagra, Cazulas, Lapeza and of the Serrania de Ronda with Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. argyrophylla, Anthyllis tejedensis, Helianthemum viscidulum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73423","name":"Magina dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierra de Magina with Helianthemum pannosum ssp. frigidulum, Lithodora nitida and Viola cazorlensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73424","name":"Maria-Maimon dwarf cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of the sierras Maria and Maimon with Centaurea baetica, Sideritis stachydioides, Alyssum cadevallianum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7343","name":"Echinospartum boissieri hedgehog-heaths","description":"Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths colonizing superficial, eroded soils and windswept stations of calcareous Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, comprising many cushion plants and generally physiognomically dominated by the large hemispherical shrubs of Echinospartum boissieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73431","name":"Alcaraz Echinospartum hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the Sierra de Alcaraz, sometimes including Erinacea anthyllis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73432","name":"Gador Echinospartum hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations of the 1300-1900 m altitudinal range in the Sierra de Gador, often with Erinacea anthyllis or Ulex parviflorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73433","name":"Baetic Echinospartum hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations developed in the 800-1400 m altitudinal range of other Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, often, in the higher mountains, immediately below Erinacetalia communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7344","name":"Catalano-Valencian Erinacea hedgehog-heaths","description":"Uncommon hedgehog-heaths with Erinaceaanthyllis and Anthyllismontana, and related cushion plant formations, colonizing windswept stations with skeletal soil of the Mediterranean mountains of northeastern Spain (Montsant, Llaveria, Cardo, Maestrazgo septentrional, Beceite; Montserrat; Bergueda, Solsones)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7345","name":"Genista cushion-heaths","description":"Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog garrigues and heaths physiognomically dominated by small, hemispherical Genista spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73451","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion-heaths dominated by Genista hispanica ssp. occidentalis or Genista hystrix ssp. legionensis, often with Erica vagans, Arctostaphylosuva-ursi ssp. crassifolia or Lithodora diffusa, characteristic of the Pyreneen-Cantabrian system, where they may occur from the collinar to the subalpine level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73452","name":"Genista sanabrensis cushion-heaths","description":"Heaths dominated by the cushions of Genista sanabrensis, with Erica umbellata and Callunavulgaris, occupying crests of southern Galicio-Leonese mountains at about 1800 m (cf. S42431)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73453","name":"Genista pumila cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion heaths dominated by Genista pumila ssp. pumila of windswept plateaux and crests of the Meseta and of the northern and southern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73454","name":"Genista scorpius cushion-heaths","description":"Meseta hedgehog-heaths with Genista scorpius, rich in cushion-forming small shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73455","name":"Genista pseudopilosa cushion-heaths","description":"Unarmed Genista pseudopilosa-dominated hedgehog-heaths with Erinacea anthyllis and other cushion plants of the sierras de Alcaraz and Segura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73456","name":"Genista lobelii and G. pulchella cushion-heaths","description":"Genista lobelii and Genista pulchella hedgehog-heaths of windswept hilltops of southeastern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7346","name":"Collinar Astragalus hedgehog-heaths","description":"Local meso- and supra-Mediterranean Astragalus formations of the Spanish Meseta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73461","name":"Dueran Astragalus hedgehog-heaths","description":"Supra-Mediterranean Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis (Astragalus boissieri) formations of pastoral runs of the left bank of the middle Duero (Soria, Segovia) and of the highlands of Atienza (Guadalajara)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73462","name":"Southern Mesetan Astragalus hedgehog-heaths","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths with Astragalus clusii (Astragalus tumidus) of the southern Meseta, from La Mancha to the Baetic hills of eastern Andalusia (Orce, Sagra, Baza, Maria), with Paronychia aretioides, Genista pumila ssp. mugronensis, Genista scorpius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7347","name":"Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of high altitudes and wind-exposed plateaux of the Balearics, dominated by Teucrium subspinosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73471","name":"Mallorcan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of the high altitudes of the Sierra Tramuntana of Mallorca, rich in endemics, among them Teucrium subspinosum, Teucrium asiaticum, Pastinaca lucida, Thymelaea velutina and Paeonia cambessedesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S73472","name":"Menorcan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Cushion-forming communities of wind-exposed plateaux and hills of Menorca with Cistus creticus and Teucrium subspinosum var. spinescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S74","name":"Central Mediterranean mountain hedgehog-heath","description":"Heath of often spiny hedgehog sub-shrubs on base-rich and acidic soils in windy and sunny places in the supra- and oromediterranean belts of Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily and the southern mainland mountains of Italy. Downslope expansion below the timberline can follow clearance and grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S741","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Expanses of small, compact bushes with Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Rosa serafinii, Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymus herba-barona, Cerastium boissieri, Genista salzmannii, Genista corsica, Berberis aetnensis, Prunus prostrata and Daphne oleoides, of Sardinian and Corsican mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S742","name":"Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths","description":"Lava-colonising hedgehog-heaths of Mount Etna formed by cushions of Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus, with Berberis aetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Genista aetnensis, Adenocarpus bivonae, Viola aethnensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S743","name":"Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths formed by Astragalus spp. or Genista spp., of the mountains of the southern Italian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S75","name":"Eastern Mediterranean mountain hedgehog-heath","description":"Heath of often spiny hedgehog sub-shrubs on mostly base-rich soils in dry mountains of the supra- and oromediterranean belts of the eastern Mediterranean. Downslope expansion below the timberline can follow clearance and grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S751","name":"Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic Astragalus hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (units S752 and S743), mostly dominated by Astragalus angustifolius, characteristic, in particular, of zoogenous clearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation of Mediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone and Serbia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7511","name":"Southern Hellenic montane hedgehog heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heath facies of mostly secondary grassland-scrubland communities replacing Abies cephalonica forests in the 1500-1800 m altitudinal range of Peloponnese mountains, in particular, Taygetos, Parnon and Kyllini, and of southern mainland Greek mountains, including the southern Pindus and the Thessalian mountains, composed of Stipa pulcherrima and Morina persica, with bushes and cushion-shaped perennials including Astragalus angustifolius, Daphne oleoides, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Berberis cretica, Anthemis montana, Ribes uva-crispa, Prunus cocomilia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7512","name":"Moesian Astragalus angustifolius hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus angustifolius hedgehog-heaths, mostly secondary, scattered, mostly in the xerothermic oak belt, in the mountains of northern Greece and in regions of Mediterranean influence of the mountains and hills of the central Balkan peninsula, in particular, in the northern Pindus, in the Pelagonides, in the Moeso-Macedonian Ranges, in the Rhodope Mountains and in the foothills of the Balkan Range. Thymus striatus, Satureja montana, Artemisia alba, Agropyron pectiniforme, Rhodax canus, Teucrium chamaedrys, Teucrium montanum, Sideritis montana, Festuca thracica, Hyacinthella leucophaea, Sternbergia colchiciflora, Asphodelus albus, Adonis flammea participate in the Astragalus communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S752","name":"Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, in the 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies of associated grasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of the same mountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced by distinctive formations, listed under S751."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7521","name":"Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of the Taygetos, Kyllini, Chelmos, Parnassus, Vardousia, Giona and calcareous central and northern Pindus, dominated by the large hemispherical tussocks of the tragacanths Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus, and/or Astragalus parnassi, and with Marrubium velutinum, Marrubium cyllenaeum, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Daphne oleoides, Eryngium amethystinum, Sideritis clandestina, Cirsium hypopsilum (Cirsium cylleneum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S75211","name":"Southern Peloponnese tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus heaths of the southern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S75212","name":"Kyllini-Chelmos tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus parnassi ssp. cylleneus and Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus heaths of Kyllini and Chelmos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S75213","name":"Hellenic mainland tragacanth hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus and/or Astragalus parnassi ssp. parnassi heaths of high mountains of the mainland of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7522","name":"Oro-Hellenic Astragalus angustifolius hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus angustifolius heaths of high Greek mountains, with Marrubium thessalum or Marrubium velutinum ssp. haussknechtii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7523","name":"Hellenic cushion-heaths","description":"Cushion formations of high Greek mountains not dominated by thorny, tussock-forming species of Astragalus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S753","name":"Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths","description":"Shrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greek mountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonizing the altitudinal range immediately above that occupied by the communities of S752, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil, loose screes and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of these communities. Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. Astragalus angustifolius, Acantholimon androsaceum, Astragalus lacteus, Convolvulus cochlearis, Rindera graeca, Aster alpinus, Globularia stygia, Minuartia stellata, Erysimum pusillum, Thymus teucrioides, Alyssum kionae, Paronychia kapela, Thymus hirsutus, Anthyllis aurea, Achillea ageratifolia, Sideritis scardica, Linum flavum, Thymus boissieri and Sesleria coerulans are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S754","name":"Cretan hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, with Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus, Astragalus angustifolius, Acantholimon androsaceum, Atraphaxis billardieri, Berberis cretica, Chamaecytisus creticus, Daphne oleoides, Prunus prostrata, Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spinosum, Sideritis syriaca, Satureja spinosa, Asperula idaea, Rhamnus prunifolius, Pimpinella tragium, Acinos alpinus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S755","name":"Aegean summital hedgehog-heaths","description":"Isolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegean islands and Mount Athos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S756","name":"Southern Hellenic Genista acanthoclada hedgehog-heaths","description":"Formations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of Genista acanthoclada of the middle levels (about 800-1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S757","name":"Astragalus sempervirens hedgehog-heaths","description":"Astragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. muticus, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. cephalonicus formations of the southern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between the alpine and subalpine heaths of unit F2.2 (of EUNIS 2012 split in S22 and S23) and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of unit F7.4 (of EUNIS 2012 split in S73, S74, S75, S76)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S758","name":"Cyprian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Summital community of the Chionistra, in the Troodos group, developed above the tree limit, at about 1900-1950 m above sealevel, with Berberis cretica, Sorbus aria ssp. cretica, Rosa canina ssp. dumalis, Juniperus foetidissima andtragacanthicshrubs, in particular, Astragalus echinus, Alyssum troodii, Teucrium cyprium, Nepeta troodi, Satureja troodii. Other highly restricted endemics include Onosma troodi, Scorzonera troodea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S759","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Tragacanthic communities of the Taurus, the Antitaurus, the Amanus, the Aegean ranges of western Anatolia, the Lebanon mountains, Mount Hermon, the Jebel Druz and the mountains of northern Sinai, with rich communities dominated by numerous species of genera Astragalus and Acantholimon, acccompanied by, among others, Berberis cretica, Daphne oleoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S75A","name":"Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of western central Eurasia, west to eastern Bulgaria and central Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S75A1","name":"Northern Thracian tragacanth hedgehog-heath","description":"Endemic Astragalus aitosensis (Astragalus arnacantha, Astracantha aitosensis) formation of Bulgaria, restricted to a few sites of the xerothermic oak belt, on steep, south-facing slopes of the Aitoska hills, southeastern spur of the Balkan Range onto the Northern Thracian plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S75A2","name":"Central Anatolian hedgehog-heaths","description":"Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of central Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S76","name":"Canarian mountain hedgehog-heath","description":"Oromediterranean sparse summit low-grown scrub on volcanic screes of Tenerife and La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S761","name":"Canary Island cushion-heaths","description":"Open formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of the Canary Islands, with many endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7611","name":"Tenerife cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of Tenerife with Spartocytisus supranubius, Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus, Descurainia bourgaena, Pterocephalus lasiospermus, Erysimum scoparium, Scrophularia glabrata, Nepeta teydea, Echium wildpretii, Echium auberianum, Cheirolophus teydis, Plantago webbii, Sideritis cretica, Argyranthemum teneriffae, Pimpinella cumbrae, Arrhenatherum calderae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S7612","name":"La Palma cushion-heaths","description":"Formations of La Palma with Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides, the very rare Genista benehoavensis and Descurainia gilba, Pterocephalus porphyranthus, Viola palmensis, Echium wildpretii, Echium gentianoides, Micromeria lasiophylla ssp. palmensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S8","name":"Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub","description":"Xerophytic scrub formations of the lower slopes of the Canary Islands and Madeira, rich in succulents, in particular cactiform or dendroid spurges Euphorbia spp., rosette-forming Aeonium spp. and composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S81","name":"Canarian xerophytic scrub","description":"Open scrub dominated by succulent and sclerophyllous shrubs on rocky substrates with skeletal soils in the arid lowlands and on deeper soils in the moist foothills of the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S811","name":"Western Canary Island Euphorbia communities","description":"Open, varied formations of arid, stony slopes of the lower, 0-700 m, level of the western and central Canarian islands, characterised by the abundance of fleshy-stemmed, aphyllous, or small-leafed species, in particular Euphorbia spp., Seneciokleinia, Periploca laevigata, Cneorum pulverulentum, Messerschmidia fruticosa, Echium giganteum, Convolvulus floridus, Allagopappus dichotomus, Rhamnus crenulata, Rubia fruticosa, Argyranthemum spp., Artemisia canariensis, Sonchus leptocephalus, Asparagus arborescens, Rumex lunaria, Micromeria spp., Paronychia canariensis. They constitute a Macaronesian representation of the coastal desert formations of northwest Africa (which are outside the scope of this classification)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8111","name":"Cardonales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the cactiform spurge Euphorbia canariensis and Aeonium percarneum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8112","name":"Spurge tabaibales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the tree-like spurges Euphorbia aphylla, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Euphorbia balsamifera, Euphorbia atropurpurea, Euphorbia bravoana, Euphorbia regis-jubae, Euphorbia bourgaeana, Euphorbia berthelotii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8113","name":"Kleinia tabaibales","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by Senecio kleinia (Kleinia neriifolia), Sonchus spp. or other composites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8114","name":"Dragon tree communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands in which the forest relict Dracaena draco is present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8115","name":"Cneorum cushion communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with Neochamaelea pulverulenta (Cneorum pulverulentum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8116","name":"Plocama communities","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with Plocama pendula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S812","name":"Western Canary Island saxicolous formations","description":"Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands colonizing hard rock faces, lava flows and ravine walls within the xerophytic zone of the western and central Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8121","name":"Western Canary Island saxicolous labiate communities","description":"Canary Island communities of small ligneous plants colonizing hard, dry rocks with Micromeria spp., Lavandula canariensis, Lavandula pinnata, and the fern Cheilanthes catanensis (Cosentinia vellea, Notholaena vellea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8122","name":"Cardoncillo communities","description":"Formations colonizing lava flows, with the succulent asclepiad cardoncillos Ceropegia dichotoma and Ceropegia fusca, Phagnalon purpurascens and Sonchus leptocephalus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S8123","name":"Western Canary Island crassulid communities","description":"Formations of dry, less sunny rocks dominated by succulent crassulids (Aeonium spp., Greenovia spp.) with Sonchus gummifer, Sonchus radiatus, Picridium ligulatum, Lavandula abrotanoides, Asparagus scoparius, Hypericum reflexum, Lavatera acerifolia, Lavatera phoenicea, Vieraea laevigata and many lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S813","name":"Eastern Canary Island xerophytic communities","description":"Open formations of semidesertic Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, with high endemism; characteristic of various groupings are Euphorbia obtusifolia, Senecio kleinia, Asparagus pastorianus, Kickxia heterophylla, Echium bonnetii, Caralluma burchardii, the cactiform spurge Euphorbia handiensis, Pulicaria burchardii, Pulicaria canariensis, Argyranthemum winteri, Echium handiense, Bupleurum handiense, Sideritis massoniana, Asteriscus sericeus, Asteriscus schultzii, Minuartia platiphylla, Reichardia famarae, Aichryson tortuosum, Aeonium lancerottense, Aeonium balsamiferum, Limonium bourgaei, Echium decaisnei ssp. purpuriense, Argyranthemum ochroleucum, Helichrysum gossypinum, Helichrysum monogynum, Ferula lancerottensis, Sedum lancerottense, Thymus origanoides, Lavandula pinnata, Echium pitardii, Limonium puberulum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S814","name":"Canary Island Launaea scrub","description":"Steppic grasslands of the Canary Islands invaded and dominated by Launaea arborescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S82","name":"Madeiran xerophytic scrub","description":"Diverse scrub of sclerophyllous shrubs, small trees and succulent herbs on usually thin soils of rocky outcrops, cliffs and abandoned fields in the arid lowlands of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S821","name":"Madeiran Euphorbia formations","description":"Shrubby formations of the low slopes (0-350 m) of Madeira with Euphorbia piscatoria, Globularia salicina, Phyllis nobla, Myrtus communis, Chamaemeles coriacea, Rubus ulmifolius, Olea europaea var. maderensis, Bencomia caudata, Echium nervosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S822","name":"Madeiran saxicolous formations","description":"Formations colonizing rocks and volcanic ash deposits in the xerophytic zone of Madeira with Aeonium glutinosum, Plantago arborescens ssp. maderensis, Helichrysum spp., Sonchus ustulatus, Phagnalon spp., Tolpis fruticosa, Sedum brissemoretii, Davallia canariensis or Musschia aurea and Aeonium glandulosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S823","name":"Desertas dry scrub","description":"Formation with Madeiran endemics Artemisia argentata, Calendula maderensis, Andryala glandulosa, Jasminum odoratissimum and introduced plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":2,"code":"S9","name":"Riverine and fen scrubs","description":"Riversides, lakesides, fens and marshy floodplains dominated by woody vegetation less than 5 m high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S91","name":"Temperate riparian scrub","description":"Scrub of Salix spp. and Myricaria germanica developed on the mineral sediments of banks, shoals and gravel bars of lowland to montane streams through the temperate zone, re-establishing after seasonal flooding or succeeding to riparian and gallery forest where the sediments stabilise.\r\nRemark: Salix acutifolia scrub in Ukraine, occurring not only in floodplains, needs to be considered as potential new habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S911","name":"Orogenous riverine brush","description":"Riverside brush of fast, pebbly, summer-high rivers originating in the Alps or other major mountain ranges with similar climate cycle, with Salix spp., Caltha palustris ssp. laeta, Carduus personata, Myricaria germanica and Hippophae rhamnoides. Vegetation of the alliance Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis prevails mostly in narrow valleys with powerful erosion-accumulating activity."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9111","name":"Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush","description":"Low, prostrate Myricaria germanica and Salix spp., in particular Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix nigricans, formations of low, silty shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in the Carpathians and the northern Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9112","name":"Pre-Alpine willow and sea-buckthorn brush","description":"Formations of Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix nigricans and Hippophae rhamnoides of higher gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in and around the Carpathians and the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9113","name":"Boreo-alpine willow-tamarisk scrub","description":"Brush of fast, fluctuating, stony or gravelly rivers of the boreal mountains, with Myricaria germanica, Salix nigricans (Salix myrsinifolia), Salix phylicifolia, Salix borealis, Salix daphnoides, sometimes with Hippophae rhamnoides, and Racomitrium canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S912","name":"Lowland and collinar riverine Salix scrub","description":"Linear shrubby willow (Salix spp.) formations of river banks in plains, hills and low mountains of the western nemoral, eastern nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate, mediterranean, steppic and cold desert regions of the Palaearctic, extending to the montane level in the mediterranean region, and to the confines of the subtropical deserts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9121","name":"Almond willow-osier scrub","description":"Willow scrub, often dense, lining water courses of western Eurasian nemoral lowlands and hills, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, north to Denmark and nemoral Scandinavia, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia, with Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana, Salix triandra, Salix viminalis, Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia (Salix acutifolia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9122","name":"Western Mediterranean purple willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub dominated by Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana and Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia of water courses of southern France, Italy and Mediterranean eastern Spain south to the Rio Segura basin; Salix purpurea and Salix triandra scrubs lining watercourses of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean northwest Africa, the first extending south to the Anti-Atlas and Saharan Atlas, the second limited to eastern and middle northern Algeria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9123","name":"Balkan riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and Moesian domaines of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece, with Salix purpurea, Salix amplexicaulis, Salix elaeagnos, Salix triandra, Salix viminalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9124","name":"Ibero-montane riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub, up to 2-3 metres tall, lining water courses of the Pyrenees, the Iberian Range, the Sierra Nevada, formed by Salix purpurea, Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia, Salix triandra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9125","name":"Cantabrian willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of montane rivers and arroyos of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with the endemic Salix cantabrica and with Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia, Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana, Salix triandra ssp. discolor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9126","name":"Iberian sage-leaved willow scrub","description":"Small or medium-sized willow scrub of meso-Mediterranean and, locally, supra-Mediterranean, zones of central Iberia (Castellano-Leonese sectors, Extremadura), characterized by the presence of the Iberian endemic Salix salvifolia and Salix x secalliana, together with Salix atrocinerea, Salix x matritensis, Salix neotricha, Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana, Salix triandra ssp. discolor; they line, mostly on siliceous sandy soils, small oligotrophic rivers with strong seasonal amplitude, or form behind the taller curtain of the Populo nigrae-Salicetum neotrichae along large water courses of argilous base-rich soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9127","name":"Pedicellated willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of stream courses of extreme southern Europe and the Maghreb, characterized by the presence of the southwestern Mediterranean and North African Salix pedicellata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91271","name":"Andalusian willow scrub","description":"Willow scrub of southwestern Iberian stream courses, fringing, in particular, humid Quercus canariensis forests in conjunction with rhododendron-alder galleries (unit T14B2), dominated by Salix pedicellata and Salix salvifolia ssp. australis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91272","name":"Sardinian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"Salix pedicellata scrub of stream courses of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91273","name":"Sicilian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"Salix pedicellata scrubs of stream courses of Sicily and of the Maltese Islands, where they are represented by a few diminishing, endangered fragments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91274","name":"Calabrian pedicellated willow scrub","description":"Salix pedicellata scrub of stream courses of Calabria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9128","name":"Continental riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic or desert mountain ranges, in particular, of the Pannonic basin, of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes, of the Central Eurasian and East Asian steppes, deserts and semideserts, of the Irano-Anatolian steppes and their mediterranean or desert transitions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91281","name":"Pannonic riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pannonic plain, with Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana, Salix triandra, Salix viminalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91282","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, with Salix triandra, Salix cinerea, Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia (Salix acutifolia), shrubby Salix alba, Salix amygdalina, Salix gmelini, Salix purpurea, Salix australior, and Hippophae rhamnoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S91283","name":"Central Eurasian riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow-dominated riverine scrubs of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kurgan, Ichim, Kulunda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe and wooded steppe regions and of the Kazakho-Dsungarian and Turanian semideserts and deserts. A number of species of willows, up to 12-15 in Turanian desert and semidesert areas, notably, Salix blakii, Salix wilhelmsiana, Salix songarica, Salix australior, Salix euapiculata, Salix flavida, Salix microstacha, Salix cheilophila, Salix caspica, Salix rosmarinifolia associated with Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria germanica, Elaeagnus oxycarpa, Elaeagnus turkmanica, Elaeagnus angustifolia, constitute various communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9129","name":"Boreal riverine willow scrub","description":"Willow thickets of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, northern China, Korea and Japan, dominated, in particular, by Salix triandra, Salix daphnoides, Salix viminalis, Salix pentandra, Salix cinerea, Salix phylicifolia, Salix glauca, Salix myrsinifolia, colonizing sands, gravels or silts of the banks of torrents, larger rivers, lakes and reservoirs at low or middle altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S913","name":"Montane river gravel low brush","description":"Communities of low shrubby pioneers invading the herbaceous formations of units C3.551 and C3.552 on gravel deposits rich in fine silt of montane and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. Myricaria germanica, Chamaerion dodonai and Salix spp. are characteristic. Vegetation may include the alliances Salicion incanae and Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S914","name":"Gravel bank thickets and forests","description":"Thickets or woods of, among others, Salix spp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Alnus spp., Betula spp., on stream gravels of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. Vegetation includes communities of Salicion elaeagni."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S92","name":"Salix fen scrub","description":"Scrub dominated by various species of Salix spp. on peaty and mineral soils maintained in a permanently waterlogged state by high groundwater in floodplain backwaters, around lakes and ponds, among mires and dunes, and in abandoned wet meadows and pastures, occurring through the lowlands of Atlantic, boreal and continental Europe and extending into the Mediterranean region at higher altitudes. Associated floras vary according to the base status of the groundwater and soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S921","name":"Grey willow carrs","description":"Mesotrophic or eutrophic low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by Salix cinerea, Salix pentandra, Salix aurita or, sometimes, Salix atrocinerea, alone or in association with Frangula alnus, Rhamnus catharticus, Alnus glutinosa or Betula pubescens, any of which may, at times, dominate the upper canopy. Phragmites australis, Carex elata, Scirpus sylvaticus, Menyanthes trifoliata are typical for the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9211","name":"Western grey willow carrs","description":"Mesotrophic or eutrophic Salix cinerea, Salix aurita, or, sometimes, Salix atrocinerea, and Alnus glutinosa scrubs of mires, fens, and water fringes of western Europe and northern Central Europe, within the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9212","name":"Central European grey willow carrs","description":"Salix cinerea-dominated scrubs of often relatively eutrophic mires of the warmer lowlands and submontane level of central, southeastern and eastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9213","name":"Intra-Carpathian grey willow carrs","description":"Salix cinerea carrs occupying fen margins of the Eastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with Frangula alnus, Spiraea salicifolia, Ribes nigrum, Euonymus nanus, Calamagrostis canescens, Lysimachia vulgaris, Filipendula ulmaria, Poa trivialis, Galium palustre, Myosotis palustris, Deschampsia cespitosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S922","name":"Sphagnum willow carrs","description":"Oligotrophic Salix aurita or Salix cinerea and Betula pubescens or Betula carpatica scrubs, rich in sphagnum, of bog edges and acid fens of nemoral Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S923","name":"Bay willow carrs","description":"Medium-tall woods and scrub colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by the relatively large Salix pentandra, particularly characteristic of boreal, sub-boreal and subcontinental Europe, from northern England through Scandinavia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to Bashkiria in the northeast, to the Bohemian quadrangle, the Alpine piedmont of Bavaria and Hungary in the south, with outposts in the Netherlands, in subcontinental western Europe to the Black Forest and the Baar plateau, in continental southern Europe to Bulgaria. Species Phragmites australis, Carex pseudocyperus, Glyceria maxima, Equisetum fluviatile and Menyanthes trifoliata are typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S924","name":"Dwarf willow mire scrubs","description":"Dwarf Salix repens, Salix rosmarinifolia and Betula humilis scrubs of bogs and fens, of eastern nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, with outposts constituting rare glacial relicts in the higher middle German Hercynian ranges and on northern pre-Alpine plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S925","name":"Boreal sedge willow carrs","description":"Low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic dominated by large or medium sized shrubby willows, generally Salix cinerea or Salix aurita, accompanied by Salix phylicifolia, Salix nigricans (Salix myrsinifolia) and the boreal Salix glauca, Salix lapponum, with sedges, in particular, Carex aquatilis, Carex caespitosa, brown mosses and sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S926","name":"Boreo-alpine willow fen scrubs","description":"Willow thickets or scrubs of mires of the mountains of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region, characteristically forming along fen margins, on their hummocks or strings, sometimes in their lawns, with an understorey of dwarf shrubs, herbs, mosses and sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S93","name":"Mediterranean riparian scrub","description":"Usually open scrub dominated by species of Tamarix spp., Nerium oleander,Vitex agnus-castus and similar shrubs and small trees on seasonally dry or irregularly flooded riverbeds and along streamsides through the thermo- and mesomediterranean belts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S931","name":"Nerium oleander, Vitex agnus-castus and Tamarix galleries","description":"Thickets and galleries of Nerium oleander, Vitex agnus-castus or Tamarix spp. of the southern parts of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9311","name":"Oleander galleries","description":"Nerium oleander cordons and screens, often with Tamarix spp., Vitex agnus-castus, Dittrichia viscosa, Saccharum ravennae, Arundo donax, Rubus ulmifolius, most typical of temporary water courses, but also lining small and sometimes large rivers, marking springs and areas of high water table in southern and eastern Iberia, very locally in eastern Provence, Liguria and Corsica (Saint-Florent), in southern Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, in southern and western Greece, the Aegean and Ionian archipelagoes, in Crete, in Albania, in the eastern Mediterranean, in North Africa, including northern Saharan regions, and in Mesopotamia. They are particularly abundant in the south and east of Iberia, in Sicily, in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean region and in North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9312","name":"Chaste tree thickets","description":"Vitex agnus-castus formations of temporary water courses and other humid sites within, mostly, the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They occur, though uncommonly, in Mediterranean southern and eastern Spain and in the Balearics; they are local and rare in eastern Provence, the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, Puglia, the gulf of Taranto, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the Maltese Islands. They are frequent in Greece, particularly along the Ionian coasts, where they can constitute dense thickets, uncommon again in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete. They extend to the southern Balkans, Crimea, Mediterranean Asia Minor, Anatolia and North Africa, including the northern Saharan regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9313","name":"Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of Tamarix spp., including Tamarixgallica, Tamarix africana, Tamarix canariensis, Tamarix parviflora, Tamarix tetrandra, Tamarix dalmatica, Tamarix smyrnensis, Tamarix hampeana, Tamarix boveana, associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Mediterranean basin, of the mediterranean coasts of the Black Sea, of the thermo-Atlantic coasts and lowlands of southwestern Europe and of the Macaronesian Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S93131","name":"West Mediterranean tamarisk thickets","description":"Tamarix gallica, Tamarix africana or Tamarix canariensis thickets of watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats in Iberia, southern and western France, peninsular Italy, the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands and mediterranean North Africa. The accompanying flora comprises Scirpus holoschoenus, Saccharum ravennae, Arundo donax, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Piptatherum miliaceum, Asparagus acutifolius, Equisetum ramosissimum, Rubia peregrina, Rubia longifolia, Rubia angustifolia, Dittrichia viscosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S93132","name":"Macaronesian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of Tamarix spp., including Tamarixgallica, Tamarix africana, Tamarix canariensis, of the Canary Islands and Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931321","name":"Canary Island tamarisk thickets","description":"Tamarix canariensis and Tamarix africana galleries and thickets of the lower zone of the Canary Islands, lining the low part of barrancos and occupying the deltas of greater water courses. They are particularly abundant in the eastern desert islands, Lanzarote and, mostly, Fuenteventura, where they constitute one of the principal ligneous habitats for the fauna. They have also important representatives along the north coast of Tenerife and on Gran Canaria (Charca de Maspalomas, La Aldea)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931322","name":"Madeiran tamarisk thickets","description":"Tamarix gallica thickets of the lowlands of Madeira."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S93133","name":"East Mediterranean tamarisk thickets","description":"Tamarix parviflora, Tamarix tetrandra, Tamarix dalmatica, Tamarix smyrnensis, Tamarix hampeana and Tamarix hohenackeri thickets of lowland watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats of Greece and its islands, of the southern North Macedonia, of Albania, of Cyprus, of southern Crimea, of mediterranean Asia Minor and of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S93134","name":"Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands","description":"Thickets of Tamarix boveana, Tamarix canariensis or, sometimes, Tamarix gallica of the Mediterranean basin, accompanied by typical salt marsh flora, in particular, Arthrocnemum fruticosum, Arthrocnemum glaucum, Suaeda brevifolia, Halimione portulacoides, Atriplex halimus, Atriplex hastata, Limonium lactibracteatum, Limonium eugeniae, Limonium cossonianum, Limonium angustibracteanum, Limonium sinuatum, Inula crithmoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931341","name":"Iberian Tamarix boveana stands","description":"Rare and vulnerable formations of the Ibero-African Tamarix boveana, alone or associated with Tamarix canariensis, characteristic of arid areas of eastern Iberia, limited to a few stations in the Iberian Southeast (Murcia, Almeria, Alicante), the Ebro depression (Salada de Chiprana), the Ebro delta and Mallorca (Alcudia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931342","name":"Saline Tamarix canariensis stands","description":"Formations of Tamarix canariensis, sometimes with Tamarix gallica, characteristic of strongly saline sites of Iberia and the European shores of the western Mediterranean, in particular, of Iberian interior saline depressions (La Mancha) and of coastal areas of the Iberian Arid Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931343","name":"Saline eastern tamarisk stands","description":"Tamarix smyrnensis, Tamarix hampeana, Tamarix dalmatica stands of the strongly saline part of Greek and east Mediterranean coastal marshes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":5,"code":"S9314","name":"Irano-Turanian tamarisk thickets","description":"Formations of Tamarix spp., including Tamarix smyrnensis (Tamarix pallasii, Tamarix ramosissima auct.), Tamarix tetrandra, Tamarix octandra i.a., associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Irano-Turanian floristic region and its irradiation areas within the steppe and cold desert zones of Eurasia, in particular, of the Pontic basin, of Central Eurasia, of East Asia, of Inner Anatolia, northern Iran and Afghanistan, of northern Mesopotamia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":6,"code":"S93141","name":"Pontic tamarisk stands","description":"Formations of Tamarix smyrnensis (Tamarix ramosissima auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the Pontic steppe region of western Eurasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931411","name":"Western Pontic fresh water Tamarix smyrnensis stands","description":"Formations of Tamarix smyrnensis and/or Tamarix tetrandra on weakly saline sands of fresh water steppe streamsides of the western Pontic region, including river systems such as those of the lower Danube and the Maritza-Tunja basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931412","name":"Western Pontic coastal Tamarix smyrensis stands","description":"Shrub communities of Tamarix smyrnensis, Tamarix ramosissima and/or Tamarix tetrandra occupying weakly saline marine sand dunes of western Black Sea coastal areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":7,"code":"S931413","name":"Central and eastern Pontic tamarisk stands","description":"Formations of Tamarix smyrnensis (Tamarix ramosissima auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the northern and eastern Black Sea lowlands, within the range of central and eastern Pontic steppes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S932","name":"Southwestern Iberian tamujares, formed by Securinega tinctoria","description":"Low, spiny, almost monospecific fringes formed by the Ibero-African shrubby spurge Securinega tinctoria on the outer edge of temporary or permanent water courses of great seasonal amplitude in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula (Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena, Extremadura, southwestern Andalusia, southern Portugal). Among the few associated plants, are the lianas Bryonia cretica, Tamus communis and the endemic Clematis campaniflora. Pyrus bourgaeana may transgress from neighbouring communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S933","name":"Lauriphyllous galleries of the Cordillera Oretana","description":"Supra- and upper meso-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), constituted by the lauriphyllous Prunus lusitanica and Viburnum tinus. They line water courses on the inner edge of alder galleries of unit T14B1, which they sometimes entirely replace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S934","name":"Myrica gale - Salix scrub of the Cordillera Oretana","description":"Tall scrub of Montes de Toledo streams, with Frangula alnus, Salix atrocinerea, Salix salvifolia and Myrica gale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":4,"code":"S935","name":"Riparian stands of invasive shrubs","description":"Riparian stands of invasive shrubs, for example Amorpha fruticosa, recorded from Romania and Croatia, and Reynoutria japonica (= Fallopia japonica) (Japanese Knotweed), which invades watercourses and roadsides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"heathland","level":3,"code":"S94","name":"Semi-desert riparian scrub","description":"Open scrub of Tamarix spp. and other shrubs and small trees occupying small or linear patches at sites characterised by seasonally high groundwater table and saline soils in beds of temporary or permanent rivers, in pans or sometimes in human-affected sites like irrigation systems through the semi-desert and desert region of South-Eastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":1,"code":"T","name":"Forest and other wooded land","description":"Land where the dominant vegetation is, or was until very recently, trees with a canopy cover of at least 10%. It includes temporarily unstocked areas which are expected to be regenerated within 5 years but does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Trees are defined as woody plants, typically single-stemmed, that can reach a height of at least 5 m at maturity unless stunted by poor climate or soil. Includes Alnus and Populus swamp forest and riverine Salix forest. Excludes Corylus avellana scrub and Salix and Frangula carrs. Excludes lines of trees, coppices, regularly tilled tree nurseries. Excludes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3m high, such as occur at the arctic or alpine tree limit which are considered scrub (section S). Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, olive orchards and agroforestry systems (dehesa and montado) when crops are grown under tree cover -  with canopy less than 10%, which are listed under sparsely wooded grasslands R7.Old plantations which have many of the characteristics of natural or semi-natural forests are included, more intensively managed, and less natural, forests are included in vegetated man-made habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":2,"code":"T1","name":"Deciduous broadleaved forest","description":"Forest dominated by summer-green non-coniferous trees that drop their leaves for part of the year and goes dormant during cold weather. Includes forest with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved trees, if the broadleaf deciduous cover exceeds that of evergreens. Old plantations which have many of the characteristics of natural or semi-natural forests are included, more intensively managed, and less natural, forests are included in vegetated man-made habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T11","name":"Temperate Salix and Populus riparian forest","description":"Riparian forests dominated by willows (Salix spp.) and poplars (Populus spp.) of periodically-inundated terraces and shoals with deposition of nutrient-rich alluvium in the active floodplains of rivers through the lowlands of the temperate, submediterranean and steppe zones of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T111","name":"Temperate and boreal riverine Salix forest","description":"Willow (Salix ) dominated forest of periodically inundated terraces and shoals with deposition of nutrient-rich alluvium in the active floodplains of rivers through the lowlands of the boreal, nemoral, submediterranean and steppe zones"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1111","name":"Middle European Salix alba forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Salix x rubens, with, in the east, Populus nigra, developed on ground submitted to a regular regime of inundation along western Eurasian nemoral lowland, hill or submontane rivers, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11111","name":"Western European white willow forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Salix x rubens, lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic middle Europe, outside of the main native range of Populus nigra, which may nevertheless appear sporadically, or as a naturalised alien."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11112","name":"Eastern European poplar-willow forests","description":"Arborescent galleries of tall Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Salix x rubens, Populus nigra and sometimes Populus alba, lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of nemoral and boreonemoral Eastern Europe and of eastern and southeastern Central Europe, including eastern Germany, the Baltic States, Poland, the Czech Repubic, Slovakia, the nemoral parts of Danubian and Balkan states, nemoral Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to Bashkiria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1112","name":"Continental Salix galleries","description":"Willow-dominated riverine woods of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic and desert mountain ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11121","name":"Pannonic willow and poplar-willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods of the Pannonic basin formed by Salix alba, Salix fragilis and often Populus alba or Populus nigra, which may at times dominate, in particular, in Vojvodina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11122","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Populus nigra, of floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T111221","name":"Lower Danube willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Populus nigra, of the floodplains, valleys and basins of the lower Danube, its tributaries and delta of southern and eastern Romania, northeastern Bulgaria and Moldova, with Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, accompanied by Tamus communis, Amorpha fruticosa, Rubus caesius, Lycopus europaeus, Lycopus exaltatus, Polygonum hydropiper."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T111222","name":"Northern Thracian willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Populus nigra, of floodplains of the northern Thracian plain of Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T111223","name":"Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries","description":"Riverine woods dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Populus nigra, of floodplains of the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, reaching a width of three kilometres on the lower Dniepr."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T112","name":"Boreo-alpine riparian galleries","description":"Riverside, lakeside and seaside alder, birch or pine galleries and cordons of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreosteppic zones, of the high mountains of the nemoral zone and of their piedmont influence region, dominated by Alnus incana along the montane and submontane rivers of the Alps, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains and neighbouring regions, by Alnus incana or Alnus glutinosa in boreal Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, by Betula pendula or Pinus sylvestris in western Siberia. In the herb layer, nitrophilous and hygrophilous species dominate: Aegopodium podagraria, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Petasites hybridus, Crepis paludosa and Caltha palustris ssp. laeta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1121","name":"Montane Alnus incana galleries","description":"Alnus incana-dominated formations lining watercourses in mountainous regions of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Apennines and the Bohemian Quadrangle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11211","name":"Alpine grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana formations of the upper reaches of Alpine, particularly inner Alpine, valleys, with outposts in the Dinarides, replacing, colonizing or fringing the pioneer willow scrubs of the Salicion eleagni (unit S911)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11212","name":"Apennine grey alder galleries","description":"Relictual formations of Alnus incana of the northern Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11213","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries of the montane rivers of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, best developed in the 400 to 600 metre altitudinal range, ascending to 900 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T112131","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian sage grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana riverine galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on well drained substrates, in particular on gravel flats and the lower parts of valley slopes, with Salvia glutinosa, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Matteuccia struthiopteris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T112132","name":"Hercynio-Carpathian caltha grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on damper substrates, with Caltha palustris (Caltha laeta), Valeriana simplicifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11214","name":"Eastern Carpathian grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries along the upper reaches of Eastern Carpathian valleys, with regional species Telekia speciosa, Petasites kablikianus, Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, which replace the pioneer willow scrubs of the Salici purpureae-Myricarietum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11215","name":"Montenegrine grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries of the montane Tara and Lim rivers of Montenegro, with Aconitum toxicum, Doronicum austriacum, Oxalis acetosella and many species shared with Alpine grey alder galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11216","name":"Balkan Range grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T11217","name":"Rhodopide grey alder galleries","description":"Alnus incana galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of Vitosha, Rila and the western Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1122","name":"Dealpine Alnus incana galleries","description":"Alder formations of the middle course of rivers flowing from the Alps, in particular of rivers of the Danube, Rhine and Rhone systems with many species normally found at higher altitudes"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1123","name":"Boreal Alnus incana galleries","description":"Alnus incana-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, southwest to northeastern Poland, developed on nutrient-rich soils of river valleys, lakesides and the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, periodically inundated by snow-melt waters or autumn rains, with Betula pubescens, Prunus padus, Valeriana sambucifolia, Anemone nemorosa, Geranium sylvaticum, Geum rivale, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Paris quadrifolia, Silene dioica (Melandrium rubrum), Equisetum pratense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1124","name":"Boreal Alnus glutinosa galleries","description":"Alnus glutinosa-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia, developed in narrow cordons along rivers, on lakesides and on the coasts of the Baltic, with Alnus incana, Lycopus europaeus, Filipendula ulmaria, Lysimachia vulgaris, Equisetum arvense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1125","name":"Western Siberian Betula and pine galleries","description":"Riverine woods and scrubs of western Siberian flood plains, dominated by Betula pendula or Pinus sylvestris, with Populus tremula, Salix bebbiana, Rosa majalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Equisetum sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1126","name":"Eastern boreal riverine galleries","description":"Riverine woods and scrubs of eastern Siberian flood plains, with Alnus fruticosa, Populus suaveolens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1127","name":"Ponto-Caucasian montane Alnus galleries","description":"Riverside and lakeside alder galleries and cordons of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus system, with Alnus subcordata, Alnus barbata or Alnus incana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T12","name":"Alnus glutinosa-Alnus incana forest on riparian and mineral soils","description":"Riparian and non-riparian forests dominated by alder (Alnus glutinosa,Alnus incana), and sometimes ash (Fraxinus angustifolia,Fraxinus excelsior), typically without many softwood willows in the canopy and occurring throughout Europe along streams and small to medium rivers. The field layer can be quite species-rich."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T121","name":"Riverine Fraxinus - Alnus forest, wet at high but not at low water","description":"Riparian forests of Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, sometimes Alnus incana, of middle European and northern Iberian lowland or hill watercourses, on soils periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river level, but otherwise well-drained and aerated during low-water; they differ from riparian alder woods within units T151 and T162 by the strong representation in the dominated layers of forest species not able to grow in permanently waterlogged soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1211","name":"Fraxinus - Alnus forests of rivulets and springs","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa formations of springs and small streams of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, usually dominated by ashes, with Carex remota, Carex pendula, Carex strigosa, Equisetum telmateia, Rumex sanguineus, Lysimachia nemorum, Cardamine amara, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ribes rubrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12111","name":"Sedge ash-alder forests","description":"Formations of Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, distributed in western Europe, in northern, Central and Eastern Europe, extending south in Central Europe to the confines of the Fagion sylvaticum, Fagion illyricum and Carpinion illyricum zones, with an abundance of Carex remota, Carex strigosa, Carex pendula, Carex sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12112","name":"Fraxinus - Alnus forests of fast-flowing rivers","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with a wetter soil occupied by Cardamine amara and Chrysosplenium spp., and often by Impatiens noli-tangere."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12113","name":"Cabbage thistle ash-alder forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with an understorey rich in tall herbs, in particular, in sub-Atlantic areas, the tall Cirsium oleraceum and Eupatorium cannabinum and usually Carex acutiformis; these constitute a transition towards unit T12132"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12114","name":"Hillside spring ash-alder forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, of seeping hillside depressions and of moist peaty ground, with Ribes rubrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12115","name":"Great horsetail ash-alder forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa woods of calcareous inundated substrates adjacent to streams and springs of Great Britain and middle Europe, characterized by an abundant herb layer dominated by Equisetum telmateia and rich in mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12116","name":"Dacio-Moesian ash-alder forests","description":"Higrophile, neutrophile gallery woods of low mountain rivers of the Fagion moesiacum and Fagion dacicum zones, in particular of Serbia and the southern and eastern Carpathians of Rumania, notably the Apuseni mountains, dominated by Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, with Alnus incana, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, and Carex remota in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1212","name":"Fraxinus - Alnus forests of fast-flowing rivers","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks replacing the peri-Alpine Alnus incana galleries in hills of middle Europe away from the direct influence of alpine rivers and north to Denmark and southern Sweden."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12121","name":"Collinar stream ash-alder forests","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of hill and lowland regions of western, northern and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121211","name":"Stitchwort ash-alder forests","description":"Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of western, central and northwestern Europe. They are usually codominated by Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior and Acer pseudoplatanus, accompanied by Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis. Prunus padus is frequent in the undergrowth, shrubs include Ribes rubrum, Ribes uva-crispa, Corylus avellana; the herb layer comprises Stellaria nemorum, Impatiens noli-tangere, Aconitum vulparia, Allium ursinum, Geum rivale, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris carthusiana, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Ranunculus platanifolius, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus ficaria, Primula elatior, Lamium galeobdolon or Filipendula ulmaria, Luzula sylvatica. The gallery may be enclosed within other forests or reduced to a thin line of alders along rivers traversing pastureland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121212","name":"Northeastern stream spruce-ash-alder forests","description":"Ash-alder-spruce galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks of northeastern Central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12122","name":"Submontane Hercynian stream ash-alder forests","description":"Herb-rich Alnus glutinosa- or Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa- dominated galleries of more montane affinities than those of the Stellario-Alnetum, paralleling the Alnetum incanae in mountainous country away from the Alps and the main Carpathian ranges, in particular in and around the great Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, north to the Silesian lowlands. Alnus incana is sometimes present; common in, or characteristic of the undergrowth are Stellaria nemorum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Crepis paludosa, Aegopodium podagraria, Rubus idaeus, and, in some of the local variants, Astrantia major, Aruncus sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12123","name":"Pre-Carpathian stream ash-alder forests","description":"Woods of Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior developed on alluvial soils along the middle and lower course of streams and rivers of pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by Frangula alnus and Ulmus laevis, with Stellaria nemorum, Aegopodium podagraria, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Carex remota, Carex brizoides, Equisetum maximum and rich in Fagetalia and Querco-Fagetea species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1213","name":"Fraxinus - Alnus forests of slow rivers","description":"Eastern, central and, locally, western European Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa woods of valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing rivers, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12131","name":"Central European slow river floodplain forests","description":"Central European riverine and floodplain woods of valleys of lowland, often small, slow and even-flowing rivers, usually dominated by Fraxinus excelsior and/or Alnus glutinosa, sometimes with Picea abies, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs. They may extend far into the floodplain, becoming progressively richer in Quercus robur and Carpinion species away from the stream or from low-lying areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121311","name":"Central European slow river ash-alder forests","description":"Alnus glutinosa-Fraxinus excelsior forests of large valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing Central European rivers, south to the Illyrian region, often extensive, and capable of occupying floodplains well beyond the riparian gallery, progressively richer in Quercus robur and Carpinion species towards the exterior. The undergrowth includes, besides Prunus padus, Humulus lupulus, Rubus idaeus, Rubus caesius, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Sambucus nigra, Aegopodium podagraria, Peucedanum palustre, Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudacorus, Carex acutiformis, Carex riparia, Phalaris arundinacea, Filipendula ulmaria, Cirsium oleraceum, Cirsium palustre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121312","name":"Central European spruce-alder forests","description":"Alnus glutinosa-Alnus incana-Picea abies riverine woods developed along streams crossing poorly drained depressions and flats in mountainous regions of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, with Sorbus aucuparia, Rubus idaeus, Frangula alnus, Calamagrostis villosa, Caltha palustris, Viola palustris, Carex sylvatica, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Oxalis acetosella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121313","name":"Moravian oak-Fagus-alder riverine forests","description":"Wet Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Alnus glutinosa woods of the upper Oder basin of northern Moravia, with an undergrowth composed of an admixture of riverine, oak-hornbeam and acidophilous species, among which Carex brizoides, often dominant, Festuca gigantea, Impatiens noli-tangere, Vaccinium myrtillus, Circaea lutetiana, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex remota, Lysimachia nemorum, Maianthemum bifolium, Rubus caesius, Lamium galeobdolon, Oxalis acetosella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12132","name":"West European tall herb ash-alder forests","description":"Alnus glutinosa or Fraxinus excelsior-Alnus glutinosa-Ulmus riparian woods on eutrophic, moist soils of alluvial terraces, levees and floodplains of the lower courses of rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the British Isles and the western seaboard of the European mainland, with Salix cinerea and Urtica dioica, often rich in tall herbs, in particular Cirsium oleraceum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Epilobium hirsutum, Dipsacus pilosus, Symphytum officinale, Aconitum napellus and creepers Humulus lupulus, Solanum dulcamara, Calystegia sepium; Ribes rubrum, Iris pseudacorus, Equisetum telmateia, Equisetum fluviatile are locally characteristic; tall sedges, in particular Carex acutiformis and Carex paniculata dominate some of the wettest communities. Typical sub-communities of British Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica woodland are included, as are drier Sambucus nigra sub-communities in situations where they are adjacent. Formations of this unit are now rare, having for the most part been replaced by poplar plantations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12133","name":"Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder forests","description":"Marshy riverine woods of Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia and Fraxinus pallisiae of the Pannonic plain, of neighbouring Illyrian hills and mountains, and of the northwestern Black Sea lowlands of the lower Danube, Prut, Dniestr, Dniepr and Don basins, with Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus, Cornus sanguinea in the shrub layer and Lycopus europaeus, Oenanthe aquatica, Carex acutiformis, Polygonum hydropiper, Rubus caesius in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12134","name":"Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain forests","description":"Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central Europe and northwestern Sarmatic Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, in eastern Poland, northern and western Belarus and the Baltic States, dominated by Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, sometimes with Betula spp. and Piceaabies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121341","name":"Eastern Baltic enchanter's nightshade ash-alder forests","description":"Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by sometimes very tall Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, with Acer platanoides, Carpinus betulus, Prunus padus, Ulmus glabra, Picea abies and a luxuriant tall-herb undergrowth including Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Cirsium oleraceum, Circaea alpina, Lysimachia vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121342","name":"Eastern Baltic slow river spruce-birch-alder forests","description":"Riverine forests of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by Alnus glutinosa and Picea abies, with Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Ulmus glabra, Tilia cordata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12135","name":"Sarmatic ash-alder forests","description":"Riverine forests of slow and even-flowing, large or small, lowland streams of Sarmatic Eastern Europe, in the basins of the Dniepr, the Don and the Volga-Kama, dominated by Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, with Prunus padus, sometimes with Betula spp. and Picea abies, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs, including Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Lysimachia vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1214","name":"Northern Iberian Alnus galleries","description":"Riparian alder or ash-alder woods of collinar and montane streams of the northern Iberian peninsula, with a pronounced medio-European influence marked in particular by the presence of Fraxinus excelsior (and not Fraxinus angustifolia). They are characteristic of streams originating in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Northern Galician mountains and the Catalonian ranges. The canopy may include Ulmus glabra, Quercus robur and tall willows; the undergrowth contains Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Cornus sanguinea, Rubus caesius, Carex pendula, Carex remota, Festuca gigantea, Bromus ramosus, Lathraea clandestina, Circaea lutetiana, Hypericum androsaemum, Solanum dulcamara, Valeriana pyrenaica, Lysimachia nemorum, Saxifraga hirsuta, Galanthus nivalis, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris dilatata, Osmunda regalis, Equisetum telmateia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12141","name":"Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Northern Galician and western Cantabrian Alnus glutinosa galleries, with Carex acuta ssp. broteriana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T121411","name":"Eume near-natural alder galleries","description":"Relict near-natural Alnus glutinosa galleries of the Eume basin, with the rare ferns Trichomanes speciosum (Vandenboschia speciosa) and Culcita macrocarpa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T121412","name":"Semi-natural Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Northern Galician and western Cantabrian Alnus glutinosa galleries, with Carex acuta ssp. broteriana and with a cortège that is somewhat impoverished compared to that of the galleries of unit T121411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T12142","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder galleries","description":"Eastern Cantabrian and western Pyrenean Alnus glutinosa galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T12143","name":"Pyreneo-Catalonian alder galleries","description":"Eastern Pyrenean and Catalonian Alnus glutinosa galleries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T122","name":"Boreal and boreonemoral Alnus forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by Alnus glutinosa or Alnus incana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1221","name":"Boreal Alnus glutinosa forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by Alnus glutinosa. They are related to the alder  woods of unit T1124 and have a similar composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1222","name":"Boreal Alnus incana forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by Alnus incana, appearing, in particular, as first recolonisation stage on rich damp soils of central and northern Fennoscandia. They are related to the alder woods of unit T1123 and have a similar composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T123","name":"Nemoral Alnus forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the nemoral or boreonemoral zones dominated by Alnus glutinosa or Alnus incana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1231","name":"Atlantic Alnus glutinosa forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of Atlantic regions of the nemoral zone dominated by Alnus glutinosa or Alnus incana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1232","name":"Central European dry alder forests","description":"Dry Alnus incana or Alnus glutinosa woods of nemoral Central Europe, in particular, great horsetail dry alder woods of Poland, dense alder stands of steep valley slopes of Great Poland, dominated by Alnus incana alone or by Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana together, with a rich undergrowth composed predominantly of ruderal and riparian species; characteristic or abundant species include Equisetum telmateia, Lamium maculatum, Myosotis sparsiflora, Corylus avellana, Chaerophyllum temulentum, Urtica dioica, Cardamine amara, Veronica hederifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1233","name":"Sarmatic dry alder forests","description":"Dry alder woods of the nemoral and boreonemoral regions of Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, in particular, nettle grey alder woods, tall herb-rich dry Alnus incana forests on comparatively fertile acid brown forest soils, recorded from the northern part of the Valday Upland and Lithuania, with Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Mnium cuspidatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1234","name":"Rhodopide grey alder forests","description":"Alnus incana woods of the subalpine level of the western Rhodopes, substitution facies of Picea abies forests, usually developed in wetter stations than those occupied by Betula pendula or Populus tremula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T13","name":"Temperate hardwood riparian forest","description":"Mixed broadleaved forests typical of less-frequently flooded, well-aerated mineral soils on floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of major European rivers. The canopy in high-forest stands can be very tall and multi-layered and is typically dominated by various mixtures of Alnus glutinosa,Fraxinus angustifolia,Fraxinus excelsior,Populus alba,Populus canescens,Prunus padus,Quercus robur,Ulmus glabra,Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor. There is typically an abundant and varied understorey, again often structurally complex, with a range of small trees, shrubs and lianas that are more typical of mesic deciduous forests (such as T1E Carpinus and Quercus mesic deciduous forest)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T131","name":"Mixed Quercus - Ulmus - Fraxinus forest of great rivers","description":"Diverse riparian forests of the middle courses of great rivers, inundated only by large floods. Hardwood trees with dominant Fraxinus, Ulmus or Quercus spp. with a very typical spring herb aspect."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1311","name":"Great medio-European fluvial forests","description":"Fully developed, very tall, multi-layered, highly diverse riparian forests of oaks, ashes, elms, limes, maples, alders, poplars, cherries, apple, willows of the middle and lower courses of large medio-European river systems, in particular, the Rhine, the Danube, the Emst, the Elbe, the Saale, the Weser, the Oder, the Loire, the Rhone-Saone systems. Their highly complex structure is formed of eight strata to which participate up to 50 species of trees and shrubs. The upper arborescent stratum includes Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus minor, Ulmus laevis, Ulmus glabra, Populus alba, Populus tremula, Populus canescens, Populus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Salix alba, Alnus glutinosa, Prunus avium, the lower arborescent stratum Malus sylvestris, Tilia cordata, the sub-arborescent shrub layer Alnus incana, Prunus padus and Crataegus monogyna. There are very varied high and low shrub layers and numerous lianas, Clematis vitalba, Tamus communis, Humulus lupulus, Hedera helix and Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris. Most diverse, structurally, floristically and faunistically, of all European ecosystems, and closest in that respect to tropical communities and to the warm temperate forests of the Pleistocene, the great fluvial forests of Europe are reduced to a few highly vulnerable examples, located mainly within the Rhine, Danube and Elbe systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1312","name":"Residual medio-European fluvial forests","description":"Fragments of oak-elm-ash forests of large medio-European river systems, very altered and with greatly reduced species richness."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1313","name":"Southeast European Fraxinus - Quercus - Alnus forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of Ponto-Pannonic and sub-Mediterranean regions of southeastern Europe, usually dominated by Quercus robur and/or Fraxinus angustifolia, with varying admixtures of Ulmus minor, Ulmus laevis, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix alba, Populus alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T13131","name":"Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed hardwood riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins and adjacent areas, within the Carpinion betuli illyricum region, dominated by Quercus robur or, with longer periods of inundation, Fraxinus angustifolia and Alnus glutinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131311","name":"Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Illyrian region, in the Sava and Drava basins, with irradiations in the karst region of northeastern Italy and in the western Balkan peninsula, characteristic of areas with long inundation, dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, associated with Alnus glutinosa in high groundwater depressions away from the water course. Quercus robur and Ulmus minor participate in the major tree layer. The undergrowth is characterized by an abundance of Leucojum aestivum, the presence of Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata, Urtica radicans and, in the alder-ash stands, Frangula alnus, Dryopteris carthusiana, Filipendula ulmaria, Valeriana dioica. Particularly wet areas harbour Hottonia palustris, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and other standing water species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131312","name":"Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins characteristic of areas subjected to a shorter inundation period than those of occupied by the forests of unit T131311, dominated by Quercus robur, with Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia, Carpinus betulus, Alnus glutinosa, Genista tinctoria, Leucojum aestivum, Carex remota and sometimes large expanses of Carex brizoides in pure colonies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131313","name":"Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins developed on the highest ground, dominated by Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus, with Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia, Alnus glutinosa, Acer campestre, Carex remota, Carex strigosa, Carex brizoides, often in large colonies that may dominate the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T13132","name":"Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of Pontic and sub-Mediterranean regions of the Balkan and Hellenic peninsulas, in particular, the Mauries forest of northern Greece, the riverine forests of the Maritsa and the Tundzha, the longos forests of coastal Bulgaria, and riverine forests of the sub-Mediterranean Dinaride system, usually dominated by Quercus robur and/or Fraxinus angustifolia, with varying admixtures of Ulmus minor, Ulmus laevis, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix alba, Populus alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131321","name":"Hellenic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Rare mixed riparian forests of northern Greece, dominated by Quercus robur and Fraxinus angustifolia, represented, in particular, by the remarkable Mouries forest in the Kilkis prefectorate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131322","name":"Coastal Bulgarian longos forests","description":"Regularly inundated forests of Pontic coastal lowland rivers, in particular the Kamchija and the Batova, and of the shores of Lake Arkutino in the Ropotamo Reserve, with Fraxinus oxycarpa, Ulmus minor (Ulmus foliacea), Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Quercus pedunculiflora, Carpinus betulus and lianas Smilax excelsa, Periploca graeca, Clematis vitalba, Vitis sylvestris, Calystegia sepium, Humulus lupulus, Hedera helix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131323","name":"Central Balkan ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Inland longos forests of the Maritsa and Tundzha river systems, drier, of poorer species composition and fewer lianas than the coastal longos forests of unit T131322; they harbour the rare, local endemic Colchicum diampolis and the Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, native to this region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131324","name":"Albanian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of the Adriatic façade of Albania, dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, with Quercus robur and, in some formations Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba, Ulmus minor or, in others, Ulmus procera, Acer campestre, Carpinus orientalis, Laurus nobilis, Quercus coccifera, and with Calystegia sepium, Periploca graeca, Pyracantha coccinea, Hedera helix, Crataegus monogyna, Ruscus aculeatus, Tamus communis, Rosa sempervirens, Smilax aspera, Rubus ulmifolius, Rubus nemoralis, constituting species-rich, multi-facies formations of very high biological value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131325","name":"Montenegrine ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine forest of Lake Scutari, with Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis and Periploca graeca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T131326","name":"Istrian ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine forest of the Mirna Valley in Istria, dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus robur, with Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba, Carpinus betulus, Frangula alnus, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Euonymus europaeus, Staphylea pinnata, Lonicera caprifolium, Pyrus pyraster, Rubus caesius, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Carex remota, Rumex sanguineus, Lycopus europaeus, Cerastium sylvaticum, Primula vulgaris, Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens, Lathyrus vernus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T13133","name":"Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests","description":"Riverine gallery forests of the Pannonic region, characteristic of the Danube basin, north to the lower Morava, of the Tisza basin and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve. They are dominated by Quercus robur and Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. pannonica, sometimes with Ulmus laevis, Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus and, in the wettest parts, Populus alba. The shrub layer includes Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ulmus minor. The herb layer is dominated by Carex acutiformis, Carex elata, Carex riparia, Urtica dioica, Urtica kioviensis in the wetter belt (\"Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum\"), by Deschampsia cespitosa, Veratrum album, Polygonatum latifolium, Symphytum officinale otherwise."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T13134","name":"Getic oak-elm-ash forests","description":"Riverine forests of Quercus robur, Quercus pedunculiflora, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisiae, Ulmus minor and Ulmus effusa of the great floodplains of the lower Danube, with Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus, Crataegus monogyna in the shrub layer and Rubus caesius, Lysimachia nummularia, Glechoma hederacea, Convallaria majalis in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1314","name":"Po Quercus - Fraxinus - Alnus forests","description":"Relict forests of the alluvial plain of the Po and its main tributaries, remnants of the greatest fluviatile system of Europe. They are formed by meso-hygrophile, mesotrophic, multi-layered, oak-ash-hornbeam-dominated communities (Carpinion betuli: Polygonato multiflorae-Quercetum roboris), with facies richer in ashes, willows and, mostly, alders, in the wettest areas (Alno-Padion). Constituent trees include Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus betulus, Ulmus minor, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus padus, Prunus avium, Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba, Corylus avellana, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, the shrub layers are formed, in particular, by Ruscus aculeatus, Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Pyracantha coccinea, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus ulmifolius, Rubus caesius, Ribes uva-crispa, Sambucus nigra, Daphne mezereum, Viburnum lantana, Mespilus germanica, Lonicera xylosteum, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Euonymus europaeus, Rhamnus catharticus; lianas are abundant, in particular, Hedera helix, Tamus communis, Rubia peregrina, Bryonia cretica; in the herb layer occur, in particular, Equisetum hyemale, Symphytum officinale, Polygonatum multiflorum, Pulmonaria officinalis, Lathyrus vernus, Mercurialis perennis, Primula acaulis, Asarum europaeum, Euphorbia dulcis, Melittis melissophyllum, Erythronium dens-canis, Leucojum vernum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Carex pilosa. These forests are the habitat of the endangered endemic frog Rana latastei."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1315","name":"Sarmatic riverine oak forests","description":"Riverine forests of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, Ulmus effusa, Alnus cordata of the floodplains of great rivers of the Sarmatic nemoral and nemoro-steppic regions, distributed in the Baltic hinterland, in Polesia, along the rivers of the Podolian plateaux, and along those of the middle Russian plateaux and uplands, including the Belarus hills, the Valday Uplands, the Smolensk Uplands and the Central Russian Uplands, in the Volga-Kama system, in which Tilia cordata progressively replaces Quercus robur eastwards, extending south into the Pontic region, in particular along the lower Dniepr, and north into the southern boreal taiga zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T14","name":"Mediterranean and Macaronesian riparian forest","description":"Deciduous broadleaved forest, most commonly dominated by poplars (Populus), willows (Salix) or oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), on periodically flooded alluvia or gravel terraces and streamsides in humid localities in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Also includes streamside forests with Rhododendron ponticum and Betula pendula var. fontqueri in Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T141","name":"Mediterranean and Macaronesian Salix forest","description":"Willow (Salix) dominated forest of periodically inundated terraces and shoals with deposition of nutrient-rich alluvium in the active floodplains of rivers through the lowlands of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1411","name":"Mediterranean tall Salix galleries","description":"Arborescent willow formations bordering watercourses of mediterranean regions of western Eurasia, willow-dominated belt or facies of the poplar-ash-elm forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14111","name":"Mediterranean white willow galleries","description":"Riparian forests of the Mediterranean basin dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis or their relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141111","name":"Central Iberian Salix neotricha galleries","description":"Arborescent willow galleries dominated by Salix neotricha accompanied by Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Populus nigra and sometimes Populus alba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Frangula alnus, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus spp., forming as the ligneous vegetation closest to the water along the middle and lower course of large rivers of little seasonal amplitude in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean foothills of the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Iberian Range and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141112","name":"Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries","description":"Salix alba-, Salix fragilis- or Salix x rubens-dominated facies of Mediterranean riverine poplar-ash-elm forests developed along rivers of lowland Iberia, southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, the North Macedonia, Greece, the Mediterranean islands, Cyprus and Mediterranean Asia Minor; the accompanying cortège does not differ from that of poplar- or ash-dominated facies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14112","name":"Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian forests","description":"Woods of arborescent willows, physiognomically dominated by Salix atrocinerea or Salix cinerea, forming, in thermo-, meso- or supra-Mediterranean areas, on the banks of slow water courses; similar woods occupy soggy depressions (F9.2 Salix carr and fen scrub)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141121","name":"Iberian olive-leaved willow forests","description":"Riparian woods of Salix atrocinerea of central and eastern Iberia, with Salix neotricha, Salix salvifolia, Frangula alnus, Populus tremula, Fraxinus angustifolia and many lianas and brambles (Rubus spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141122","name":"Andalusian olive-leaved willow forests","description":"Riparian woods formed almost exclusively by Salix atrocinerea, with a few Fraxinus angustifolia, numerous lianas and brambles (Rubus spp.) and an abundance of Thelypteris palustris in the undergrowth, characteristic of the southwestern Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141123","name":"Sardinian olive-leaved willow forests","description":"Riparian woods of Salix atrocinerea of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T141124","name":"Italo-Hellenic ashy willow riparian forests","description":"Riparian woods of Salix cinerea of Italy and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1412","name":"Canary Island Salix galleries","description":"Riparian communities forming mostly in ravines and gullies within the laurel forest belt of the Canary Islands and characterized by the presence of the tall endemic, Salix canariensis. The best preserved are found in the barranco de Los Cernicalos of Gran Canaria, in the caldera de Taburiente of La Palma and in the barranco del Infierne of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T142","name":"Mediterranean riparian Populus forests","description":"Mediterranean multi-layered riverine forests of base-rich soils submitted to seasonal prolonged inundation with slow drainage, with Populus alba,Populus nigra, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor, Salix alba, Salix spp., Alnus spp., lianas and often species of the Quercetalia ilicis, distributed in the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, the southern Balkan peninsula, North Africa, and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones. Formations physiognomically dominated by tall Populus alba and/or Populus nigra are listed here. The poplars may, however, be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor and/or Salix spp. Such ensembles are listed under units T14111 or T144. The poplar forests are usually the tall ligneous vegetation belt closest to the water in riverside catenas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1421","name":"Iberian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries on inundatable eutrophic soils with permanent hydromorphy of the Iberian range, the Castilian plateau, the Ebro basin, the Mediterranean Iberian east, the great Baetic rivers, with Populusalba, Populusnigra, arborescent willows (Salixneotricha, Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Salixatrocinerea), Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor and Celtis australis. The naturalised madder, Rubia tinctorum, grows in the shade of the eastern and central formations, the Atlantic Salixatrocinerea is an important component of the formations of the central Meseta, the Montes de Toledo and western Andalusia, and Nerium oleander penetrates the most thermophilous western Andalusian formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1422","name":"Provenço-Languedocian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian gallery forests lining water courses and other water bodies of Provence and Languedoc, in particular the rivers of the Mediterranean periphery of the Pyrenees, the Languedocian rivers draining the Causses and the southern Central Massif, the Rhone and Durance systems, especially the Camargue, the Verdon, the Var, with Populusalba, Populusnigra, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia (locally accompanied by Fraxinusexcelsior), Acer negundo, Acer campestre, Acer platanoides, Celtis australis, Quercus pubescens, Alnus glutinosa, and an undergrowth with Cornus sanguinea, Rubuscaesius, Sambucus nigra, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Bryonia cretica, Humulus lupulus, Rubia peregrina, Solanum dulcamara, Alliaria petiolata, Cucubalus baccifer, Saponaria officinalis, Iris foetidissima, Arum italicum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Carex pendula; Celtis australis may form facies locally (e.g. Est‚rel)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1423","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian poplar galleries","description":"Riparian woods of lower water courses of Corsica and Sardinia, with Populusalba, Populusnigra, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus cordata and arborescent willows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1424","name":"Italic poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Italic peninsula, Sicily and the Maltese Islands, with Populusalba, Populusnigra, Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus minor, Acer campestre, Viburnum lantana, Viburnum opulus, Rhamnus catharticus, Crataegus monogyna, Rubuscaesius, Humulus lupulus, Clematis vitalba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1425","name":"East Mediterranean poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of peninsular Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, with Populusalba, Populusnigra, Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Platanus orientalis, Salix spp., Periploca graeca, Pyracantha coccinea, Vitex agnus-castus, Cornus sanguinea, Brachypodium sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14251","name":"Nestos riparian forests","description":"Hodja Orman forest of the Nestos, dominated by Populusalba, formerly one of the most extensive riparian complexes in the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14252","name":"Hellenic white poplar riparian forests","description":"Riparian Populus alba-dominated galleries of rivers and water bodies of Greece, with the exception of the Nestos; the dominant poplar may be accompanied by, in particular, Populusnigra, Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Platanus orientalis, Salix spp., Periploca graeca, Pyracantha coccinea, Vitex agnus-castus, Cornus sanguinea, Brachypodium sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14253","name":"Northern Hellenic black poplar riparian forests","description":"Populusnigra s.s.-dominated riparian galleries of northern Greece, in particular, of small valleys of the southeastern Moeso-Macedonian Vertiskos range and of the southern Rhodopide ranges north of Drama."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14254","name":"Hellenic downy poplar riparian forests","description":"Populus nigra var. pubescens forests of the Pindus, notably, of the Epirean Sarandaporos and the Thessalian Pinios basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14255","name":"Rhodopide Mediterranean poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar-rich or poplar-dominated galleries of the lower courses of the Maritza, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and other streams cutting through the Rhodopide system and opening to Mediterranean climate regimes, with Populus alba, Populus canescens and/or Populus nigra accompanied by Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Platanus orientalis, Salix spp., Periploca graeca, Cornus sanguinea, Brachypodium sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14256","name":"Paeonian poplar galleries","description":"Poplar galleries of the southern Balkanic hills of the North Macedonia, in the region of transition between the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum and the Quercion frainetto."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14257","name":"East Adriatic poplar galleries","description":"Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Adriatic façade of the southern Balkan peninsula, dominated by Populus alba with Populusnigra, Ulmus procera, Alnus glutinosa, Platanus orientalis, Salix alba, Quercus robur, Periploca graeca, Pyracantha coccinea, Vitex agnus-castus, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T143","name":"Mediterranean riparian Ulmus forests","description":"Elm-dominated woodlands forming, on eutrophic soils, at the outer, drier, edge of the Mediterranean riparian or lacustrine galleries, constituted by Ulmus minor or, in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Maltese Islands, Ulmus canescens.Populusalba and Fraxinus angustifolia often participate in the tree-layer; Arum italicum, Ranunculus ficaria, Acanthus mollis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Elymus caninus, Rubusulmifolius are characteristic of the undergrowth. Dense and dark in natural form, these woods have been extremely reduced and degraded by human action. The most characteristic examples to remain are probably those of the Iberian peninsula, although fragments are still recorded in France, Italy, the Maltese Islands, Greece, Asia Minor and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T144","name":"Mediterranean riparian Fraxinus forests","description":"Riparian galleries of the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, mediterranean North Africa and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones, dominated by tall Fraxinus angustifolia, mostly characteristic of less eutrophic soils than the elm and poplar galleries, and of drier stations, with shorter inundation periods, than those occupied by poplar woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1441","name":"Iberian supra-Mediterranean ash galleries","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus pyrenaica-dominated galleries of supra-Mediterranean watercourses of the Cordillera Central, the Leonese mountains and the Iberian Range, developed on siliceous, sandy soils with temporary hydromorphy (pseudogleys)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1442","name":"Iberian meso-Mediterranean ash galleries","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia -dominated galleries of western Iberia, developed in meso- and thermo-Mediterranean areas on siliceous sandy, rarely inundated soils; Populusalba, Populus nigra, Salix atrocinerea, Rubusulmifolius, Osmundaregalis, Ranunculus ficaria, Arum italicum frequently accompany the ashes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1443","name":"Baetic ash-maple galleries","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the siliceous Sierra Nevada formed by Fraxinus angustifolia and Acer granatense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1444","name":"Tyrrhenian ash-alder galleries","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia-dominated galleries, usually with Alnus glutinosa, of southern France, Tyrrhenian northern and central Italy, Corsica and Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1445","name":"Italic ash galleries","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia-dominated galleries of the Adriatic slope of the Italic peninsula, the lower Po basin, the plain of Foggia, the Gulf of Taranto and Sicily, with Ulmus campestris, Salix alba, Populusnigra, Equisetum telmateia, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Carex pendula, Ligustrum vulgare, Rubus ulmifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1446","name":"Hellenic ash galleries","description":"Uncommon Fraxinus angustifolia-dominated galleries of continental Greece, reported in particular from the lower Achelos and Pinios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T145","name":"Mediterranean riverine Ostrya carpinifolia galleries","description":"Meso-hygrophile forests of the southwestern Alps, limited to the edges of small streams in deep ravines and, sometimes, in wider valleys, dominated by Ostrya carpinifolia, with Ulmus minor, Populus alba, Salix elaeagnos, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre, Acer opalus, Quercus pubescens, Tilia cordata, Ulmus minor, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, Tamus communis, Hedera helix, Viola reichenbachiana, Euphorbia dulcis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica uniflora, Carex pendula, Carex digitata and the rare Carex grioletii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T146","name":"Mediterraneo-Pontic riverine Fraxinus forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Mediterranean enclaves of the southern Black Sea coast and of the Sea of Marmora, dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, with Ulmus minor, Carpinus betulus, Alnus glutinosa, Acer campestre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T147","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic mixed Populus riverine forests","description":"Mixed riverine forests of the floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes, wooded steppes and southern nemoral forests of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, dominated by or rich in Populus alba, Populus nigra, Populuscanescens. They extend west to the sub-Carpathian Getic region; poplar galleries described from the Pannonic margin of Moravia and the Bohemian basin occupy a similar ecological position and are listed with them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1471","name":"Western Pontic poplar galleries","description":"Poplar galleries of the western Pontic steppe region of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova, and of adjacent Getic valleys, dominated by Populus alba, Populusnigra, Populuscanescens, developed along sandy strips of river flood plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14711","name":"Western Pontic white poplar galleries","description":"Galleries of Populusalba with Salix alba, Salix fragilis and Ulmus laevis along streams of the western Pontic plain, with Viburnum opulus, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus in the shrub layer and Rubuscaesius, Lycopuseuropaeus, Bidens tripartita, Scutellaria galericulata in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14712","name":"Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries","description":"Galleries along streams of the western Pontic plain dominated by Populusalba and Populus nigra, with Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Ulmus laevis, Quercus robur, with Viburnum opulus, Cornus sanguinea, Frangula alnus in the shrub layer and Rubuscaesius, Lycopus europaeus, Bidens tripartita, Scutellaria galericulata in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1472","name":"Danube delta galleries","description":"Galleries of interdunal depressions of the sandy islands of the Danube Delta with Quercus robur, Quercus pedunculiflora, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisiae, Populus alba, Populus tremula and Populus canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14721","name":"Danube delta periploca-poplar-oak-ash galleries","description":"Galleries of Populusalba, Populustremula, Populuscanescens, Quercus robur, Quercus pedunculiflora, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisiae and Alnus glutinosa, of the Danube Delta, in particular of interdunal depressions of sandy islands, with lianas Periploca graeca, Humulus lupulus, Vitis sylvestris, Clematis vitalba, shrubs Salix cinerea, Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, and an herb layer of Rubus caesius, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Carex spicata, Carex hirta, Carex acutiformis, Galium rubioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14722","name":"Danube delta Hippophae -Populus canescens galleries","description":"Open-canopied Populus canescens galleries of the Danube Delta, with a closed shrub layer of Hippophae rhamnoides, in particular of sandy island dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1473","name":"Southern Sarmatic poplar and elm galleries","description":"Poplar and elm galleries, mostly formed by Populus nigra and Ulmus laevis, of the Dniepr, Don and Volga-Kama systems within the wooded steppes and adjacent nemoral forests of the valleys of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian plateau, of the Volga plateau, of Orenburg and of Bachkiria, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1474","name":"Central and eastern Pontic poplar forests","description":"Poplar galleries of the Dniepr, Don, Volga-Kama, Kouma and Terek systems, within the steppes and wooded steppes of the northern plains of the Black Sea and of the northwestern and western Caspian Sea, with, in particular, Populusnigra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1475","name":"Central European poplar galleries","description":"Populusnigra, Populusalba, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior galleries occupying, within the riverine forest systems of the Bohemian Elbe and the Morava, locations submitted to great annual fluctuations of the water table and relatively frequent inundation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T148","name":"Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests","description":"Riverine forests of the Irano-Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan, of the Koura basin of Transcaucasia and of the Hyrcanian lowlands, of the Hindu-Kuch and western Himalayas, with Populus nigra, Populuscaspica, Populusalba, Populuseuphratica, Populuspruinosa, Populustranscaucasica, Juglans regia, Platanus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T149","name":"Platanus orientalis forests","description":"Forests of Platanus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1491","name":"Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests","description":"Platanus orientalis gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland of Greece and its archipelagoes, extending north to Albania, the southern North Macedonia and the valleys of southern Bulgaria, colonizing poorly stabilised alluvions of large rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. The accompanying flora may include Salix alba, Salixelaeagnos, Salix purpurea, Alnus glutinosa, Cercis siliquastrum, Celtis australis, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Juglans regia, Fraxinus ornus, Alnus glutinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Ruscus aculeatus, Vitex agnus-castus, Nerium oleander, Rubus spp., Rosa sempervirens, Hedera helix, Clematis vitalba, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone blanda, Aristolochia rotunda, Saponaria officinalis, Symphytum bulbosum, Hypericum hircinum, Calamintha grandiflora, Melissa officinalis, Helleboruscyclophyllus, Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen repandum, Cyclamen creticum, Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae, Dracunculus vulgaris, Arum italicum, Biarum tenuifolium, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata and may be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which Pteridium aquilinum is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly well represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 metres, in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands, such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1492","name":"Hellenic slope plane forests","description":"Platanus orientalis woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorly stabilised substrates, of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1493","name":"Sicilian plane tree canyons","description":"Relict Platanus orientalis-dominated or -rich galleries of the Cassabile, the Anapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of southeastern Sicily, of the gorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, in particular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods. Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are Populusalba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Salix spp. formations with Platanus orientalis; as they grade into each other, and because of the very isolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of Platanus orientalis in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greater extension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed on the Alcantara, where the species is now extinct."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1494","name":"Anatolian plane forests","description":"Platanus orientalis forests of river courses of the sub-Mediterranean margin of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1495","name":"Cyprian plane forests","description":"Platanus orientalis formations of streams and gorges of Cyprus, in particular, of the Troodos range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1496","name":"Levantine plane forests","description":"Platanus orientalis forests of river courses of the mediterranean plains and hills of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T14A","name":"Liquidambar orientalis forests","description":"Riverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict Liquidambar orientalis, with a very limited range in southern Asia Minor and Rhodes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14A1","name":"Rhodian Liquidambar orientalis forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14A2","name":"Anatolian Liquidambar orientalis forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T14B","name":"Southern Alnus and Betula galleries","description":"Riparian formations of Alnus glutinosa, locally of Alnus cordata or Betula spp. of the Mediterranean basin and of western Iberia, often with Fraxinus angustifolia and Osmunda regalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14B1","name":"Southern Alnus glutinosa galleries","description":"Riparian Alnus glutinosa-dominated multilayered formations of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian peninsula, the Cévennes, the Italic and Hellenic peninsulas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14B11","name":"Iberian meso-Mediterranean alder galleries","description":"Meso-Mediterranean Alnus glutinosa riparian galleries of southern Galicia, Portugal, Extremadura, the western Cordillera Central, western Castilla, with Betulaceltiberica, Salixatrocinerea, Frangula alnus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Celtis australis, many lianas, Clematis campaniflora, Humulus lupulus, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris and an herb layer comprising Senecio bayonensis, Galium broterianum, Scrophularia scorodonia, Osmunda regalis, Carex acuta ssp. broteriana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14B12","name":"Iberian supra-Mediterranean alder galleries","description":"Supra-Mediterranean Alnus glutinosa riparian galleries of water courses with moderate seasonal fluctuations, of western Iberia, with Betulaceltiberica, Ilex aquifolium, Populustremula and Luzula sylvatica ssp. henriquesii, Paris quadrifolia, Galium broterianum, Paradisea lusitanicum, Carex acuta ssp. broteriana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14B13","name":"Western Mediterranean alder and ash-alder galleries","description":"Alnus glutinosa riparian galleries of mainland southern France, mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean peninsular Italy, mediterranean Corsica, Sardinia, often with Fraxinus angustifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T14B14","name":"Aegean alder galleries","description":"Alnus glutinosa riparian galleries along permanent water courses of non-calcareous regions of Greece, in particular, of Thessaly, the sea-facing slopes of the Pelion, the Ossa, the Pierria, the Pindus, Macedonia, Thrace, northern Euboea and the northern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14B2","name":"Rhododendron - Alnus galleries","description":"Highly remarkable, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and of southern Portugal, with Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum, Frangula alnus ssp. baetica, Arisarum proboscideum and a rich fern community including Pteris incompleta, Diplazium caudatum, Culcita macrocarpa. They are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid Quercus canariensis forests (unit T1973) and with Salixpedicellata formations (unit S91271)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14B3","name":"Corsican Alnus cordata and Alnus glutinosa galleries","description":"Collinar and montane riparian alder galleries of Corsica, dominated by Alnus cordata and Alnus glutinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T14B4","name":"Relict Betula galleries of Cordillera Oretana","description":"Relict Betulaparvibracteata riparian galleries limited to two stations of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), one in the Sierra de Rio Frio where a unique gallery of about 20 km in length survives, the other at the spring of the Estena. The dominant species, an extremely narrow endemic, is accompanied by Myrica gale, Frangula alnus, Salixatrocinerea, Galium broterianum, Scilla ramburei."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T15","name":"Broadleaved swamp forest on non-acid peat","description":"Deciduous broadleaved forest, commonly dominated by alder (Alnus glutinosa,Alnus incana), oak (Quercus robur) or aspen (Populus tremula) on non-acid peat with groundwater at or seasonally above the surface in swamps across the lowlands of the temperate and boreal zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T151","name":"Alnus swamp forests not on acid peat","description":"Marshy Alnus glutinosa-dominated woods and scrubs, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth or with other shrubs, e.g. Frangula alnus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1511","name":"Meso-eutrophic swamp alder forests","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of middle European and western Siberian, nemoral and sub-boreal, marshy depressions, with Carex elongata, Thelypteris palustris, Dryopteris cristata, Osmunda regalis, Solanum dulcamara, Calystegia sepium, Ribes nigrum, Calamagrostis canescens and often, in acidocline variants, Betula pubescens. The constancy of Carex elongata is characteristic on the continent, less so in Britain. Tall sedges, Carex paniculata, Carex acutiformis, Carex elata, often dominate the herb layer in the most humid types."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15111","name":"Atlantic greater tussock-sedge alder forests","description":"Eutrophic and mesotrophic alder woods of Atlantic Europe, distributed in the British Isles, western France, locally, northwestern Germany, poor in Carex elongata, and harbouring, in particular, Oenanthe crocata, Osmunda regalis, Carex laevigata, Scutellaria minor. They include all meso-eutrophic alder swamp woods of the British Isles and western France, as well as the less eutrophic woods of the zone of transition between the main range of this unit and the more continental range of unit T15112."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15112","name":"Elongated-sedge swamp alder forests","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental regions of the European continent characterized in particular by the constant presence of Carex elongata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15113","name":"East European swamp alder forests","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of subcontinental and continental regions of eastern Europe, from Mazuria and Masovia east to Bashkiria, often rich in Carex elongata, Ribes nigrum, Sphagnum spp., Dryopteris cristata; in the Sarmatic region, they may occupy extensive areas of nutrient-rich swamps, in particular in the Pripyat area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15114","name":"Sub-boreal swamp alder forests","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa or Alnus glutinosa-Alnus incana swamp woods of northeastern Poland, the Baltic states, Fennoscandia, the northern Sarmatic region and Siberia, with Calamagrostis canescens, Athyrium filix-femina, Cardamine amara, Filipendula ulmaria, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Carex elongata, Carex remota, Brachythecium rivulare, Calliergon cordifolium, Climacium dendroides, Thuidium tamariscinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15115","name":"Eastern Carpathian Alnus glutinosa swamp forests","description":"Meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of marshy intramontane depressions and floodplains, at the 500-800 m level of foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, the Harghita and Baraolt mountains, with Carex elongata, Calamagrostis canescens, Thelypteris palustris, Carex caespitosa, Dryopteris carthusiana, Calla palustris and Ligularia sibirica, most of which may dominate facies of the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T151151","name":"Pre-Carpathian alder swamp forests","description":"Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of the floodplains of southern Romania, developed along water bodies and in microdepressions on alluvial soils covered by stagnant or slowly moving water, with Thelypteris palustris, Festuca gigantea, Lycopus europaeus, Caltha palustris, Veronica beccabunga, Lythrum salicaria, Oenanthe silaifolia, Sium erectum, Stellaria aquatica, Carex acutiformis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T151152","name":"Intra-Carpathian elongated sedge alder swamp forests","description":"Rare Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of peat bogs of central Romania, with Spiraea salicifolia, Euonymus nanus, Frangula alnus, Ribes nigrum, Salix cinerea in the shrub layer and Carex elongata, Calamagrostis canescens, Ligularia sibirica, Thelypteris palustris in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1512","name":"Oligotrophic swamp alder forests","description":"Oligotrophic or meso-oligotrophic, acidocline Alnus glutinosa woods of fens and poorly drained banks of brooks or small rivers of western Europe, mostly characteristic of siliceous regions and Atlantic climates, south to Galicia. Betulapubescens and Frangula alnus often accompany the alders. The ground layer is usually rich in Sphagnum spp. and includes Carex laevigata, Equisetum sylvaticum and many ferns, including Oreopteris limbosperma, Blechnum spicant, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris cristata and Dryopteris carthusiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1513","name":"Southern Helleno-Balkanic swamp alder forests","description":"Rare swamp woods of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones of the southern Helleno-Balkanic peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1514","name":"Steppe swamp Alnus glutinosa forests","description":"Alnus glutinosa mire woods of the steppe zones of Eurasia, west to the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15141","name":"Pannonic swamp alder-ash forests","description":"Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic Alnus glutinosa swamp woods of the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T15142","name":"Sarmatic swamp alder forests","description":"Meso-eutrophic alder woods of mires of the east European steppe zone, south of the sub-boreal and nemoral regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1515","name":"Boreal swamp alder forests","description":"Swamp woods of the Scandinavian lowlands dominated by Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana with a shrub layer dominated by Alnus spp., Betulapubescens and various Salix spp. The field layer, sometimes very sparse, includes Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium palustre, Galium palustre, Iris pseudacorus, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lysimachia vulgaris, Viola palustris, Calla palustris, Thelypteris palustris, Carex canescens, Carex Elongata, Carex rostrata, Calamagrostis canescens, Deschampsia cespitosa. The ground layer, of Sphagnum and other mosses, is very poorly developed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T152","name":"Quercus swamp forests","description":"Quercus robur-dominated woods of inundatable depressions of the Sarmatic region, west to lowlands of eastern Poland and Slovakia, with an accompanying species cortège composed of elements of the Alnetalia glutinosae, Molinietalia, Phragmitetalia, Caricetalia fuscae and, to a lesser extent, Vaccinio-Piceetea and Querco-Fagetea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T153","name":"Populus tremula swamp forests","description":"Populus tremula-dominated swamp woods of the eastern European and western Siberian northern steppe zone subject to continental climate conditions, where they occupy pods, inundated  circular depressions forming closed drainage basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T154","name":"Wet-ground forest of the Black and Caspian Seas","description":"Most hygrophilous communities of the mixed mesic Euxino-Hyrcanian forests (units T1E61, T1E64). They may include, in particular, Fraxinus angustifolia galleries, as well as dense Alnus barbata forest stands occupying areas of black damp or swampy soils on coastal alluvial plains, with Fraxinus angustifolia and an understorey of Rubushirtus, Smilax excelsa and other climbers and shrubs, notably of Rosaceae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T16","name":"Broadleaved mire forest on acid peat","description":"Deciduous broadleaved or mixed forest on acid peat on or around active bogs and poor fens with nutrient-poor ground waters occurring through the Atlantic region and the boreal zone and locally, where ground conditions permit, also in the continental zone. It is usually dominated by birch (Betula pubescens)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T161","name":"Sphagnum Betula forests","description":"Forests of Betula pubescens or Betula carpatica on peaty, humid and very acid soils, colonizing bogs of reduced peat building activity and acid fens of the boreal, sub-boreal and nemoral zones, very locally of the wooded steppe and steppe zones, with Molinia caerulea, Vaccinium spp., Empetrum nigrum, Trientalis europaea, Eriophorum vaginatum and many sphagna e.g. Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum magellanicum, mosses and liverworts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1611","name":"Cottonsedge sphagnum birch forests","description":"Sphagnum-rich Betula pubescens or Betula carpatica woods of the boreal and nemoral, mostly sub-boreal, western Palaearctic in which bog species, in particular Eriophorum vaginatum and Vaccinium oxycoccos, are prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1612","name":"Sedge sphagnum birch forests","description":"Sphagnum-rich Betula pubescens or Betula carpatica woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which Molinia caerulea is accompanied by a cortège of acid fen species, in particular, Carex rostrata, Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Juncus acutiflorus, Agrostis canina, Narthecium ossifragum, Calamagrostis canescens and by ericoid shrubs, in particular Vaccinium uliginosum. Depending on water level, regime of inundation, history of ligneous colonization and nature of the initial stage, the undergrowth may be dominated by Molinia caerulea, by sedges Carex spp., by rushes Juncus spp., by Scirpus cespitosus or by ericoid shrubs, resulting in a number of rather distinctive habitats. Conifers, mostly Picea abies, may participate in the canopy of boreal, northeastern nemoral, Hercynian sub-boreal and pre-Alpine communities; Pinus sylvestris has its westernmost relict stations in northwestern stands. Fennoscandian formations have a number of northern species, in particular Calamagrostis purpurea, Cornus suecica, Empetrum spp., Rubus chamaemorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1613","name":"Meso-acidophilous birch swamp forests","description":"Sphagnum-rich Betula pubescens or Betula carpatica woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which the presence of species characteristic of subhumid mineral soils indicate a transition towards acidophilous birch and oak woods; Salix cinerea, Alnus glutinosa, Lysimachia vulgaris, Luzula sylvatica, Oxalis acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa may be prominent, next to Molinia caerulea. Conifers, mostly Picea abies, may participate in the canopy of boreal and sub-boreal communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T162","name":"Alnus swamp forests on acid peat","description":"Marshy Alnus glutinosa-dominated woods and scrubs of the Palaearctic region, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T17","name":"Fagus forest on non-acid soils","description":"Forest dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica and Fagus orientalis) on base-rich to neutral, mesotrophic to eutrophic, mineral soils. It occurs through the Atlantic and continental areas of Europe and, at higher altitudes, in the submediterranean zone. Associated trees, including evergreen conifers like fir (Abies alba) and spruce (Picea abies) which figures at the altitudinal limit, are always subordinate in cover and usually in height, though broadleaved associates are more extensive and diverse on richer soils and, like the usually sparse shrub layer, show regional climate-related variation. The field layer can be species-rich."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T171","name":"Medio-European neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica and, in higher mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups of Anemone nemorosa, of Lamium galeobdolon, of Carex pilosa, of Galium odoratum and Melica uniflora and, in mountains, various Dentaria spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layer than in the forests of units T181 and T182. Vegetation of alliance Fagion, suballiance Eu-Fagenion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1711","name":"Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline Fagus sylvatica and Fagus sylvatica-Quercuspetraea-Quercusrobur forests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, of the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a few localities of the North Sea-Baltic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17111","name":"Medio-European wood barley beech forests","description":"Slightly moist Fagus sylvatica forests developed over calcareous bedrock on stony, neutral or weakly acid rendzina or similar humus-carbonate soils, with Galium odoratum, Melica uniflora, Mercurialis perennis, Lathyrus vernus, Asarum europaeum, Hordelymus europaeus, Epipactis helleborine, Epipactis leptochila, Neottia nidus-avis, Circaea lutetiana, Viola reichenbachiana, distributed locally on the hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, from the Ardenne-Eifel to Moravia, and north to Denmark and southern Sweden, in the entire Jura catena, in Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, in Burgundy, in the Bavarian Alpine piedmont, the Vorarlberg limestone Alps, the Wienerwald. They include the Central European Fagus-Mercurialis perennis forests, as well as occasional stands exceptionally rich in spring-flowering geophytes, sometimes known as wild garlic-rich beech woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17112","name":"Medio-European woodruff and hairy sedge beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe, north to Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden and Poland, developed on a more or less deep layer of brown loess-loam, less rich in calciphile plants and richer in acid- and drought-tolerant species; Melica uniflora (in northern formations) and Galium odoratum are usually well represented."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1712","name":"Atlantic neutrophile beech forests","description":"Atlantic beech and beech-oak forests with Hyacinthoides non-scripta, of southern England, the Boulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins of northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17121","name":"Calcicline bluebell beech forests","description":"Atlantic Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Quercus spp. or Fagus sylvatica-Fraxinus excelsior forests developed on base-rich and calcareous soils, particularly of limestone scarplands, of southern England (Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis woodland) and neighbouring regions of western France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17122","name":"Neutrocline bluebell beech forests","description":"Atlantic Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Fraxinus excelsior forests developed on neutral or slightly acid brown soils of southern England (Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus woodland) and ajacent regions of the mainland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1713","name":"Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, or Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the montane and high-montane levels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the great Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17131","name":"Jura bittercress beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the montane to high montane level of the western Jura, with outlayers in the upper Rhine and Jura periphery of extreme southwestern Baden-Württenberg, with Dentaria bulbifera and Dentaria heptaphylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17132","name":"Western Alps bittercress beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the montane and high montane levels of the northwestern pre-Alps, east to the Vorarlberg, with Dentaria bulbifera and Dentaria heptaphylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17133","name":"Austro-Bavarian Alps bittercress beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the northern and northeastern outer Alps of Bavaria, Vorarlberg, northern Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and northern Styria, with Cardamine enneaphyllos (Dentaria enneaphyllos) and Aposeris foetida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17134","name":"Southeastern Alpine bittercress beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the montane level of the eastern Noric Alps of Styria, with Poa stiriaca, Cyclamen purpurascens, Gentiana asclepiadea, Knautia maxima, Pulmonaria stiriaca and elements of the Illyrian beech forests, in particular, Peltaria alliacea, Tephroseris longifolia, Vicia oroboides. They constitute a transition towards the Illyrian beech forests of the Aremonio-Fagion (unit T184)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17135","name":"Vosges bittercress beech forests","description":"Enclaved mesotrophic Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of basicline eruptive substrates of the Vosges, with Anemone nemorosa, Mercurialis perennis, Prenanthes purpurea, Lonicera nigra, Ribes alpinum, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Galium rotundifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17136","name":"Black Forest bittercress beech forests","description":"Enclaved neutrophile Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17137","name":"Northern Hercynian bittercress beech forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic montane Fagus sylvatica forests of limestones and volcanic deposits of the Eifel, the Vogelsberg, and the Rhön, above 560-600 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17138","name":"Bohemian Quadrangle bittercress beech forests","description":"Neutrophile Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring hills, with Cardamine enneaphyllos (Dentaria enneaphyllos), Cardamine bulbifera (Dentaria bulbifera) , Galium odoratum, Viola reichenbachiana, Actaea spicata, Hordelymus europaeus, Euphorbia dulcis, Festuca sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17139","name":"Western Carpathian bittercress beech forests","description":"Neutrophile Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the montane zone of the western Carpathians, with Cardamine glandulosa (Dentaria glandulosa), Cardamine bulbifera (Dentaria bulbifera), Galium odoratum, Salvia glutinosa, Symphytum cordatum, Symphytum tuberosum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Glechoma hirsuta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1714","name":"Bohemian lime-beech forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests rich in Tilia spp., of the Bohemian basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1715","name":"Pannonic neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain and its western periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17151","name":"Sub-Pannonic Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Quercus petraea of the hills of lower Austria, Styria and western Transdanubia, with Tilia cordata, Galium sylvaticum, Stellaria holostea, Tanacetum corymbosum, Galium odoratum, Asarum europaeum ssp. europaeum, Cardamine bulbifera (Dentaria bulbifera), Lathyrus vernus, Viola reichenbachiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17152","name":"Pannonic neutrophile collinar Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile forests of Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Quercus petraea of mid-Pannonic hills, from the Tornaer Karst and the Bükk in the northeast to the Bakony Hills and the Balaton area in the southwest, accompanied by Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, with an herb layer rich in Cardamine bulbifera (Dentaria bulbifera), Carex pilosa, Carex brevicollis, Galium odoratum (Asperula odorata), Oxalis acetosella, Melica uniflora, Mercurialis perennis, Viola reichenbachiana (Viola sylvestris)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17153","name":"Pannonic neutrophile montane Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the montane level (700-800 metres) of the northeastern mid-Pannonic Sator, Bükk, Matra, and Börzsöny ranges, sometimes with Fraxinus excelsior, accompanied by a poorly developed shrub layer with Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus racemosa, Rosa pendulina and a ground layer comprising many tall herbs such as Astrantia major, Aconitum moldavicum, Aconitum variegatum ssp. gracile, Cardamine glandulosa, (Dentaria glandulosa), Polygonatum verticillatum, Lunaria rediviva; species characteristic of collinar beech forests, such as Acer campestre, Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Melittis melissophyllum, are absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T172","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests of the southwestern Central Massif, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, and, very locally, the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1721","name":"Hygrophile Pyrenean beech forests","description":"Humid montane beech and beech-fir (G4.6 of EUNIS 2012) forests on neutral soils with mild humus (mull) of the western Pyrenees, characterized by the vernal bloom of Scilla lilio-hyacinthus and Lathraea clandestina and by a summer cover rich in ferns (Athyrium filix-femina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Asplenium scolopendrium, Dryopteris spp., Polystichum spp.) and species of the ecological group of Melica uniflora and Galium odoratum; they are locally represented in the eastern Pyrenees and the Montes Olositanicos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1722","name":"Mesophile Pyrenean beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous mesophile beech forests of the Pyrenees, the Montes Olositanicos and the northern Montes Catalanidicos, less species-rich than the preceding, characterized by the abundance of Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1723","name":"Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian beech forests","description":"Neutrophilous beech forests of the subhumid montane areas of the Cantabrian mountains and, locally, of the Northern Iberian Range, with Carex sylvatica, Galium odoratum, Lathyrus occidentalis, Melica uniflora, Mercurialis perennis, Paris quadrifolia, Scilla lilio-hyacinthus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1724","name":"Humid Central Massif fir-beech forests","description":"Fir-birch or beech forests of volcanic soils in the 1100-1600 metre range of the central and southern Massif Central, with Galium odoratum, Euphorbia hyberna, Lilium martagon, Scilla lilio-hyacinthus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T173","name":"Medio-European subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica woods usually composed of low, low-branching trees, with much sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), situated near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with oceanic climate of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, in particular the Vosges, Black Forest, Rhön, Jura, outer Alps, Central Massif, Pyrenees, the mountains of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and, very locally, the Carpathians. The herb layer is similar to that of the forests of unit T171 or locally of unit T181 and contains elements of the adjacent open grasslands"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T174","name":"Medio-European limestone Fagus forests","description":"Xero-thermophile Fagus sylvatica forests developed on calcareous, often superficial, soils, usually of steep slopes, of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe (also present in Greece), with a generally abundant herb and shrub undergrowth, characterised by sedges (Carex spp.), grasses (Sesleria albicans, Brachypodium pinnatum), orchids (Cephalanthera spp., Neottianidus-avis, Epipactis spp.) of alliance Cephalanthero-Fagenion and thermophile species, transgressive of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae. The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species (Ligustrum vulgare, Berberis vulgaris) and Buxus sempervirens can dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1741","name":"Middle European dry-slope limestone Fagus forests","description":"Middle European sedge and orchid beech woods of slopes with reduced water availability."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17411","name":"Medio-European dry slope sedge Fagus forests","description":"Beech woods occupying dry limestone slopes and areas of low precipitation of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, south and west to the Charentes and Normandy, of the Jura, the northwestern, northern, eastern and southern pre-Alps, of the Hercynian arc and neighbouring regions and of the western Carpathian hills, with an often rich shrub layer constituted by Sorbus aria, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Rosa arvensis, Lonicera xylosteum, Daphne mezereum, Berberis vulgaris, Acer campestre, Buxus sempervirens, and an herb layer rich in sedges, Carex digitata, Carex flacca, Carex montana, Carex alba, grasses, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus benekenii, orchids, Neottia nidus-avis, Cephalanthera rubra, Cephalanthera damasonium, Epipactis spp. The unit is composed of many highly distinctive and conservation-significant local variants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17412","name":"Medio-European steep slope yew Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of cool steep marl slopes of the Jura, the foothills of the Alps and the Carpathians, in which Taxus baccata forms a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17413","name":"Medio-European blue moorgrass Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of dry slopes of firm limestone or dolomite of the montane, submontane, and sometimes, collinar or planitiar, levels of the Alps and pre-Alps, of the Jura and, locally, of the Hercynian arc, of the southwestern Western Carpathians (Strazov range) and the Germano-Baltic plain (Rügen), with an often gnarled and open growth of trees and an herb layer dominated by the tussocks of Sesleria caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17414","name":"Medio-European naked basiphile Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests on lime or gypsum in areas of dry microclimate, such as the rain shadow of the Harz and inner Bohemia, practically devoid of undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17415","name":"Pannonic limestone Fagus forests","description":"Low forests of Fagus sylvatica, not exceeding 12-15 metres in height, on shallow soils, usually of steep slopes, of the mid- and peri-Pannonic Bükk and Pilis hills, with an herb layer characterized by the endemic Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica, Calamagrostis varia, Phyteuma spicatum, and the presence of xerophilous oak forest species, of orchids and rare species, including Cypripedium calceolus and Allium victorialis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1742","name":"Northwestern Iberian xerophile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of relatively low precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the Pais Vasco and of superficially dry calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre, Sesleria argentea ssp. hispanica, Carex brevicollis, Carex ornithopoda, Carex sempervirens, Carex caudata, Cephalanthera damasonium, Cephalanthera longifolia, Epipactis helleborine, Epipactis microphylla, Neottia nidus-avis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T175","name":"Southern medio-European Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of the southern flanks of the Alps and the western Mediterranean mountains with an often species-rich herb layer composed of an admixture of medio-European, Mediterranean and local endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1751","name":"Alpino-Apennine neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile montane beech forests of the southwestern Alps, the Maritime Alps, the Ligurian Alps, the Insubrian, Gardesian and Illyric southern pre-Alps, the northern and central Apennines, with Trochiscanthes nodiflora, Geranium nodosum, Calamintha grandiflora, various Dentaria spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1752","name":"Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous Fagus forests","description":"Thermophile beech forests often rich in box Buxus sempervirens and lavender of the warm, calcareous slopes of the southwestern pre-Alps, Haute Provence, Maritime Alps, of the Causses, the eastern Pyrenees, the Aragonese central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17521","name":"Box Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests with an undergrowth dominated by Buxus sempervirens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17522","name":"Androsace Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests with a more reduced shrub layer and an herb layer characterized by the presence of the restricted southwestern Alpine endemics Androsace chaixii and Fritillaria involucrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17523","name":"Lavender Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests with Lavandula angustifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17524","name":"Sainte-Baume Fagus forest","description":"Isolated, species-rich beech forest of the Sainte-Baume range of Provence, characterized by the strong representation of evergreen undergrowth, the development of the vegetation strata and the multiple waves of flowering. Among accompanying species are Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Acer opulifolium, Viburnum lantana, Coronilla emerus, Ruscus aculeatus, Mycelis muralis, Lilium martagon, Neottia nidus-avis, Helleborus foetidus, Digitalis lutea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1753","name":"Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam Fagus forests","description":"Thermophile calcicolous forests rich in Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus of the submontane level of the Ligurian and Gardesian southern pre-Alps, mostly reduced to tall coppice, related to the forests of unit T17A221, but with a weakened Illyrian character and a strong dealpine element."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T176","name":"Southern Italian Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of Italian mountains, south of 42° N. They are highly fragmented and harbour many endemic species. Altidudinal and hygric variants can be distinguished."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1761","name":"Gargano Fagus forest","description":"Beechwoods of Foresta Umbra, Monte Gargano  (Apulia,Italy) rich in Taxus baccata, extremely isolated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1762","name":"Campano-Lucanian Fagus forests","description":"Still relatively extensive beech forests of Campania and Basilicata (Italy) with Daphne laureola, Galium odoratum, Ranunculus brutius, Geranium versicolor, Melica uniflora, Lathyrus venetus, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Aquilegia vulgaris, Aquilegia viscosa, Cardamine bulbifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1763","name":"Pollino Fagus forests","description":"Extensive calcicolous beech forests of the montane level of the Pollino system (southern Italy), with Lathyrus venetus, Daphne laureola, Melica uniflora, Ranunculus brutius, Geranium versicolor, Doronicum orientale, Calamintha grandiflora, Epipactis microphylla, Epipactis gracilis, Epipactis pollinensis, Monotropa hypopitys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1764","name":"Sila Fagus forests","description":"Silicicolous beech forests occupying more humid locations of the Sila plateau (Calabria), alternating with forests of Pinus laricio."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1765","name":"Aspromonte Fagus forests","description":"Silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with Taxus baccata, Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1766","name":"Northern Sicilian Fagus forests","description":"Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with Ilex aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1767","name":"Etna Fagus forests","description":"Isolated beech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T177","name":"Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids, the Rhodope, the Thessalian mountains, reaching their southern limits in the Vermion, the Vernon, the border ranges of northern Macedonia, the Chalkidiki, Greek Thrace, the Olympus group, Ossa and Pelion. Fagus sylvatica is accompanied, at the higher altitudes and latitudes, by Abies alba and Picea abies. The forests have, even in the south of their range, a pronounced medio-European character, marked by the frequency of Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus petraea, Fragaria vesca, Oxalis acetosella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1771","name":"Southwestern Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Moesian Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17711","name":"Southwestern Moesian neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests, of medio-European affinities, of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177111","name":"Southwestern Moesian bedstraw-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the lower altitudes and southern ranges of the mountains of north eastern Greece, south to the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex and the Vermion massive; neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the Thessalian mountains, in particular, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177112","name":"Southwestern Moesian fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca and Abies alba forests of the higher altitudes of the montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177113","name":"Southwestern Moesian Fagus-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca and Carpinus betulus forests of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17712","name":"Southwestern Moesian subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca, with Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides and Acer heldreichii, sometimes with a small admixture of Abies alba or Picea abies, invaded by Adenostyletalia species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1772","name":"Southeastern Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including, in Bulgaria, the Rhodope Mountains, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka (Orvilos) ranges, as well as the western border mountains west of the Struma, and in Greece all the higher mountains east of the Axios, in particular the Rodhopi, the Orvilos (Slavianka), Boura, Mavro Vouno, Vrondous, Menikion complex, the Falakron system (Boz Dagh of Dhrama), the Pangeon, the Kerkini (Belles, Belasicha), the Krousia-Vertikon-Kerdulia ridge and the mountains of the Chalcidiki peninsula (Chortiatis, Cholomon, Athos)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17721","name":"Southeastern Moesian woodrush-Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17722","name":"Southeastern Moesian neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177221","name":"Southeastern Moesian bedstraw-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the lower montane level and southern ranges of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177222","name":"Southeastern Moesian fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous and calcicline Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca and Abies alba, Picea abies or Pinus sylvestris forests of the higher montane levels of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, south to their Greek slope, the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka ranges as well as the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177223","name":"Southeastern Moesian Fagus-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca and Carpinus betulus forests of the Rhodope mountains and Moeso-Macedonian hills, fairly widespread and extensive in the northern and central Rhodopes, limited to small surfaces in Rila, Piren, Vitosha and other ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17723","name":"Southeastern Moesian subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca, with Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides and Acer heldreichii, sometimes with a small admixture of Abies alba or Picea abies, invaded by Adenostyletalia species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17724","name":"Southeastern Moesian Ostrya -Fagus forests","description":"Thermophile Fagus moesiaca forests of the Rhodopide mountains, well represented, in particular, in the northern Rhodope mountains, with Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus excelsior."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1773","name":"Balkan Range Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, forming an extensive, continuous belt throughout the range, except its eastern extremity, with outliers in satellite chains and some neighbouring hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17731","name":"Balkan Range neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177311","name":"Balkan Range bedstraw-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the lower montane levels of the Balkan Range, often very tall, accompanied by a typical Fagetaliacortège that includes Galium odoratum, Cardamine bulbifera, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Impatiens noli-tangere, Pulmonaria rubra, Veronica montana, Mercurialis perennis, Symphytum tuberosum, Sanicula europaea, Lunaria rediviva."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177312","name":"Balkan Range fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophilous Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba or Picea abies forests of the higher montane levels of the Balkan Range, of extremely limited and local distribution in the central part of the chain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177313","name":"Balkan Range Fagus-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca and Carpinus betulus or Carpinus betulus and Carpinus orientalis of the Balkan Range, widespread, though on limited surfaces, in the main chain, in the Anti-Balkan and in neighbouring hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17732","name":"Balkan Range subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca, with Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides and Acer heldreichii, sometimes with a small admixture of Abies alba or Picea abies, invaded by Adenostyletalia species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17733","name":"Balkan Range thermophile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, mostly developed on warm slopes or shallow soils in which the beech is accompanied by thermophilous trees or shrubs, often of Illyrian origin, such as Corylus colurna, Acer hyrcanum, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177331","name":"Balkan Range Ostrya -Fagus forests","description":"Thermophile Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, with Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus excelsior, limited to a few areas, in particular, of the western Anti-Balkan."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T177332","name":"Moesian Constantinople hazel Fagus forests","description":"Fagus moesiaca forests of the western Balkan Range of eastern Serbia, known at least from the Suva Planina, developed on shallow calcareous soils of sunny slopes, with Corylus colurna, Acer hyrcanum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus excelsior, Pyrus pyraster, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus mougeotii, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Primula veris, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Helleborus odorus, Geranium macrorrhizum, Galium mollugo, Melica uniflora. These formations have clear affinities with the communities of 41.1D52, included in the Dacian beech forest ensemble of the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1774","name":"South-Dinaric Fagus forests","description":"Moesian Fagus sylvatica forests of the southern Dinarides, north of the Metohija depression, in contact with Illyrian beech forests of unit T184."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T178","name":"Hellenic Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of the Pindus north to the Smolikas and the Grammos, and of the Chassia, Olympus and Ossa groups, with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterised by the presence of Abies borisii-regis, Abies alba, Buxus sempervirens, Juniperus communis, Taxus baccata, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cynosurus echinatus, Doronicum caucasicum, Galium laconicum, Lathyrus venetus and Helleborus cyclophyllus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1781","name":"Pindus Hellenic Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies borisii-regis forests of reduced medio-European character and high endemism, mostly characteristic of the central Pindus (Noto Pindhos, \"Southern Pindus\"), with local occurrences in the northern Pindus, in particular in the Smolikas and the Grammos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1782","name":"Olympian Hellenic Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies borisii-regis forests, characterized like those of unit T1741 by their reduced medio-European character and high endemism, isolated, west of the main Pindian range of Hellenic beech forests, in mountains of the Chassia and Olympus groups, in particular in the Andichasia, Olympus and Pieria ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T179","name":"Mediterraneo-Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests, more thermophile than those of G1.69 (of EUNIS 2012, now split in T177 and T185) and T178, occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of Thrace and Macedonia, characterised by the presence of numerous species of the Quercion frainetto."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17A","name":"Illyrian Fagus forests on non acid soils","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills on non-acidic soils. In these areas they are in contact with, or interspersed among, medio-European beech forests. Typical herb species are Dentaria spp., Cyclamen purpurascens, Hacquetia epipactis, Lamium orvala and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17A1","name":"Illyrian neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile, neutrocline, acidocline and basicline Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17A11","name":"Illyrian collinar neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile and basicline Fagus sylvatica forests of the collinar level of the Dinarides and pre-Dinarides, of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia, of the southern Transdanubian hills of Hungary and, very locally, of pre-Alpine thermophile hills in valleys of Carinthia and Friuli Venezia Giulia, with Aremonia agrimonoides, Anemone trifolia, Vicia oroboides, Lathyrus venetus, Cardamine enneaphyllos (Dentaria enneaphyllos), Primula vulgaris, Hacquetia epipactis, Ruscus hypoglossum, Ruscus aculeatus, Tilia tomentosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17A12","name":"Illyrian montane fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile, acidocline and basicline Fagus sylvatica forests of the montane level of the Dinarides; related forests of the southeastern Alps, characterized by the presence of a distinctively Illyrian cortège in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17A122","name":"Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline forests of Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, with Anemone trifolia, Helleborus niger, Oxalis acetosella, Lonicera xylosteum, Sorbus aria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17A123","name":"Illyrian high-montane fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrocline or basicline forests of Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies and Larix decidua of the upper montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, often low-growing or krummholz, with Anemone trifolia, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Aposeris foetida, Cardamine trifolia, Helleborus niger, Oxalis acetosella, Petasites albus, Prenanthes purpurea, Lonicera alpigena."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17A2","name":"Illyrian thermophile Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous and often calcicolous Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis or Fraxino orni-Ostryion species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17A21","name":"Illyrian coastal Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous Fagus sylvatica forests forming, between Mediterranean Ostrya forests and montane beech forests, a sublittoral belt, stretching from Istria to Albania, and characterized by the massive occurrence of Sesleria autumnalis and the presence of many Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species, including Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Acer obtusatum, Quercus pubescens, Sorbus aria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17A22","name":"Illyrian inland calciphile Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests of inland areas of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of the southeastern pre-Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis or Fraxino orni-Ostryion species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17A221","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests of limestones and dolomites of the pre-Dinaric hills of Slovenia and of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia and Carinthia, with Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis and a species-rich herb-layer comprising numerous Quercetalia pubescentis characteristics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17A222","name":"Illyrian Helleborus odorus Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests of the northern Dinarides and pre-Dinarides and of the southern mid-Pannonic or sub-Pannonic hills, north to the Hungarian Mecsek and Tolna hills, with Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus ornus and Carpinus betulus in the canopy, Helleborus odorus, Tamus communis, Chaerophyllum aureum, Ruscus hypoglossum, Ruscus aculeatus, Potentilla micrantha in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17A223","name":"Illyrian Acer obtusatum Fagus forests","description":"Thermophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of inland areas of the central Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17A3","name":"Illyrian subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Local Fagus sylvatica forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high Dinarides, with extremely limited outliers in the southeastern Alps, not forming a clear belt, contrary to more western formations of the Aceri-Fagion, though, like them, characterized by the frequent admixture of Acer pseudoplatanus in the canopy and of Adenostyletalia megaphorb species in the understorey. Acer heldreichii, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Salix appendiculata, Myrrhis odorata, Cicerbita alpina, Aconitum paniculatum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Petasites albus, Stellaria nemorum are noteworthy accompaniers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17B","name":"Dacian Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica, or, locally, Fagus orientalis, Fagus moesiaca, Fagus taurica, forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux. Characteristic species include Symphytum cordatum, Cardamine glanduligera (Dentaria glandulosa), Hepatica transsilvanica, Pulmonaria rubra, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Silene heuffelii, Ranunculus carpaticus, Euphorbia carniolica, Aconitum moldavicum, Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii, Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla, Hieracium rotundatum, Galium kitaibelianum, Moehringia pendula, Festuca drymeja."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17B1","name":"East Carpathian neutrophile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica-Carpinus betulus forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with typical Fagetalia species, developed on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B11","name":"Dacian Symphytum Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills accompanied by a cortège of typical Fagetalia species supplemented by regional Dacian elements, including Symphytum cordatum, Cardamine glanduligera (Dentaria glandulosa), Ranunculus carpaticus, Pulmonaria rubra, Aconitum moldavicum, Hepatica transsilvanica, Silene heuffelii, Ranunculus carpaticus, Euphorbia carniolica, Crocus heuffelianus, Aremonia agrimonoides, Festuca drymeja, widely distributed in all mountains and high hills of the region on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates. Fagus orientalis and Fagus taurica may locally enter the canopy in sub-Carpathic ranges of Moldavia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17B111","name":"Dacian Dentaria glandulosa Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile Fagus sylvatica forests, sometimes with a small admixture of Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies and Abies alba, with a rich Fagetalia flora and regionally characteristic Dacian species including Symphytum cordatum, Cardamine glanduligera (Dentaria glandulosa), Pulmonaria rubra, Hepatica transsilvanica, Ranunculuscarpaticus, widespread on rich soils throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, where they form the zonal forests of the lower and middle montane belt, between 600 and 1100 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17B112","name":"Dacian Pulmonaria rubra fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests with a rich Fagetalia flora and Dacian regional species such as Pulmonaria rubra, Cardamine glanduligera (Dentaria glandulosa), Symphytum cordatum, Hepatica transsilvanica, Ranunculus carpaticus, Campanula abietina, widely distributed throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, on rich brown, leached or acid soils of steep slopes at altitudes comprised between 700 and 1300 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B12","name":"Dacian hairy sedge Fagus-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Fagus sylvatica, or sometimes Fagus moesiaca and Carpinus betulus, occasionally of Fagus sylvatica without Carpinus betulus, of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by an eastern Carpinion cortège that includes Tilia cordata, Prunus avium, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Melampyrum bihariense, Aposeris foetida, Stellaria holostea, Ranunculus auricomus, Galium schultesii, Carex pilosa, Dactylis glomerata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17B2","name":"East Carpathian subalpine Fagus forests","description":"Local Fagus sylvatica and Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high southern Carpathians, developed where subalpine Picea abies forests do not form an uninterrupted zone, less well individualised than more western formations of the Aceri-Fagion, though, like them, characterized by the admixture of Acer pseudoplatanus in the canopy and of Adenostyletalia megaphorb species in the understorey."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B21","name":"Dacian subalpine Fagus-spruce forest","description":"Neutrophile to weakly acidophile Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies forests with a mixed cortège composed of Fagetalia species, in particular Symphyto-Fagion characteristics, and of Vaccinio-Piceetalia and Adenostyletalia species, of the subalpine or upper montane level of high mountains of the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B22","name":"Dacian subalpine gooseberry Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests with Acer pseudoplatanus characterized by the presence of Ribes uva-crispa, Glechoma hirsuta, Lamium maculatum and Ulmus glabra, on very damp slopes of the subalpine or upper montane level of the southern and southwestern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17B3","name":"East Carpathian calciphile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests developed on limestones of the eastern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, harbouring a strongly calciphile and thermophile cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17B4","name":"South Carpathian thermophilous Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the southwestern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with southern European floristic elements, including Aremonia agrimonoides, Festuca drymeja, Helleborus odorus, Tilia tomentosa, Corylus colurna, of Illyrian or Moesian affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B41","name":"South Carpathian Aremonia Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile or basicline montane Fagus sylvatica forests widespread in the southwestern Carpathians, characterized by the presence of thermophile species of Illyrian affinities, in particular, Aremonia agrimonoides, Potentilla micrantha, Fraxinus ornus, Tamus communis and the extreme rarefaction of typical Symphyto-Fagion Carpathian species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B42","name":"South Carpathian Corylus colurna Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile low montane Fagus moesiaca forests with Corylus colurna and a cortège of southern species, including Primula columnae, Fraxinus ornus, Lathyrus venetus, Knautia drymeia, Ruscus hypoglossum, occupying small surfaces in a few localities of the southwestern Carpathians, south to the Rtanj range of eastern Serbia; they are related to Moesian formations of unit G1.69 (of EUNIS 2012 now split in T177 and T185), in particular unit T17733."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17B43","name":"South Carpathian Helleborus odorus Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile to weakly acidophile Fagus moesiaca forests, of low mountains and hills of the southwestern Romanian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian ranges, with a cortège of southern, in part Illyrian, species, including Helleborus odorus, Asperula taurina, Daphne laureola, Ruscus aculeatus, Tamus communis, Tilia tomentosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17C","name":"Pontic Fagus forests","description":"Fagus orientalis forests of the Pontic Range and its satellite chains, extending into southeastern Central Europe in the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17C1","name":"Western Pontic Fagus forests","description":"Fagus orientalis forests of the western Pontic Range, the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C11","name":"Eastern Balkan Range oriental Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of the eastern Balkan Range dominated by Fagus orientalis and with an understorey formed in part by a Euxinian cortège, impoverished in comparison to that of more southern and eastern communities, though fairly similar to that of unit T17C2, comprising, as most characteristic taxa, Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii (Primula rosea, Primula sibthorpii), Trachystemon orientalis and Scilla bithynica and the absence of other southern Euxinian elements that occur in the Stranja."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C12","name":"Stranja oriental Fagus forests","description":"Fagus orientalis forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17C121","name":"Stranja bearberry tree-oriental Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by Fagus orientalis, less rich in lauriphyllous shrubs than those of T176122, more similar to those of T17C11, although slightly richer in Euxinian elements, with a cortège that includes, locally, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, otherwise formed primarily by Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii (Primula rosea), Trachystemon orientalis and Scilla bithynica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T17C122","name":"Stranja rhododendron-oriental Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by Fagus orientalis, often accompanied by Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis, Tilia tomentosa, Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Quercus polycarpa, Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Ulmus glabra, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, Prunus avium, with an understorey rich in lauriphyllous shrubs of Euxinian affinities, comprising, in particular, Rhododendron ponticum, Daphne pontica, Prunus laurocerasus (Laurocerasus officinalis), Pyracantha coccinea, Ilex aquifolium, Ruscus hypoglossum, and with the Euxinian Primulavulgaris ssp. sibthorpii (Primula rosea), Trachystemon orientalis, Teucrium cuneifolium, Cyclamen coum, Epimedium pubigerum, Hypericum calycinum and Scilla bithynica in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C13","name":"Western Pontic rhododendron-oriental Fagus forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by Fagus orientalis, accompanied by Quercus iberica, Acer cappadocium, Acer trautvetteri, with a lauriphile-rich one- to six-metre high understorey of Rhododendron ponticum, Rhododendron flavum and Ilex colchica with Hedera colchica, Smilax excelsa, Ruscus hypoglossum, Daphne pontica, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Crataegus pentagyna, Aristolochia pontica, forming a massive belt at altitudes extending from sea level to 1100-1200 metres, under precipitations of 1000-2000 mm and on siliceous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C14","name":"Western Pontic calciphile Fagus forests","description":"Rare forests limited to calcareous outcrops of the western Pontic Range dominated by Fagus orientalis accompanied by Stephylea pinnata, Buxus sempervirens, Taxus baccata, Euonymus latifolius ssp. caucanus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C15","name":"Western Pontic neutrocline fir-Fagus forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by Fagus orientalis accompanied by Abies bornmuelleriana occupying sites at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit T17C14, accompanied by a similar floral cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T17C16","name":"Western Pontic calciphile fir-Fagus forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by Fagus orientalis with Abies bornmuelleriana limited to calcareous outcrops within the fir-beech belt formed by the forests of unit T17C15, and at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit T17C14, with a species-rich cortège characterized by the presence of Telekia speciosa, Aristolochia bodamae, Arum ponticum, Hieracleum platytaenium, Campanula lactiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T17C2","name":"Western sub-Pontic Fagus-oak forests","description":"Forests of the western Pontic Range composed of Fagus orientalis, often with Quercus dshorochensis, Quercus syspirensis, Quercus anatolica or Quercus iberica, Carpinus betulus and a presence of Abies bornmuelleriana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17D","name":"Dobrogea Fagus forest","description":"Relict beech forests of the Macin Mountains, of extremely insular distribution, isolated within the steppe climate of the Romanian Dobrogea, far from the main beech regions of the Carpathians, with Fagus sylvatica, Fagus taurica (Fagus taurica var. dobrogica), Tilia tomentosa, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisiae, Carpinus betulus, Populus tremula, Ulmus glabra, Fagetalia species and southern European species, including Potentilla micrantha, Scutellaria altissima, in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17E","name":"Crimean Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of the northern slopes of the southernmost mountain range of the Crimean Peninsula at altitudes between 600 m and 1100 m, on Jurassic substrates, under a climate regime of cool temperatures and moderate precipitation; the beeches are in almost pure stands or occasionally mixed with Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra, with a poorly developed understorey that may include Euonymus latifolius, Taxus baccata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17F","name":"Caucasian Fagus forests","description":"Beech, beech-hornbeam and beech-fir forests of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17G","name":"Caspian Fagus forests","description":"Forests of Fagus orientalis on north slopes of the Elburz Mountains, at the 1400-1800 metre level, under the climatic influence of the Caspian Sea, with cool temperatures and moderate annual precipitation, typically with abundant snowfall; the beech is either accompanied by Acer insigne, Alnus subcordata,Carpinus betulus, Quercus castaneifolia, Sorbus torminalis, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra, or growing in pure formations, the presence of other tree species diminishing towards the upper altitudinal levels; a luxurient understorey includes Ilex hyrcanica, Daphne pontica, Vaccinium arctostaphylos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T17H","name":"Eastern oro-Mediterranean Fagus forests","description":"Isolated beech forests of the Taurus system in western and southern Anatolia (Muraldag, Garur Daglari)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T18","name":"Fagus forest on acid soils","description":"Forest dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica and Fagus orientalis) on oligotrophic, base-poor mineral soils. It occurs through the Atlantic and continental areas of Europe and, at higher altitudes, in the submediterranean zone. Associated broadleaved trees are few and always subordinate in cover, though oaks may be co-dominant. Evergreen conifers like fir (Abies alba) and, at the altitudinal limit, spruce (Picea abies) can figure as minority canopy components. The field layer is generally species-poor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T181","name":"Medio-European acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica and, in higher mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domaine of central and northern Central Europe, with Luzula luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum and often Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum and other species from sub-alliance Luzulo-Fagenion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1811","name":"Medio-European collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by spontaneous conifers, and generally with an admixture of Quercus petraea, or in some cases Quercus robur, in the canopy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18111","name":"Western Hercynian collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, or Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, of the western lesser Hercynian ranges, of Lorraine and of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, in particular of the Black Forest, forming a western group of communities with a cortège rich in Atlantic species, characterized in particular by the presence of Teucrium scorodonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18112","name":"Hercyno-Jurassian collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, or Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, of the Neckar, the Spessart, the Rh”n, the Swabio-Franconian Forest, of the collinar level of the Thüringian Forest and of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, forming a subcontinental ensemble of communities poor in Atlantic species, and characterized, in particular, by the frequent prevalence of Poa chaixii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18113","name":"Peri-Alpine collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, or Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur of the collinar level of the northern Alpine periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18114","name":"Western sub-Pannonic collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the eastern Alpine periphery, in the hills of western Transdanubia, with a canopy that sometimes contains Castanea sativa, a generally poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in Cyclamen purpurascens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieracium silvaticum, Melampyrum pratense, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Galium rotundifolium and a moss cover generally rich in Dicranum scoparium with an abundance of Leucobryum glaucum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18115","name":"Pannonic collinar woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of Pannonic hills, mixed with Betula pendula and Quercus petraea, with a poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieracium silvaticum, Monotropa hypopitys, Pyrola spp., and without Cyclamen purpurascens or Galium rotundifolium, a rich moss cover comprising Polytrichum spp., Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Hylocomium proliferum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1812","name":"Medio-European montane woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges, from the Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the Thüringian Forest, of the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18121","name":"Hercyno-Alpine montane woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the montane and high montane levels of the eastern greater Hercynian ranges, the Thüringian Forest, the Swabian and Franconian Jura, the Alps, where they are mostly expressed in the eastern Alps, and, in a dry version, in some parts of the western intermediate Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau, including, in particular, the remarkable near-natural montane woodrush beech forests of the Bayerischer Wald."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18122","name":"Western medio-European montane woodrush Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the montane and high montane levels of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Odenwald, the French and Swiss Jura, accompanied by sub-Atlantic species and characterized in particular by the presence of Digitalis purpurea, less developed and generally more transformed by exploitation than those of unit T18121."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T182","name":"Atlantic acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Quercus spp. forests developed on acid soils of the Atlantic domaine of Western Europe, differing from the forests of unit T181 by, in particular, the absence of Luzula luzuloides and a greater abundance of Ilex aquifolium. They may also contain Taxus baccata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1821","name":"Germano-Baltic acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Fragmented and insularised acidophile Fagus sylvaticus forests of the western seaboard of Europe, in Denmark, southern Scandinavia, northern Germany, northern and eastern Poland, the Netherlands, middle Belgium, Picardy, Normandy and southern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1822","name":"Sub-Atlantic acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Transition forests of the Paris basin, the Morvan, the periphery of the Central Massif, the eastern and central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1823","name":"Armorican acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Hyper-Atlantic forests of Brittany with an abundance of epiphytes and an understory of ferns and evergreen bushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1824","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Humid forests with luxuriant epiphytism of the western Pyrenees and eastern Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1825","name":"Western Cantabrian acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Humid acidophilous beech forests of western Cantabrian and Asturian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1826","name":"Galician acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Humid beech forests of high, snowy dolomitic and calcareous sierras of Galicia (Ancares, Cebreiro, Caurel), somewhat intermediate between unit T182 and unit T171"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1827","name":"Humid Iberian acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1828","name":"Hyper-humid Iberian acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Hyper-humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1829","name":"Ayllon acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Relict acidophilous beech forests of the Sierra de Ayllon (central Spain)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T183","name":"Acidophilous southern medio-European Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the southern flanks of the Alps and the western Mediterranean mountains with an often species-rich herb layer composed of an admixture of medio-European, Mediterranean and local endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1831","name":"Alpino-Apennine acidophilous Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests with Luzula nivea and Luzula pedemontana of the Maritime, Ligurian, Insubrian and Illyro-Gardesian Alps and pre-Alps and of the northern and central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1832","name":"Pyreneo-Cevennian acidophilous Fagus forest","description":"Acidophilous forests of the eastern Pyrenees and Cévennes, with Luzula nivea, clearly distinguished from forests of the Scillo-Fagenion by their impoverished herb layer, and replacing the more Atlantic forests of the Ilici-Fagenion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1833","name":"Corsican Fagus forests","description":"Beech forests of Corsica, acidophilous, with Luzula pedemontana, Galium rotundifolium and insular endemics such as Helleborus lividus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T184","name":"Illyrian Fagus forests on acidic soils","description":"Acidocline  Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1841","name":"Illyrian woodrush-Fagus forests","description":"Strongly acidophile Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of weakly expressed Illyrian character, with possible outliers in the southeastern Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1842","name":"Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-Fagus forests","description":"Neutrophile and acidocline forests of Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, with Petasites albus, Lamiastrum flavidum and an Illyrian cortège that includes Lamium orvala and Anemone trifolia, associated to acidocline species such as Oxalis acetosella, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Luzula luzuloides and several ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T185","name":"Acidophilous Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids, the Rhodope, the Thessalian mountains, reaching their southern limits in the Vermion, the Vernon, the border ranges of northern Macedonia, the Chalkidiki, Greek Thrace, the Olympus group, Ossa and Pelion. Fagus sylvatica is accompanied, at the higher altitudes and latitudes, by Abies alba and Picea abies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T186","name":"Acidophilous Dacian Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica, or, locally, Fagus orientalis, Fagus moesiaca, Fagus taurica, forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1861","name":"East Carpathian acidophile Fagus forests","description":"Fagus sylvatica forests of the eastern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, developed on acid soils, in particular podsols and brown acid soils, mostly limited to rather small surfaces within the more extensive neutrophilous forest complexes, characterized by a species-poor acidophilous flora that includes Vaccinium myrtillus, Hieracium rotundatum, Calamagrostis hirundinacea, Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium rotundifolium, Galium kitaibelianum, Galium baillonii, Veronica officinalis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18611","name":"Dacian woodrush-Fagus forests","description":"Widely distributed acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, accompanied by a cortège in which the acidophile species characteristic of the Calamagrostio-Fagenion clearly predominate over the edaphically less restricted species of the Symphyto-Fagion; Luzula luzuloides, Hieracium rotundatum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Veronica officinalis, in particular, are often abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18612","name":"Dacian Galium kitaibelianum Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the central zone of the southern Romanian Carpathians, limited to small surfaces, characterized by the presence of thermophilous species such as Galium kitaibelianum, Galium baillonii and Potentilla micrantha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18613","name":"Dacian Galium rotundifolium Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests, mostly of high mountains in the southwestern Carpathians, with Galium rotundifolium and an admixture of acidophilous and neutrophilous Fagetalia species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T186131","name":"Dacian Leucanthemum Fagus forests","description":"Acidocline Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies forests of the high southeastern Carpathians, occupying the upper fringe of the montane beech forests, at altitudes between 800 and 1350 metres, on acid brown soils, with Leucanthemum waldsteinii and a cortège otherwise typical of the Symphyto-Fagenion, including Oxalis acetosella, Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra, Cardamine glanduligera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18614","name":"South Carpathian Festuca drymejaFagus forests","description":"Weakly acidophile to acidophile Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the upper part of sunny slopes of the mountains and hills of the southern and southwestern Carpathians, with an herb layer dominated by Festuca drymeja and in which Luzula luzuloides is always present and the Symphyto-Fagenion species poorly represented."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1862","name":"Acidophilous Southwestern Moesian Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Moesian Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pakon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18621","name":"Southwestern Moesian woodrush-Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of medio-European affinities of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1863","name":"Balkan Range acidophile Fagus forests","description":"Acidophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18631","name":"Balkan Range woodrush-Fagus forests","description":"Uncommon acidophilous Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, often low-growing and limited to ridges and south-facing slopes, with Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Luzula sylvatica, Prenanthes purpurea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Polytrichum attenuatum, Dicranum scoparium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18632","name":"Balkan Range cherry-laurel Fagus forests","description":"Highly distinctive Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the western and central Balkan Range, developed on acid, deep coluvions of lower slopes and brook valleys, in which the understorey is dominated by the lauriphyllous Prunus laurocerasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T18633","name":"Balkan Range Festuca drymeja Fagus forests","description":"Dry, acidocline forests of Fagus moesiaca or Fagus sylvatica of the Balkan Range, with an understorey dominated by Festuca drymeja and comprising Galium rotundifolium and Luzula luzuloides, together with a reduced representation of Galium odoratum and the Fagion cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T19","name":"Temperate and submediterranean thermophilous deciduous forest","description":"These thermophilous broadleaved deciduous forests form a wide, but interrupted, belt across the submediterranean zone of Europe, with milder winters and warmer drought-prone summers than sustain the broadleaved temperate forests, but colder, intermittently frosty and snowy winters than are typical for the evergreen broadleaved forests and scrub of the Mediterranean. To the north, they tend to occupy low-altitude, drier and warmer sites, and to the south, rainier sites at higher altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T191","name":"Western Quercus pubescens forests and related communities","description":"Quercus pubescens forests and woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of France, west of the Alpine arc, and of northeastern Spain, with irradiations to southern Germany and Belgium. Low medio-European forests of Quercus petraea or Quercus robur occupying warm exposures beyond the range of Quercus pubescens and linked to the Quercion pubescenti-petraeae by the presence of Buxus sempervirens or other thermophile calcicolous plants, including Limodorum abortivum, Melittis melissophyllum. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance Genisto germanicae-Quercion with species Avenella flexuosa,Calluna vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Genista spp., Luzula luzuloides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1911","name":"Western Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France, and of thermal stations in more northerly locations of Western Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19111","name":"Southwestern Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19112","name":"Northern Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens forests and woods of thermal stations in the nemoral zone of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1912","name":"Sub-Mediterranean Quercus petraea-Q. robur forests","description":"Continental thermophilous Quercus petraea or Quercus robur woods of Lorraine, the Ardenne periphery, southern Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic outside of the area of dominance of pure Quercus pubescens but accompanied by the thermophile, calcicolous, sub-Mediterranean cortège of the Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, and sometimes including Quercus pubescens or hybrids of Quercus pubescens with either Quercus petraea or Quercus robur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1913","name":"Quercus palensis forests","description":"Quercus pubescens ssp. palensis forests and woods of the Pyrenees and northeastern Spain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1914","name":"Eu-Mediterranean white oak forests","description":"Quercus pubescens forests occupying fresh stations within the mesomediterranean zone, usually on north facing  slopes (ubac) and relatively deep soils, accompanied by Quercus ilex and an associated vegetation characteristic of the Quercion ilicis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T192","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Woods of Sardinia and Corsica dominated by Quercus pubescens, sometimes accompanied by Quercus virgiliana, Quercus congesta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T193","name":"Eastern Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean (mostly lower supra-Mediterranean), and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, the Black Sea coasts and western Asia, in which Quercus pubescens or its allies are the dominant deciduous oaks, usually associated with Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus and other species; white oak (Quercus pubescens, Quercus virgiliana)-dominated woods, with an Ostryo-Carpinion or Orno-Cotinion cortège, of thermic sub-Mediterranean enclaves within the sub-continental Quercion frainetto and Carpinion illyricum zones of the Balkan peninsula, Pannonia and the southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1931","name":"Northern Italic Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Forests of Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus, and, locally, Carpinus orientalis, occupying the lower supra-Mediterranean (100-500 metres) level of the central and northern Apennines, the Ligurian ranges and the Alpine foothills of Italy, with local impoverished irradiations to the upper supra-Mediterranean level on calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1932","name":"Italo-Sicilian Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Forests of Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern Italian peninsula and of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1933","name":"Hellenic Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Forests of Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Ostrya carpinifolia of the lower supra-Mediterranean level of Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace, and locally, on calcareous soils, of western Greece and southern Albania, with northward penetration into the southern North Macedonia along the Vardar valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1934","name":"Aegean Quercus anatolica forests","description":"Usually open woods formed by Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica, often associated with Quercus macrolepis, of Lesbos and Samothrace."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1935","name":"Aegean Quercus brachyphylla forests","description":"Stands of Quercus brachyphylla, often associated with Quercus macrolepis or Quercus ilex, of the Peloponnese and Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1936","name":"Dalmatian white oak forests","description":"Quercus pubescens- or Quercus virgiliana-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, Slovenia and the Triestine Karst with Quercus cerris, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus torminalis, Acer monspessulanum, Cotinus coggygria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1937","name":"Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak forests","description":"Azonal white-oak dominated woods with a sub-Mediterranean accompanying flora, occupying thermic oases within the sub-continental Quercion frainetto and Carpinion illyricum zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19371","name":"Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus pubescens-Quercus virgiliana woods of the Black Sea plains and hills of Turkey in Europe, and of the northern Thracian plain of southern and southeastern Bulgaria, where they are represented by mostly insular patches, particularly in the middle Maritsa and Tundja hills, the eastern and northern Rhodope foothills. The oaks are accompanied by Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre or Tilia tomentosa and by Mediterranean floral elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19372","name":"Moesian white oak forests","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean Quercus pubescens and Quercus virgiliana woods of the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range, and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193721","name":"Moesian white oak-oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Thermophilous sub-Mediterranean oak woods of Serbia and Bulgaria, with Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum, Acer hyrcanum, Coronilla emerus, Syringa vulgaris, Cornus mas, Euonymus verrucosus, Arabis hirsuta, Oryzopsis virescens, Helleborus odorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193722","name":"Lydian greenweed-white oak forests","description":"Quercus pubescens oak woods of dolomites of the Golo Bardo range of western Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193723","name":"Moesian Paeonia peregrina - white oak forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile Quercus pubescens woods of the limestone plateaux of the Romanian Dobrogea, of the Bulgarian Dobrudja and associated plateaux, of the Sredna Gora of central Bulgaria, accompanied by Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, with Cornus mas in the shrub layer, and an herb layer rich in Paeonia peregrina, Ornithogalum fimbriatum, Mercurialis ovata, Myrrhoides nodosa, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193724","name":"Moesian Galium dasypodium -white oak forests","description":"Xerophile, neutrophile Quercus pubescens woods on rendzine soils of the limestone plateaux of the Dobrogea, with Cotinus coggygria, Prunus moldavica in the shrub layer and Galium dasypodum, Asparagus verticillatus, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Carex michelii, Zerna inermis in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193725","name":"Acanthus white oak forests","description":"Quercus pubescens woods of steep sunny slopes of the Danubian Iron Gate region, with Syringa vulgaris,Echinops bannaticus, Scutellaria pichleri, Symphytum ottomanum, Jansion heldreichii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193726","name":"Moesian Echinops - white oak forests","description":"Xerophile, neutrophile Quercus pubescens woods on sunny slopes of the Danube Iron Gates region, with Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre, Quercus petraea, Quercus frainetto in the tree layer, Cornus mas in the shrub layer and Echinops bannaticus, Lychnis coronaria, Lathyrus venetus, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Chrysanthemum corymbosum in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19373","name":"Intra-Carpathian insular Quercus virgiliana forests","description":"Xerophile, neutrophilous Quercus pubescens and Quercus virgiliana woods distributed in insular patches on steep south-facing slopes of intra-Carpathian hills of Romania, in particular, of the foothills bordering the lower Danubian basin of Romania, with Cotinus coggygria, Amygdalus nana, Cornus mas in the shrub layer and Astragalus monspessulanus, Carex humilis, Dictamnus albus, Geranium sanguineum, Astragalus austriacus in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19374","name":"Pannonian Quercus pubescens forests","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean woods of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193741","name":"Pannonian white oak-manna tree forests","description":"Thermophilous oak woods mainly on southern slopes and on calcareous soils of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, dominated by Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris and Quercus petraea, accompanied by Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, with a well-developed species-rich undergrowth composed mainly of sub-Mediterranean elements, including Viburnum lantana, Colutea arborescens, Cornus mas, Vicia sparsiflora, Oryzopsis virescens, Dictamnus albus, Carex hallerana, Mercurialis ovata, Limodorum abortivum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193742","name":"Pannonian karst white oak low forests","description":"Low woods of Fraxinus ornus and Quercus pubescens on steep southern slopes of calcareous hills of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, with a well-developed shrub layer comprising Cotinus coggygria, Coronilla emerus ssp. emeroides, Euonymus verrucosus and an understorey including Geranium sanguineum, Iris graminea, Euphorbia polychroma, Polygonatum odoratum, Carex humilis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Tamus communis, Anthericum ramosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19375","name":"Illyrian white oak forests","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean Quercus pubescens woods of the Carpinion illyricum zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the Ostryo-Carpinion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193751","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak forests","description":"Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the Carpinion illyricum zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by Quercus pubescens with Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T193752","name":"Illyrian oriental hornbeam white oak forests","description":"Quercus pubescens-dominated facies of mixed woods of oriental hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, ashes and oaks of the Carpinetum orientalisillyricum of the Drava and Sava basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1938","name":"Euxinian white oak forests","description":"Forests of Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica of the southern Crimean coast, of the western Caucasus and tthe Noworossijsk Black Sea coast and the western Great Caucasus Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T194","name":"Italo-Illyrian Ostrya carpinifolia sub-thermophilous Quercus forests","description":"Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of northern Italy, the Drava and Sava basin and the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by oaks other than Quercus pubescens, Quercus macrolepis, Quercus trojana or their allies, and, in particular, by Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea and their allies, usually associated with Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus and other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1941","name":"Northern Italian Quercus cerris forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean, occasionally mesomediterranean, forests of the northern Italian peninsula, dominated by Quercus cerris, with Quercus petraea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1942","name":"Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak forests","description":"Thermophile oak woods of the Ostryo-Carpinion zone of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, dominated by Quercus cerris or Quercus petraea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19421","name":"Dalmatian Quercus cerris forests","description":"Quercus cerris-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus torminalis, Acer monspessulanum, Cotinus coggygria and a cortège similar to that of the white oak woods of unit T1936."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19422","name":"Dalmatian Quercus petraea forests","description":"Quercus petraea-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with Ostrya carpinifolia, Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus aria, Tilia platiphyllos, Acer monspessulanum, Cotinus coggygria, represented, in particular, by rare and localized Quercus petraea forests of the Triestine Karst, Slovenia and Istria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1943","name":"Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak forests","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean Quercus cerris and Quercus petraea woods of the Carpinion illyricum zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the Ostryo-Carpinion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19431","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak forests","description":"Quercus cerris- or Quercus petraea-dominated facies of the Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit T193751."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19432","name":"Illyrian black pea sessile oak forests","description":"Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean Quercus petraea woods of the Carpinion illyricum zone of the Drava and Sava basin, occupying sunny steep slopes, with Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus aria and a cortège of the Ostryo-Carpinion that includes Lathyrus niger, Melitis melissophyllum, Serratula tinctoria, together with Carex flacca, Galium sylvaticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T195","name":"Southeastern sub-thermophilous Quercus forests","description":"Forests of strongly sub-Mediterranean character, dominated by subthermophilous oak species, such as Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto, sometimes Quercus petraea, Quercus pseudocerris, Quercus boissieri, characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern part of the eastern Mediterranean peninsulas and of southern Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1951","name":"Southern Italic subthermophilous oak forests","description":"Forest formations of Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto or, locally, Quercus petraea, of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and of Monte Gargano."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19511","name":"Southern Italic Quercus cerris forests","description":"Quercus cerris-dominated forest formations of the supra-Mediterranean, montane and, locally, meso-Mediterranean levels of the Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, with a distribution centreed on the Basilicata, and of Monte Gargano, on siliceous or calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19512","name":"Southern Italic Quercus frainetto forests","description":"Quercus frainetto-dominated or rich forest formations of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, extending north to Latium, Tuscany and Molise, mostly on siliceous or decarbonated substrates of the supra-Mediterranean level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19513","name":"Southern Italic Quercus petraea forests","description":"Quercus petraea-dominated forest formations of the Calabrian Apennines and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1952","name":"Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Quercus cerris, by Quercus frainetto, or both, of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19521","name":"Southern Hellenic Quercus cerris forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Quercus cerris of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19522","name":"Southern Hellenic Quercus frainetto forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Quercus frainetto, of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1953","name":"Eastern Mediterranean subthermophilous oak forests","description":"Oak woods of the supra-Mediterranean and mesic mesomediterranean zones of the Taurus, the Amanus, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Palestine, Syria and southern Anatolia, dominated by Quercus pseudocerris or Quercus boissieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T196","name":"Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous Quercus forests","description":"Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of Quercus frainetto, Quercus cerris, of Quercus petraea and related deciduous oaks, locally of Quercus pedunculiflora or Quercus virgiliana, of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, of the supra-Mediterranean level of continental Greece, except the extreme south, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia. In most of their range they constitute the lowest altitudinal tier of forest vegetation; in Greece and adjacent areas, however, they occur above the forests of the Ostryo-Carpinion. In western Carpathians they have the northern boundary of occurrence and here are represented by the alliance Quercion confertae cerris with species Lathyrus niger, Melica picta, Serratula tinctoria, Veronica officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1961","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus cerris forests","description":"Extensive Quercus cerris-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the North Macedonia and of Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1962","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus frainetto forests","description":"Extensive Quercus frainetto-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the North Macedonia and of Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1963","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus dalechampii forests.","description":"Quercus dalechampii-dominated forests of the hills and mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains. They include, in particular, the xero-mesophile Quercus dalechampii-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto or Fraxinus excelsior, with Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia or Fraxinus ornus often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Rhodope and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, drier than the Carpinus betulus-Quercus dalechampii forests of unit T1E1C3. Ruscus aculeatus is often present and sometimes subdominant in their undergrowth. They also include local formations of the upper supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, mostly of the Pindus and of crystalline or metamorphic ranges of the southern Moeso-Macedonian  and Rhodope mountains, likewise altitudinally inserted between Quercus frainetto and beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1964","name":"Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests","description":"Rare forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southwestern Bulgaria, the North Macedonia and Albania, dominated by rare, endemic oak species, in particular Quercus protoroburoides, or by highly disjunct populations of more northern species, in particular Quercus petraea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19641","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus petraea forests","description":"Rare Quercus petraea-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece and of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, the North Macedonia and Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19642","name":"Rila Quercus protoroburoides forests","description":"Endemic Quercus protoroburoides forests of the upper montane level of Rila."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1965","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus virgiliana forests","description":"Local Quercus virgiliana-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean Quercion frainetto level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece) and of the \"Querceta frainetti\" component of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1966","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus pedunculiflora forests","description":"Local Quercus pedunculiflora-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1967","name":"Helleno-Moesian Quercus polycarpa forests","description":"Local Quercus polycarpa-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean Quercion frainetto level of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1968","name":"Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of Quercus frainetto, Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea and related deciduous oaks, of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak and hornbeam-durmast oak belts of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the slopes of the Balkan Range and its associated hills and plateaux; irradiations extend into southern Romania. The associated flora has a marked southeastern European character and includes Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Piptatherum virescens, Paeonia peregrina, Mercurialis ovata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19681","name":"Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests","description":"Oak forests of the lower level of the Quercion frainetto zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly dominated by Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196811","name":"Moesio-Danubian Quercus frainetto - Quercus cerris forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the northern and southern slopes of the Balkan Range and their associated hills and plateaux, extending to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region of Romania, accompanied by Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre, Cornus mas, Lychnis coronaria, Rubus tomentosus, Lathyrus niger, Lathyrus venetus, Helleborus odorus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196812","name":"Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam Quercus cerris forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus and Carpinus orientalis of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular of the lower Danube basin and its fringing plateaux, extending north into Romania to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region and of the southwestern Dobrogea, with Cornus mas, Cotinus coggygria and sub-Mediterranean species, including Mercurialis ovata, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Piptatherum virescens, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196813","name":"Moesio-Danubian mixed oak Quercus frainetto forests","description":"Meso-xerophile, neutrophile mixed oak forests of Quercus frainetto, accompanied by some Quercus dalechampii, Quercus polycarpa, Quercus pubescens, Quercus virgiliana, Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Tilia tomentosa in the tree layer, Cornus mas, Cotinus coggygria in the shrub layer and many sub-Mediterranean species, including Paeonia peregrina, Mercurialis ovata, Piptatherum virescens, Lychnis coronaria, in the herb layer, limited to small insular surfaces in the lower Danube valley of Bulgaria and in the Romanian Dobrogea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19682","name":"Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests","description":"Forests mostly dominated by Quercus frainetto and Quercus petraea s.l., of the upper level of the Quercion frainetto zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196821","name":"Central Moesian Quercus dalechampii -oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Xero-mesophile Quercus dalechampii-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto or Fraxinus excelsior, with Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia or Fraxinus ornus often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and neighbouring hills, drier than the Carpinus betulus-Quercus dalechampii forests of 41.2C35. Ruscus aculeatus is often present and sometimes subdominant in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196822","name":"Moesio-Danubian bedstraw sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophile Quercus petraea s.l. forests of the southern and southwestern pre-Carpathian foothills, with Galium pseudaristatum, Luzula luzuloides, Veronica officinalis, Poa nemoralis, Festuca heterophylla in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19683","name":"Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests","description":"Oak forests of the Romanian Dobrogea dominated by Quercus dalechampii, Quercus polycarpa or Quercus pedunculiflora, rich in Carpinus orientalis, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus excelsior, of mixed Moesian and Pontic affinities, developed in stations ecologically intermediate between those that support Carpinion betuli forests of 41.72 and those that harbour steppe forests of 41.7A."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196831","name":"Dobrogean paeonia sessile oak forests","description":"Neutrophile Quercus dalechampii forests, limited to low hills of the Romanian Dobrogea, accompanied by Fraxinus excelsior ssp. excelsior, Fraxinus excelsior ssp. coriariifolia (Fraxinus coriariifolia), Fraxinus ornus, Tilia tomentosa, Carpinus orientalis in the tree layer, with Cornus mas in the shrub layer, and Paeonia peregrina and other sub-Mediterranean species, including Mercurialis ovata, Piptatherum virescens, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196832","name":"Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, neutrophile Quercus dalechampii and Quercus polycarpa forests of the northern Dobrogean plateaux, with Tilia tomentosa, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus coriariifolia, Fraxinus ornus, accompanied by numerous sub-Mediterranean species including Nectaroscordum dioscoridis,Lychnis coronaria, Digitalis lanata, Myrrhoides nodosa, Mercurialis ovata, Piptatherum virescens, and a few Fagetalia species, such as Zerna benekenii, Pulmonaria obscura, Cardamine bulbifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196833","name":"Dobrogean Quercus pedunculiflora -lime-oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, neutrophile mixed Quercus pedunculiflora forests of the northern Dobrogea plateaux, with Tilia tomentosa, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus ornus in the tree layer, numerous sub-Mediterranean species, including Ornithogalum fimbriatum, Viola jordanii, Paeonia peregrina, Myrrhoides nodosa, Mercurialis ovata, Piptatherum virescens, and a few Fagetalia species, Zerna benekenii, Pulmonaria obscura, in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1969","name":"Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak forests","description":"Sub-continental thermo-xerophile Quercus frainetto-Quercus cerris-Quercus petraea forests of the foothills bordering the lower Danube depression of southern Romania, with the continental Acer tataricum and lacking typically sub-Mediterranean species such as Carpinus orientalis and Ruscus aculeatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19691","name":"Getic white cinquefoil Quercus cerris forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of Quercus cerris, of the plains of southern Romania, with Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus mas, Potentilla alba, Lychnis coronaria, Viola hirta, Polygonatum latifolium, Chrysanthemum corymbosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19692","name":"Getic early sedge Quercus frainetto forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, acidophile Quercus frainetto forests of Muntenia and Oltenia, with Acer campestre, Pyrus pyraster, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Carex praecox, Genista tinctoria, Veronica officinalis, Poa angustifolia, Lychnis coronaria, Calamagrostis epigejos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19693","name":"Getic crocus Quercus frainetto - Quercus cerris forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto of the plains in the southern of Romania, with Acer campestre and Acer tataricum, accompanied by Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Crocus flavus, Lychnis coronaria, Genista tinctoria, Lathyrus niger, Chrysanthemum corymbosum, Polygonatum latifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19694","name":"Getic Quercus frainetto - Q. cerris - Q. petraea forests","description":"Weakly acidophile forests of Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto and Quercus petraea s.l. of the southern and western pre-Carpathian foothills, accompanied by Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Fraxinus ornus, Cornus mas, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare, Lathyrus niger, Lychnis coronaria, Helleborus odorus, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Sedum maximum, Sedum cepaea, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19695","name":"Getic Quercus frainetto - Quercus petraea s.l. forests","description":"Weakly acidophile forests of Quercus frainetto and Quercus petraea s.l. of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with a shrub layer composed of Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Ulmus minor, Cornus mas, and an herb layer of Carex praecox, Carex caryophyllea, Genista tinctoria, Potentilla micrantha, Lychnis coronaria, Galium pseudaristatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19696","name":"Pre-Carpathian Quercus cerris - Quercus petraea  s.l. forests","description":"Weakly acidophile to neutrophile forests of Quercus petraea s.l. and Quercus cerris of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Sorbus torminalis, sometimes Tilia tomentosa, Cerasus avium, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus ornus, participating in the tree layer,accompanied by Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare in the shrub layer and Genista tinctoria, Lathyrus niger, Silene viridiflora, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Chrysanthemumcorymbosum in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T196A","name":"Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak forests","description":"Subcontinental thermo-xerophile oak forests of southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey, developed in the Euxinian Stranja-Istranca and eastern Balkan Range and in the peri-Mediterraneo-steppic hills rising from the northern Thracian plain or fringing it."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T196A1","name":"Euxino-Thracian Quercus frainetto - Quercus cerris forests","description":"Quercus frainetto-Quercus cerris forests of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing Balkan Range, eastern Rhodope or Stranja foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196A11","name":"Thracian Quercus frainetto - Quercus cerris forests","description":"Mostly fragmentary forests of the northern Thracian plain, its isolated hills and the fringing foothills of the Balkan Range, the eastern Rhodopes and the northwestern Stranja dominated by Quercus frainetto or sometimes Quercus cerris, accompanied by Carpinus orientalis, Crataegus monogyna and a thermophile, sub-Mediterranean cortège that includes Physospermum cornubiense, Lathyrus niger, Lychnis coronaria, Heptaptera triquetra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196A12","name":"Sub-Euxinian Quercus frainetto - Quercus cerris forests","description":"Forests of the inner hills and eastern foothills of the Stranja dominated by Quercus cerris or Quercus frainetto, sometimes with Quercus hartwissiana, accompanied by Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus mas, Poa nemoralis, Dactylis glomerata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T196A2","name":"Thracian Quercus frainetto - Quercus virgiliana forests","description":"Forests of Quercus frainetto and Quercus virgiliana of the northern thracian basin, located mainly on relatively dry hills up to 800 metres, and usually accompanied by a species cortège similar to those of T196A1, including Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus mas, Poa nemoralis, Dactylis glomerata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T196A3","name":"Thracian Quercus pedunculiflora forests","description":"Mesophile Quercus pedunculiflora forests of the northern Thracian plain developed on moist nutrient-rich soils, with Acer tataricum, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Cotinus coggygria, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Physospermum cornubiense, Lathyrus niger, Lychnis coronaria. They have been submitted to intensive clearing and are now represented only by very fragmentary stands or single trees in a very resricted area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T196A4","name":"Stranja Quercus polycarpa forests","description":"Quercus polycarpa forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range and of high mountains of the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196A41","name":"Stranja Primula rosea - Quercus polycarpa forests","description":"Quercus polycarpa- or Quercus polycarpa and Quercus frainetto-dominated forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a cortège comprised of numerous Euxinian elements, rich in Primula vulgaris ssp. rosea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T196A42","name":"Stranja Fagus orientalis - Quercus polycarpa forests","description":"Quercus polycarpa-Fagus orientalis forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a species-rich cortège of the Querceta polycarpae that includes numerous Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T196A5","name":"Southeastern Thracian thermophilous oak forests","description":"Subcontinental xero-thermophile forests of the Istranca southern spurs, rich in Euxinian and Mediterranean elements, dominated by Quercus petraea ssp. dschorochense and Quercus cerris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T196B","name":"Western Anatolian sub-continental thermophilous oak forests","description":"Sub-continental, supra-Mediterranean, thermo-xerophile oak forests of western Anatolia with Quercus frainetto, Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica, Quercus dshorochensis, Castanea sativa, Tilia tomentosa, Mespilus germanica, Geranium asphodeloides, Aristolochia pallida, Achillea grandiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T197","name":"Afro-Iberian thermophilous Quercus forests","description":"Iberian and North African forests and woods dominated by Quercus faginea, Quercus canariensis or Quercus afares. The humid formations of southwestern Iberia (units T1972 and T1973) are forest types of unique character in Europe and of extreme biological importance; also highly distinctive and vulnerable are the Baetic and Valencian formations listed under subunits T19714 and T19715."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1971","name":"Spanish Quercus faginea forests","description":"Xero-mesophile Quercus faginea formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of the Spanish Meseta and associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19711","name":"Western Spanish Quercus faginea forests","description":"Quercus faginea forests of the supra-Mediterranean, sub-humid level of the Cantabrian periphery and upper Ebro basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19712","name":"Central Spanish Quercus faginea forests","description":"Quercus faginea forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range, upper Douro basin and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19713","name":"Eastern Spanish Quercus faginea forests","description":"Quercus faginea forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Maestrazgo, interior Catalonia and adjacent Aragon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19714","name":"Baetic Quercus faginea forests","description":"Southern forests of the sub-humid to humid supra-Mediterranean level of calcareous Baetic ranges, limited to a few enclaves in the Serrania de Ronda and the ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, dominated by Quercus faginea associated with Acer granatense, Acer monspessulanum, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis, Taxus baccata and sometimes Quercus pyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19715","name":"Valencian Quercus faginea forests","description":"Quercus faginea forests of north facing  slopes (ubac) of the southern Valencian mountains (Aitana, Montcabrer, Benicadell), with Acer granatense, Fraxinus ornus and Taxus baccata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1972","name":"Portuguese Quercus faginea forests","description":"Humid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict Quercus faginea forests of Portugal, restricted to a very few isolated localities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1973","name":"Andalusian Quercus canariensis forests","description":"Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant Quercus canariensis forests of the sierras of extreme southern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1974","name":"Catalonian Quercus canariensis stands","description":"Formations of Catalonia rich in Quercus canariensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1975","name":"Balearic Quercus faginea forests","description":"Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, Quercus faginea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T198","name":"Quercus trojana forest","description":"Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-mediterranean woods dominated by the semideciduous Quercus trojana or its allies. Other typical species include Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus, Fraxinus ornus, Dactylis glomerata, Brachypodium pinnatum, Helictotrichum convolutum and Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1981","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak forests","description":"Usually low formations dominated by Quercus trojana, often with junipers or maples, of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the the North Macedonia, in the Vardar valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1982","name":"Apulian Trojan oak forests","description":"Relict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of Quercus trojana and Quercus pubescens, often with an admixture of Quercus ilex and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle, foresta Gaglione)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T199","name":"Steppe Quercus forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). Different Quercus spp. dominate in the tree layer, which is rich in continental steppic vegetation elements and geophytes of the Aceri tatarici-Quercion and Potentillo albae-Quercion, e.g. Carex michelii, Dactylis polygama, Geum urbanum, Lathryrus niger, Polygonatum latifolium, Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis, Tanacetum corymbosum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Convallaria majalis, Dictamnus albus, Festuca rupicola and Potentilla alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1991","name":"Euro-Siberian steppe Quercus forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19911","name":"White cinquefoil oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of central Europe, Pannonia and the northern approaches to the Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe zone with a flora of moderate thermophily and high continental affinities, mostly characteristic of sandy soil along the edges of the eastern steppeland and of clay soils in northern and western woodland areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199111","name":"Western white cinquefoil sessile oak forests","description":"Cinquefoil oak woods of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula and upper Danube basins, including the northern and central Bohemian Basin and the southern flank of the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians in Moravia, forming the northern and westernmost irradiations of the complex, with Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Sorbus torminalis, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera xylosteum, Viburnum lantana, Corylus avellana, Rhamnus catharticus, Prunus spinosa, Juniperus communis, Carpinus betulus, Pyrus communis, Primula veris, Campanula persicifolia, Polygonatum odoratum, Lathyrus niger, Geranium sanguineum, Potentilla alba, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Serratula tinctoria, Silene nutans, Veronica officinalis, Veronica chamaedrys, Hieracium silvaticum, Carex montana, Brachypodium pinnatum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Calamagrostis arundinacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199112","name":"Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak forests","description":"Well-developed woods of the Pannonic basin, in Hungary, southern Slovakia, western Romania and Serbia, installed on deep brown forest soil, between 200 m and 500 m altitude, dominated by Quercus petraea, Quercus dalechampii, Quercus polycarpa and Quercus cerris, with an underdeveloped shrub layer and a grassy understorey composed most frequently of Festuca heterophylla, Poa nemoralis, Melica uniflora, accompanied by Lychnis coronaria, Potentilla alba, Vicia cassubica, Serratula tinctoria, Chrysanthemum corymbosum, Digitalis grandiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199113","name":"Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak forests","description":"Uncommon thermophilous Quercus petraea woods of the Pannonic basin, developed in Hungary, in particular in the Central Hungarian Range, extending to Lower Austria, southwestern Moravia, southern Slovakia and western Romania, on andesite, granite or slate substrates and slightly acidic soils of south-facing slopes, somewhat transitional to acidophilous oak woods of unit T1B7. Quercus petraea is monodominant in the tree layer or associated with Quercus polycarpa; the understorey, almost devoid of a shrub layer, is composed of an admixture of oak forest species and siliceous rock sward elements; Lembotropis nigricans (Cytisus nigricans), Veronica officinalis, Hieracium bauhinii, Hieracium silvaticum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Anthericum ramosum, Sedum sexangulare are frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199114","name":"Sarmatic cinquefoil oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods dominated by Quercus petraea or Quercus robur, of the central Sarmatic regions in Podolia, the central Russian plateaux, Bashkiria and the southern Urals, north of, and along the northern edge of, the Sarmatic wooded steppe zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199115","name":"Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests","description":"Thermophile Quercus petraea forests of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania accompanied by a mixed sub-Mediterranean flora including Aremonia agrimonoides, Festuca drymeja, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Ruscus aculeatus, Carex sylvatica, Dentaria bulbifera, Viola reichenbachiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199116","name":"Moravian serpentine oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of serpentines of the middle Jihlava Valley of southwestern Moravia, dominated by Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris with well developed shrub and field layers; the former comprises, in particular, Prunus mahaleb and Berberis vulgaris, the latter species of thermophilous oak forests and forest edges, species of dry grasslands, in particular, Carex humilis, Festuca pallens and Koeleria macrantha, serpentinophilous ferns, notably Asplenium cuneifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991161","name":"Getic-pre-Carpathic Festuca drymeia oak forests","description":"Acidophile Quercus petraea forests with an herb layer dominated by Festuca drymeja, of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991162","name":"Getic-pre-Carpathic Aremonia oak forests","description":"Weakly acidophile Quercus petraea forests of the southwestern hills and low mountains of Romania, with Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis in the tree layer, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare in the shrub layer and Aremonia agrimonoides, Helleborus odorus, Ruscus aculeatus, Sedum cepaea, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Silene viridiflora, Lychnis coronaria, Carex sylvatica, Dentaria bulbifera in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19912","name":"Tartar maple steppe oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods constituting the climax woodland element of the Pannonian and Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe biome, with a flora richer in southern, Euxinian and Sarmatic elements than that of the cinquefoil oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199121","name":"Pannonic steppe oak forests","description":"Oak woods of the geographically isolated Pannonic basin wooded steppe zone, separated from the main Ukraino-Russian belt by the Carpathian arc."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199122","name":"Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophilous oak woods of the southern wooded steppe zone, extending from northern Bulgaria and eastern Romania through the Ukraine and southern Russia to the Urals and the lower Volga."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991221","name":"Pannonic loess steppe oak forests","description":"Oak woods on black or brown soils over loess substrates of the Pannonic basin and its hills, dominated by Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Quercus robur or Quercus petraea; the upper part of the well-stratified shrub layer is composed mainly of Acer tataricum and Acer campestre, the herb layer of Festuca rupicola, Brachypodium pinnatum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica altissima, Nepeta pannonica, Phlomis tuberosa, Pulmonaria mollissima, Doronicum hungaricum, Polygonatum odoratum, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum). Formerly extending in the entire Pannonic basin, from Hungary and southern Slovakia to the Srijem area of northeastern Croatia and northwestern Serbia and the Deliblat region of northeastern Serbia, these forests have been reduced to a few dozen remnant stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991222","name":"Pannonic alkali steppe oak forests","description":"Rare oak woods of the Danube basin lowlands developed in the transition zone between inundation areas and loess plateaux, on soils with a higher water table in spring. Acer tataricum, growing with great vitality, reaches the second tree layer. Characteristic understorey species are Carex michelii, Pulmonaria mollissima, Doronicum hungaricum accompanying Alopecurus pratensis, Melica altissima, Festuca rupicola, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geranium robertianum, Polygonatum latifolium, Corydalis bulbosa (Corydalis cava), Ranunculus ficaria, Viscaria vulgaris; tall herbs (Peucedanum officinale, Galatella punctata) and other species (Artemisia pontica, Limonium gmelinii i.a.) penetrate the wood from the bordering grasslands on alkaline soil. Only a few stands of this community remain, in Hungary and Transsylvania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991223","name":"Pannonic sand steppe oak forests","description":"Oak woods of sandy substrates of the Pannonic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T199123","name":"Getic tartar maple steppe oak forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of the pre-Carpathian hills fringing the lower Danube and Prut basins."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991231","name":"Pontic Acer tataricum - Quercus pedunculiflora steppe forests","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods on leached chernozem soils of low hills and plains of southern and southeastern Romania and northeastern Bulgaria, with Quercus pedunculiflora, Acer tataricum, Pyrus pyraster in the tree layer, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare in the shrub layer and Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Pulmonaria mollis, Thalictrum minus, Fragaria viridis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Viola hirta, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum) in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991232","name":"Pontic Acer tataricum - Quercus pubescens steppe forests","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods, on leached chernozem soils, of low hills and plains of eastern and southern Romania, with Quercus pubescens, Acer tataricum, Pyrus pyraster in the tree layer, Cotinus coggygria in the shrub layer and Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Carex michelii, Thalictrum minus, Festuca rupicola, Vicia tenuifolia in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991233","name":"Pontic Acer tataricum - Quercus cerris - Q. pedunculiflora steppe forests","description":"Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile woods of Quercus pedunculiflora, Quercus cerris, Acer tataricum, Pyrus pyraster on leached chernozem soils of the plains of southern Romania, with Prunus spinosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna in the shrub layer and Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Iris variegata, Teucrium chamaedrys, Fragaria viridis, Polygonatum latifolium, Lychnis coronaria in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991234","name":"Sarmatic Acer tataricum - Quercus robur steppe forests","description":"Continental xerophile woods of Quercus robur and Acer tataricum on leached chernozems of low hills of northeastern Romania, with Acer campestre, Pyrus pyraster, Prunus avium in the tree layer, Prunus spinosa, Euonymus europaeus, Cornus sanguinea, Prunus fruticosa, Amygdalus nana in the shrub layer and Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Viola hirta, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Sedum maximum, Fragaria viridis in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1991235","name":"Sarmatic Acer tataricum - Quercus robur - Q. petraea steppe forests","description":"Subcontinental forests of Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Acer tataricum on grey soils of north-facing low hills of the wooded steppe region of northeastern Romania, with Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium, Acer campestre, in the tree layer, Cornus sanguinea, Euonymus europaeus, Rhamnus catharticus in the shrub layer and Carex pilosa, Stellaria holostea, Asarum europaeum, Mercurialis perennis in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19913","name":"Sub-Euxinian steppe forests","description":"Thermophilous oak woods of the wooded steppe zones of northern Crimea and the northern piedmont of the Caucasus, in the transition region from the Euro-Siberian steppes to the Euxinian montane vegetations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1992","name":"Irano-Anatolian steppe Quercus forests","description":"Xero-thermophile oak woods of the Mediterraneo-steppic transition zone of central and eastern Anatolia and Iran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T19A","name":"Quercus pyrenaica forest","description":"Quercus pyrenaica-dominated forests of the Iberian peninsula and, locally, southwestern France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19A1","name":"Central Iberian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Supra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica forests of western Iberia, the Leonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the Sierra Morena."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19A11","name":"Sub-Atlantic Iberian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains and of the western Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A111","name":"Sub-Atlantic sub-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Supra- and meso-Mediterranean sub-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Sierra de Gata complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A112","name":"Sub-Atlantic humid Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains, the Serra da Estrela and the Sierra de Gata complex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19A12","name":"Iberian sub-continental Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of the central and eastern Cordillera Central and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A121","name":"Sub-continental sub-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean sub-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests of Bejar, Gredos, Guadarrama, Ayllon and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A122","name":"Sub-continental humid Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid Quercus pyrenaica forests of the Sierra de Ayllon, the northern Iberian Range and, very locally, the Castillian flank of the Cantabrian chain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19A13","name":"Mariano-Oretanian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of the southern Hercynian ranges, limited to enclaves of the Montes de Toledo system and Sierra Morena satellites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A131","name":"Lower Mariano-Oretanian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of the meso-Mediterranean level of the Montes de Toledo and Sierra Morena systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19A132","name":"Upper Mariano-Oretanian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests developed above 1000 metres in the highest ranges of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas, Rocigalgo) and in a few satellites of the Sierra Morena (Sierra Madrona, Sierra Palomera)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19A2","name":"Cantabrian Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica formations of medio-European character, of the collinar and montane levels of the Cantabrian chain and its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos de Ancares in Galicia, characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the rain shadow of the coastward ranges or the interior oro-Cantabrian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19A3","name":"Maestrazgan Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of the sub-Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Maestrazgo and eastern Catalonian ranges, reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa and Prades massifs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19A4","name":"Baetic Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of siliceous supra-Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate of the western Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Alfacar, the northern flancs of the Sierra de Cazulas and the Sierra Tejeda; in more humid locations Fraxinus angustifolia and Acer granatense accompany Quercus pyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19A5","name":"French Quercus pyrenaica forests","description":"Quercus pyrenaica forests of southwestern France north to the Sologne where they constitute relatively estensive formations on poor soils, with Betula pendula, Lonicera periclymenum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Teucrium scorodonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T19B","name":"Mixed thermophilous forest","description":"Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones of Ostryo-Carpinion alliance, dominated by Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Acer spp., Fraxinus spp., Tilia spp. or Celtis australis; like the thermophilous oak woods of unit G1.7 (of EUNIS 2012, wider than T19), they may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermo-Mediterranean areas, and irradiate far north into medio-European or sub-Atlantic regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B1","name":"Ostrya carpinifolia forests","description":"Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean, sometimes mesomediterranean, climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels dominated by Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B11","name":"Mesomediterranean Gallo-Italic hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated ravine forests of the mesomediterranean Quercus ilex zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B12","name":"Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, the Dinarides, the Hellenides, the Apennines and the large central Mediterranean islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B121","name":"Southwestern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B122","name":"Southeastern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, in the Gardesano- Dolomitic and Veneto-Julian sectors of Italy and extreme northwestern Slovenia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B123","name":"Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis zone of the Adriatic region of the western Balkan peninsula and of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B124","name":"Apennine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the northern and central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B125","name":"Corsican supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Corsica, limited to the northeastern part of the island."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B126","name":"Southern Tyrrhenian supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Appenines, Sardinia and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B13","name":"Montane hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the montane Fagion medio-europaeum, Fagion illyricum, Fagion moesiacum, Fagion dacicum, Fagion hellenicum, developed at the upper limit of the altitudinal range of the forests of units T19B12 or T19B14, with an accompanying flora usually formed by a combination of beech forest and thermophilous oak forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B14","name":"Illyrian hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated woods of the Carpinion illyricum zone of the Sava and Drava basin, with irradiations into the southeastern Alps, in particular, in the Karawanken and in the eastern Dinarides, extending from southern Austria to Bosnia-Herzegovina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B141","name":"Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the Carpinion illyricum zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by Ostrya carpinifolia, facies of the Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit T193751."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B142","name":"Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Ostrya carpinifolia woods of generally steep dolomite or limestone slopes and screes of the Carpinion illyricum region of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to Austria in the Drava basin, the Karawanken and, very locally, the middle Inn Valley, with Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus aria, Acer obtusatum, a rich shrub layer formed by Viburnum lantana, Juniperus communis, Berberis vulgaris, Rosa spp., Amelanchier ovalis, Clematis vitalba and an herb layer dominated by Sesleria albicans and Carex humilis on rocky slopes, by Erica herbacea (Erica carnea) on scree slopes; Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus is often abundant and Daphne blagayana is notable in some stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B15","name":"Anatolian hop-hornbeam forests","description":"Uncommon Ostrya carpinifolia-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Taurus, the Amanus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B2","name":"Carpinus orientalis forests","description":"Carpinus orientalis-dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units T193, T194, T196, particularly abundant in Greece, the middle Balkan peninsula, Anatolia and the Caucasus. Often of secondary nature, they replace oak forests on eroded soil after deforestation, especially on calcareous soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B21","name":"Inner Illyrian oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Thermophilous Carpinus orientalis-dominated woods of the Carpinion betuli illyricum and Fagion illyricum regions of northern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina, where they occupy sunny calcareous slopes, and of the Sava-Drava interfluve hills, between the Papuk Range and the Fruska Gora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B22","name":"Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Carpinus orientalis-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B221","name":"Helleno-Pelagonide oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Low woods of northern Greece, Albania, the North Macedonia and southwestern Bulgaria, including the northern and eastern foothills of the Rhodopes, dominated by Carpinus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B222","name":"Moesian oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Low woods of Serbia and central Bulgaria, in particular, the foothills of the Balkan Range, dominated by Carpinus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B223","name":"Lilac oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Low woods of eastern Serbia, western Bulgaria and the Banat, Oltenia and Muntenia in southwestern Romania, dominated by Carpinus orientalis, rich in Syringa vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B224","name":"Oryzopsis oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Low woods of northern Bulgaria, the Banat and Oltenia, dominated by Carpinus orientalis, with Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Oryzopsis holciformis, Oxytropis virescens, Stachys leucoglossa, Paeonia peregrina, Salvia ringens, Cornus mas, Quercus pubescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B225","name":"Eastern Adriatic oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Woods of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis region of the western Balkan peninsula, developed in the supra-Mediterranean level of the Triestine Riviera, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Albania, dominated by Carpinus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B23","name":"Anatolio-Caucasian oriental hornbeam forests","description":"Carpinus orientalis-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Caucasus, the foothills of the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Amanus and Alaouites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B3","name":"Thermophilous Acer forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by Acer spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B31","name":"Andalusian Acer granatense forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean formations of the mountains of the upper Guadalquivir, with Acer granatense, Acer monspessulanum, Quercus faginea, Quercus pyrenaica, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis, Taxus baccata, Daphne laureola, Paeonia officinalis ssp. humilis. Vestiges of this type of vegetation also survive in the Serrania de Ronda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B32","name":"Balearic Acer granatense forests","description":"Formations, extremely rare if not extinct, of the mountains of Majorca (Puig de Maçanella, Puig Major), dominated by Acer granatense, with Quercus faginea, Amelanchier ovalis ssp. comafredensis, Ilex aquifolium var. balearica, Helleborus foetidus var. balearicus, Sorbus aria, Primula acaulis var. balearica, Rubus ulmifolius, Tamus communis, Taxus baccata, Hedera helix, Smilax aspera var. balearica, Paeonia cambessedesii, several of which are relict endemic taxa of very limited distribution and low numbers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B33","name":"North African Acer monspessulanum forests","description":"Low (eight metres tall) Acer monspessulanum-dominated forest of the Djebel Zaghouan in the Tunisian Dorsale, with a dominated stratum of Quercus ilex."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B34","name":"Moesian thermophilous maple forests","description":"Low Acer monspessulanum- or Acer campestre-dominated woods of the xerothermic oak belt of the Balkan peninsula, in Albania, the western North Macedonia, southern Serbia and western and southern Bulgaria, in particular, of the northeastern Rhodope foothills and the northwestern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B4","name":"Thermophilous Tilia forests","description":"Supra-, sub- or mesomediterranean and Euro-Siberian steppe woods dominated by Tilia spp., for the most part, supra-, meso- or sub-Mediterranean Tilia spp. -dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units T193, T194, T196, T199."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B41","name":"Silver lime forests","description":"Tilia tomentosa-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of southern Central Europe and the northern and middle part of the Balkan peninsula, mostly within the Quercion frainetto environment, but also locally developed in conjunction with eastern Carpinion betuli forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B411","name":"Moesian silver lime forests","description":"Tilia tomentosa-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of Moesian hills of the Balkan peninsula, in particular, Tilia tomentosa woods of the sub-Mediterranean hornbeam-durmast oak belt of Bulgaria and Northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B412","name":"Silver lime-hornbeam forests","description":"Tilia tomentosa lime forests of the plains of Muntenia, near Bucharest, evolution stages of mixed forests of Quercus robur (Quercus petraea), Carpinus betulus, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T19B413","name":"Voivodinian sand steppe lime forests","description":"Tilia tomentosa steppe woods of Pannonic affinities developed on dry sands of Deliblat, with Quercus robur, Prunus mahaleb, Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum lantana, Lonicera xylosteum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B42","name":"Oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime forests","description":"Loosely closed forests mainly of Tilia platyphyllos and Fraxinus excelsior developed on shallow soils of exposed crests of limestone mountains (more rarely on andesite rocks) of the Northern Hungarian Range, with an herb layer of Brachypodium pinnatum, Galium erectum, Cruciata glabra, Digitalis grandiflora, Erysimum odoratum, Sisymbrium strictissimum, Aconitum anthora, accompanied by endemics among which Hesperis vrabelyiana, Carduus collinus and by other regionally rare species with disjunct distribution, such as Waldsteinia geoides, Melica altissima, Carex brevicollis. They constitute relict forests, most probably of the Boreal era, and are of great biological value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B5","name":"Celtis australis forests","description":"Thermophilous woods dominated by, or rich in, Celtis australis. Forests dominated by Celtis australis may have been an important component of Mediterranean woodland, in particular in North Africa, but appear to have been destroyed almost everywhere and to be represented only by individual trees and small stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B6","name":"Thermophilous Fraxinus forests","description":"Nonalluvial, non-ravine meso-, supra- or sub-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia or Fraxinus ornus, often mixed with Quercus pubescens or Quercus pyrenaica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B61","name":"Sicilian narrow-leaved ash forests","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia woods of western Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B62","name":"Iberian narrow-leaved ash forests","description":"Fraxinus angustifolia woods of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B63","name":"Manna tree forests","description":"Thermophilous Fraxinus ornus woods, characteristic, in particular, of the Banat hills and the pre-Balkanic plateaux and hills of the lower Danube basin, dominated by Fraxinus ornus with Cornus sanguinea, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia tomentosa, Ulmus minor, Carpinus orientalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B7","name":"Pannonic Juniperus - Populus steppe forests","description":"Populus alba woods of sands, in particular sand dunes, of the Danube-Tisza confluence of the Pannonic plain. The shrub layer includes Juniperus communis, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnus catharticus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Rubus caesius, Euonymus verrucosus, Berberis vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B71","name":"Pannonic privet juniper-poplar steppe forests","description":"Closed Populus alba forests of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with a species-rich and strongly developed shrub layer and an herb layer comprising Lithospermum officinale, Teucrium chamaedrys, Asparagus officinalis, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Polygonatum odoratum, Poa angustifolia, Euphorbia cyparissias, Poa pratensis, Senecio integrifolius, Silene nutans, Verbascum lychnitis and Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum, frequently with the mosses Dicranum scoparium and Hypnum cupressiforme."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B72","name":"Pannonic sedge juniper-poplar steppe forests","description":"Populus alba woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer dominated by Carex liparocarpos, accompanied by Potentilla arenaria, Thesium ramosum, Viola rupestris var. arenaria, Galium verum, Lithospermum officinale, Medicago falcata, Phleum phleoides, Pimpinella saxifraga, Calamagrostis epigejos, Taraxacum officinale, Colchicum arenarium, Iris humilis ssp. arenaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B73","name":"Pannonic gypsophila juniper-poplar steppe forests","description":"Populus alba woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer formed by Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria, Stipa capillata, Ephedra distachya, Alkanna tinctoria, Potentilla arenaria, Scabiosa ochroleuca and sometimes stands of Calamagrostis epigejos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B8","name":"Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed forests","description":"Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean or supra-Mediterranean regions of the Mediterranean basin, and of the Pannonic plain, formed by Tilia spp., Fraxinus spp., Quercus spp., Carpinus spp., Ostrya carpinifolia, Acer spp., Sorbus spp., Populus spp., Celtis australis and occasionally, Fagus spp., in varied combinations and dominance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B81","name":"Sub-Mediterranean mixed forests","description":"Mixed woods of Tilia spp., Fraxinus spp., Quercus spp., Carpinus spp., Ostrya carpinifolia, Sorbus spp., Populus spp. and occasionally, Fagus spp. of the Mediterranean, supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, Ostryo-Carpinion and Quercion frainetto zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T19B82","name":"Pannonic mixed karstic forests","description":"Mixed woods of dolomitic substrates of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain, in Hungary, southern Slovakia and Croatia, characterized by the juxtaposition of beech wood and thermophile oak wood species, rich in relict species of disjunct distribution such as Calamagrostis varia, Allium victorialis, Rubus saxatilis, Primula auricula ssp. hungarica, and therefore of great biogeographical significance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19B9","name":"Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe forests","description":"Usually open or very open stands of Pistacia spp., Amygdalus spp., Malus spp., Pyrus spp., Prunus spp., Juglansregia and other fruit or nut-bearing trees, often associated with Acer spp., Rosa spp., Crataegus spp., of the steppes and subdesert fringes of eastern Anatolia, Iran, Syria and Afghanistan, with a probable outpost in the central plains of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19BA","name":"Southern Mediterranean chasm forests","description":"Brushy liana-rich woods of deep ravines of Crete, formed by Ficus carica, Pistacia terebinthus, Celtis tournefortii, Cotinus coggygria, Rhus coriaria, Amelanchier ovalis ssp. cretica, Sorbus aria ssp. cretica, Sorbus umbellata, restricted to a few calcareous cliffs. They appear to have affinities with  Irano-Turanian steppe woods and ravine and valley woodlands of Nort Africa and Arabia"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T19C","name":"Castanea sativa forest","description":"Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Castanea sativa-dominated forests and old established plantations with semi-natural undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C1","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Quercion frainetto zone of the Balkan peninsula, of northern Greece, including the Chalkidike peninsula, with irradiations in the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum zone. They appear to represent the main area of indigenousness of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C2","name":"Aegean Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Peloponnese, the Aegean islands, Crete and western Asia Minor, occupying scattered, relatively rare localities in the supra-Mediterranean level of mountains ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C3","name":"Eastern Adriatic Castanea sativa forests","description":"Sub-Mediterranean Castanea sativa-dominated acidophilous forests of the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum zone of the Balkan peninsula, distributed, in particular, in the Slovenian coastal mountains, in Istria, on the islands of Krk and Cres, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Montenegro, within an area of undoubted indigenousness of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C4","name":"Illyrian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Carpinion betuli illyricum zone, locally, notably in Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending into the Fagion illyricum zone, apparently constituting, with the subthermophilous oak region of the Balkans, a centre of indigenousness of the species. Extensive stands are recorded, in particular, from northwestern Croatia, neighbouring Slovenia, northern, central and eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C5","name":"Liguro-Insubrian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the collinar level of the southern slope of the Alps of Italy and southern Switzerland, with a cortège characteristic of medio-European acidophilous oak forests; resulting from ancient introductions, they are particularly abundant on the margins of the Piedmont plains, where they constitute, in some valleys, an almost continuous forest mantle, extending up to 800 m, sometimes 1000 m, and in the Insubrian region. They occur more sparsely west to the Ligurian Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C6","name":"Italo-Sicilian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Apennines, of lesser hill ranges of the Italian peninsula and of Sicily, at the 200-800 m level and mostly on siliceous soils, for the most part resulting from ancient introductions, probably indigenous in some areas, in particular, Etna and the Euganean hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C7","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of Corsica and Sardinia, where they may be indigenous and are fairly widespread, particularly in the San Petrone massif of Corsica and in eastern central Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C8","name":"Galloprovincial Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of southeastern France, in particular, of the Maures, the Cévennes and the eastern Pyrenees, where they may be, in part, indigenous and are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level, with a cortège of acidophilous Quercion pubescenti-petraeae forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19C9","name":"Gallo-Iberian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Iberian peninsula, southwestern and central France, probably entirely resulting from ancient introductions, common in northwestern Iberia, in Catalonia, in the mountains of central and western Iberia, in Andalucia and, mostly as substitutes of southwestern Atlantic medio-European oak forests in the northwestern piedmont of the Pyrenees and southwestern France, fairly rare in the rest of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T19CA","name":"Euxinian Castanea sativa forests","description":"Castanea sativa-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the foothills and piedmont of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, characteristic, in particular, of the 100-1100 m level of the Colchidian hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1A","name":"Mediterranean thermophilous deciduous forest","description":"Mediterranean deciduous forests usually dominated by Quercus pubescens or, in the Eastern Mediterranean, by Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis. The canopy is open, either pure or with other oaks. Stands are mostly developed on shallow soil, usually at altitudes of less than 700 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1A1","name":"Hellenic Quercus macrolepis forests","description":"Quercus macrolepis formations of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, as well as of ajacent Albania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and on Lesbos; more modified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountains bordering the gulf of Arta and in western Etolia, in the northwestern Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, in Thrace, in Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1A2","name":"Apulian valonia oak forests","description":"Relict Quercus macrolepis formations of Salento (Tricase)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1B","name":"Acidophilous Quercus forest","description":"Oak-dominated forest (mainly Quercus robur and Quercus petraea but also other regional species) of acid soils through the Atlantic and continental regions, where European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a potential competitor and extending northwards into the boreal zone, where Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) increasingly figures in the canopy. Associated floras are generally rather poor but show some regional distinctiveness and towards the very humid western Atlantic seaboard have extraordinary richness of ferns and cryptogams."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B1","name":"Atlantic Quercus robur - Betula forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of Quercus robur, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, often mixed with Sorbus aucuparia and Populus tremula, on very oligotrophic, often sandy and podsolised or hydromorphic soils; the shrub layer, poorly developed, includes Frangula alnus; the herb layer, formed by the group of Deschampsia flexuosa, always includes Molinia caerulea and is often invaded by bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain, from Jutland to Flanders; they occupy more limited edaphic enclaves in the Ardennes and the middle and upper Rhenish ranges, in northwestern France, Normandy, Brittany, the Paris basin, the Morvan and Great Britain. East of the Elbe, in the Baltic lowlands, they are represented, east to Mecklenburg, by stands transitional, to a greater or lesser extent, to those of unit G4.71 (of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B2","name":"Atlantic acidophilous Fagus - Quercus forests","description":"Forests analogous to those of the Ilici-Fagion but dominated by Quercus petraea or Quercus robur, often accompanied by Fagus sylvatica. They differ from unit T1B1 by the representation of the group of Maianthemum bifolium in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B21","name":"Sub-Atlantic sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea forests with Fagus sylvatica of the Baltic and North Sea plains, north to southern Scandinavia and east to Poland, of Picardy, Normandy, Perche, the Paris region, western Morvan, Argonne, middle Belgium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B22","name":"Armorican acidophile oak forests","description":"Quercus petraea or Quercus robur forests of Brittany, generally richer in epiphytes, mosses and evergreen shrubs than the forests of unit T1B21, transitional to unit T1B3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B23","name":"Northern dune oak forests","description":"Quercus robur or Quercus petraea-dominated woods of dunes and dune slacks of the North Sea coasts, of very local and relict occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B3","name":"Atlantic Quercus petraea forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea woods of the British Isles, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses, lichens and evergreen bushes; the herb layer is formed by the group of Deschampsia flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B31","name":"Irish sessile oak forests","description":"Quercus petraea woods of Ireland, particularly rich in evergreen bushes, including Arbutus unedo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B32","name":"British sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Cumbria, Wales and southwestern England, with a few outliers in northern England, in particular in Yorkshire."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B4","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian Quercus forests on podsols","description":"Forests of Quercus robur and, sporadically Quercus pyrenaica or hybrids, on podsols of southwestern France, with an herb layer constituted by the group of Deschampsia flexuosa, with Molinia caerulea and Peucedanum gallicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B5","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian Quercus forests on leached or acid soils","description":"Silicicolous thermocline forests of Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, Pyrus communis, Malus acerba, Ilex aquifolium, Mespilus germanica with an undergrowth of Ruscus aculeatus, Festuca heterophylla, Pulmonaria longifolia, Melica uniflora and the Deschampsia flexuosa and Convallaria majalis groups of the Quercion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B6","name":"Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous Quercus forests","description":"Forests or tall coppice of Quercus robur or Quercus petraea of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, with an often species-poor herb layer formed by the groups of Deschampsia flexuosa and of Hypericum pulchrum, by Ruscus aculeatus and often various ericaceous plants including Daboecia cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B61","name":"Pyrenean acidophilous oak forests","description":"Quercus petraea forests of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, often with Tilia platyphyllos, Prunus avium, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Sorbus torminalis, Castanea sativa and with Rhamnus frangula, Ilex aquifolium, Mespilus germanica, Corylus avellana, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia, Melampyrum pratense, Lathyrus montanus, Luzula sylvatica, Luzula forsteri, Deschampsia flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B62","name":"Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Cantabrian and peri-Cantabrian acidophilous Quercus robur or Quercus petraea forests, sometimes rich in Betula celtiberica, Quercus pyrenaica or Castanea sativa, with Teucrium scorodonia, Blechnum spicant, Lonicera periclymenum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Veronica officinalis, Hypericum pulchrum, Lathyrus montanus, Melampyrum pratense, Euphorbia dulcis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Stellaria holostea, Oxalis acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris affinis, Dryopteris aemula, Oreopteris limbosperma, Polypodium vulgare, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Daboecia cantabrica, Erica cinerea, Erica vagans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B621","name":"Eastern Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Cantabro-Euskaldian collinar to montane Quercus robur forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B622","name":"Western Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galicio-Asturian collinar to montane Quercus robur forests, richer in western Iberian species such as Linaria triornitophora, Omphalodes nitida, Saxifraga spathularis, than the forests of unit T1B621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B623","name":"Oro-Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests","description":"Oro-Cantabrian montane Quercus petraea forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B63","name":"Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galician and northern Portuguese collinar Quercus robur forests, with Ilex aquifolium, Frangula alnus, Pyrus communis, Laurus nobilis, Crataegus monogyna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B631","name":"Mesophile Luso-Galician collinar oak forests","description":"Mesophile collinar Quercus robur forests, widely distributed in Galicia and northern Portugal."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B632","name":"Humid Luso-Galician collinar oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile Quercus robur forests, limited to valley situations in contact with riparian forests, of Galicia and northern Portugual, accompanied by a cortège rich in ferns, with Betula celtiberica and the northwestern Iberian endemic Narcissus cyclamineus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B64","name":"Luso-Galician montane acidophilous oak forests","description":"Galician and extreme northern Portuguese (Serra do Gerez) montane Quercus robur forests, characterized by the presence of Betula celtiberica, Vaccinium myrtillus, Saxifraga spathularis, Melampyrum pratense and the absence of thermophile, in particular lauriphyllous, species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B7","name":"Medio-European acidophilous Quercus forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, sometimes of Quercus robur, or of either or both oaks and Fagus sylvatica, accompanied by a cortège of sub-Atlantic and submeridional acidophile species (e.g. Pinus sylvestris, Carpinus betulus), developed in central and southern-central Europe, outside of the main Atlantic-influenced range of the Quercion. Quercus-dominated acidophilous forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed in more Atlantic conditions as substitution forests of the Luzulo-Fagion beech forests have been associated with them because of a shared contingent of sub-Atlantic accompanying species and similarities in overall appearance."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B71","name":"Woodrush oak forests","description":"Mesophile, meso-xerophile or meso-hygrophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of Quercus petraea or sometimes Quercus robur, of central European or northwestern medio-European affinities, usually with Luzula luzuloides, distributed in the Western and Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B711","name":"Western Hercynian woodrush-hawksbeard oak forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed on dry, sandy or stony shallow soils, or as substitution forests of Luzulo-Fagion beech forests, in the collinar and submontane level of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Palatinate hills, the Kraischgau and Neckar hills, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhenish Schist Ranges including the Ardenne-Eifel, the hills of Westphalia and southern Lower Saxony, the hills and plateaux of Lorraine, Champagne and Burgundy, the eastern Morvan, with a shrub layer comprising Sorbus aucuparia,Frangula alnus, often Ilex aquifolium, and an herb layer that includes Luzula luzuloides, Teucrium scorodonia, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieracium sabaudum, Hieracium laevigatum, Hieracium lachenalii, Hieracium silvaticum, Hieracium glaucinum, Hieracium umbellatum, Hypericum pulchrum, Lathyrus linifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B712","name":"Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Mesophile or meso-xerophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of Quercus petraea or sometimes Quercus robur, mixed in some parts of the range with Pinus sylvestris and sometimes Castanea sativa, of central European affinities, with a cortège of acidophilous species accompanied by thermophile elements, and usually with Luzula luzuloides and Genista tinctoria, distributed in the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and eastern Alpine periphery, in particular, in Bavaria, lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Carinthia, and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7121","name":"Central Hercynian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea forests of the collinar and submontane levels of siliceous slopes of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, of the Swabo-Bavarian and Franconian plateaux, of the southern German Hercynian hills, east of the Black Forest-Spessart line and west of the Bayerischerwald, and of the hills of Upper Austria, forming a western group of communities within the dyer's greenweed forest complex, characterized, in particular, by the importance in the herb layer of sub-Atlantic indicators, among which Lathyrus linifolius, Hypericum pulchrum, various Hieracium spp., Melampyrum pratense or Teucrium scorodonia, Holcus mollis. Luzula luzuloides, Genista germanica, Genista tinctoria, Chamaespartium sagittale, Deschampsia flexuosa, Campanula rotundifolia, Campanula persicifolia are characteristic or abundant constituents of the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7122","name":"Peri-Bohemian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris, sometimes with Castanea sativa or Abies alba, developed on siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian Quadrangle, its piedmont and associated plateaux and ranges of southern Poland, Saxony, Saxe-Anhalt, Thuringe, the upper Palatinate, of the northeastern Alpine periphery in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Carinthia, of the sub-Pannonic hills of Slovenia, western Transdanubia and the Central Hungarian Range, of the Western and Northern Carpathian foothills, with Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa (Avenella flexuosa), Hieracium murorum, Hieracium sabaudum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Lembotropis nigricans (Cytisus nigricans)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7123","name":"Dacian dyer's greenweed oak forests","description":"Mesophile or meso-xerophile Quercus petraea-dominated acidophilous oak forests of the foothills of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, of the western and southern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, and of the Transylvanian Plateau, accompanied by the cortège of Central European acidophilous species mixed with thermophile elements typical of the Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae, in particular, Luzula luzuloides, Genista tinctoria, Genista germanica, Lembotropis nigricans (Cytisus nigricans), Veronica officinalis, Galium vernum, Lychnis viscaria (Viscaria vulgaris), Hieracium racemosum, Hieracium sabaudum, Hieracium umbellatum supplemented by Dacian species, such as Melampyrum bihariense, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Lathyrus venetus, Galium pseudaristatum,Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Crocus banaticus, and usually with distributed Melin the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B713","name":"Pre-Carpathian Fagus-sessile oak forests","description":"Mesophile, acidophile Quercus petraea forests rich in Fagus sylvatica, widespread within the range of eastern and central greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular on high foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, mostly as transition communities to the beech-hornbeam forests, with a sparse herb layer that includes many mesophile species characteristic of the Fagetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B714","name":"Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile Quercus petraea or Quercus robur forests characteristic of the central and eastern range of the Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetumpetraeae s.l. greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular within and around the Bohemian Quadrangle and on peri-Pannonic or pre-Carpathian plateaux and low hills of the eastern Carpathian system, with an herb layer often dominated by monospecific swards of social gramineous species, in particular, Molinia arundinacea or Carex brizoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7141","name":"Peri-Bohemian giant moorgrass sessile oak forest","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea forests of Bohemia, Styria, the Burgenland, Transdanubia, the Slovakian Zahory and southern Poland, with Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea. Some communities, in particular in Styria, the Burgenland, (\"Pino-Quercetum roborismolinietosum\") and in the Zahory (\"Molinio-Pinetum zahoricum\") are rich in Pinus sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7142","name":"Pre-Carpathian quaking sedge-pedunculate oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile, Quercus robur forests of the plain of the Somes and the Crisul of northwestern Romania, of the basins of the Transylvanian Plateau and of the Getic foothills of Oltenia and Muntenia, developed on old terraces and depressions with argilous substrates, with an herb layer dominated by Carex brizoides, accompanied by other hygrophile species, including Deschampsia cespitosa, Lysimachia nummularia, Glechoma hederacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7143","name":"Pre-Carpathian purple moorgrass-pedunculate oak forests","description":"Meso-hygrophile, acidophile Quercus robur forests of argilous depressions of the Somes basin of northwestern Romania, with an herb layer dominated by Molinia caerulea, accompanied by Sanguisorba officinalis, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Achillea ptarmica, Serratula tinctoria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B72","name":"Western Hercynian thermophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Xerophile Quercus petraea woods on sunny escarpments with dry superficial, siliceous, often schistous soils of the Rhine rift and the schistous Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1B73","name":"Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests","description":"Strongly thermophile acidophilous Quercus petraea forests of the peri-Pannonic hills and of the Illyrian basins of the Drava and Sava, constituting a transition between the slightly thermophilous submeridional forests of unit T1B7 and the thermophilous oak sub-Mediterranean or steppe forests of unit G1.7 (of EUNIS 2012, now wider that T19)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B731","name":"Black broom-oak forests","description":"Xero-mesophile, thermophile, acidophile Quercus petraea forests, occupying generally small surfaces on warm, south-facing, steep, siliceous, gneiss, shist or granite slopes of the Danube trough of Upper Austria, the Lower Austrian Waldviertel, the Bohemian basin, the western foothills of the Apuseni mountains, the Olt valley in the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, the southeastern foothills of the Carpathian Curve, with Lembotropis nigricans (Cytisus nigricans) in the shrub layer and acidophilous species in the subshrub and herb layers, including Genista tinctoria, Digitalis grandiflora, Hieracium umbellatum, Hieracium sabaudum, Luzula luzuloides, Veronica officinalis, Deschampsia flexuosa (Avenella flexuosa), Convallaria majalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B732","name":"Wild service tree-oak forests","description":"Subcontinental acidophilous and xerophilous forests of Quercus petraea accompanied by Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata, Sorbus torminalis and occasionally, mostly under the influence of forestry practices, Pinus sylvestris, characteristic of central Bohemia and southwest Moravia, extending to the Waldviertel and Weinviertel of Lower Austria and to Transdanubia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B733","name":"Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"Acidophilous Quercus petraea forests rich in Castanea sativa of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary and the Crisanian pre-Carpathic hills of northwestern Romania, developed on very acid substrates under warm humid climates or microclimates and accompanied by a mixed and regionally variable cortège composed of acidophile Quercion robori-petraeae species, mesophile Carpinion betuli species and thermophile Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7331","name":"Pre-Carpathian chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"Mesophile, acidophile forests of Quercus petraea, accompanied by Castanea sativa, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Betula pendula, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus avium, Populus tremula, Quercus dalechampii, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus torminalis, limited to small surfaces in low siliceous sub-Pannonic mountains of the eastern Carpathian system, in the Baia Mare and Pocruia area, with an understorey composed of acidophilous species, including Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Genista tinctoria, Deschampsia flexuosa, Luzula luzuloides, together with neutrophilous elements such as Euphorbia amygdaloides, Bromus benekenii, Circaea lutetiana, Salvia glutinosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Daphne mezereum, Clematis vitalba, Vitis sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1B7332","name":"Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak forests","description":"Quercus petraea forests of extremely acid substrates and warm humid climates of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, including the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary, in which Castanea sativa plays an exceptionally important role. Their canopy is extremely mixed, including, in addition to the two species already mentioned, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Fraxinus ornus, Prunus avium, Malus sylvestris, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia cordata, Populus tremula. The understorey comprises a combination of acidophilous, thermophilous and Fagetalia species among which Rubus hirtus, Melampyrum pratense, Pteridium aquilinum, Veronica officinalis, Genista tinctoria, Luzula luzuloides, Hieracium umbellatum, Lathyrus montanus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Lembotropis nigricans, Chamaecytisus supinus, Viola reichenbachiana, Aposeris foetida, Euphorbia dulcis, Primula vulgaris, Helleborus dumetorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1B734","name":"Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests","description":"Acidophilous Betula pendula-Quercus petraea forests of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Calluna vulgaris, Chamaespartium sagittale, Cytisus procumbens, Helleborus odorus, Omalotheca sylvatica (Gnaphalium sylvaticum), Danthonia decumbens, Carex digitata, Pteridium aquilinum, Veronica officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B8","name":"Insubrian acidophilous Quercus forests","description":"Acidophilous forests of Quercus petraea, often mixed with Castanea sativa, of the southern foothills of the Alps in Liguria, Piedmont and Lombardy. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by Festuca ovina (s.l.) and the undergrowth includes, in addition to plants characteristic of the Quercion, transgressives of the Fagion and of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae. These forests are a western extension of the Illyrian forests of units T1B7332 and T1B734."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1B9","name":"Portuguese Quercus robur forests","description":"Relict forests of Quercus robur of central Portugal, often mixed with Quercus suber, Quercus pyrenaica or Castanea sativa and with a luxuriant understory rich in lauriphyllous and xerophyllous lustrous-leaved shrubs and small trees such as Prunus lusitanica, Arbutus unedo, Viburnum tinus, Ilex aquifolium, Laurus nobilis, Myrtus communis and Ruscus aculeatus, limited to the basins of the Mondego and the Zezere, reduced to a very few, extremely fragile stands of exceptional biological and aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1BA","name":"Continental Quercus petraea forests","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1C","name":"Temperate and boreal mountain Betula and Populus tremula forest on mineral soils","description":"Open, low canopy climax birch (Betula litwinowii,Betula pubescens var. glabrata,Betula pubescens var. pumila) and aspen (Populus tremula) forests with a heathy or herb-rich field layer in the boreal zone, temperate mountain ranges including the Caucasus, and temperate zone of Eastern European lowlands.\r\nRemark: Non-mountain closed, secondary birch and aspen forests of the boreal and temperate zones of Eastern Europe also belong to this habitat, which may require a change of the habitat name."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1C1","name":"Birch forest not on marshy terrain","description":"Woods and thickets dominated by Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, their allies, or other arborescent Betula spp., on non-marshy terrain. Molinia arundinacea may dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C11","name":"Atlantic lowland and collinar Betula forests","description":"Pioneer and subclimax Betula pendula or Betula pubescens formations of the North Sea-Baltic plains, the lower Hercynian slopes, the periphery of the Paris Basin, southwestern France, northwestern Iberia, Insubria and Illyria, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C111","name":"Humid birch forests","description":"Formations usually formed by Betula pubescens, with Molinia caerulea and sometimes Deschampsia flexuosa, developed on podsolised or hydromorphic soils, as substitution facies of oak and birch woods, or colonization stages, in particular, of Molinion grasslands or humid heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1111","name":"Northern humid birch forests","description":"Widespread Betula pendula-dominated formations characteristic of the North Sea-Baltic plain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1112","name":"Aquitano-Ligerian humid birch forests","description":"Southern Betula pendula formations common, in particular, in the Sologne and neighbouring areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C112","name":"Medio-European dry acidophilous birch forests","description":"Formations usually formed by Betula pendula, or, in the British Isles, Betula pubescens, with Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris (Agrostis tenuis), Festuca ovina, Vaccinium myrtillus, developed notably on sands, gravels, moraines and decalcified alluvions of nemoral northern and middle European plains and hills, as substitution facies of acidophilous oak woods (Fago-Quercetum, Blechno-Quercetum petraeae, Rusco-Quercetum, Luzulo-Quercetum), occasionally of oak-hornbeam woods (particularly mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests, Endymio-Carpinetum), or colonization stages of dry heaths and decalcified dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C113","name":"Heavy-metal birch forests","description":"Subclimax birch woods occupying soils intoxicated by heavy metals, with an herb layer that may include metallophytes and habitually calciphile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C114","name":"Dune birch forests","description":"Birch woods formed by Betula pubescens, Betula pendula and Populus canescens with Viola hirta, Ligustrum vulgare, Polygonatum odoratum, in calcareous North Sea and Baltic dunes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C115","name":"Illyrian birch forests","description":"Betula pendula-dominated woods of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina and of neighbouring regions, in part birch facies of the acidophilous Betula pendula-Quercus petraea forests of unit T1B734, in part pioneer formations in forest clearings and other recolonisation areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C12","name":"British sub-boreal Betula forests","description":"Birch woods, often extensive and pure, formed by Betula pubescens (Betula odorata, Betula carpatica) or Betula pendula, beyond and above the present range of oak woods in Scotland and northern England."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C13","name":"Hercynio-Alpine Betula forests","description":"Birch stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, mostly subclimax formations of stations with anomalous edaphic and microclimatic conditions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C131","name":"Alpine timberline birch forests","description":"Tree-limit birch stands, of local distribution in the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C132","name":"Birch block forests","description":"Birch stands, mostly of Betula pubescens (Betula carpatica, Betula tortuosa), occupying, in the Alps, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, cold stations on cliff-base rocky screes and boulder-falls through which cold air flows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C133","name":"Illyro-Moesian montane birch forests","description":"Betula pendula stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Dinarides and the northwestern Hellenides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1331","name":"Balkano-Rhodopide birch forests","description":"Betula pendula stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Balkan Range and the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1332","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonide birch forests","description":"Betula pendula stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the western Balkan Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C134","name":"Carpathian birch forests","description":"Betula pendula woods of montane level of the eastern Carpathian system forming as pioneer stands in felled areas of spruce, beech and mixed beech-fir and beech-fir-spruce forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1341","name":"Carpathian rowan birch forests","description":"Betula pendula-dominated woods of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians and the Eastern Carpathians, on superficial brown acid soils of steep slopes in the zone of mixed spruce forests, rich in Sorbus aucuparia and accompanied by Picea abies, Oxalis acetosella, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pulmonaria rubra, Salix silesiaca, Calamagrostis arundinacea and some Fagetalia species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1342","name":"Carpathian aspen birch forests","description":"Betula pendula-dominated woods situated on sandy brown weathered soils of steep slopes and hilltops of the lower montane level of the Apuseni mountains, in particular of the Plopis and Gilau mountains, with Populus tremula and representatives of the Epilobion angustifolii, and of the Fagetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C135","name":"Intra-Carpathian dune oak-birch forests","description":"Woods dominated by Betula pendula accompanied by Quercus robur with psammophyllous species in the herb layer, characteristic of the inland dunes of the eastern rim of the eastern intra-Carpathian basin of Romania, in the region of St. Gheorghe, at Reci in the Kovasna district."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C14","name":"Oroboreal Betula forests and thickets","description":"Timberline birch woods and thickets dominating the subalpine belt of the mountains of the boreal taiga zone or the transition zone between taiga and tundra or polar deserts in the Atlantic or Pacific influenced extreme western and extreme eastern regions of the northern Palaearctic, formed by Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa, Betulakusmisscheffii) or Betula ermani."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C141","name":"Boreo-Atlantic birch forests and thickets","description":"Boreal and subarctic Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods and thickets of Iceland, extreme southwestern Greenland and oceanic western Norway, distributed in lowlands, in valleys and at the foot of mountain slopes, in relatively humid, sheltered situations. In Iceland and Greenland they constitute the only form of boreal woodland. Their stature varies with microclimates, dense low scrubs prevailing along the coasts, in wind-exposed localities and in the most oceanic areas, taller scrub and woods forming further inland and in more continental districts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1411","name":"Boreo-Atlantic crowberry-bog bilberry birch forests","description":"Woods and thickets of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii of Iceland and western Norway with an ericoid-dominated undergrowth, formed mainly by Empetrum hermaphroditum, dominant in Iceland, and Vaccinium uliginosum, dominant in Norway, accompanied by Calluna vulgaris, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Betula nana, Deschampsia flexuosa, mosses and, in Iceland, Juncus trifidus, Kobresia myosuroides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1412","name":"Boreo-Atlantic small fern birch forests","description":"Woods and thickets of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii of Iceland and of the oceanic southern boreal and oceanic middle boreal zones of Norway, developed on moist moraine podsols, with a field layer dominated by ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1413","name":"Icelandic bog bilberry-hairgrass birch forests","description":"Woods and thickets of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii of the lowlands of Iceland, occupying thick, relatively rich soils, with a heath-grassland undergrowth dominated by Vaccinium uliginosum, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, accompanied by Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix callicarpaea (Salix arctica), Salix lanata, Salix phylicifolia, Campanula rotundifolia, Galium verum, Hierochloe odorata, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca rubra s.l., Juncus trifidus, Kobresia myosuroides, Lycopodium annotinum, Equisetum pratense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1414","name":"Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill birch forests","description":"Herb-rich woods and thickets of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii occupying relatively rich mull sandy moraine soils in climatically favourable regions of western Norway and Iceland, with affinities to the oro-Scandinavian calcicline mountain birch woods of unit T1C1425."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1C142","name":"Oro-Scandian birch forests","description":"Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods and thickets of the boreo-alpine and arcto-alpine mountains of Fennoscandia, distributed mostly in the subalpine, subfjell belt, which they dominate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1421","name":"Oro-Scandian crowberry-lichen birch forests","description":"Low (2-3 m) Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods of the subalpine belt of northern, western and inner mountains of Fennoscandia with a lichen-rich ericoid-dominated undergrowth formed by Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Phyllodoce caerulea, accompanied by junipers (Juniperus nana), dwarf birch (Betula nana), willows (Salix spp.)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1422","name":"Oro-Scandian bilberry-hairgrass birch forests","description":"Medium-tall (4-7 m) Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods of sandy moraine podsols of the subalpine belt of the mountains of Fennoscandia, with a moss-rich grass and heath undergrowth formed by Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum hermaphroditum and Deschampsia flexuosa, accompanied by Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi; their cortège includes Betula nana, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnaea borealis, Pedicularis lapponica, Solidago virgaurea, Trientalis europaea, and sparse taller shrubs, in particular, of Juniperus communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1423","name":"Oro-Scandian bilberry-dwarf cornel birch forests","description":"Low to medium tall (to 6 m) Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods of the mountains of Norway and northern Finland, extending from the subalpine belt down, in western Norway, to the fjords, developing in somewhat warmer and wetter areas and occupying thick humus layers on weak podsols of sandy more nutrient-rich moraines than those of units T1C1421 and T1C1422, with an undergrowth dominated by Cornus suecica, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Deschampsia flexuosa, accompanied by taller shrubs, primarily of Juniperus communis and Salix spp.; accompanying species include Linnaea borealis, Solidago virgaurea, Trientalis europaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Molinia caerulea, Luzula sylvatica, Thelypteris limbosperma, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris expansa, Dicranum scoparium, Dicranum majus, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1424","name":"Oro-Scandian small-fern birch forests","description":"Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, often with some spruce or pine, and with an understorey dominated by Gymnocarpium dryopteris; accompanying species include Dryopteris assimilis, Thelypteris phegopteris, Oxalis acetosella, Cerriphyllum piliferum, Hylocomium umbratum, Lophocolea bidentata, in addition to the cortège of the woods of unit T1C1422."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1425","name":"Oro-Scandian cranesbill-stone bramble birch forests","description":"Tall (10-11 m) woods of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, accompanied by Salix spp., Sorbus spp., of the subalpine belt of mountains of Fennoscandia, occupying relatively rich mull soils of sand moraines in climatically favourable regions, with a low herb-rich undergrowth dominated by Geranium sylvaticum and Rubus saxatilis. There is an often well developed understorey of taller shrubs, in particular, Juniperus communis and Salix spp. and a poorly developed moss and lichen layer. The species cortège comprises Campanula rotundifolia, Alchemilla vulgaris, Cornus suecica, Filipendula ulmaria, Fragraria vesca, Galium boreale, Galium verum, Geum rivale, Hieracium spp., Melampyrum sylvaticum, Prunella vulgaris, Poa nemoralis, Poa pratensis, Hierochloe odorata, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca rubra s.l., Melica nutans, Trientalis europaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Elymus caninus (Roegneria canina), Carex bigelowii, Carex vaginata, Coeloglossum viride, Dactylorhiza maculata, Luzula multiflora, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Athyrium filix-femina, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum palustre, Hylocomium splendens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1426","name":"Oro-Scandian tall-herb birch forests","description":"Tall (up to 12 m) woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains dominated by Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, with Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus padus and an undergrowth dominated by tall herbs, comprising, together with abundant Geranium sylvaticum, Trollius europaeus, Rubus saxatilis, Aconitum septentrionale (Aconitum lycoctonum), Cirsium helenioides, Cicerbita alpina, Epilobium angustifolium, Ranunculus platanifolius. The well-developed taller shrub understorey is dominated by Juniperus communis, accompanied by Salix spp.; dwarf shrubs are often absent and the moss and lichen layer is very poorly developed; ferns are common. The species cortège includes Alchemilla spp., Astragalus alpinus, Myosotis decumbens, Paris quadrifolia, Silene dioica, Solidago virgaurea, Stellaria nemorum, Valeriana sambucifolia, Vicia biflora, Milium effusum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis purpurea, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex vaginata. These woods occupy well-drained, mull-rich soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1C1427","name":"Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch forests","description":"Tall Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, occasionally accompanied by Alnus incana, Prunus padus, Salix spp., with a fern-rich field layer dominated by Athyrium filix-femina, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Dryopteris expansa, accompanied by Athyrium distentifolium, Phegopteris connectilis, Thelypteris limbosperma and tall herbs; the species cortège includes Aconitum septentrionale (Aconitum lycoctonum), Solidago virgaurea, Stellaria nemorum, Viola biflora, Filipendula ulmaria, Geranium sylvaticum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus idaeus, Rubus saxatilis, Calamagrostis purpurea, Deschampsia cespitosa; tall-fern hirch woods are developed on sandy moraines with good water supply."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C15","name":"Eurasian boreal Betula forests","description":"Birch woods of the taiga belt, of the wooded tundra belt, and of the taiga-nemoral forest transition zone of Eurasia, formed by Betula pendula, Betula pubescens s.l. or Betula platyphylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C16","name":"Siberian steppe Betula forests","description":"Open, often parklike, woods of Betula pendula, Betula platyphylla or Betula pubescens s.l. of the transition zone between steppe and taiga of Siberia, east of the range of the nemoral deciduous forests of the Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C17","name":"Ponto-Caspian Betula forests","description":"Birch forests of the northern Black Sea basin, Anatolia, the Caucasus and neighbouring regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1C2","name":"Populus tremula forest","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by Populus tremula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C21","name":"Inner Alpine Populus tremula forests","description":"Woods of Populus tremula and Corylus avellana, accompanied by a xerophile flora, of dry inner valleys of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C22","name":"Lowland nemoral Populus tremula forests","description":"Pioneer and subclimax Populus tremula formations of plains and hills of nemoral Europe, in particular the North Sea-Baltic plain and lower Hercynian slopes, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods, and of the adjacent large alluvial systems, such as that of the Po."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C23","name":"Montane Populus tremula stands","description":"Populus tremula formations of the montane level of nemoral and Mediterranean mountains of Europe, occurring, in particular, within the beech belt of high southern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C24","name":"Boreal Populus tremula forests","description":"Populus tremula stands of the taiga zone and of the transition zone between taiga and nemoral woods of Fennoscandia and the northern Sarmatic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1C25","name":"Anatolian Populus tremula forests","description":"Populus tremula stands, sometimes vast, of the southern slopes of inner Pontic ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1C3","name":"Sorbus aucuparia forest","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by Sorbus aucuparia, characteristic in particular of the Scottish Highlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1C4","name":"Inland dune Quercus - Betula forests","description":"Natural woods, usually birch-oak or, east of the Elbe, Pinus sylvestris, developing on Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1C5","name":"Populus tremula and Betula forests with Sambucus","description":"Open woodlands dominated by Betula pendula. The tree and shrub layers are species-poor, with frequent occurrence of Sambucus racemosa. The herb layer is usually well developed, relatively species-rich, the most common species are Poa nemoralis, Hordelymus europaeus, Anemone nemorosa, Dryopteris filix-mas, Luzula luzuloides, Galium odoratum, Rosa tomentosa, Epilobium montanum, Euphorbia amygdaloides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1D","name":"Southern European mountain Betula and Populus tremula forest on mineral soils","description":"Diverse climax and paraclimax forests dominated by birch (Betula pendula and closely related species) or aspen (Populus tremula) on usually acidic mineral soils in humid ravines and gorges and on unstable substrates in the montane to subalpine belts of the Pyrenees, Corsica, Apennines, Sicily and the southern Balkans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D1","name":"Iberian acidophilous birch forests","description":"Medio-European acidophilous birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northwestern Iberia, formed by Betula pendula or Betula celtiberica as substitution stages of acidophilous oak woods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D2","name":"Insubrian acidophilous birch forests","description":"Birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northern Italy, dispersed in the Alpine foothills where they constitute substitution stages of the Insubrian acidophilous oak woods (Castaneo-Quercetum p.), on the fluvioglacial terraces of the Po system, as facies of the acidophilous pine-birch-oak woods, and in the Euganean hills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D3","name":"Pyrenean birch forests","description":"Birch-dominated formations of the Pyrenees, locally frequent in all vegetation levels."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D4","name":"Apennine birch forests","description":"Isolated birch stations of the Apennines, in the Abruzzi, bosco di Manziana (Latium), monti Alburni, monti Picentini."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D5","name":"Sub-Mediterranean Populus tremula stands","description":"Populus tremula formations occurring within the sub- or supra-Mediterranean environment of the mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests of, in particular, the Quercion frainetto."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D6","name":"Corsican Betula forests","description":"Betula pendula formations of the upper montane level of Corsica, forming extensive subclimax belts on rocky, rapidly eroding soils at the upper forest limit, as well as transition communities in the evolution of laricio pine or beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D7","name":"Montane Betula celtiberica forests","description":"Formations of the upper montane and supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberia dominated by the endemic Betula celtiberica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1D71","name":"Cantabrian Betula celtiberica forests","description":"Climax tree-limit Betula celtiberica woods of the Cantabrian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1D72","name":"Western Betula celtiberica forests","description":"Upper montane and supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela) and the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, limited to tree-limit situations and humid ravines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1D73","name":"Sorian and Guadarraman Betula celtiberica forests","description":"Humid supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the eastern Cordillera Central (Guadarrama) and of the Northern Iberian Range (Sorian mountains), restricted to relict stations on rainy north facing  slopes (ubac) and in humid ravines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1D8","name":"Mount Etna Betula stands","description":"Endemic Betula aetnensis formations of Mount Etna lavas, limited to the 1200-2000 metre level, mostly within the 1600-1750 metre range, at northern to eastern exposures. The accompanying cortège includes Adenocarpus complicatus, Genista aetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Festuca circummediterranea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1E","name":"Carpinus and Quercus mesic deciduous forest","description":"Deciduous broadleaved forests typical of brown or grey soils of quite low to high base-status and moderate to high nutrient content. They occur across the lowlands and foothills of the temperate zone of Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, with local extensions into regions characterised by submediterranean and boreal climate. Partially this includes alluvial Quercus/Carpinus-dominated forests in mountain valleys with infrequent inundation. The canopy is usually of mixed composition with oaks figuring prominently, notably Quercus petraea and Quercus robur but with regional contributions from other oaks, along with Acer campestre,Acer platanoides,Carpinus betulus,Fraxinus excelsior,Tilia cordata,Tilia tomentosa and Ulmus glabra. Non-riparian and non-ravine forests of Acer platanoides,Fraxinus excelsior,Tilia cordata and Ulmus glabra (without Quercus species and Carpinus betulus) also belong to this habitat. The canopy can have a complex, multi-layered structure including shrubs and lianas while the herb layer can be species-rich with much regional variation in composition."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E1","name":"Quercus - Fraxinus - Carpinus betulus forest on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils","description":"Atlantic, medio-European and eastern European forests dominated by Quercus robur or Quercus petraea, on eutrophic or mesotrophic soils, with usually ample and species-rich herb and shrub layers. Carpinus betulus is generally present. They occur under climates too dry or on soils too wet or too dry for beech or as a result of forestry practices favouring oaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E11","name":"Mixed Atlantic Quercus forests with Hyacinthoides non-scripta","description":"Atlantic forests of the British Isles, western Belgium and northwestern France, mostly on more or less water-retaining soils, characterized by a diverse tree layer, dominated by Quercus robur and rich in Fraxinus excelsior, and by an herb layer rich in species of the group of Hyacinthoides non-scripta, in particular Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Gagea spathacea, Tamus communis, Primula vulgaris, Luzula forsteri. Allium ursinum, Primula elatior, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone nemorosa, Lamium galeobdolon characterise variants linked to soil acidity and hygromorphy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E12","name":"Aquitanian Fraxinus - Quercus and Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior and Carpinus betulus of valley bottoms and cool, damp lower slopes of southwestern France, south to the Pyrenean piedmont, with Sorbus torminalis, Ruscus aculeatus and many thermocline, acidocline and Mediterraneo-Atlantic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E13","name":"Sub-Atlantic Fraxinus - Quercus forests with Primula elatior","description":"Forests of Quercus robur, sometimes Quercus petraea, rich in Fraxinus excelsior, with Carpinus betulus, developed on more or less wet, meso-eutrophic soils, in regions of moderate Atlantic influence, from southern Champagne and Lorraine north to lower Rhenania, Westphalia and Hanover, characterized by the abundance of species of the ecological groups of Primula elatior, of Lamium galeobdolon, of Anemone nemorosa and by the absence of Hyacinthoides non-scripta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E131","name":"Arum ash-oak forests","description":"Typical neutrocline and acidocline Quercus robur-Fraxinus excelsior forests with primrose, developed on silts, marls and clays, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of Arum maculatum, including Ranunculus ficaria, Ranunculus auricomus, Adoxa moschatellina, Ribes rubrum, Glechoma hederacea, Listera ovata, or of the group of Galium odoratum, with Rosa arvensis, Mercurialis perennis, Sanicula europaea, Melica uniflora, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, or by the abundance of Lamium galeobdolon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E132","name":"Corydalis ash-oak forests","description":"Quercus robur-Fraxinus excelsior forests occupying damp colluvions at the bottom of slopes in valleys within sub-Atlantic forests, characterized by the presence of the group of Anemone ranunculoides, Corydalis solida, Gagea lutea and Lathraea squamaria or of Aconitum vulparia, transitional to ravine or alluvial forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E133","name":"Garlic ash-oak forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic Quercus robur-Fraxinus excelsior forests rich in Allium ursinum, of alluvial terraces and adjacent colluvions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E14","name":"Sub-Atlantic Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests with Stellaria","description":"Sub-Atlantic and medio-European forests of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, with Carpinus betulus, developed on meso-oligotrophic soils, less hydromorphic than those occupied by the often sympatric forests of unit T1E13, characterized by the replacement of the groups of Primula elatior and Lamium galeobdolon, well represented in the forests of unit T1E13, by those of Deschampsia flexuosa and of Maianthemum bifolium, transgressives from the Quercion. They constitute the prevalent oak-hornbeam forests of the Münster basin, the Rhenish and Mosan regions, the northwestern Hercynian lands, Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, Burgundy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E141","name":"Northwestern oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Typical sub-Atlantic Quercus robur-Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of northern Europe, north to southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland, and of the eastern Paris basin and Lorraine, with Stellaria holostea, Carex brizoides, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Polygonatum verticillatum, Potentilla sterilis, Ranunculus nemorosus, Poa chaixii, Luzula sylvatica, Luzula luzuloides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E142","name":"Lorraine marl oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests of Lorraine marls, with Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Lonicera xylosteum, Galium odoratum, Carex umbrosa, Pulmonaria obscura and Ornithogalum pyrenaicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E143","name":"Burgundy collinar oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur-Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of the mesozoic hills and plateaux of northwestern Burgundy (Nivernais, Langres plateau, Barrois, Morvan piedmont)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E144","name":"Burgundy plain oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur-Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of the Saone plain in southern Burgundy and Bresse, of the southern Lyonnais and of the Limagne basin, including the outstanding multicentury-old stands of Côteaux and similar stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E15","name":"Famennian Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Sub-Atlantic forests of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, mostly low-canopied, with Carpinus betulus, Sorbus torminalis, Betula pendula, Populus tremula in the subcanopy or the understorey, developed on soils with an alternating hydric regime, mostly clays derived from the alteration of Devonian schists, characterized by the abundance of Carex flacca and the coexistence of acidocline and calcicline species, typical of the sub-Hercynian Fagne-Famenne depression where they constitute a highly distinctive, almost continuous, forest-belt."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E16","name":"Sub-continental Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Quercus robur or Quercus petraea forests of eutrophic or mesotrophic soils of subcontinental and continental northern and central Central Europe and of Eastern Europe. Carpinus betulus is generally present in their western representatives, widespread in Central Europe and western Eastern Europe. They are richer in lime, Tilia cordata, than the sub-Atlantic forests of units T1E13, T1E14 and 41.25. They are of more northern character in their area of mutual approach than the Balkanic forests of unit T1E1C. Their southern limit of occurrence follows the Carpathian arc, the northern rim of the Podolian plateaux, and, farther east, the southern limit of nemoral forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E161","name":"Wood bedstraw oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of regions with subcontinental climate within the central European range of Fagus sylvatica, such as the Upper Rhine plain, the rain shadows of the Harz, Rh”n and Spessart, the Swabian-Franconian basin, the Bavarian plateau and Thuringe, the Austrian northern pre-Alps and the Wienerwald, the Polish central lowlands and adjacent hills of Silesia, Great Poland and Kujawy, dominated by Quercus petraea and with Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, Acer campestre, Ligustrum vulgare, Convallaria majalis, Carex montana, Carex umbrosa, Festuca heterophylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E162","name":"Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Lime-oak forests of Central and Eastern Europe developed in regions of continental climate east of the range of Fagus sylvatica, but within that of Carpinus betulus, in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, with Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Carpinus betulus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E163","name":"Boreonemoral spruce-lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur-Quercus petraea-Tilia cordata forests of northern nemoral or boreonemoral regions of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, east of the range of Fagus sylvatica, north of the range of the forests of unit T1E162 from which they differ by an admixture of Picea abies and other boreal species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E164","name":"Peri-Carpathian lime-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur-Quercus petraea-Tilia cordata forests of the northern flank of the northern and northeastern Carpathians (Poloninskij Chrebet), west to northern Moravia, differing from those of unit T1E162 by the presence of Abies alba and Picea abies in the tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E165","name":"Bohemian oak-hornbeam and oak-lime forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of plains and low hills of the Bohemian basin and adjacent areas of northeastern Lower Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E166","name":"Carpathian hairy sedge oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Tilia cordata-Carpinus betulus-Fagus sylvatica forests of the collinar level of the Carpathians, of southern Moravia, of the flysch hills of northeastern Lower Austria, of the Hainburger Berge and Leitha hills of northeastern Burgenland and of the volcanic hills of northern Hungary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E167","name":"Sub-Pannonic primrose oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Quercus robur-Carpinus betulus-Acer campestre forests of warm hills of the Pannonic domaine, in southern Moravia, southern Slovakia, the eastern Lower-Austrian Weinviertel and Marchfeld, the hills of western Transdanubia and the mid-Pannonic range of central Transdanubia, outside of the range of Fagus sylvatica, with Quercus cerris, Cornus mas, Sorbus torminalis, Ulmus minor, Rhamnus catharticus, Viola mirabilis, Viola alba, Viola suavis, Primula veris, Polygonatum latifolium, Polygonatum multiflorum, Polygonatum odoratum, Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis, Pulmonaria murinii, Chamaecytisus supinus, Serratula tinctoria, Convallaria majalis, Carex curvata, Carex michelii, Melica uniflora, Poa nemoralis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E168","name":"Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Quercus robur-Carpinus betulus forests of hills, valleys and plateaux of the southern flank of the eastern section of the Western Carpathian arc, in Slovakia and northern Hungary, within the range of Fagus sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1681","name":"Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Quercus robur-Carpinus betulus forests of the Slovakian-Hungarian karst."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1682","name":"Scorpion-vetch oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Quercus robur-Carpinus betulus forests of eastern Slovakia, with Coronilla elegans (Coronilla latifolia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E169","name":"Western boreal mixed deciduous forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus glabra, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana and sometimes Fagus sylvatica and/or Carpinus betulus, of the southern Fennoscandian and Baltic regions of transition and interdigitation between taiga and nemoral deciduous forests. They usually constitute deciduous forests enclaved in a taiga environment, near the limits of the ranges of Fagus sylvatica and/or Carpinus betulus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E16A","name":"Northern middle Russian oak-lime forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Eastern Europe, with Tilia cordata and no Carpinus betulus. They are characteristic of the Baltic States, eastern Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of Carpinus betulus. They also occur within the geographical range of hornbeam on soils unfavourable to its growth. Quercus robur and Tilia cordata are accompanied by Acer platanoides, Populus tremula, Picea abies, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Euonymus europaeus, Daphne mezereum, Galium odoratum, Anemone nemorosa and boreal herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E17","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Often low, open, xerophile forests dominated by Quercus robur or Quercus petraea, developed on superficial to deep soils associated with calcareous substrates in Hercynian southern central Germany, eastern and southern Belgium, eastern and central France; located within the range of the Pulmonario-Carpinenion, they offer similarities to the Galio-Carpinenion and generally constitute substitution forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion, either regressive phases brought about by coppicing or recolonisation phases permitted by abandonment of Bromion grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E171","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile privet oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Generally low forests and woods characteristic of superficial calcareous soils on often steep sunny slopes of Hercynian southern central Germany, southern Belgium and eastern France, with Quercus robur (usually dominant), Quercus petraea, Tilia platyphyllos, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Cornus sanguinea, Cornus mas, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Euonymus europaeus, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Daphne laureola, Primula veris, Viola hirta, Mercurialis perennis, Scilla bifolia, Orchis mascula, Carex digitata, Carex montana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E172","name":"Sub-Atlantic xerophile Anthericum oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Low, open forests and woods characteristic of steeep, sunny slopes on slightly calcareous schists in the Ardenne-Eifel periphery, with Quercus petraea (dominant), Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus aria, Pyrus pyraster, Malus sylvestris, Prunus avium, Amelanchier ovalis, Stellaria holostea, Anemone sylvestris, Silene nutans, Silene inflata, Campanula persicifolia, Anthericum liliago, Melica nutans, Carex montana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E173","name":"Sub-Atlantic calciphile squill ash-oak forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior, rich in ligneous species, in particular, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis, Ulmus glabra (Ulmus scabra), Taxus baccata, Acer campestre, Cornus mas, Pyrus pyraster, Daphne laureola, characteristic of well-drained, often deep, sometimes rocky, moist or partly dry calcareous soils on gentle slopes of the south Paris basin and adjacent regions, with Arum italicum, Asarum europaeum, Doronicum plantagineum, Helleborus foetidus, Hepatica triloba, Orobanche hederae, Lilium martagon, Carex montana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E18","name":"Southern Alpine Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Fragmentary mesophile or meso-hygrophile formations of the Insubrian pre-Alps, the northern Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines, the Esterel and the Tanneron and very locally, the southern French Alps (forˆt du Saou, Dr“me), with Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus, developed on deep soils in conditions of sufficient atmospheric and edaphic humidity. They represent a transition between the medio-European formations of the Pulmonario-Carpinenion and Galio-Carpinenion on the one hand, the southeastern formations of the Carpinion illyricum, and perhaps the southwestern formations of the Polysticho-Corylenion, on the other hand."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E19","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian Quercus - Fraxinus forests","description":"Forests dominated by Quercus robur, or, in parts of the Pyrenees and in the Oro-Cantabrian interior, Quercus petraea, with Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia platyphyllos, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus avium, Ulmus glabra, many shrubs and lianas, abundant Hedera helix, many ferns, such as Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris affinis, Dryopteris dilatata, Asplenium scolopendrium, and with Arum italicum, Veronica montana, Hypericum androsaemum, Primula vulgaris, Pulmonaria longifolia, Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis, Isopyrum thalictroides, Ajuga reptans, Carex sylvatica, Bromus racemosus, Melica uniflora, of the collinar, submontane and, in a somewhat impoverished form with Crataegus laevigata, montane levels of the piedmont of the Cordillera Cantabrica, in Navarra, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, Cantabria, Asturias and Castilla-Leon, as well as of the submontane level of the northern slope, and locally in Navarra and Catalonia, the southern slope of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E1A","name":"Illyrian Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur or Quercus petraea, sometimes Quercus cerris, and Carpinus betulus occupying the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with outliers in south Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, south of Lake Balaton, in southern Carinthia and Styria and in valleys and hills, particularly karst valleys, of the western Balkan peninsula south to Montenegro, Albania and the North Macedonia, characterized by higher continentality than in the sub-Mediterranean and by higher temperatures than in middle Europe; they are intermediate between those of central Europe and those of the Balkans and merge northwards into the Pannonic oak woods. Constituting a centre of diversity, they have a much higher species richness than the Central European oak woods. Acer tataricum, Cyclamen purpurascens, Epimedium alpinum, Erythronium dens-canis, Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens, Knautia drymeia are characteristic. Outliers of these forests also occur in Frioul and the northern Apennines; they have been included in unit 41.28."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1A1","name":"Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, sometimes mixed with Quercus robur or Quercus cerris, and Carpinus betulus occupying well-drained ground in the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending to the southern Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, to southern Carinthia and Styria, Frioul and the northern Apennines, and to valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1A11","name":"Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, sometimes mixed with Quercus robur or Quercus cerris, and Carpinus betulus occupying limestones and rendzinas, often on skeletal soils, in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north to the hills of southwestern Transdanubia and the upper Drava basin of southern Carinthia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1A12","name":"Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, sometimes mixed with Quercus robur or Quercus cerris, and Carpinus betulus, occupying brown soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north and west to Friuli Venezia Giulia and the northern Apennines, southern Styria and southern Hungary, extending south in valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula to Albania and the North Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1A13","name":"Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, sometimes mixed with Quercus robur or Quercus cerris, and Carpinus betulus, occupying well-drained acid soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1A2","name":"Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus forests of the Illyrian basin, in particular, humid forests of non-carbonated pseudogleys and gleys of valleys of the Drava and Sava basins of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, forming in contact with riverine forests of the Alno-Padion, but on somewhat higher ground, vicariants of the Pannonic forests of unit T1E1A1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1A3","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus forests of sub-Mediterranean regions of the southeastern pre-Alps and karstic reliefs of Slovenia, northwestern Croatia and extreme northeastern Italy, where they occupy north-facing doline slopes and cool vales, much richer in thermophile elements than the forests of unit T1E1A2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E1B","name":"Pannonic Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur or Quercus petraea with Carpinus betulus occupying anomolous stations, in particular, on humid peri-riverine ground or on acid bedrock, in the hills of the Pannonic plains and their periphery, including Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the western Transdanubian hills, the mid-Transdanubian ridge, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, thus, in the zone of contact between zonal medio-European and Illyrian Carpinion communities with both of which they share characteristics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1B1","name":"Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor forests of deep nutrient-rich gley soils of the Pannonic plains and hills of Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the northern Hungarian Sator Range, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, often developed in contact with riverine forests of the Alno-Padion, occupying slightly higher ground, Pannonic vicariant of the Illyrian forests of unit T1E1A2. Carex brizoides, Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis solida, Galanthus nivalis are abundant in the herb layer, which is particularly rich in vernal ephemerals, including Gagea spathacea, Gagea lutea, Gladiolus imbricatus, Cyclamen purpurascens, Crocus neapolitanus, Erythronium dens-canis, Helleborus dumetorum, Adoxa moschatellina, Anemone ranunculoides, Ranunculus ficaria, Scilla vindobonensis, Leucojum vernum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1B2","name":"Peri-Pannonic acidophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of eastern peri-Alpic regions, western Transdanubia, the Transdanubian mid-Pannonic ridge and adjacent areas of Slovakia, developed on acidic rocks, with Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Mycelis muralis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E1C","name":"Southeastern European Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Forests of Carpinus betulus and Quercus robur, Quercus petraea or Quercus dalechampii, sometimes with Quercus cerris or Quercus frainetto, of the flanks and piedmont of the eastern and southern Carpathians and of the plateaux of the western Ukraine; azonal, often isolated oak-hornbeam woods of the Moesian Quercion frainetto zone, of the eastern Pannonic and western Pontic steppe woods zone and of the pre-Pontic hills of southeastern Europe. They are characterized by an admixture of sub-Mediterranean Quercion frainetto species, and, in the east, of Euxinian species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1C1","name":"Dacian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur or Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus of the Transylvanian plateau, the foothills of the Apuseni Mountains and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana and Maramures, with a Carpinion cortège that includes Prunus avium, Tilia cordata, Stellaria holostea, Carex pilosa, Galium schultesii, Festuca heterophylla, Ranunculus auricomus accompanied by regional differential species such as Lathyrus hallersteinii, Melampyrum bihariense, Aposeris foetida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C11","name":"Dacian Melampyrum biharense oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus of the Transylvanian plateau and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on basicline deep brown soils of depressions and gentle slopes, under a weakly sub-Atlantic climate, with a species-rich herb layer formed by Carpinion betuli species, including Melampyrum bihariense, Helleborus purpurascens, Lathyrus transsilvanicus, Aposeris foetida, Hepatica transsilvanica, Aconitum moldavicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C12","name":"Dacian Lathyrus hallersteinii oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus of the peripherial hills of the Transylvanian plateau, including the western foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, the northern foothills of the Southern Carpathians, the Brasov basin and the eastern foothills of the Apuseni Mountains, locally of the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on acidocline leached brown soils of shady slopes, with Carex pilosa, Galium schultesii, Stellaria holostea, Helleborus purpurascens, Ranunculus auricomus, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Aposeris foetida, Festuca drymeja, and in the more thermophile communities, Aristolochia pallida, Rhamnus catharticus, Quercus cerris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C13","name":"Dacian tatar maple oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea, Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus of low hills of the central Transylvanian plateau, with Prunus avium, Acer tataricum, Acer campestre in the tree layer, Viburnum lantana, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Staphylea pinnata in the shrub layer, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Melittis melissophyllum, Stellaria holostea, Ranunculus auricomus, Asarum europaeum in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1C2","name":"Moldo-Muntenian oak-lime-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea s.l., Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus, usually with Tilia tomentosa, of the plateaux and eastern Carpathian foothills of Moldavia, of the Dobrojea plateau, of the plateaux, Southern Carpathian foothills and, locally, plains of Muntenia and Oltenia, west to the western Getic piedmont, characterized by a cortège richer in sub-Mediterranean or sub-Pontic species than that of the forests of unit T1E1C1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1C3","name":"Moesian oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by Quercus petraea s.l., Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, and sometimes Quercus frainetto, of somewhat humid sites, shady slopes and narrow valleys of the Quercion frainetto zone of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania; they are characterized by a distinctly middle European cortège comprising Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Prunus avium, Corylus avellana, Euonymus europaeus, Lonicera caprifolium, Helleborus odorus, Cruciata glabra and Ranunculus ficaria to which are associated various sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C31","name":"Moesian mesophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests dominated by Quercus dalechampii, accompanied by Carpinus betulus, widespread in the xero-mesophytic durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and its northern and northwestern spurs and satellites of northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, the Anti-Balkan (Sredna Gora) and neighbouring hills, the southeastern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains and the Sakar range of central Thrace, more humid than the Carpinus orientalis-Quercus dalechampii forests of unit T196831, accompanied by a distinctly middle-European cortège, comprising as local characteristics, Acer campestre, Prunus avium,Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Helleborus odorus, Stellaria holostea, Cruciata glabra, Melica uniflora, Poa nemoralis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca heterophylla."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C32","name":"Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by Quercus petraea s.l., Quercus cerris, and sometimes Quercus frainetto, of the Quercionfrainetto zone of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the Southern Carpathian foothills and valleys of Romania, characterized by a strong representation of thermophile species, in particular, of species of the Quercion frainetto constellation, including Tilia tomentosa, Sorbus torminalis, Pyrus pyraster, Acer tataricum, Cornus mas, Nectaroscordum siculum, together with medio-European Carpenion betuli or Fagetalia species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1E1C321","name":"Pre-Moesian Galium kitaibelianum oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus of the Olt, Jiu and Cerna valleys of the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, developed on sunny, moderate slopes and slightly acid leached brown soils, with Tilia tomentosa, Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica sporadically present in the tree layer, and with a cortège that includes the characteristic Galium kitaibelianum, Galium baillonii, Veronica bachofenii, the acidophile Luzula luzuloides, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Deschampsia flexuosa and the thermophile Primula columnae, Potentilla micrantha, Aremonia agrimonoides, Lychnis coronaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":8,"code":"T1E1C322","name":"Moesian Quercus cerris oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile forests dominated by Quercus cerris and Carpinus betulus of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the western Romanian pre-Carpathian hills, with an herb layer composed of elements of the Fagetalia, such as Stellaria holostea, Dentaria bulbifera, Asarum europaeum and from the Quercetea pubescenti-petreae including Cornus mas, Campanula persicifolia, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Cynanchum vincetoxicum), Coronilla varia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E1C4","name":"Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests","description":"Oak-hornbeam forests of plains and plateaux of eastern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians of the Ukraine and northern Romanian Moldavia and of the central and southern parts of the Podolian plateau and its southern extensions in northern Moldavia, the northern Moldova Republic and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr. They may be dominated by oak, usually Quercus robur, or, in particular, in large portions of their central sector, by hornbeam, Carpinus betulus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C41","name":"Podolic pedunculated oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus of plains, plateaux and pre-Carpathic hills of northeastern Romania, the northern Moldova Republic, Podolia and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr, with Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis, Ulmus minor, Quercus petraea, Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Malus sylvestris, Prunus avium, Pyrus pyraster and a predominantly medio-European field layer that includes Asarum europaeum, Pulmonaria officinalis, Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Carex pilosa, Carex sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E1C42","name":"Moldavian spindle oak-hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile or acidocline forests of Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus of humid depressions in river basins and low hills of northern Moldavia and the Moldova Republic, with Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, sometimes Acer tataricum, Euonymus nanus, Euonymus europaeus, Asarum europaeum, Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Geum urbanum, Carex pilosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E2","name":"Non-riverine Fraxinus forest","description":"Nonalluvial Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and nemoral forests dominated by Fraxinus excelsior, particularly characteristic of Britain, of the northwestern Iberian peninsula and of the Baltic moraine hills of Mecklenburg, but distributed also in other parts of central and southeast Europe. Pioneer secondary formations on abandoned cultivated land are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E21","name":"Fraxinus - Sorbus aucuparia - Mercurialis perennis forests","description":"Forests and woodland of Fraxinus excelsior, with some Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus petraea, Betula pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia and an understorey dominated by Corylus avellana, often accompanied by Crataegus monogyna or occasionally Crataegus laevigata, characteristic of submontane climates and moist soils on calcareous bedrocks of the northern and western British Isles, particularly in valley heads of the upland fringes, distributed in Ireland, Scotland, northern England, Wales and locally Devon. Ferns (Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris spp., Blechnumspicant), grasses (Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Poa trivialis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum), Oxalis acetosella are abundant and characteristic in the field layer, often with Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Mercurialisperennis, tall herbs (Crepis paludosa, Crepis mollis, Filipendula ulmaria, Conopodium majus, Trollius europaeus) and an extensive and diverse bryophyte flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E22","name":"British Fraxinus - Acer campestre - Mercurialis perennis forests","description":"Forests and woodland of Fraxinus excelsior, with Quercus robur (in the southwest), or Quercus petraea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra (in the northwest), with an understorey dominated by Corylus avellana, frequently accompanied by Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, characteristic of often calcareous base-rich soils in relatively warm and dry lowlands of southern Britain, distributed mostly in southern and central England, eastern Wales, southern and eastern Scotland. The field layer comprises Mercurialis perennis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum, Arum maculatum, Viola riviniana, Viola reichenbachiana, Sanicula europaea, Lamium galeobdolon, Carex sylvatica; Primula vulgaris and Glechoma hederacea, Anemone nemorosa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum, Allium ursinum, Teucrium scorodonia characterize geographical and edaphic subtypes. In humid northern and western Britain, outside of the range of Fagus sylvatica and Carpinus betulus, the separation between this unit and the Medio-European ravine forests of unit T1F1, developed on unstable screes and colluvions, is poorly marked."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E23","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian Fraxinus forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-dominated facies of the Pyreneo-Cantabrian ash-oak forests (unit T1E19)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E24","name":"Baltic Fraxinus - Acer pseudoplatanus forests with Adoxa moschatellina","description":"Fraxinus excelsior forests of Baltic moraine hills (Mecklenburg), possibly related to the peri-Alpine slope-foot forests of T1F3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E25","name":"Mixed Atlantic Fraxinus forests with Hyacinthoides non-scripta","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-dominated facies of the mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests (unit T1E11), including ash-dominated facies of British oak-bracken-bramble woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E26","name":"Aquitanian Fraxinus forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-dominated facies of Aquitanian ash-oak forests (T1E12)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E27","name":"Sub-Atlantic Fraxinus forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-dominated facies of sub-Atlantic oxlip oak forests (unit T1E13), characteristic, in particular, of forests on imperfectly drained marls and schistoid clays."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E28","name":"Lutetian calciphile Fraxinus forests","description":"Fraxinus excelsior-dominated facies of calciphile oak-ash forests (unit T1E173), characteristic of the French Paris basin, particularly on chalk deposits; their affinities are with the southeastern British formations of unit T1E21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E29","name":"Post-cultural Fraxinus forests","description":"Pioneer formations of Fraxinus excelsior occupying abandoned agricultural land."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E3","name":"Carpinus betulus forest","description":"Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E31","name":"Western Carpinus betulus forest","description":"Woods of Western Europe and northern and central Central Europe, north to southern Denmark, Bornholm and southeastern Sweden, within the range of the Fagion medio-europaeum and the Carpinion betuli, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, uncommon, generally low, habitually secondary. Scandinavian stands, characteristic of diabases, basalts and greenstones, often dominated by tall Carpinus betulus, have a field layer dominated by abundant Anemone nemorosa, Stellaria nemorum and Hedera helix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E32","name":"Eastern Carpinus betulus forest","description":"Forests of southeastern Central Europe and of Eastern Europe, within the range of the Carpinion illyricum, of the Fagion moesiacum and of the Fagion dacicum, as well as of areas east of the range of Fagus sylvatica, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, more widespread and developed than those of unit T1E31, sometimes primary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E321","name":"Illyrian hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the Carpinion illyricum, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular Carpinus betulus-dominated communities of the Carinthian Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E322","name":"Dacio-Moesian hornbeam forests","description":"Neutrophile or weakly acidophile forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the Fagion moesiacum, the Fagion dacicum and, locally, of the Quercion frainetto, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, with Carpinion species in the herb layer; they occur in various conditions on hills and in plains, as substitution for mixed forests of Quercus robur or Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E323","name":"Sarmatic hornbeam forests","description":"Forests of Eastern Europe, east of the range of Fagus sylvatica, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular, Carpinus betulus forests of the Podolian plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E4","name":"Tilia forest","description":"Tilia spp.-dominated forests and woods of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral and boreal zones. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit Τ1Ε2, riverine forests in unit G1.2 (of EUNIS 2012, now split in T12 and T13) and Τ14."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E41","name":"Western Tilia forests","description":"Rare Tilia-dominated stands of nemoral western and central Europe, within the range of Fagus sylvatica, often Tilia-dominated facies of lime-rich oak-hornbeam forests. They are distributed, in particular, in the Bohemian basin, in southern Scandinavia and in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E42","name":"Sub-boreal Tilia forests","description":"Tilia-dominated forests of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of Fagus sylvatica and mostly of Carpinus betulus. Tilia cordata may be accompanied by Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Populus tremula, Picea abies, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Euonymus europaeus, Daphne mezereum, Galium odoratum, Anemone nemorosa and boreal herbs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E43","name":"East-European Tilia forests","description":"Tilia-dominated forests of eastern Central Europe and the southern nemoral zone of Russia, east of the range of Fagus sylvatica and, for the most part, of that of Carpinus betulus, and west of the Volga, with Quercus robur, Acer platanoides and Ulmus montana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E44","name":"Trans-Volgan Tilia forests","description":"Forests of the nemoral zone of Russia, east of the Volga, with an eastward trend of diminishing Quercus robur and augmenting Tilia cordata, and an often luxuriant shrub layer comprizing, in particular, Corylus avellana. Many, or most, are dominated by lime and listed here rather than under unit T1E16 ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E45","name":"Crimean Tilia forests","description":"Tilia cordata-dominated forests of the oak-hornbeam-lime forest complex occupying the central part of the Tauric chain of southern Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E5","name":"Non-riverine Ulmus forest","description":"Forests and woods dominated by Ulmus spp. or Acer spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit Τ1Ε2, riverine forests in unit G1.2 (of EUNIS 2012, now split in T12 and T13)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E51","name":"Ulmus minor forests","description":"Ulmus minor (Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus campestris) or Ulmus procera woods of base- and nutrient-rich, often ruderal, terrain, dispersed along the western seaboard of Western Europe and in warm, dry, subcontinental areas of Central Europe, usually rich in species of southern affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E511","name":"Sweet violet elm forests","description":"Nitrophile Ulmus minor or Ulmus procera woods of the western seaboard of the European continent, from northern France to Poland, distributed, in particular, in the Paris Basin, in the maritime dunes of the Netherlands and Belgium, on the dikes of the Dutch fluviatile district and on the cretaceous low Meuse hills, sporadically also in suburban forests, parks and green spaces throughout its range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E512","name":"Thermo-Atlantic elm forests","description":"Ulmus minor woods of the coasts of Normandy, Brittany and Vend‚e."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E513","name":"British suckering elm forests","description":"Woods of the British Isles, mostly of the Fraxinus-Acer-Mercurialis type, invaded and dominated by suckering elms of the Ulmus minor group (Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus procera); postcultural small-leaved elm groves are included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E514","name":"Sub-continental field elm forests","description":"Ulmus minor woods of dry, warm stations in regions of subcontinental climate of Central Europe, mostly secondary colonists of agricultural land on loess, marls, degraded chernozems or alluvial terrain, distributed in particular in southern German dry enclaves, in peri-Pannonic areas and in Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E52","name":"Ulmus glabra and Ulmus laevis forests","description":"Non-riparian, non-ravine Ulmus glabra or Ulmus laevis-dominated formations of northern and central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E6","name":"Mixed deciduous forest of the Black and Caspian Seas","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests limited mainly to the mountains bordering the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E61","name":"Euxinian mixed mesic forests","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the Pontic Range of northern Anatolia and the Stranja-Istranca of Thrace, with outlyers in the eastern Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1E611","name":"Western Euxinian mixed forests","description":"Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western Pontic Range and the mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, typically with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1E6111","name":"Thracio-Euxinian mixed forests","description":"Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, composed of Quercus polycarpa, Quercus cerris, Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis, Sorbus torminalis, Fagus orientalis, with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E62","name":"Sub-Euxinian mixed Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Mixed forests of inner slopes of the Pontic Range generally in conditions of lower humidity and temperature than those of the Euxinian mixed forests of unit T1E61, rich in species of Quercus and usually accompanied by Carpinus betulus or Carpinus orientalis, sometimes with conifers. Characteristic species include Quercus dshorochensis, Quercus syspirensis, Quercus anatolica, Quercus iberica, Quercus macranthera, Acer cappadocium, Fagus orientalis, Abies bornmuelleriana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E63","name":"Caucasian Quercus - Carpinus betulus forests","description":"Mixed forests rich in hornbeam, oak or beech, of slopes of the Central Caucasus of Georgia, with Prunus avium, Pyrus caucasica, Corylus avellana, Euonymus europaeus, Euonymus verrucosus, Lathyrus roseus, Dactylis glomerata, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica nutans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1E64","name":"Hyrcanian mixed mesic forests","description":"Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the region bordering the southern periphery of the Caspian Sea, including its coastal plain and the northern slopes of the Elburz system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1E7","name":"Eurosiberian Acer forests","description":"Forests and woods dominated by Acer spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone, in particular, maple-dominated, pioneer, young and perturbed stands of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic varied oak-hornbeam and ash forests of units T1E1 and T1E2."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1F","name":"Ravine forest","description":"Forests on steep slopes, frequently in ravines, where deep, well-drained and fertile soils develop which allow trees such as Acer platanoides,Acer pseudoplatanus,Fraxinus excelsior,Fraxinus ornus,Ostrya carpinifolia,Tilia cordata,Tilia platyphyllos and Ulmus glabra, to outcompete trees such as Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp. The herb layer is dominated by luxuriant nitrophilous herbs such as Aegopodium podagraria,Impatiens noli-tangere and Urtica dioica, moisture-loving vernal plants like Allium ursinum and, on base-rich soils, Brachypodium sylvaticum,Circaea lutetiana,Geranium robertianum and Mercurialis perennis. In the southern part of its distribution, thermophilous species appear, such as Arabis turrita,Cornus mas,Dioscorea communis and Ligustrum vulgare. Another group of thermophilous species (e.g. Anthericum ramosum,Cotoneaster integerrimus,Sesleria caerulea and Vincetoxicum hirundinaria) is typical of steep rocky slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F1","name":"Medio-European ravine forests","description":"Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tilia platyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with abundant ferns, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of Asplenium scolopendrium, Mercurialis perennis. They are characteristic of the hills, mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the Fagion medio-europaeum. Sub-Atlantic forests of calcareous hills of the Paris Basin, of Burgundy, of the Plateau de Langres, somewhat intermediate between these formations and those of unit T1F5 are included, in view of their restriction to situations of cool microclimates without marked summer drought, in particular, north-facing slopes and the lack of thermophilous species characteristic of the Tilenion platiphylli."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F11","name":"Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with a very complete ensemble of typical ravine forest species, including Asplenium scolopendrium, Actaea spicata, Lunaria rediviva, Helleborus viridis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum, accompanied by calciphile species and particularly by calciphile ferns. They are characteristic of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the Fagion medio-europaeum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F111","name":"Hartstongue ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, of calcareous block screes and rocky slopes, in shady, humid ravines of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Paris Basin, the western, northern and locally eastern and southeastern pre-Alps, the Northern Carpathians, the Vertes, Bakony and Bükk hills of the Pannonic plain, characterized by the dominance in the understorey of Asplenium scolopendrium and the presence of Ribes uva-crispa, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Polystichum aculeatum, Moehringia muscosa, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Valeriana tripteris, Adenostyles alpina; accompanying subdominants are shared with other ravine forests, in particular, Mercurialis perennis, Lunaria rediviva, Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum, Galium odoratum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Ctenidium molluscum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F112","name":"Honesty ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, on unstable screes, richer in fine soil than those that support the forests of unit T1F111, in ravines, at higher altitudes, on steep slopes of the collinar to montane, but mostly submontane, level of the Vosges, the mid-German and Bohemian Quadrangle Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the northern pre-Alps, the northern Carpathians, the sub-Pannonic Matra and Bükk ranges, with Anthriscus nitidus, Campanula latifolia, Hesperis matronalis ssp. matronalis, Lunaria rediviva, Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum, Mercurialis perennis, Impatiens noli-tangere, Urtica dioica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F113","name":"Corydalis ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, on fine soil and humus-rich colluvions of ravines and cool, shady, humid slopes of the submontane level of the Black Forest, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Franconian and Swabian Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, with Corydalis bulbosa, Corydalis intermedia, Corydalis pumila, Corydalis solida, Allium ursinum, Gagea lutea, Galanthus nivalis, Leucojum vernum, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Scilla bifolia, Lathraea squamaria, Ranunculus ficaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F114","name":"Goatsbeard ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica, restricted to small surfaces on erosion-fashioned slope bases in shady ravines and valleys of the submontane level of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the extreme Western Carpathians, the Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, with Aruncus dioicus dominant, Petasites albus, Veronica montana, Circaea alpina, Dryopteris carthusiana, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris affinis and the mosses Blasia pusilla, Conocephalum conicum, Fissidens taxifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F115","name":"Alpine hepatica-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of ravines and slopes of the intermediate Middle Alps, known, in particular, from the Swiss Valais."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F12","name":"Acidophile ash-sycamore-lime ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests on siliceous screes and colluvions of the great western Hercynian ranges, the Ardenne-Eifel system, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Harz, the southwestern Bohemian Quadrangle, dominated by Tiliaplatyphyllos, Tilia cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Ulmus glabra, with an impoverished cortège that includes, with ravine forest species, acidophilous Fagetalia species, including Luzula luzuloides, Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, and an abundance of acidophile ferns and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F13","name":"Tall herb mixed sycamore forests","description":"Mixed forests of Acer pseudoplatanus, with Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, and an understorey rich in tall herbs, of slopes, ravines and avalanche corridors of the montane to subalpine levels of the northern pre-Alps, the greater Hercynian ranges and the Northern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F131","name":"Tall herb mixed sycamore-elm forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F132","name":"Tall herb mixed woodruff-sycamore forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F133","name":"Carpathian tall herb rowan-sycamore forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F14","name":"Oreal ash-sycamore forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F141","name":"Whitebeam mixed sycamore forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F142","name":"White violet ash-sycamore summital forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F15","name":"Boreonemoral mixed elm-lime slope and ravine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F151","name":"Boreonemoral mixed oak-elm-lime forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F152","name":"Western Norwegian mixed elm slope forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F2","name":"Hercynian slope forests","description":"Mixed forests of colluvions and screes of humid, shady river valley slopes of the Hercynian ranges and the Western Carpathians, transitional between ravine forests and Carpinion betuli communities, formed by Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Alnus glutinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F3","name":"Peri-Alpine mixed Fraxinus - Acer pseudoplatanus slope forests","description":"Mixed forests of Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior and Ulmus glabra, developed on colluvial deep soils at the foot of very rainy slopes and on rarely inundated river sediments of the submontane to high montane levels of the northern pre-Alps and their piedmont, with Prunus avium, Prunus padus, Alnus incana, Alnus glutinosa, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Corylus avellana, Mercurialis perennis, Aegopodium podagraria, Cirsium oleraceum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Carex pendula, Equisetum telmateia, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Primula elatior, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Cardamine trifolia, Carex sylvatica, Paris quadrifolia, Stachys sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F4","name":"Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed Ulmus - Quercus forests","description":"Mixed forests of Ulmus glabra, Acer campestre, Acer opalus, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Sorbus aria, Sorbus mougeotii, Alnus glutinosa, Pinus sylvestris, Hedera helix, with an understorey comprising numerous shrubs, such as Corylus avellana and Crataegus monogyna, and a rich and luxuriant herb layer including numerous ferns, characteristic of the bottom colluvions of steep, shaded valleys, canyons and gorges of the collinar to montane levels of the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F5","name":"Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed Tilia forests","description":"Thermophilous forests of Tilia cordata, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica with Euonymus latifolius, Corylus avellana, most typical of the warm valleys of the Alpine system and some peripheral ranges, characterized by Asperula taurina, Cyclamen purpurascens and numerous transgressives of the Quercetaliapubescenti-petraeae. These remarkable relict forests are particularly characteristic of the föhn valleys of the Insubrian and northern Alps; they occur in similar situations in the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, north to the Harz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F51","name":"Northern Alpine föhn ash-lime forests","description":"Forests dominated by Tiliaplatyphyllos and Fraxinus excelsior, sometimes by Acer pseudoplatanus, with Ulmus glabra, characteristic of warm, humid föhn valleys of the northern face of the Alps. Corylus avellana often dominates the understorey, which also includes Tamus communis, and an abundance of Asperula taurina ssp. taurina, Mercurialis perennis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum, Aegopodium podagraria, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Galium odoratum, Salvia glutinosa, Viola reichenbachiana and Cyclamen purpurascens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F52","name":"Dealpine mixed thermophile oak-maple-lime forests","description":"Forests dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus and Tiliaplatyphyllos developed on unstable substrates of steep slopes in warm and summer-dry regions and microclimatic stations in the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the northern and northeastern pre-Alps and neighbouring plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F53","name":"Southern Alpine mixed lime forests","description":"Thermophilous forests of Tilia cordata, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra of warm valleys with high rainfall of the southern Alps, where, within a context of warmer regional climate, they are associated with relatively cool stations, such as north-facing slopes, in contrast with their warm-exposure linked northern counterparts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F54","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests","description":"Forests of Tiliaplatyphyllos, sometimes with Fraxinus excelsior, of steep slopes of submontane to high montane levels of the Hungarian Central Range and of adjacent Carpathian hills of middle Slovakia. Forests of the same area, similarly dominated by Tiliaplatyphyllos and Fraxinus excelsior, but with the character of steppe forests and developed on exposed crests, have been listed under unit T19B42 (oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime forests, Tilio-Fraxinetum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F541","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed ash-lime slope forests","description":"Forests dominated by Tiliaplatyphyllos ssp. subrubra and Fraxinus excelsior developed on unstable limestone block slopes with humus rich, deep soils, of submontane regions of the Hungarian Central Range and middle Slovakia, with a well developed shrub layer and and an herb layer characterized by Waldsteinia geoides, Scutellaria columnae, Gagea minima and the endemic Hesperis vrabelyiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F542","name":"Sub-Pannonic mixed whitebeam-lime forests","description":"Very rare forests of Tiliaplatyphyllos of very steep ravine slopes of higher montane levels of the Northern Hungarian Range, developed in the absence of the Carpathian Picea abies subalpine belt, with an understorey comprising numerous locally rare, relict species, including Viola biflora, Valeriana tripteris, Cimicifuga europaea (Cimicifuga foetida), and the endemic Sorbus austriaca ssp. hazslinszkyana (Sorbus hazslinszkyana)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F6","name":"Southeastern European ravine forests","description":"Ravine and steep slope forests of the Dinarides, the Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Moeso-Macedonian, the Rhodope,  Pindus and Thessalian mountains, within the range of the Fagion moesiacum, Fagion hellenicum, Fagion dacicum and Fagion illyricum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F61","name":"Hellenic ravine and slope forests","description":"Ravine and steep slope forests of the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, of the Pindus, of the Thessalian mountains, within the range of the southern Fagion moesiacum and of the Fagion hellenicum, in areas of strong sub-Mediterranean influence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F62","name":"Moesian ravine and slope forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian and north eastern Greek mountains including the Rhodope mountains, within the range of the Fagion moesiacum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F621","name":"Moesian Fagus-ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fagus moesiaca, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides of scree or rock slopes and ravines of the beech and durmast oak belts of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and the Serbian mountains, of predominantly medio-European affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F622","name":"Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus moesiaca, Juglans regia, Tiliatomentosa, Carpinus betulus, with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the submontane, montane or high montane levels of the Moesian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6221","name":"Moesian Geranium macrorrhizum ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fagus sylvatica, of screes, boulder slopes and rock outcrops of the beech forest belt of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and neighbouring mountain systems, with Geranium macrorrhizum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6222","name":"Moesian Fagus-hornbeam-ostrya ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fagus moesiaca, Fraxinus excelsior, Ostrya carpinifolia, and sometimes Carpinus betulus, Acer hyrcanum, Fraxinus ornus, of gorges and ravines of the hornbeam-durmast oak forest belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodope mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6223","name":"Moesian ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Forests of Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Tiliaplatyphyllos, Fagus moesiaca, Quercus dalechampii, of deep, moist soil, rocks and screes of slopes and ravines of the Balkan Range, particularly its southern flank, of Rila and of Serbian mountains, with Acer hyrcanum, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Humulus lupulus, Galium odoratum, Saniculaeuropaea, Arum maculatum, Alliaria petiolata, Scutellaria altissima, Eupatorium cannabinum, Dactylis glomerata ssp. aschersoniana (Dactylis polygama)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F623","name":"Moesian ash-oak slope forests","description":"Forests of Fraxinus excelsior and southeastern European oaks, in particular Quercus dalechampii, Quercus cerris, accompanied by thermophilous small trees, Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, developed on scree and rock slopes within the durmast oak belt of Moesian mountains, more thermophilous than those of unit T1F621."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6231","name":"Balkan Range horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus moesiaca,Tiliatomentosa, Ulmusglabra, Fraxinus excelsior, Juglans regia, Carpinus betulus, Alnus glutinosa, with Acer campestre, Fraxinus ornus, Staphylea pinnata, Corylus avellana, Dactylis glomerata, Poa nemoralis of humid and warm valleys of the 250-400 metre upper submontane level of the northern piedmont of the eastern Balkan Range (Derven-Balkan), southeast of Preslav, in an extremely exiguous region that represents a very remarkable outlier of the range of the southeastern European endemic Aesculus hippocastanum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6232","name":"Pelagonid horse-chestnut ravine forests","description":"Forests of Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus moesiaca, Juglans regia,Tiliatomentosa, Carpinus betulus, with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the montane or high montane levels of the mountains of Albania and the northwestern part of the North Macedonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6233","name":"Balkan ash-oak slope forests","description":"Thermophile forests dominated by Fraxinus excelsior, with Quercus dalechampii, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus, of scree and rock slopes of the southern flank of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T1F6234","name":"Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya slope forests","description":"Thermophile forests of Quercus dalechampii and Ostrya carpinifolia, with Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, of scree and rock slopes of the foothills of the Rhodopes and of the sub-Mediterranean Struma and Mesma valleys of southwestern Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F63","name":"Illyrian ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Dinarides and of the southeastern Alpine periphery, within the range of the Fagion illyricum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1F64","name":"Eastern Carpathian ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra accompanied by a cortège of hygrophile species, including Asplenium scolopendrium, Polystichum aculeatum, Polystichum lobatum, Aruncus dioicus, Lunaria rediviva, Moehringia muscosa, Moehringia pendula, Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii, on calcareous substrates of narrow humid valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F641","name":"Dacian Phyllitis Fagus ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of Fagus sylvatica accompanied by Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra and with an herb layer comprising many hygrophile species, such as Asplenium scolopendrium (Phyllitis scolopendrium), Polystichum aculeatum, Lunaria rediviva, Moehringia muscosa, Moehringia pendula, Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii, installed on calcareous rocks, stony rendzines and lithosoils of shady and half-shaded, often damp, steep slopes and narrow humid valleys of the Eastern Carpathians and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F642","name":"Dacian ash-sycamore ravine forests","description":"Mixed forests of Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, Acer platanoides, accompanied by an herb layer rich in hygrophile species, such as Asplenium scolopendrium, Lunaria rediviva, Cardamine impatiens, Polystichum setiferum, Cystopteris fragilis, on calcareous substrates of humid narrow valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T1F643","name":"Dacian Geranium macrorrhizumFagus ravine forests","description":"Forests of Fagus sylvatica accompanied by Carpinus betulus, and Fraxinus ornus in the tree layer, Corylus avellana in the scrub layer, Geranium macrorrhizum, Arabis procurrens, Doronicum columnae, Silene heuffelii, Helleborus purpurascens, Asplenium scolopendrium in the herb layer, on the calcareous screes of gorges of the western Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1F7","name":"Euxinian ravine forests","description":"Ravine forests of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus, Crimea, the Hyrcanic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1G","name":"Alnus cordata forest","description":"Temperate non-riparian, non-marshy forest dominated by Italian alder (Alnus cordata)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1H","name":"Broadleaved deciduous plantation of non site-native trees","description":"Cultivated deciduous broadleaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of native tree species out of their natural range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1H1","name":"Populus plantations","description":"Plantations of species, hybrids or cultivars of the deciduous genus Populus, in particular, Populusnigra, Populusnigra var. italica, Populus deltoides, Populus x canadensis, Populus balsamifera, Populus trichocarpa, Populus candicans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1H11","name":"Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer","description":"Old poplar plantations with a tall herb-rich undergrowth, substitution habitat for some riparian forest species of plants and animals."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T1H12","name":"Other poplar plantations","description":"Poplar plantations devoid of tall herb-rich undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1H2","name":"Deciduous exotic Quercus plantations","description":"Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus Quercus (e.g. Quercus rubra) planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1H3","name":"Robinia plantations","description":"Plantations and spontaneous formations of Robinia pseudacacia. Vegetation of alliances Chelidonio-Robinion and Balloto nigrae-Robinion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T1H4","name":"Other broadleaved deciduous plantations","description":"Cultivated deciduous broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than Populus, Quercus and Robinia, planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1J","name":"Deciduous self sown forest of non site-native trees","description":"Non-planted stands dominated by non-native deciduous tree species such as Acer negundo,Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T1K","name":"Broadleaved deciduous plantation of site-native trees","description":"Cultivated stands of broadleaved deciduous trees planted for the production of wood, composed of site-native broadleaved deciduous tree species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":2,"code":"T2","name":"Broadleaved evergreen forest","description":"Temperate forests dominated by evergreen broadleaved sclerophyllous or laurophyllous trees, or by palms. They are characteristic of the Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones. Old plantations which have many of the characteristics of natural or semi-natural forests are included, more intensively managed, and less natural, forests are included in vegetated man-made habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T21","name":"Mediterranean evergreen Quercus forest","description":"Forest dominated by evergreen broadleaved oaks (most widely Quercus ilex) with associated sclerophyllous and laurophyllous trees and shrubs in the summer-drought climate of the Mediterranean lowlands and foothills. The tree canopy is often low and much modified, with widespread transitions to maquis/matorral and open dehesa/montado wood pasture."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T211","name":"Quercus suber forest","description":"West-Mediterranean silicicolous forests dominated by Quercus suber, usually more thermophile and hygrophile than those of unit T212."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2111","name":"Tyrrhenian Quercus suber forests","description":"Mostly meso-Mediterranean Quercus suber forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, France and northeastern Spain. They are most often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit S511)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21111","name":"Provençal cork-oak forest","description":"Formations of crystalline Provence (Maures, Esterel), no longer represented by fully developed, mature stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21112","name":"Corsican cork-oak forest","description":"Formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica, developed on deep siliceous soils, mostly of the southeastern part of the island; better preserved than on the continent, they are nevertheless almost never represented by fully developed, extensive forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21113","name":"Sardinian cork-oak forests","description":"Extensive, widespread and varied forests of Sardinia, extending from sea level to about 900 m in non-calcareous mountains. Quercus suber is sometimes associated with Quercus ilex or Quercus pubescens. These forests include luxuriant, fully developed, mature formations, by far the best-preserved cork-oak forests in the central Mediterranean basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21114","name":"Central Italian cork-oak forests","description":"Very local, relict coastal forests of Toscany and Latium in which Quercus ilex often accompanies Quercus suber."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21115","name":"Southern Italian cork-oak forests","description":"Very local formations of Calabria, Puglia and of northern and southeastern Sicily (Monte Scorace; Bosco di San Pietro, western Iblei), for the most part very degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21116","name":"Catalan cork-oak forest","description":"Quercus suber-dominated facies appearing on the more oligotrophic soils within the meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex zone of Catalonia and the Pyrenean foothills."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21117","name":"Valencian cork-oak forest","description":"Isolated, relict formations of the Sierra Espadan, Valencia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21118","name":"Balearic cork-oak forest","description":"Quercus suber-dominated facies appearing on deep siliceous soils of the thermo-Mediterranean Quercus rotundifolia formations of Menorca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2112","name":"Southwestern Iberian Quercus suber forests","description":"Quercus suber forests, often with Quercus faginea or Quercus canariensis, of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21121","name":"Thermo-Mediterranean cork-oak forest","description":"Subhumid thermo-Mediterranean forests and woodlands of the southwestern Iberian peninsula, occurring in sandy coastal areas of western Andalusia and the Algarve, as well as at lower elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar, immediately below the following formation, and characterized by the presence of Olea europaea var. sylvestris and other thermo-Mediterranean elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21122","name":"Aljibian cork-oak forests","description":"Luxuriant, fully developed, humid and hyper-humid meso- to thermo-Mediterranean forests occupying, with the more exiguous and even more umbrophilous Quercus canariensis formations, the higher elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and a few enclaves of the Sierra de Ronda, with elements of north African oak forests such as Teucrium scorodonia ssp. baeticum and Ruscus hypophyllum; they are best represented in the Sierra de Aljibe, and are, next to those of Sardinia, the best-preserved cork-oak forests of the Community."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21123","name":"Eastern Andalusian cork-oak forest","description":"Isolated, relict meso-Mediterranean forest of the Sierra de la Contraviesa, eastern Andalusia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21124","name":"Extremaduran cork-oak forest","description":"Meso-Mediterranean forests of the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo system and lower southern slopes of the Cordillera Central (Extremadura and surrounding regions), only locally well developed, with lauriphyllous undergrowth or mantle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2113","name":"Northwestern Iberian Quercus suber forest","description":"Very local, exiguous Quercus suber enclaves in the Quercus pyrenaica forest area of the valleys of the Sil and of the Mino (Galicia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2114","name":"Aquitanian Quercus suber forest","description":"Isolated Quercus suber-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests or in a very limited area of the eastern Landes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T212","name":"Quercus ilex and Q. rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests dominated by Quercus ilex or Quercus rotundifolia, often, but not necessarily, calcicolous."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2121","name":"Meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests","description":"Rich meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit S511), and some of the types listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category T2; they have nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in S511, and because restoration may be possible."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21211","name":"Northwestern Iberian holm-oak forests","description":"Quercus ilex forests with exuberant undergrowth of Mediterranean, often lauriphyllous, small trees, shrubs, and lianas, including Laurus nobilis, Rhamnus alaternus, Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea media, Rosa sempervirens, Rubia peregrina, Smilax aspera, Hedera helix, often well-preserved on steep slopes of the calcareous mountains rising above the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21212","name":"Catalo-Provençal lowland holm-oak forest","description":"Lower meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex formations of Catalonia, Languedoc, Provence and the lowlands of Tyrrhenian Italy rich in lauriphyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs and lianas, in particular Viburnum tinus, Arbutus unedo, Smilax aspera, Phillyrea latifolia, Ruscus aculeatus, Rubia peregrina; they are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral, the few remaining groves of holm oaks with a forest-like canopy being generally heavily modified by intensive human use."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21213","name":"Catalo-Provencal hill holm-oak forest","description":"Humid upper meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex formations of Montseny, Valles, Montserrat, Prades, Ports de Beseit, eastern Pyrenees, high Languedoc, Cévennes, upper Provence and southwestern Alps with an undergrowth poorer in shrubs, especially those of eu-Mediterranean affinities, and richer in often acidocline herbaceous species characteristic of supra-Mediterranean deciduous oak woods. Well-developed stands with full forest characteristics exist in several locations on the slopes of well-watered hills, in particular the tall, dense canopy of Montseny. Sparser, lower formations colonize many rocky hillsides in the entire upper meso-Mediterranean arc of the Gulf of Lions basin, locally ascending into the supra-Mediterranean level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21214","name":"Balearic holm-oak forests","description":"Humid Quercus ilex formations, often well developed, of the higher mountains of northern Mallorca, in which the thermo-Mediterranean elements of the Quercus rotundifolia formations of lower altitude have given way to more hygrophilous elements such as Viburnum tinus, Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii, Monotropahypopitys, Neottia nidus-avis, Cephalanthera spp.; they are rich in endemics, among which Cyclamen balearicum, Smilax aspera var. balearica, Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, Paeonia cambessedesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21215","name":"Corsican lowland holm-oak forest","description":"Quercus ilex formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica with Viburnum tinus, Erica arborea, Lonicera implexa, Phillyrea angustifolia, Clematis flammula, Smilax aspera, Rubia peregrina; generally degraded to arborescent matorral or dense coppice, they still include, mostly above 400 m of altitude, a few better-preserved woodland fragments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21216","name":"Corsican hill holm-oak forest","description":"Quercus ilex formations of the upper meso-Mediterranean level (500-600 m to 1100-1200 m) of Corsica with Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Viburnum tinus, Ilex aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Teucrium scorodonia, Helleborus lividus, Cyclamen repandum, Sanicula europaea, Melica uniflora; often installed on steep slopes, they include rather more stands with forest characteristics than the lowland formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21217","name":"Sardinian holm-oak forests","description":"Lower and upper meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests of Sardinia with Viburnum tinus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Phillyrea latifolia, Rhamnus alaternus, Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Ruscus aculeatus, Crataegus monogyna, Rubia peregrina, Smilax aspera, Clematis flammula, Clematis cirrhosa, Clematis vitalba, Rosa sempervirens, Tamus communis, Rubus ulmifolius, Cyclamen repandum, Carex hallerana, Carex distachya, Luzula forsteri, Hedera helix, Lonicera implexa and Pistacia lentiscus in more thermo-Mediterranean areas. Extensive, fully developed, mature stands survive in particular in the hinterland of the Golfo di Orosei, around Mount Gennargentu, in the Barbagia, the Iglesiente, the Sarrabus, the Catena di Margine, on Monte Albo. They occupy a wide altitudinal range, grading at the upper limit into the more sub-Mediterranean formations of unit T2122."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21218","name":"Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests","description":"Quercus ilex-dominated formations of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastal areas of the northern half of the Italian peninsula with Phillyrea media, Phillyrea angustifolia, Viburnum tinus, Ruscus aculeatus, Daphne gnidium, Fraxinus ornus, Rosa sempervirens, Lonicera implexa, Rubia peregrina, Smilax aspera, Myrtus communis, Clematis flammula, Tamus communis, Carex olbiensis, Luzula forsteri, Cyclamen repandum and often an admixture of Quercus suber or of the deciduous Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris; at higher altitude they take on a more montane character with a greater prevalence of sub-Mediterranean elements. Although these formations are, like most other continental holm-oak communities, mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, fully developed forests subsist very locally, in particular in Toscany and Latium and, to a lesser extent, in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21219","name":"Illyrian holm-oak forest","description":"Quercus ilex-dominated forests and woods of the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, restricted to the Dalmatian archipelago and to a narrow coastal belt of the mainland extending from the gulf of Sarand‰ to Istria, with Pistacia terebinthus, Fraxinus ornus, Coronilla emerus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Laurus nobilis, Viburnum tinus, Rhamnus alaternus, Rosa sempervirens, Lonicera etrusca, Clematis flammula, Rubia peregrina, Smilax aspera, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Cyclamen purpurascens, Prunus mahaleb, and, in the most thermic stands, Myrtus communis and Juniperus phoenicea. They are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice; fully developed forests are recorded very locally in the Dalmatian archipelago, in particular on Rab, Lokrum, Mljet and Brioni."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T2121A","name":"Southern Italian holm-oak forests","description":"Mostly upper meso-Mediterranean Quercus ilex-dominated formations of Calabria and Sicily with Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii, Teucrium siculum, Carex distachya, Cyclamen repandum, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Ruscus aculeatus, Cytisus villosus, Asparagus acutifolius, Rubia peregrina, Asplenium onopteris, Luzula forsteri, Lonicera etrusca, Smilax aspera, Rosa sempervirens and, in some facies, Chamaerops humilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea media, Arbutus unedo; like the preceding formations, they are usually degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, but fine stands survive locally, particularly in Sicily, Puglia (e.g. Bosco delle Pianelle) and Calabria (e.g. Boschi di Badolato)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T2121B","name":"Pantellerian and Maltese holm-oak forest","description":"Relictual pockets of Quercus ilex woodland of Pantelleria and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T2121C","name":"Greek holm-oak forest","description":"Quercus ilex-dominated formations of peninsular Greece and the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes, with the exception of those of Crete; associated with Quercus ilex are Quercus coccifera, Arbutus andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia lentiscus, Olea europaea, Juniperus oxycedrus; arborescent matorrals (unit F5.1) occur throughout the area, though much less commonly than in the western Mediterranean; reasonably extensive, fully developed, mature forest stands do not appear to remain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T2121D","name":"Cretan holm-oak forest","description":"Uncommon Quercus ilex formations of Crete; small stands of arborescent matorral (unit 32.1), in which Quercus ilex may be associated with Quercus coccifera or Quercus brachyphylla, occur sporadically, particularly on rocky slopes; orchard-like groves of old Quercus ilex, Quercus brachyphylla and cultivated Olea europaea exist in the extreme west of the island; heavily grazed, they may be more akin to dehesa (unit E7.3) than to forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2122","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests","description":"Quercus ilex forests of the supra-mediterranean levels of northwestern Mediterranean and Adriatic hills and mountains, often mixed with deciduous oaks, Acer spp. or Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2123","name":"Aquitanian Quercus ilex forest","description":"Isolated Quercus ilex-dominated stands occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2124","name":"Spanish  Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Iberian forest communities formed by Quercus rotundifolia. Generally, even in mature state, less tall, less luxuriant and drier than the fully developed forests that can be constituted by the closely related Quercus ilex, they are, moreover, most often degraded into open woodland or even arborescent matorral. Species characteristic of the undergrowth are Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea angustifolia, Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia terebinthus, Rubia peregrina, Jasminum fruticans, Smilax aspera, Lonicera etrusca, Lonicera implexa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21241","name":"Continental Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests and woodland of Quercus rotundifolia occupying mostly base-rich soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the central and eastern Meseta, the edges of the Ebro basin and of their bordering northern and eastern mountain ranges, under fairly continental, dry climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212411","name":"Meso-Mediterranean continental encinares","description":"Quercus rotundifolia formations distributed over a large potential range on the Meseta and its margins, from the upper Ebro to the Valencian hinterland and the cold, dry plateaux of northeastern Andalusia. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the forests on good soils having been replaced by cultivation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212412","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Iberian continental encinares","description":"Basophilous, dry to subhumid woodland widespread in the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Castilian Duero basin, and of the northeastern mountains and plateaux associated with the Iberian Range. They are often rich in Juniperus thurifera and associate or alternate with juniper woodland and Quercus faginea or Quercus pyrenaica deciduous woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212413","name":"Northern supra-Mediterranean continental encinares","description":"Quercus rotundifolia woods of superficial calcareous soils of crests, spurs and upper sunny slopes of the upper Ebro basin and southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, locally entering also Euro-Siberian Cantabrian areas, with Amelanchier ovalis, Rosa agrestis, Lonicera etrusca, Spiraea hypericifolia ssp. obovata, Juniperus communis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212414","name":"Oro-Cantabrian encinares","description":"Relict, xerophile collinar-montane Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus rotundifolia x Quercus ilex forests developed on mostly calcareous, well-drained shallow soils of steep slopes and gorges in the Cordillera Cantabrica and a very few areas of Galicia, rich in Cephalanthera and Epipactis orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21242","name":"Western Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests and woodland of Quercus rotundifolia occupying mostly siliceous soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the western Meseta and neighbouring regions under more Atlantic, though generally dry, climates. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the remaining wooded areas being under dehesa (84.5) regime."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212421","name":"Luso-Extremaduran encinares","description":"Meso-Mediterranean Quercus rotundifolia formations widespread on the plains and plateaux of Extremadura, Alentejo and neighbouring regions, and in the Sierra Morena and the Montes de Toledo. It is almost entirely transformed into dehesa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212422","name":"Castilian encinares","description":"More northern, upper meso-Mediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean Quercus rotundifolia formations, poorer in Mediterranean species, of the western plateaux of Old Castile and adjacent southern Leon and Galicia; Genista hystrix is a physiognomically striking element. Also essentially eliminated as forest formations, these woodlands constitute, together with the preceding unit, the basis for the western Iberian dehesa, one of the most characteristic landscapes of the peninsula and an importand habitat of larger fauna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212423","name":"Cordilleran encinares","description":"Quercus rotundifolia formations of the Cordillera Central, characteristic of cool meso-Mediterranean and sunny supra-Mediterranean slopes of the sierras de Guadarrama, de Gredos, de Bejar, de Ayllon and neighbouring areas; they extend east to siliceous enclaves of the Iberian Range. Adapted to a more continental climate than the two previous units, they are poorer in shrubs and lianas. They often constitute low, open woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212424","name":"Villuercan encinares","description":"Summital Quercus rotundifolia elfin forests of the high elevations of the Montes de Toledo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21243","name":"Andalusian Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests and woodland of Quercus rotundifolia developed in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Baetic mountains and foothills, and neighbouring interior plains. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212431","name":"Meso-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares","description":"Woodland dominated by Quercus rotundifolia with Juniperus oxycedrus, Daphne gnidium, Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagus acutifolius, Crataegus monogyna, Lonicera implexa, Rubia peregrina, Paeonia coriacea, Paeonia broteroi, Endymion hispanicus that represents the potential, mature vegetation of a great part of Andalusia, in the Guadalquivir basin, coastal areas and Baetic ranges, on base-rich and often silt-laden soils, under meso-Mediterranean conditions. They have been largely replaced by cultivation and, where they subsist, are often very degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212432","name":"Supra-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares","description":"Woodland dominated by Quercus rotundifolia, with Quercus faginea, Acer monspessulanum, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Taxus baccata, Berberis hispanica, Crataegus monogyna, Lonicera arborea, Daphne laureola, Rosa spp., Polygala boissieri, Helleborus foetidus and many orchids, of the supra-Mediterranean level (1400-1900 m) of calcareous Baetic ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212433","name":"Silicicolous Andalusian encinares","description":"Quercus rotundifolia-dominated woodland characteristic of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada and of a few siliceous mountain ranges of the arid Iberian southeast. Totally destroyed in the Sierra Nevada, this community is still represented by well-preserved examples in the sierras de Carrascoy and Alhamilla, and to a lesser extent, in the Sierra de Cabrera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21244","name":"Southwestern Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests and woodland of Quercus rotundifolia developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Andalusia and neighbouring areas. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212441","name":"Basophilous southwestern encinares","description":"Quercus rotundifolia formations of thermo-Mediterranean calcareous slopes of the Quadalquivir basin and the coastal foothills of Baetic and arid southeastern ranges, with Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Chamaerops humilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Smilax aspera, Asparagus albus, Rhamnus oleoides, Quercus coccifera, Clematis cirrhosa, Aristolochia baetica, Bupleurum gibraltarium and, locally, Maytenus senegalensis or Buxus balearica. They have almost disappeared in forest form except in a few ranges of the arid Iberian Southeast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T212442","name":"Silicicolous southwestern encinares","description":"Formations of Quercus rotundifolia with Myrtus communis, Pulicaria odora, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia and Arbutus unedo occupying the siliceous soil of the thermo-Mediterranean levels of eastern Andalusia between the Sea of Alboran and the coastal Tejeda, Almijara, Alpujarra and Gador ranges, a few granitic outcroppings of the Sierra Morena and limited enclaves of the Badajos region. They have almost entirely disappeared."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21245","name":"Valencian Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Thermo-Mediterranean, basophilous forests and woodland of Quercus rotundifolia characteristic of the southeastern maritime façade of the Iberian peninsula in Valencia and Levante, rich in shrubs and lianas, with Rubia peregrina ssp. longifolia, Osyris quadripartita, Chamaerops humilis, Phillyrea angustifolia, Clematis flammula. Well-preserved examples survived until recently in, among others, the Sierra del Ave y Cortes de Pallas, in the Pobla Tornesa, in Millares, in Montduver. This community now appears extinct in its full forest form."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T21246","name":"Balearic Quercus rotundifolia forest","description":"Forests or woodland of Quercus rotundifolia occupying deep soils in the dry thermo-Mediterranean areas of the Balearic islands. Reasonably preserved examples are extremely rare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T213","name":"Quercus coccifera and Quercus alnifolia forest","description":"Forest or woodland formations dominated by arborescent Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos, Quercus pseudococcifera) or Quercus alnifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2131","name":"Greek Quercus coccifera forests","description":"Arborescent Quercus coccifera-dominated formations of peninsular Greece, of the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes and of Crete. Extensive, fully-developed stands exist in several areas of Crete. The most representative forests occupy valleys in the 700-800 m range of the southern slopes of the Psiloriti mountains; Acer orientale, Cephalanthera cucullata and Epipactis cretica are associated. Other forests are found in the Lefka and Lassithi mountains; Pyrus amygdaliformis, Prunus webbii, Pistacia terebinthus, Phillyrea latifolia, Styrax officinalis are characteristic of various Cretan stands. Outside of Crete, forest stands are found sporadically, in particular on Ikaria, Samothrace and Mount Athos, where Quercus coccifera is associated with Quercus ilex, and at high elevations of Rhodes, where Quercus coccifera forms woodland fragments with arborescent Phillyrea media. In many areas remnant tall Quercus coccifera may form arborescent matorral, as for instance on Ossa; coppice-like formations of young trees also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2132","name":"Italian Quercus coccifera forest","description":"Very local Quercus coccifera formations of Puglia and southern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2133","name":"Portuguese Quercus coccifera forest","description":"Extremely isolated Quercus coccifera-dominated forest of Nazare, Monte de S. Bartolomeu, with Phillyrea media, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Arbutus unedo, Viburnum tinus, Smilax aspera, Asplenium onopteris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2134","name":"Cyprian Quercus coccifera forest","description":"Arborescent Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos)-dominated formations of calcareous or ultra basic substrates of Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2135","name":"Anatolian Quercus coccifera forest","description":"Arborescent Quercus coccifera (Quercus calliprinos)-dominated forests or steppe-forests of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia, with Quercus brachyphylla, Quercus infectoria, Arbutus andrachne, Acer syriacum, Fontanesia philliraeoides, Aristolochia altissima, Cyclamen persicum, Eryngium falcatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2136","name":"Cyprian Quercus alnifolia forests","description":"Arborescent Quercus alnifolia-dominated formations of Cyprus, installed on basic eruptive substrates of the Troodos range, with Acer sempervirens, Teucrium kotschyanum, Salvia cypria, Crepis fraasii, Sedum cyprium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T22","name":"Mainland laurophyllous forest","description":"Patches of evergreen laurophyllous forests and thickets dominated by bay (Laurus nobilis), firetree (Morella faya) and Portugal laurel (Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica) in oceanic and hyper-humid situations, now surviving as small relics in sheltered situations like ravines along the Atlantic coast of Portugal and Spain and in Sardinia, southern Italy and Sicily. Typically species-poor with an associated flora similar to T21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T221","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic Laurus - Quercus forest","description":"Laurus nobilis-dominated facies of evergreen oak forests characteristic of areas of warm-temperate humid conditions of the southern Atlantic coasts of the European continent and of humid microclimatic enclaves in the Mediterranean region, in particular, of coastal Asturias (cf. T21211), of Andalusia, of Istria and the Dalmatian coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T222","name":"Ponto-Hyrcanian sclerophyllous forests","description":"Communities of the Ponto-Caspian warm-temperate humid zone of the southern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, dominated by lauriphyllous or xero-lauriphyllous evergreen tree species, in particular, Laurus nobilis, Prunus laurocerasus (Laurocerasus officinalis) and Buxus hyrcanica, anomalous and often limited to exiguous enclaves within a predominantly deciduous forest environment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T23","name":"Macaronesian laurophyllous forest","description":"Evergreen laurophyllous forest (laurisilva) on deep soils in the hyper-humid, frost-free fog belt mainly on the northern slopes in the mountains on some Macaronesian islands. The tree and shrub canopy is very diverse and rich in endemics, with striking differences related to climatic conditions across the different island groups, local topography and long isolation of the floras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T231","name":"Azorean laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of the Azores, with Laurus azorica, Myrica faya, Frangula azorica, Ilex perado ssp. azorica, Juniperus brevifolia, Picconia azorica, Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica, Euphorbia stygiana, Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum, Vaccinium cylindraceum, Smilaxdivaricata. The humid forests of the coastal areas (\"Myrico-Pittosporietum undulati p.\") have been totally or almost totally degraded, largely invaded by the introduced Australian Pittosporumundulatum. A better representation survives of the hyper-humid forests (Culcito-Juniperionbrevifoliae p.) of higher elevations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T232","name":"Madeiran laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of Madeira with Laurus azorica, Persea indica, Ocotea foetens, Apollonias barbujana, Pittosporum coriaceum, Clethra arborea, Visnea mocanera, Picconia excelsa, Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa, Heberdenia excelsa, Vaccinium padifolium, Ilex perado ssp. perado, Ilex canariensis, Myrica faya, Erica arborea, Hedera canariensis, Isoplexis canariensis, Euphorbia mellifera, Sambucus lanceolata, Teline maderensis (Cytisus maderensis), Sonchus fruticosus, Senecio auritus (Senecio maderensis), Ruscus streptophyllus, Rubus bollei, Semele androgyna, Smilax canariensis, Tamus edulis, Carex peregrina and many ferns. These forests, which still occupy a relatively large surface, of the order of 10,000 ha (15% of their former surface), are the habitat of the threatened endemic Madeiran Pigeon, Columba trocaz."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T233","name":"Canary Island laurisilvas","description":"Lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands, with Laurus azorica, Picconia excelsa, Persea indica, Ocotea foetens, Apollonias barbujana, Visnea mocanera, Pleiomeris canariensis (Myrsine canariensis), Ardisia bahamensis, Prunus lusitanica, Sambucus palmensis, Euphorbia mellifera, Ixanthus viscosus, Rubus bollei, Convolvulus canariensis, Geranium canariensis, Hedera canariensis, Smilax aspera, Smilax canariensis, Canarina canariensis, Semele androgyna, Sideritis macrostachys, Sideritis canariensis, Cryptotaenia elegans, Rubia peregrina, Carex canariensis, Asparagus fallax and many ferns. They are the habitat of the threatened endemic laurel pigeons Columba junoniae and Columba bollii, now limited to La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. The laurel forests of each island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species of the composite genus Pericallis, the well-marked races of the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs or the carabid faunas. They are thus best listed separately. The total remnant surface of laurel forest for the four islands, La Gomera, Tenerife, La Palma and Hierro, does not exceed 5000 ha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2331","name":"Laurisilvas of La Gomera","description":"Laurel forests of La Gomera, best preserved and most extensive of the archipelago, with large areas of humid Persea indica -Laurus azorica forests (Lauro-Perseetum indicae), particularly in high areas, and good examples of Ocotea foetens-dominated forests, hyper-humid and very rich in ferns and epiphytes (Athyrio-Ocoteetumfoetentis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2332","name":"Laurisilvas of Tenerife","description":"Laurel forests of Tenerife, mostly restricted to the Anaga range and Los Silos, with a few smaller patches in Guimar ravines and at a few north slope sites in the La Esperanza-Agua Garcia area and the Barranco de San Antonio - Icod area. There are good representations of til (Ocotea foetens) forests (Anaga), as well as of drier Picconia excelsa-Apollonias barbujana forests (Los Silos)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2333","name":"Laurisilvas of La Palma","description":"Laurel forests of La Palma essentially restricted to a few large, deep ravines of the northern slope, particularly in the Las Sauces area, including both Lauro-Perseetum vinyatigo-laurel and Athyrio-Ocoteetum til stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2334","name":"Laurisilvas of Hierro","description":"Laurel forests of Hierro, very small and limited to cliff sides in the Ensenada El Golfo area of the north coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T2335","name":"Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria","description":"Laurel forests of Gran Canaria, extinct. Very small, but fully expressed, fragments existed until very recently, notably at Los Tiles, but now appear to have been totally degraded."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T24","name":"Olea europaea-Ceratonia siliqua forest","description":"Olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) forest or bush with a closed tree canopy in the drought-prone lowlands and foothills of the Mediterranean and Macaronesia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T241","name":"Wild Olea europaea forest","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T242","name":"Ceratonia siliqua forest","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T243","name":"Canary Island Olea europaea forest","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T25","name":"Phoenix theophrasti vegetation","description":"Sparse groves with the palm tree Phoenix theophrasti, found on the island of Crete and in south-western Anatolia. The habitat may be riparian (with the palm forming temporarily inundated gallery forest along permanent fresh or brackish waters) or related to seasonally or episodically flooded valleys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T26","name":"Phoenix canariensis vegetation","description":"Sparse Phoenix canariensis groves (palmares) of colluvial deposits, mostly on flat mid-slope sites or at the base of irregular temporary streams. Endemic to the Canary Islands, they are dependent on brief, temporary water-tables present in sporadic torrential flows during the winter. Thus, they are azonal vegetation in the dry to arid infra- and thermomediterranean belts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T27","name":"Ilex aquifolium forest","description":"Patches of holly (Ilex aquifolium) occurring in scattered localities across European forests, especially in the temperate zone and in the Mediterranean mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T28","name":"Macaronesian heathy forest","description":"Small-stature woodland (high matorral) variously dominated by arborescent ericoids, strawberry tree (Arbutus canariensis) and Canarian holly (Ilex canariensis) in situations that range from cold and hyper-humid slopes and exposed fog-bound outcrops to sub-humid and dry foothills of Madeira and the Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T281","name":"Canary Island fayal-brezal","description":"Tall Erica arborea-dominated formations of Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with Myrica faya, Ilex canariensis, Rhamnus glandulosa, Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum, Cedronella canariensis, Bystropogon canariensis, Isoplexis canariensis, Urtica morifolia, Teline canariensis, Sonchus abbreviatus, Hypericum glandulosum, Gesnouinia arborea and many species of the genus Pericallis, including several island or local endemics that characterize several differentiated communities; among these are Pericallis tussilaginis (Pericallis = Senecio), Pericallis webbii, Pericallis cruenta, Pericallis steetzii, Pericallis murrayi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T282","name":"Visnea - Arbutus forests","description":"Formations characterized by the abundance of Arbutus canariensis and Visnea mocanera occurring, in particular, in the Valle de Guimar and Los Silos of Tenerife, and in the Ladera de Jinama of Hierro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T283","name":"Hierran fayal","description":"Tall Myrica faya formation of the southern slope of Hierro, almost devoid of Erica arborea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T29","name":"Broadleaved evergreen plantation of non site-native trees","description":"Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T291","name":"Eucalyptus plantations","description":"Plantations of trees of the Australian genus Eucalyptus, in particular, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus astringens, Eucalyptus bicostata, Eucalyptus brockwayi, Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus maidenii, Eucalyptus cornuta, Eucalyptus fastigata, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Eucalyptus viminalis. These plantations offer little support for indigenous biological diversity and constitute biological deserts as far as the fauna is concerned."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T292","name":"Evergreen exotic Quercus plantations","description":"Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus Quercus planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T293","name":"Other evergreen broadleaved tree plantations","description":"Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than Eucalyptus planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T2A","name":"Broadleaved evergreen plantation of site-native trees","description":"Cultivated stands of broadleaved evergreen trees planted for the production of wood, composed of site-native broadleaved evergreen tree species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":2,"code":"T3","name":"Coniferous forest","description":"Forest dominated by coniferous trees, mainly evergreen (Abies, Cedrus, Picea, Pinus, Taxus, Cupressaceae) but also deciduous Larix. Includes forest with mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved trees, if the cover by coniferous trees exceeds that of deciduous trees. Old plantations which have many of the characteristics of natural or semi-natural forests are included, more intensively managed, and less natural, forests are included in vegetated man-made habitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T31","name":"Temperate mountain Picea forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forest dominated by spruce, including Picea abies in most temperate European mountain systems, relict Picea omorika in a restricted area in the Dinaric Mountains, and Picea orientalis in the Caucasus. Fir (Abies alba,Abies nordmanniana) can be admixed on acidic, even very oligotrophic, wet, cold or rocky soils in the montane and subalpine belts of the temperate mountain ranges of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T311","name":"Alpine and Carpathian subalpine Picea forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the lower subalpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montane level, of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with the montane spruce forests of unit T312. The spruces, often stunted or columnar, are accompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly subalpine affinities. Picea abies forests of the lower subalpine level of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3111","name":"Bilberry spruce forests","description":"Mostly acidophilous, mesophile, subalpine Picea abies forests of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps, with Oxalis acetosella, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calamagrostis villosa and the moss Hylocomium splendens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3112","name":"Tall herb subalpine spruce forests","description":"Tall-herb rich, hygrophile or meso-hygrophile, Picea abies forests of high altitude stations of the Alps, subjected to prolonged snow cover and frequent fogs, with Adenostyles spp., Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Peucedanum ostruthium, Ranunculus aconitifolius, Aconitum vulparia, Aconitum paniculatum, Stellaria nemorum, Geranium sylvaticum, Cicerbita alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31121","name":"Adenostyles glabra subalpine spruce forests","description":"Picea abies or Picea abies-Larix decidua forests of subalpine to high montane slopes of the Alps developed on base-rich and usually lime-rich substrates, in particular, on dolomites, limestones, calcschists, green schists, usually on steep rocky slopes, with an undergrowth dominated by Adenostyles glabra (Adenostyles alpina)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31122","name":"Adenostyles alliariae subalpine spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the subalpine level of the Alps developed in high precipitation regions on usually calcareous bedrock, sometimes on base-rich siliceous substrates such as flysch, with an undergrowth dominated by dense formations of tall herbs, in particular, Adenostyles alliariae, Cicerbita alpina, Rumex alpestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3113","name":"Moist subalpine spruce forests","description":"Sphagnum-rich Picea abies forests of the Alps, developed on more or less peaty, humid but not waterlogged substrates, with Listera cordata, Sphagnum acutifolium, Sphagnum quinquefarium, Sphagnum girgensohnii. Spruce forests developed in fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs or on waterlogged soils in forests are included in swamp forests of class T3, as unit T3K3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3114","name":"Xerophile subalpine spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests on dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the northern and northwestern Alps, with Vaccinium vitis-idaea and a small admixture of Vaccinium myrtillus on siliceous soils over sandstones and carboniferous schists, with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Polygala chamaebuxus, Carex humilis on lustrous schists, with berberis vulgaris, Valeriana montana, Valeriana tripteris on stabilised calcareous screes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3115","name":"Cold station spruce forests","description":"Picea abies woods of anomalous stations at the montane or subalpine level of the Alps, in particular block forests of \"ice cellars\" (shaded rocky screes through which cold air flows), woods developed in valleys and depressions where cold air accumulates on clear nights, woods colonizing stabilised screes and narrow bands of rocks, woods on moist sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3116","name":"Carpathian spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests, usually unmixed, forming, in most of the Carpathian arc, a lower subalpine belt between beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests of the montane level and the mugo pine upper subalpine zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31161","name":"Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests","description":"Subalpine Picea abies forests of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311611","name":"Western Carpathian acidophilous spruce forests","description":"Subalpine Picea abies forests of siliceous soils of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311612","name":"Carpathian holly-fern spruce forests","description":"Subalpine Picea abies forests of calcareous ranges in the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia, in particular of the calcareous Tatras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31162","name":"Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests","description":"Subalpine Picea abies forests of the northern Eastern, the eastern and the southern Carpathians of the Ukraine and Romania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311621","name":"Carpathian subalpine rhododenron spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the subalpine level, at 1550-1700 metres, of the Eastern Carpathians, with Pinus mugo, Pinus cembra, Rhododendron myrtifolium, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Homogyne alpina, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major and Calamagrostis villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311622","name":"Carpathian subalpine Bruckenthalia spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the subalpine level (1600-1850m) of the Apuseni Mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with Pinus mugo, Pinus cembra, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Campanula abietina, Campanula serrata, Homogyne alpina and Calamagrostis villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311623","name":"Carpathian high montane Hieracium spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the upper montane level of the Eastern, Southern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a usually sparse herb layer mostly of acidophilous species including Hieracium rotundatum, Calamagrostis villosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Oxalis acetosella, Campanula abietina, Luzula luzuloides, Luzula sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311624","name":"Carpathian high montane Bazzania spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forest stands installed on wet, acid, peaty ground of the margins of bogs and marshes within the montane level of the Eastern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a mucinal layer of Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum wulfianum, Sphagnum squarrosum, Bazzania trilobata; regional species such as Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Campanula abietina, Valeriana simplicifolia, Salix silesiaca, are characteristic and Listera cordata is sometimes present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T311625","name":"Carpathian Leucanthemum high montane spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests frequently installed along streamsides and inner valleys of lower montane levels of the Eastern and western Southern Carpathians, with a cortège including Adenostyletalia elements, in particular Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Athyrium distentifolium, Stellaria nemorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T312","name":"Inner range montane Picea forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climatically unfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous Picea abies forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of high continentality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3121","name":"Acidophile montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Inner Alpine Picea abies forests of siliceous crystalline or schistous substrates, with Calamagrostis villosa and woodrushes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3122","name":"Calciphile montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Calcicolous inner Alpine Picea abies forests with Calamagrostis varia, Carex flacca, Sesleria caerulea, Hieracium trifidum, Aster bellidiastrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3123","name":"Bedstraw montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Xerophile, more or less mesotrophic inner Alpine Picea abies or Picea abies-Abies alba forests, often characterized by an admixture of deciduous trees, in particular Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, and with a species-rich herb layer comprising Oxalis acetosella, Galium rotundifolium, Galium odoratum, Anemone nemorosa, Doronicum austriacum, Petasites albus, Primula elatior, Fragaria vesca, Cardamine trifolia, Carex montana and Melica nutans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3124","name":"Tall herb montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Upper montane inner Alpine Picea abies or Picea abies-Abies alba forests with Amelanchier ovalis, Berberis vulgaris and an undergrowth rich in tall herbs, usually dominated by Adenostyles glabra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3125","name":"Peatmoss montane inner Alpine spruce forests","description":"Montane inner Alpine Picea abies forests of peaty soils, rich in Sphagnum spp. and with Equisetum sylvaticum, Listera cordata and Dryopteris dilatata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3126","name":"Inner Carpathian spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians, formed along the Proprad River valley between the High Tatras and the Low Tatras and subjected to a climate of high continentality."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T313","name":"Hercynian subalpine Picea forests","description":"Subalpine Picea abies forests of high ranges of the central and eastern sections of the Hercynian arc, from the Harz to the Bohemian Quadrangle."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3131","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Bayerischer Wald","description":"Acidophilous Picea abies forest of the granitic domes of the Bayerischer Wald and the Böhmerwald, with Abies alba, Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Homogyne alpina, Soldanella montana, Calamagrostis villosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3132","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Harz and Erzgebirge","description":"Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Harz (above 750 m), the Thüringer Wald and the Erzgebirge."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3133","name":"Subalpine spruce forests of the Sudeten","description":"Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Sudeten (Krkonose or Riesengebirge, Orlicke Hory, Jeseniky)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T314","name":"Southern European Picea abies forests","description":"Outlying Picea abies formations of the Apennines, the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range and the Rhodope Mountains, at the southern limit of the range of the species and mostly south of its continuous range. Pinus sylvestris may be present, and undergrowth species may include Vaccinium myrtillus, Urtica dioica, Rubus idaeus, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Poa nemoralis, Daphne oleoides, Calamagrostis arundinacea and Fragaria vesca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3141","name":"Southeastern Moesian Picea abies forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope ranges and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31411","name":"Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce forests","description":"Very local Picea abies forests of the Aegean-facing southernmost ridge of the main Rhodope ranges in extreme northern Greece, constituting part of the Kara-Dere Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31412","name":"Central Rhodopide spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the Rhodope Mountains, forming an extensive subalpine belt on Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes; the isolated forests developed on the Aegean flank of the Iztocni-Rodope are listed in unit T31411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31413","name":"Moeso-Macedonian spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the Osogovska Planina of the North Macedonia and Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3142","name":"Apennine spruce forests","description":"Relict woods of spontaneous Picea abies of the northern Apennines (Passo del Cerreto, Emilia-Romagna; Foce del Campolino sull'Abetone, Tuscany)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3143","name":"Montenegrine Picea abies forests","description":"Isolated subalpine and high montane Picea abies forests of the Ljubisnja range of Montenegro, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates, at altitudes comprised between 1150 and 1850 m on  on sunny slopes (adrets) and between 1100 and 1900 m on shaded slopes (ubacs). They are species-rich on limestones with a cortège of medio-European affinities, except for the presence of Laserpitium marginatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3144","name":"Pelagonide Picea abies forests","description":"Very local subalpine Picea abies forests of the Pelagonides, particularly of the southern Sar Planina of the North Macedonia, with smaller stands farther south in the North Macedonia, and in Albania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3145","name":"Balkan Range Picea abies forests","description":"Rare and local Picea abies forests of the western and central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T315","name":"Enclave Picea abies forests","description":"Spontaneous Picea abies formations occupying outlying altitudinal or edaphic enclaves within the range of more predominant vegetation types, in particular the montane levels of the outer Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the subalpine levels of the Jura, the western Hercynian ranges and the Dinarides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3151","name":"Subalpine Jura spruce forests","description":"Restricted Picea abies forests of subalpine affinities of the Jura, comprising truly subalpine formations of the Haut-Jura, well developed but of small extent because of relatively low altitude and competition with Pinus uncinata formations, tall herb spruce forests as well as cold station or \"ice cellar\" formations similar to those of the northern outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3152","name":"Subalpine Black Forest spruce forests","description":"Picea abies forests of the Black Forest, characteristic of the subalpine level and of edaphic enclaves and cold stations, rich in Bazzania trilobata, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Listera cordata, Lycopodium annotinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3153","name":"Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce forests","description":"Edaphic Picea abies enclaves of the montane and submontane levels of the pre-Alps and the pre-Alpine plateaux rich in Bazzania trilobata, in particular, block forests, boulder field forests, frost-pocket forests and woods on moist soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3154","name":"Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc dominated by Picea abies with a varying admixture of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica or both. They include spruce or fir-spruce forests and spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane beech-fir forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31541","name":"Medio-European montane spruce forests","description":"Spruce and fir-spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc, including spruce facies of fir-beech forests of the range of the Fagion medio-europaeum. Spruce-dominated facies of Alpine beech-fir forests of the range of the Fagion illyricum are listed separately in unit T31542."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31542","name":"Illyrio-Alpine montane Fagus spruce forests","description":"Picea abies-dominated facies of montane Fagion illyricum beech-fir forests of the southeastern outer Alps. Spruce-dominated forests of the same region replacing the beech-fir forests in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir have been listed in unit T31541."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31543","name":"Dacian Fagus-spruce forests","description":"Picea abies-dominated forests of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, within the range of Fagion dacicum beech-fir forests, of which they may constitute a facies or a substitute in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3155","name":"Dinaric spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides dominated by Picea abies with a varying admixture of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica or both. They include subalpine spruce forests, edaphic or microclimatic montane spruce or fir-spruce forests and, occasionally, spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane Fagion illyricum and Fagion moesiacum beech-fir forests. They extend throughout the range, from the northern edge of the Dinarides in Slovenia south to the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges, immediately to the north of the Metohija depression."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31551","name":"Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests","description":"Picea abies-dominated forests of montane and subalpine block slopes and of karst-dolines of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the Fagion illyricum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31552","name":"Dinaric dolomite spruce forests","description":"Picea abies-dominated forests of dolomite rendzina of the Dinarides of Croatia and western Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of fir-beech forests of the Fagion illyricum, with a species cortège that combines raw humus species with calciphile and xerophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31553","name":"Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests","description":"Picea abies-dominated forests of acid soils of the montane level of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the Fagion illyricum, with a species cortège characteristic of the Vaccinio-Piceetalia, often including many ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T31554","name":"Moeso-Dinaric spruce forests","description":"Spruce forests of the southern Dinarides of Serbia, developed on both calcareous and siliceous substrates, in particular in the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T316","name":"Picea omorika forests","description":"Picea omorika-dominated forests of the Drina basin of central Serbia, occuring also in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Picea abies, Abies alba and mosses Dicranum scoparium, Ctenidium molluscum, Eurhynchium striatum, Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus are usually also present. Other trees and shrubs are represented by Salix caprea, Pinus nigra, Rosa pendulina. The herb layer is relatively species-poor, the most frequently occuring species being Valeriana montana, Vaccinium myrtillus, Luzula sylvatica, Hieracium transsilvanicum, Gentiana asclepiadea, Erica carnea, Calamagrostis varia, Veronica chamaedrys, Lathyrus vernus, Euphorbia amygdaloides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T317","name":"Picea orientalis forests","description":"Picea orientalis-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T32","name":"Temperate mountain Abies forest","description":"Forests of European silver fir (Abies alba) in temperate mountains, often with European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and Norway spruce (Picea abies) where site conditions are harsher at higher altitudes. In the southern Black Sea region and the Caucasus, the dominant species is Caucasian fir (Abies nordmanniana), often with an admixture of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) and Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis). At most sites, fir forests occur on acidic soils though extending on to more base-rich and mesotrophic soils where distinctive contingents of herbs augment or replace the usually heathy field layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T321","name":"Neutrophile medio-European Abies forests","description":"Fir (Abies alba) and fir-spruce forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, in association with forests of the Fagion medio-europaeum, of the Fagion illyricum or of the Fagion dacicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3211","name":"Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophilous Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on brown soils of the intermediate or inner Alps, outside of the climatic range of the beech (Fagus sylvatica)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32111","name":"Sorrel fir forests","description":"Typical inner Alpine Abies alba forests with a predominance of mull-moder species such as Veronica urticifolia (Veronica latifolia), Melampyrum sylvaticum, Prenanthes purpurea, Oxalis acetosella, Luzula nivea; all fir forests of the intermediate and inner Alps can be included in this category with the exception of those that present clearly acidophilous or calciphilous facies and of the well-characterized local types listed immediately below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32112","name":"Tall herb fir forests","description":"High altitude, upper montane, tall-herb rich inner-Alpine fir forests with Adenostyles alliariae, Geranium sylvaticum, Cicerbita alpina, Chaerophyllum villarsii, Peucedanum ostruthium, Alnus viridis and Sorbus aucuparia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32113","name":"Trochischantes fir forests","description":"Abies alba forests of the Maritime Alps, distributed in particular in the Quatre-Cantons forest in the Tournairet massif, in the Haute-V‚subie, in the Peira Cava massif, in the middle and high Roya, with Trochiscanthes nodiflora, Galium sylvaticum, Luzula pedemontana, Aquilegia atrata, Phyteuma halleri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3212","name":"Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32121","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the Fagion medio-europaeum, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T321211","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile spruce fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Picea abies and with a species cortège composed by elements of the Fagetalia and of the Piceetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T321212","name":"Peri-Alpine neutrophile Fagus fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units T171, T172, T175, T183."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32122","name":"Illyrian neutrophile fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the Fagion illyricum, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T321221","name":"Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Picea abies and with a species cortège composed by elements of the Fagetalia and of the Piceetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T321222","name":"Illyrian neutrophile Fagus fir forests","description":"Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units T171, T172, T175, T183."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32123","name":"Dacian neutrophile montane fir forests","description":"Neutrophile to acidophile forests of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica, often with Picea abies, on very steep slopes of the montane level of the eastern and southern Carpathians, with a cortège of Fagetalia and Symphyto-Fagenion species, including Pulmonaria rubra, Dentaria glandulosa, Symphytum cordatum, Salvia glutinosa, Actaea spicata, Rubus hirtus, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3213","name":"Pyrenean fir forests","description":"Montane Abies alba forests of inner valleys of the Pyrenees, and of other stations of relative continentality, unfavourable to beech, more acidophilous than those of units T3211 and T32122, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Goodyera repens, Galium rotundifolium and a good representation of species of the neutrophilous beech forests, intermediate between this unit and unit T323."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3214","name":"East Carpathian high montane fir forests","description":"Forests dominated by Abies alba and Picea abies, accompanied by Fagus sylvatica and characterized by the presence of boreal elements in the herb layer, of gentle slopes of the upper montane level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, with Hieracium rotundatum, Orthilia secunda, Moneses uniflora, Goodyera repens, Homogyne alpina, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Calamagrostis villosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T322","name":"Calciphilous Abies alba forests","description":"Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on calcareous soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3221","name":"Inner Alpine calcicolous fir forests","description":"Calcicolous Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the intermediate Alps, with Carex alba, Polygala chamaebuxus, Hepatica triloba, Calamagrostis varia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3222","name":"Outer Alpine calcicolous fir forests","description":"Abies alba facies of calcicolous Picea abies-Abies alba forests of the outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3223","name":"Jurasso-Hercynian calcicolous fir forests","description":"Abies alba-Picea abies woods of calcareous soils of the eastern Black Forest foothills, the Baar Plateau and the piedmont of the Swabian Alb, rich in sedges and orchids."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3224","name":"Dinaric calcareous block fir forests","description":"Abies alba-dominated fir forests of calcareous block slopes of the Dinarides of Slovenia, western Croatia, mostly in the Gorski Kotar, the Velebit and the Pljesevica, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to the Triglav range in the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and south in fragmentary form to the Piva Valley of Montenegro, with Juniperus nana, Calamagrostis hirundinacea, Calamagrostis varia, Cirsium erisithales, Clematis alpina, ferns and mosses including Leucobryum glaucum. They include primaeval and near-natural forests of considerable biological and aesthetic value."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T323","name":"Acidophilous Abies alba forests","description":"Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on acid soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, within the biogeographical range of beech forests of the Fagion medio-europaeum, of the Fagion illyricum or of the Fagion dacicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3231","name":"Inner Alpine acidophile fir forests","description":"Oligotrophic fir and fir-spruce forests of the intermediate or inner Alps, with Luzula nivea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calamagrostis villosa, Festuca flavescens, Saxifraga cuneifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3232","name":"Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32321","name":"Peri-Alpine acidophile fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, the Pyrenees, locally of other mid-German Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Thüringer Wald, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Picea abies and with a species cortège combining elements of the Piceetalia with those of the Fagetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32322","name":"Illyrian acidophile fir forests","description":"Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, with a species cortège composed by elements of the Fagetalia (Fagionillyricum) and of the Piceetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32323","name":"Dacian acidophile Fagus fir forests","description":"Neutrophile to acidophile Abies alba or Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the montane beech-fir belt of the southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with a cortège comprising Fagetalia and Symphyto-Fagenion species including Pulmonaria rubra, Dentaria glandulosa, Symphytum cordatum, Salvia glutinosa, Actaea spicata, Rubus hirtus, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3233","name":"Alpenrose fir forests","description":"High-altitude fir forests characteristic of north facing  slopes (ubac) of the Pyrenees and southwestern Alps, outside of the range of spruce, with Rhododendron ferrugineum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Homogyne alpina, Festuca flavescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32331","name":"Pyrenean alpenrose fir forest","description":"Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the Pyrenees, with Rhododendron ferrugineum, Homogyne alpina, Lonicera nigra, Polystichum lonchitis, Rosa pendulina (Rosa alpina), Huperzia selago."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32332","name":"Alpine alpenrose fir forests","description":"Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the western Alps, with Rhododendron ferrugineum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Homogyne alpina, Lonicera caerulea, Festuca flavescens, Huperzia selago."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32333","name":"Block alpenrose fir forests","description":"Block fir forests of the montane level of the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3234","name":"Holy Cross fir forests","description":"Upland fir, or fir-dominated fir-spruce or fir-pine-oak forests developed on mesotrophic acid soils of Little-Poland, in particular, of the Holy Cross mountains and of sub-Carpathic hills, with an undergrowth rich in ferns, bryophytes and lowland forest species shared with the deciduous forests of the Tilio-Carpinetum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3235","name":"Bazzania fir forests","description":"Fir-dominated Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the German, Swiss and Austrian outer Alps and their piedmont, and of the Carpathians, recorded from the Slovakian Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with Frangula alnus and an herb and moss layer rich in Vaccinium myrtillus, Bazzania trilobata, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris carthusiana agg., Oxalis acetosella, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Hylocomium splendens, Polytrichum formosum, Thuidium tamariscinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T324","name":"Corsican Abies alba forests","description":"Abies alba woods and forests locally replacing, mostly in cool stations, the acidophilous beech forests of the montane level of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T325","name":"Moesian Abies alba forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris or Pinus nigra of the Rhodope Mountains, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonids, within the geographical range of Fagion moesiacum forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3251","name":"Rhodopide fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris or Pinus nigra of the Rhodope and the northeastern Greek mountains, Pirin, Rila, Vitosha, within the geographical range of Fagion moesiacum forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32511","name":"Falakron silver fir forests","description":"Very local, calciphilous, Abies alba forests of Falakron and the southern flank of the Rhodope Mountains of extreme northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32512","name":"Rhodope fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, of the main Rhodope range, within the Fagion moesiacum zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T32513","name":"Western Rhodopide fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris or Pinus nigra of Pirin, Rila and Vitosha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3252","name":"Moeso-Macedonian fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris or Pinus nigra of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3253","name":"Balkan Range fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris or Pinus nigra of the Balkan Range system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3254","name":"Pelagonide silver fir forests","description":"Abies alba forests of the the Pelagonid mountains south to extreme northern Greece, including the Varnous system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T326","name":"Abies reforestation","description":"Plantations of native firs within or near their area of present or recent natural occurrence. Other plantations of these species and plantations of exotic firs are included under unit G3.F (of EUNIS 2012, now split in T3M and T3N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3261","name":"Abies alba reforestation","description":"Plantations of Abies alba within its area of occurrence or north and west of it."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3262","name":"Abies borisii-regis reforestation","description":"Plantations of Abies borisii-regis in Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3263","name":"Abies cephalonica reforestation","description":"Plantations of Abies cephalonica in Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3264","name":"Abies pinsapo reforestation","description":"Plantations of Abies pinsapo in Andalucia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3265","name":"Abies nebrodensis reforestation","description":"Plantations of Abies nebrodensis in the mountains of northern Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T327","name":"Picea abies reforestation","description":"Plantations of Picea abies in or near the present or recent natural range of the species, including all Hercynian and peri-Hercynian formations accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth. Intensive, very dense and out-of-station plantations of Picea abies are included under unit G3.F (of EUNIS 2012 now split in T3M and T3N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T328","name":"Serpentine Abies alba forests","description":"Abies alba- and Picea abies-dominated forests on serpentines, usually at altitude 1400-1600 m in the Balkan peninsula. Erica carnea is also relatively abundant. Other typical species are Vaccinium myrtillus, Festuca heterophylla, Daphne blagayana, Thymus montanus, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Valeriana montana, Doronicum austriacum, Campanula rotundifolia, Luzula sylvatica, Luzula nemorosa, Senecio nemorensis, Melampyrum album, Sorbus aucuparia, Hypericum perforatum, Luzula maxima, Oxalis acetosella, Symphytum tuberosum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Pyrola secunda."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T33","name":"Mediterranean mountain Abies forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forests of more sunless or fog-bound slopes and gullies in the lower to mid altitudinal belts of Mediterranean mountains where firs of very limited distribution dominate in highly distinctive relic stands: Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo), Greek fir (Abies cephalonica), King Boris fir (Abies borisii-regis), Apennine or Sicilian stands of silver fir (Abies alba) and Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T331","name":"Southern Apennine Abies alba forests","description":"Relict Abies alba woods associated with the beech forests of the Geranio versicolori-Fagion of the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, Sila, Aspromonte)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T332","name":"Balkano-Pontic Abies forests","description":"Forests of Abies nordmanniana, Abies borisii-regis, Abies bornmuelleriana of the southern Balkans peninsula, the Pontic range and the Caucasus, often mixed with beech, or adjacent to beech forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3321","name":"King Boris's fir forests","description":"Abies borisii-regis-dominated fir forests of the southern Dinaric Alps, the northern Pindus, the central Pindus, the southern Rhodopes of Bulgaria and Greece, the Slavanka and Belaciza, adjacent to beech and beech-fir forests of the Fagion hellenicum or Fagion moesiacum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3322","name":"Bornmueller's fir forests","description":"Abies bornmuelleriana-dominated forests of the Pontic Range and outlying massifs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3323","name":"Nordmann's fir forests","description":"Abies nordmanniana-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T333","name":"Aegean Abies forests","description":"Abies-dominated fir or fir-pine forests of the northeastern Mediterranean basin, developed outside of, but in the immediate vicinity of beech Fagus spp., by Abies cephalonica and Abies equi-trojani, outlier species of the group of Abies alba and Abies nordmanniana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3331","name":"Grecian fir forests","description":"Endemic Abies cephalonica or mixed Abies cephalonica and Abies borisii-regis forests of the Peloponnese, Cephalonia, Parnassos, the southern Pindus, north to Panetolikon, Timfristos, Vardousia, Iti, Kallidromon and Othris, well outside of the range of beeches, Fagus spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3332","name":"Trojan fir forests","description":"Forests of Abies equi-trojani of the higher elevations of the Kaz Dag and of the Mustapha Kemal mountains in extreme western Anatolia, with Epipogium aphyllum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T334","name":"Abies pinsapo forests","description":"Fir or fir-cedar forests dominated by relict species of Abies, including forests of Abies pinsapo, Abies marocana, Abies numidica, Abies cilicica or Abies nebrodensis, distributed along the rim of the southern Mediterranean basin, well outside the range of beech."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3341","name":"Ronda pinsapo fir forests","description":"Calcicolous forests and stands of the endemic Abies pinsapo of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, limited to the Serrania de Ronda and associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3342","name":"Bermeja pinsapo fir forests","description":"Forests and stands of the endemic Abies pinsapo of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, developed on ultra basic serpentine outcroppings of the Sierra Bermeja and isolated stands of associated ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T335","name":"Relict Abies nebrodensis stands","description":"Surviving stands of the endangered Abies nebrodensis in the Madonie mountains of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T34","name":"Temperate subalpine Larix, Pinus cembra and Pinus uncinata forest","description":"Coniferous, in part deciduous, forest of European larch (Larix decidua) or Arolla pine (Pinus cembra) in the middle subalpine belt of temperate mountains in the central Alps and Carpathians with long but shallow snow-lie and a short growing season. Dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo), spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), rhododendrons and other sub-shrubs are never more than subordinate, but various whitebeam (Sorbus) species are characteristic associates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T341","name":"Eastern Alpine siliceous Larix and Pinus cembra forests","description":"Subalpine Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, or Larix decidua-Pinus cembra forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an often species-poor undergrowth comprising Vaccinium myrtillus, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Calamagrostis villosa, Luzula albida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T342","name":"Eastern Alpine calcicolous Larix and Pinus cembra forests","description":"Subalpine and montane Larix decidua, Larix decidua-Picea abies, Pinus cembra or Larix decidua-Pinus cembra forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, on calcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including Erica herbacea, Polygala chamaebuxus, Rhododendron hirsutum or Pinus mugo."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T343","name":"Western Larix, mountain pine and Pinus cembra forests","description":"Subalpine Larix decidua, Larix decidua-Pinus cembra, Larix decidua-mountain pine, Pinus cembra and Pinus cembra-mountain pine forests of the western, and mostly southwestern Alps, in regions where Pinus uncinata usually associates with Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra. Characteristically xeric, open formations, they are best characterized by their understorey."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T344","name":"Alpine secondary Larix formations","description":"Formations of Larix decidua colonizing abandoned fields and pastures in lower levels of the Alps. Alpine Larix decidua plantations; plantations of Larix decidua out of range and of other Larix spp. or hybrids are included under unit G3.F (of EUNIS 2012 now split in T3M and T3N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T345","name":"Carpathian Larix and Pinus cembra forests","description":"Uncommon Larix decidua or Pinus cembra formations of the Carpathians, each occurring as a single dominant, together as codominants, or mixed with spruce (Picea abies)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3451","name":"Western Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"Timberline silicicolous Larix decidua and Pinus cembra formations of the Tatras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3452","name":"Inner Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"Larix decidua and Pinus cembra formations of the dry, inner Carpathian Proprad basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3453","name":"Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests","description":"Local mixed forests of Pinus cembra, Picea abies and Pinus mugo, of the lower subalpine level (1650-1500 m), with regional species Rhododendron myrtifolium, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Melampyrum saxosum, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Campanula abietina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34531","name":"Eastern Carpathian larch forests","description":"Larix decidua woods on rocky calcareous substrates at the upper limit of the forest zone (1600-1750 metres) of the Southwestern Carpathians, sometimes with Pinus cembra and Picea abies, and with an herb layer formed by Saxifraga cuneifolia, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Campanula abietina, Moneses uniflora, Ranunculus carpaticus, Aquilegia transsilvanica, Hieracium rotundatum, Tricetum fuscum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34532","name":"Eastern Carpathian arolla forests","description":"Pinus cembra and Picea abies-dominated formations of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, formed at the upper forest limit, with a herb layer dominated by spruce forest species and a shrub layer with Pinus mugo and Juniperus nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T346","name":"Larix polonica forests","description":"Larix decidua ssp. polonica-dominated facies of the white cinquefoil oak woods (units T199111, T199114) of Poland and the western Ukraine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T347","name":"Pinus uncinata forests with Rhododendron ferrugineum","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyrenean north facing  slopes (ubacs), developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominately ericaceous undergrowh comprising Rhododendron ferrugineum (dominant), Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Calluna vulgaris, Homogyne alpina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Lycopodium annotinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3471","name":"Outer Alpine alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests occupying hard limestone plateaux of the outer Alps, in the Chablais, the Aravis, the Bauges, the Chartreuse, the Vercors, the Dévoluy in which the almost pure calcareous bedrock is covered by a thick layer of raw humus supporting an acidophilous undergrowth dominated by Rhododendron ferrugineum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum accompanied by Empetrum hermaphroditum, Lycopodium selago, Selaginella spinosa, Cladonia rangiferina, Homogyne alpina, Bartsia alpina, Astrantia minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3472","name":"Jura alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"Subalpine Pinus uncinata forests of the western Jura, similar to the Alpine formations of unit T3471."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3473","name":"Pyrenean alpenrose mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of north facing  slopes (ubacs) of the Pyrenees developed on siliceous soils, or on decalcified soils in the calcareous ranges, in the more humid and snowy parts of the subalpine level, with a ground layer dominated by Rhododendron ferrugineum accompanied by Vaccinium myrtillus, Homogyne alpina, Rosa alpina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Oxalis acetosella, Juniperus nana, Calluna vulgaris, Dryopteris linneana, Polystichum spinulosum, Solidago virgaurea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T348","name":"Xerocline Pinus uncinata forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which Rhododendron ferrugineum is absent or rare, while Juniperus nana, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Erica herbacea, Rhododendron hirsutum, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Daphne striata, Dryas octopetala or Polygala chamaebuxus may be prominent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3481","name":"Inner Alpine mountain pine forests","description":"Subalpine or montane Pinus uncinata-dominated formations of the inner and intermediate Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3482","name":"Outer Alpine juniper-bearberry mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of the calcareous ranges of the western pre-Alps (cf. unit T3471) and the Jura, on less evolved soils than those of unit T3471, which do not allow the development of Rhododendron ferrugineum heaths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3483","name":"Ventoux mountain pine forests","description":"Spontaneous subsummital Pinus uncinata woods of the Ventoux, with Juniperus nana, Juniperus hemisphaerica and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3484","name":"Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata-dominated forests of sunny slopes (adrets) in the subalpine level of the Pyrenees, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34841","name":"Speedwell mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of siliceous Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), on schists, granites or gneises, with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus nana, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Calluna vulgaris, Genista pilosa, Cytisus purgans, Cotoneaster integerrimus and a predominantly acidophilous herb layer comprising Deschampsia flexuosa, Cruciata glabra, Festuca eskia, Veronica officinalis, Silene rupestris, Potentilla erecta, Antennaria dioica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34842","name":"Pyrenean bearberry mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of calcareous Pyrenean  on sunny slopes (adrets) with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus nana, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Rhamnus alpinus, Amelanchier vulgaris, Dryas octopetala and a predominantly calciphilous herb layer comprising Festuca gautieri, Valeriana montana, Teucrium pyrenaicum, Hepatica nobilis, Hippocrepis comosa, Polygala calcarea, Sesleria caerulea, Helectotrichon sedenense (Avena montana), Primula suaveolens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3485","name":"Pasqueflower mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of steep calcareous ubacs (north facing  slopes) of the Pyrenees with very superficial soil and a mostly grassy herb layer comprising Sesleria caerulea, Festuca gautieri, Pulsatilla alpina, Valeriana montana, Salix pyrenaica, Hepatica nobilis, Deschampsia flexuosa, Pyrola uniflora, Listera cordata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3486","name":"Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range","description":"Isolated outposts of Pinus uncinata-dominated formations in the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34861","name":"Urbion mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of the Sierra de Urbion, usually associated with heaths of Vaccinium myrtillus and Juniperus nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T34862","name":"Gudar mountain pine forests","description":"Pinus uncinata forests of the Sierra de Gudar, in the Southern Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T349","name":"Pinus uncinata reforestation","description":"Pinus uncinata plantations in or near the natural range of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T35","name":"Temperate continental Pinus sylvestris forest","description":"Forests dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), often with some birch (Betula pendula,Betula pubescens), aspen (Populus tremula) and common juniper (Juniperus communis), on acidic to base-rich soils through the north temperate and hemiboreal zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T351","name":"Caledonian forest","description":"Relict, indigenous Scots pine forests of endemic Pinus sylvestris var. scotica, limited to the central and northeastern Grampians of Scotland. They are mostly open and have a ground layer usually rich in ericaceous species and mosses, in particular, Hylocomium splendens, and often harbouring, together with abundant Deschampsia flexuosa, Goodyera repens, Listera cordata, Corallorhiza trifida, Linnaea borealis, Trientalis europaea, Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda. Accompanying, dominated, tree species include Juniperus communis, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pubescens, Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium, Populus tremula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3511","name":"Heather Caledonian forest","description":"Pinus sylvestris var. scotica forests with a heath-like ground cover of Erica cinerea and Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3512","name":"Bilberry Caledonian forest","description":"Pinus sylvestris var. scotica forests with a heath-like ground cover of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3513","name":"Moss Caledonian forest","description":"Pinus sylvestris var. scotica forests with a closed canopy and an understorey formed mostly by mosses, in particular Scapania gracilis, Diplophyllum albicans, Thuidium tamariscinum and the hepatic Anastrepta orcadensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3514","name":"Woodrush Caledonian forest","description":"Pinus sylvestris var. scotica forests with a ground cover rich in grass-like species, in particular Luzula pilosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis canina, Festuca ovina, together with Vaccinium spp. and bryophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3515","name":"Peatmoss Caledonian forest","description":"Pinus sylvestris var. scotica forests of damp hollows, with carpets of Sphagnum spp., Molinia caerulea and Erica tetralix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T352","name":"Middle European Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Indigenous Pinus sylvestris forests of the lowlands of nemoral Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, nonalpigenous, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of Picea abies, of adjacent wooded steppe regions, and of siliceous soils of the montane or collinar levels of the central European Hercynian ranges and the eastern Alpine system. Acidophilous mixed forests with vegetation of the alliance Dicrano-Pinion with Festuca ovina dominating in the herb layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3521","name":"Subcontinental Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris of acid, often podsolised, sands of the plains and hills of middle Europe. Associated trees include Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica; Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Dicranum undulatum are usually prominent in the ground layer, Molinia caerulea may be abundant in humid stands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35211","name":"Central European Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Main-range acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe, where they reach their greatest dominance, and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, in areas of less xericity or continentality than those occupied by the steppe woods of unit T3523. They are distributed from Franconia and the inner Bohemian basin, through eastern Germany, to western and central Poland, extending, more locally, in areas of greater prevalence of steppe woods, to eastern Poland, Belarus, the northern Ukraine and Russia to the eastern confines of the Nemoral zone of western Eurasia. They are very similar to some taiga formations of which they often represent an outpost beyond the boreal and boreonemoral range of Picea abies; their separation from boreo-nemoral taiga pine woods of unit T3G is generally arbitrary and one of regional convenience."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T352111","name":"Subcontinental moss Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Moss-rich acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with Leucobryum glaucum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypnum cupressiforme."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T352112","name":"Subcontinental lichen Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Lichen-rich acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with Cladonia silvatica, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia furcata, Ptilidium ciliare, Polytrichum commune, Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T352113","name":"Subcontinental moorgrass Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests of humid podsols of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with Polytrichum commune and Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":7,"code":"T352114","name":"Subcontinental saw-wort Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Strongly pine-dominated facies of the mixed Pinus sylvestris-Quercus robur-Quercus petraea Central European and Sarmatic forests of unit G4.71 (of EUNIS 2012), with Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Carex digitata, Carex montana, Melica nutans, Serratula tinctoria, Scorzonera humilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35212","name":"Western lowland Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Relict woods of indigenous Pinus sylvestris of coarse sands in enclaves of cold subcontinental climate west of the main range of the subcontinental pine and pine-oak woodland, as in the Pays de Bitche basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3522","name":"Hercynian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane acidophilous woods of indigenous Pinus sylvestris forming local, edaphic or microclimatic enclaves, particularly on sandstones, on blocks and in steep valleys in the beech belt of Hercynian ranges, and in sub-Hercynian collinar systems, usually with Vaccinium myrtillus or lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35221","name":"Eastern Hercynian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Indigenous acidophilous Pinus sylvestris enclave formations, in particular block woods and xeric slope woods, of the montane and submontane levels of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, Sudeten, B”hmer Wald, Thüringer Wald."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35222","name":"Black Forest Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Indigenous Pinus sylvestris formations of the Black Forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35223","name":"Vosges Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Indigenous Pinus sylvestris formations of the mostly dry, acid sandstones of the Vosges, and of sandstone slabs capping rocky outcrops of the the Pays de Bitche."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35224","name":"Luxembourg sandstone Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Indigenous Pinus sylvestris formations of Luxembourg sandstone outcrops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35225","name":"Pale hawkweed Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Generally light Pinus sylvestris woods of deep-cut valleys of the Central Bohemian hills (valleys of the Vltava, the Otava and the Berounka rivers) and of southern Saxony, with the saxicolous Hieracium pallidum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35226","name":"Lower Austrian block heath pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus sylvestris formations of granite blocks of the pre-Hercynian Waldviertel of Lower Austria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3523","name":"Western Eurasian steppe pine forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris woods of the wooded steppe belt of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35231","name":"Rhine steppe pine forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris woods of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps, in particular formations with Pinus sylvestris var. haguenensis of the Rhine Valley and adjacent hills (Haguenau, Vosges du Nord, southern Rhine Palatinate)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35232","name":"Sarmatic steppe Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Xerophilous Pinus sylvestris woods of the wooded steppe belt of the Sarmatic region of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, extending from northeastern and eastern Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, north-central and eastern Poland in the west, through Podolia and the southern Russian plateaux, to Bashkiria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35233","name":"Carpathian steppe Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Local xerophile Pinus sylvestris steppe woods of sub-Pannonic low Carpathian spurs of southwestern and southeastern Slovakia and of the Slovakian inner Carpathian basins, with Cornus mas, Brachypodium pinnatum, Melica nutans, Luzula luzuloides, Hypochoeris maculata, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea, Lathyrus niger, Vicia dumetorum, Melittis melissophyllum, Digitalis grandiflora, Viola collina, Achillea distans, Euphorbia epithymoides, Orchis purpurea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T35234","name":"Pannonic steppe Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris sand steppe woods of the western Pannonic plain and its satellite basins, in particular, the Zahorie (Marchfeld) and the little Alföld."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3524","name":"Baltic dune Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris-dominated dune woods of the coasts of the southeastern Baltic, from the mouth of the Oder to the Gulf of Finland, with Empetrum nigrum, Moneses uniflora, Linnaea borealis, Listera cordata, Goodyera repens, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3525","name":"Eastern Alpine acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Acidophilous Pinus sylvestris woods of the collinar and montane levels of the eastern Alps, of the northeastern Dinarides and of adjacent pre-Pannonic and Pannonic hill ranges, mostly subclimactic or anthropogenic, distributed in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Slovenia, the pre-Noric hills and the edge of the Bakony Range in western Hungary."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T353","name":"Inner-Alpine Ononis steppe forests","description":"Xerophile, often calcicolous, open Pinus sylvestris or Pinus sylvestris and Pinus uncinata forests of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys submitted to extreme continental climate (upper Durance, Ubaye, upper Tin‚e, Val di Susa, Maurienne, Val d'Aoste, Alto Adige (Val Venosta), Upper Engadine, Vintschgau, Virgental), rich in leguminous plants such as Ononis rotundifolia, Ononis cenisia, Astragalus austriacus, Astragalus purpureus, Coronilla minima, Onobrychis saxatilis and with a shrub layer comprising Juniperus communis, Juniperus sabina, Berberis vulgaris, Amelanchier ovalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T354","name":"Spring heath Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, Pinus sylvestris forests of the intermediate Alps, the inner Alps, the northern and southeastern outer Alps, with outposts in northern peri-Alpine areas, in the Jura and in the Carpathians, generally characterised by the presence of Erica herbacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3541","name":"Alpine spring heath Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, Pinus sylvestris forests of the intermediate Alps, and, locally, of the inner Alps, the northern, eastern and southeastern outer Alps, the Bavarian plateau, the serpentines of northern Bavaria, Bohemia, the Lake Constance area, the Baar plateau and the Jura, generally characterised by the presence of Erica herbacea, accompanied by Juniperus communis, Berberis vulgaris, Sorbus aria, Amelanchier ovalis, Lembotropis nigricans, Chamaecytisus supinus, Polygala chamaebuxus, Goodyera repens, Pyrola chlorantha, Epipactis atrorubens, Melampyrum pratense, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Carex alba, Carex ornithopoda, Carex humilis, Carex flacca, Molinia caerulea, Calamagrostis varia, Sesleria albicans. They include numerous variants, as indicated in part by the associations listed above, most of them with Erica herbacea, and could be further subdivided. Communities of the intermediate Alps and neighbouring regions form the core of the unit and are adapted to a variety of fairly oligotrophic substrates, mostly calcareous, but occasionally siliceous, with a northern or intermediate exposure. In inner Alpine valleys they occur on less dry sites and usually at higher altitudes than the forests of units T353 and T355. Isolated, edaphically specialised communities occupy dolomites and serpentines of the northeastern Alps, of adjacent external ranges and of the Bavarian plateau, with or without Erica herbacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3542","name":"Carpathian relict calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Isolated, calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the western Carpathians, related to the spring heath Scots pine forests of the Alpine area, limited to a few small enclaves in the Strazov mountains, the Velka Fatra, the Pienini (Pinus sylvestris-Calamagrostis varia community, Pinus sylvestris-Carex alba community), the Slovakian inner-Carpathian basins and the Slovakian Erzgebirge. Erica herbacea and Polygala chamaebuxus are absent; the undergrowth includes a number of species of continental distribution and xerothermic affinities, some, western Carpathian endemics; characteristic are Linum flavum, Carex humilis, Carex alba, Calamagrostis varia, Pulsatilla slavica, Thymus carpathicus, Primula auricula ssp. hungarica, Globularia aphyllanthes, Campanula carpatica, Festuca tatrae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T355","name":"Inner Alpine Minuartia laricifolia steppe forests","description":"Xerophile, acidophilous, Pinus sylvestris forests of the montane level of southwestern inner Alpine valleys (Maurienne, Guisane, Dora-Riparia, Chisone) where they replace the formations of the Ononido-Pinion on strongly siliceous sunny slopes (adrets), with Deschampsia flexuosa and Minuartia laricifolia dominant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T356","name":"Pyrenean mesophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane, mossy Pinus sylvestris forests of the Pyrenees; characteristic of regions with a moderately dry, sunny climate, they occur, at all exposures but mostly on ubacs (north facing  slopes), in a wide belt on the south flank of the range, with limited outposts on the north flank. Characteristic is the abundance of wintergreens (Pyrola chlorantha, Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda) and of mosses (Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Pleurozium schreberi); Vaccinium myrtillus, Luzula nivea, Hepatica nobilis are usually present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3561","name":"Pyrenean calcicolous mesophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Calcicolous formations of Pinus sylvestris with Sorbus aria, Amelanchier ovalis, Ribes alpinum, Prunus mahaleb, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Polygala calcarea, Helleborus foetidus, Valeriana montana, Festuca gautieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3562","name":"Pyrenean siliceous mesophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Silicicolous formations of Pinus sylvestris with Sorbus aucuparia, Salix caprea, Calluna vulgaris, Galium rotundifolium, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Melampyrum pratense, Lathyrus linifolius (Lathyrus montanus), Potentilla erecta, Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis, Deschampsia flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T357","name":"Central Massif Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane Pinus sylvestris forests of interior, relatively dry, regions of the Central Massif in the upper Loire basin (Velay and neighbouring regions) and the Causse M‚jean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T358","name":"Southwestern Alpine mesophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Mesophile montane forests with wintergreens occupying a broad belt on the southwestern flank of the Alps from the Dauphiné to the Maritime Alps, differentiated from the forests of unit T354 by the absence of Erica herbacea; the undergrowh usually comprises Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Centaurea scabiosa, Tolpis staticifolia (Hieracium staticifolium), Calluna vulgaris, Polygala chamaebuxus, Monotropa hypopitys, Goodyera repens, Epipactis atrorubens, Neottia nidus-avis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T359","name":"European Pinus sylvestris reforestation","description":"Pinus sylvestris plantations inside or near the present or recent natural nemoral and Mediterranean European range of the species. Other and very artificial Pinus sylvestris plantations are included under unit G3.F (of EUNIS 2012 now split in T3M and T3N)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T36","name":"Temperate and submediterranean montane Pinus sylvestris-Pinus nigra forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forests, generally dominated by either Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) or black pine (Pinus nigra and, towards the southern limit, various subspecies), less commonly with some Norway spruce (Picea abies) and deciduous associates, often in isolated and small stands on base-rich soils through the mountains of the temperate and submediterranean zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T361","name":"Southeastern European Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of the eastern Carpathians and of the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, south to northern Greece, formed by the largely isolated, disjunct, southeastern forms (Pinus sylvestris var. rhodopaea, Pinus sylvestris var. illyrica, Pinus sylvestris var. romanica) of Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris, and often limited to azonal edaphic enclaves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3611","name":"Thessalo-Macedonian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of the mountains of northern Greece (Pieria, Olympus, Vermion, Voras, La‹la, Elatia range), often with Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, and sometimes Fagus sylvatica or Picea abies in the tree layer and with Vaccinium myrtillus and Rubus idaeus in the shrub layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3612","name":"Rhodopide Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin and the Rhodope."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3613","name":"Balkan Range Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3614","name":"Southwestern Moesian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of the Pelagonides and Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the North Macedonia and Bulgaria, in particular of ultra-basic trachytes and andesites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36141","name":"Moeso-Macedonian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, and of trachytes and andesites of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the North Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36142","name":"Pelagonian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of trachytes and andesites of the Pelagonides of the North Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3615","name":"Dinaric spring heath Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Thermophile Pinus sylvestris woods of serpentines, dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), Galium lucidum, Aquilegia vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36151","name":"Dinaric dolomite Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), Galium lucidum, Genista januensis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Teucrium chamaedrys, Carex humilis, Anthericum ramosum, Cyclamen purpurascens, Polygala chamaebuxus, Hepatica nobilis, Geranium sanguineum, Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus, Epipactis atrorubens, Carex alba. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat higher elevations than the similar dolomite Pinus nigra woods of unit T36614."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36152","name":"Dinaric serpentine Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with Daphne blagayana, Rosa pendulina, Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), Galium lucidum, Laserpitium krapfii, Vicia villosa, Symphytum tuberosum, Erythronium dens-canis, Pteridium aquilinum and the serpentine plants Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini, Campanula cervicaria, Crocus veluchensis, Stachys scardica. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy higher elevations and deeper soils than the serpentine Pinus nigra woods of unit T36612."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3616","name":"Dinaric calcicole Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Juniperus communis, Cotoneaster nebrodensis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Galium lucidum, Luzula sylvatica, Brachypodium pinnatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3617","name":"Dinaric acidophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Dry acidophilous Pinus sylvestris woods of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with Picea abies, Abies alba, Betula pendula and an undergrowth dominated by Leucobryum glaucum accompanied by a species cortège characteristic of the Vacinio-Piceetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3618","name":"East Carpathian Sesleria Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Relict, preice age, forests developed on limestone substrates of the montane level of the Apuseni Mountains of the Southwestern Carpathians and of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by Pinus sylvestris, with numerous calcicolous species such as Sesleria rigida, Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum, Thymus comosus, Asperula capitata, Dianthus spiculifolius, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Sorbus aria and Cotoneaster integerrimus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3619","name":"East Carpathian bilberry Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, developed on superficial brown soil or bog soil, with a predominantly acidophilous herb layer including Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Luzula luzuloides, Oxalis acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa and Dicranum scoparium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T361A","name":"East Carpathian Daphne blagayana Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Relict forests developed on amphibolitic substrates of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular the Cozia mountains, dominated by Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula, accompanied by regional species such as Daphne blagayana, Iris ruthenica, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia and Anthemis carpatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T362","name":"Po terrace Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Forests of Pinus sylvestris of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with Betula pendula, Quercus pubescens, Castanea sativa and a ground layer with Cytisus scoparius, Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T363","name":"Ponto-Caucasian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Forests composed of pines of the Pinus sylvestris group, mostly included in Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata or its intermediates with Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris, sometimes in species Pinus kochiana, Pinus hamata or Pinus armena, of the Pontic Range, its satellites and inner Anatolian outposts, of the mountains of the Crimea and of the Caucasus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T364","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris-dominated facies of the thermophilous, supra-Mediterranean oak woods (unit G1.7 of EUNIS 2012, now wider than T19), alternated, mixed or imbricated with Quercus pubescens or Quercus faginea woods in the southwestern Alpine foothills, on the periphery of the Central Massif, along the southern flank of the Pyrenees and, locally, in the Ligurian and Insubrian Alps, in the western Alps of the northern Dauphiné‚ and Savoie, in the northern Apennines and on the northern flank of the Pyrenees. Buxus sempervirens is usually abundant in the undergrowth; other components of the shrub layer include Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis, Acer opalus, Acer campestre, Acer monspessulanum, Euonymus latifolius, Genista cinerea, Juniperus communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T365","name":"Alpino-Apennine Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra sens strictu forests of the eastern Italian, Austrian and Slovenian Alps, of the Apennines and of Adriatic coasts of northern Italy. Distibuted in dry, sunny steep rocky slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3651","name":"Southern Alpine Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra ssp. nigra (Pinus nigra, Pinus austriaca) forests of dry, sunny, rocky steep slopes and cliffs of the southeastern pre-Alps (Carnian pre-Alps, Julian pre-Alps, Carso), between 200 and 1200 m altitude, with Cyclamen purpurascens and Aquilegia einseleana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3652","name":"Apennine Pinus nigra forests","description":"Relict \"Villetta Barrea pine\" (Pinus nigra ssp. italica) stations of the Abruzzi (Costa Camosciara, Villetta Barrea), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini), the Pollino system (Orsomarso)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3653","name":"Lower Austrian Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra ssp. nigra forests of dry, sunny, often rocky and steep dolomite or sometimes limestone slopes and cliffs of the eastern pre-Alps of Lower Austria, between 300 m and 1200 m altitude, with Amelanchier ovalis, Cotoneaster spp., Berberis vulgaris, Erica herbacea, Daphne cneorum, Polygala chamaebuxus, Melampyrum angustissimum, Epipactis atrorubens, Cyclamen purpurascens, Carex humilis, Euphorbia saxatilis, Sesleria albicans, Calamagrostis varia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3654","name":"Northwestern Adriatic Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. forests of the Adriatic coasts of northern Italy, in the gulf of Venice, apparently indigenous, and of glacial relict character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T366","name":"Western Balkanic Pinus nigra forests","description":"Light, open forests of Pinus nigra ssp. nigra or Pinus dalmatica of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Dalmatian coastal areas. The tree and shrub layer are not dense, therefore the herb layer is quite rich, dominated by Potentilla opaca, Euphorbia glabriflora, Erica carnea, Sesleria rigida, forming compact \"meadows“ in the forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3661","name":"Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests","description":"Forests of Pinus nigra ssp. nigra of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36611","name":"Moeso-Hellenic montane Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra) pine woods of ultra-basic substrates, generally trachytes and andesites, of the mountains of northwestern Greece, Albania and the North Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range, as well as of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the North Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36612","name":"Illyrian serpentine Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra) woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with Daphne blagayana, Rosa pendulina, Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), Galium lucidum, Laserpitium krapfii, Vicia villosa, Symphytum tuberosum, Erythronium dens-canis, Pteridium aquilinum and the serpentine plants Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini, Campanula servicaria, Crocus veluchensis, Stachys scardica, Helleborus multifidus ssp. serbicus. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy steeper, stonier slopes and lower elevations than the serpentine Pinus sylvestris woods of unit T36152."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36613","name":"Illyrian limestone Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra) woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, uncommon black pine facies of the calcicole Pinus sylvestris woods of unit T3616."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36614","name":"Illyrian dolomite Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra) woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with Erica herbacea (Erica carnea), Galium lucidum, Genista januensis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Teucrium chamaedrys, Carex humilis, Anthericum ramosum, Cyclamen purpurascens, Polygala chamaebuxus, Hepatica nobilis, Geranium sanguineum, Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus, Epipactis atrorubens, Carex alba. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat lower elevations than the similar dolomite Pinus sylvestris woods of unit T36151."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36615","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean Pinus nigra forests","description":"Pinus nigra s.s. (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra) pine woods on dolomites and limestones of the sub-Mediterranean Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum zone of the Dinarides, extending from sea level to about 1400m, and from the Velebit in the north to Montenegro in the south."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3662","name":"Pinus dalmatica forests","description":"Forests of Pinus dalmatica of Dalmatian coastal areas, limited to the sub-Mediterranean level of the Biokovo range and the Mediterranean zone of the Peljesac peninsula and of the islands of Brac and Hvar."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T367","name":"Pinus pallasiana and Pinus banatica forests","description":"Montane forests of Pinus pallasiana, or of Pinus banatica (Pinus nigra var. banatica), of the southern Carpathians, the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia and Crimea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3671","name":"Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests","description":"Montane forests of Pinus pallasiana of Greece and the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36711","name":"Taygetos Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus pallasiana-dominated forests occupying steep rocky slopes of the montane level of the Taygetos mountains of the Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36712","name":"Parnon Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus pallasiana-dominated forests of the montane level of the Parnon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36713","name":"Northern Peloponnese Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus pallasiana-dominated forests of the montane level of the Killini, Chelmos mountains of the northern Peloponnese."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36714","name":"Southern Pindus Pallas' pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus pallasiana-dominated forests of the montane level of mountains of the southern Pindus complex, in particular of the Giona group, and of outlying ranges in Beotia and Eubaea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36715","name":"Olympian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana occupying slopes and ridges of the 500 metre to 1500 metre belt of the Thessalian Mount Olympus, Pieria and Vourninos, extending from the upper limit of the Mediterranean forest and shrub level to, and into, the beech forest zone, accompanied by species characteristic of both the Mediterranean and montane levels, most extensive on the northern side, constituting the most important forest element of the Olympic system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36716","name":"Central Pindus Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana of the northern and central Pindus system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36717","name":"Pelagonide Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana-dominated forests of the Pelagonides of north-central Greece, Albania and the North Macedonia, north to the middle Treska Valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36718","name":"Rhodopide Pallas' pine forests","description":"Scattered Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana-dominated forests of the Rila, Pirin, Slavianka, Rhodopes, Vrondous and Falakron, most widespread in the Rhodope, in part accompanied by Quercus dalechampii, Ostrya carpinifolia (southern Rhodopes), Abies alba or Pinus sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T36719","name":"Balkan Range Pallas' pine forests","description":"Uncommon Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana-dominated forests of the beech and durmast oak levels of the western and central Balkan Range and its associated southern chains, sometimes accompanied by Abies alba, by Quercus dalechampii, or by Ostrya carpinifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3671A","name":"Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana-dominated forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3671B","name":"Aegean Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana-dominated forests of the Aegean islands of Thasos and Samos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3672","name":"Banat pine forests","description":"Relict thermophile forests of Pinus banatica (Pinus nigra var. banatica) developed on calcareous substrates of the montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular, of the Banat, with Genista radiata, Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Biscutella laevigata, Ceterach officinarum, Festuca xanthina, Seseli rigidum, Campanula kladniana, Centaurea rhenana and Campanula divergens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3673","name":"Cyprian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Forests of Pinus pallasiana var. caramanica of the cold, snowy, high altitudes, above 1400 metres, of the Troodos Range, with Euphorbia cassia and numerous Cyprian endemics or near-endemics, among which Platanthera holmboei, Epipactis troodi, Thlaspi cyprium and Jurinea cypria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3674","name":"Anatolian Pallas' pine forests","description":"Pinus pallasiana forests of northwestern, southwestern and southern interior Anatolia, occurring between 1200 and 1800 metres altitude, in areas of only a few months of snow cover, moderate to low precipitation and up to six months of summer drought a year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T368","name":"Pinus sylvestris forest on chalk in the steppe zone","description":"Forests with Pinus sylvestris var. cretacea of the alliance Libanotido intermediae-Pinion sylvestris on the chalk outcrops of the Steppic zone"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T369","name":"Pinus nigra reforestation","description":"Plantations of pines of the Pinus nigra group, accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth formations. These are usually calciphilous communities when accompanying Pinus nigra, acidophilous ones when with Pinus laricio."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T37","name":"Mediterranean montane Pinus sylvestris-Pinus nigra forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forest of more drought-prone situations at scattered localities through the mountains of the Mediterranean, dominated by black pine (Pinus nigra) and, except on Mediterranean islands, sometimes with subordinate Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), both species often occurring as vicariant forms in different localities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T371","name":"Iberian calcareous Pinus sylvestris forest","description":"Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the Iberian Range, the Baetic ranges and the southern flank of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3711","name":"Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Woods or prewoods of sunny slopes (adrets) in the montane level of calcareous ranges of the southern flank of the central Pyrenees, with usually low and contorted Pinus sylvestris accompanied by a hedgehog-heath (cf. unit F7.4 of EUNIS 2012 now split i S73, S74, S75, S76) of Echinospartum horridum, Buxus sempervirens, Juniperus hemisphaerica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3712","name":"Savin Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the Iberian Range and the Baetic ranges, often fairly open, and with a shrub layer that includes the prostrate Juniperus sabina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37121","name":"Iberian-Range calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous forests of Pinus sylvestris var. iberica of the Southern Iberian Range (Maestrazgo: Gudar, Jabalambre, Penyagolosa; serrania de Cuenca: sierra de San Felipe, Montes Universales), with a shrub layer constituted mainly by Juniperus sabina; secondary calcicolous Scots pine formations of lower altitude in the Iberian Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37122","name":"Baetic calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean forests of Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis of the Baetic ranges, Sierra Magina, Sierra de Baza, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra del Trevenque (calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada), with a shrub layer of Juniperus sabina and Juniperus nana accompanied by Ononis aragonensis, Genista lobelii ssp. longipes, Daphne oleoides and Prunus prostrata, on limestones and dolomites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T372","name":"Iberian silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the southern flank of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3721","name":"Pyrenean xerophile Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Montane and lower subalpine Pinus sylvestris or Pinus sylvestris and Pinus uncinata forests of dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the southern flanks of the Pyrenees and of the Val d'Aran, with a shrub layer comprising Juniperus hemisphaerica, Cytisus purgans, Buxus sempervirens and an herb layer dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa, accompanied by, among others, Veronica officinalis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3722","name":"Iberian-Range silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3723","name":"Cordilleran silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37231","name":"Summital Guadarraman silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean, summital, silicicolous forests of Pinus sylvestris var. iberica of the Sierra de Guadarrama, with Juniperus nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37232","name":"Lower Cordilleran silicicolous Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Supra-Mediterranean Pinus sylvestris var. iberica woods of the Cordillera Central (Guadarrama, Gredos), forming in particular as a substitution stage of Quercus pyrenaica woodland of which they largely retain the accompanying flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3724","name":"Cantabrian Pinus sylvestris forests","description":"Isolated Pinus sylvestris forests of the Cantabrian mountain system, in the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Montes de Leon and the Serra do Geres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T373","name":"Pinus salzmannii forests","description":"Pinus salzmannii (Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii, Pinus nigra ssp. clusiana, Pinus nigra ssp. mauretanica) forests of Spain, the Causses and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3731","name":"Causses Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus salzmannii var. cebennensis woods of the southern edge of the Causses, with an undergrowth typical of supra-Mediterranean white oak forests at the upper limit and of evergreen oak forests at lower altitudes; Buxus sempervirens is usually abundant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3732","name":"Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Meso- and supra-Mediterranean Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica forests of Pyrenean foothills; they are extensive in the southeastern foothills, with outposts in the central foothills, in Catalonian ranges and, very locally, on the north side of the range (Valley of the Têt, Conflent). The understorey is formed by the cortège of Quercus ilex (Juniperus oxycedrus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Quercus ilex) at low altitudes, and by that of Quercus pubescens (Buxus sempervirens, Juniperus communis, Amelanchier ovalis, Cornus sanguinea, Lonicera etrusca) at higher altitudes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3733","name":"Northern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica woods of the northern Iberian Range (Soria)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3734","name":"Cordilleran Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Isolated silicicolous Pinus salzmannii var. iberica woods of the Cordillera Central, limited to small enclaves in the Sierra de Gredos and associated ranges, in the Rio Tietar-Rio Alberche area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3735","name":"Southern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica forests of the Southern Iberian Range, occupying extensive areas in the Serrania de Cuenca, the Maestrazgo and associated ranges, mostly on limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3736","name":"Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica forests of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, covering vast expanses, mostly on limestones, in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with outposts in the Sierra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37361","name":"Supra-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Forests of Pinus salzmannii accompanied by a cortège similar to that of thermophilous oak forests, including Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Lavandula latifolia, Erinacea anthyllis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Genista scorpius, Crataegus monogyna, Berberis hispanica, Rosa pouzinii, Daphne laureola, Acer granatense, Paeonia officinalis, of the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, the erra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T37362","name":"Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests","description":"Oro-Mediterranean woods of Pinus salzmannii, more open than those of 42.6361 and occupying very limited areas in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with a shrub layer of Juniperus sabina and Juniperus nana, accompanied by Ononis aragonensis, Genista lobelii ssp. longipes, Daphne oleoides and Prunus prostrata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T374","name":"Corsican Pinus laricio forests","description":"Pinus laricio forests of the mountains of Corsica. The nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi is endemic to these forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T375","name":"Calabrian Pinus laricio forests","description":"Pinus laricio var. calabrica forests of the Sila, the Aspromonte and Etna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T38","name":"Mediterranean montane Cedrus forest","description":"Forests dominated by cedars (Cedrus atlantica or Cedrus libani) found on mountains of North Africa, Lebanon, Syria, Asiatic Turkey and Cyprus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T381","name":"Cedrus libani forests","description":"Forests of Cedrus libani of the Taurus system, of Paphlagonia and of the Levant."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3811","name":"Lycian Taurus Cedrus libani forests","description":"Forests of Cedrus libani of the western Taurus, pure or mixed with Acer sempervirens, Acer platanoides, Ulmus montana, Populus tremula, developed at between 1500 and 2000 metres on limestones and rendzinas under a cold and snowy climate. The undergrowth includes Alliaria officinalis, Oryzopsis holciformis and the endemics Paeonia turcica, Pentapera bocquetii, Ebenus boissieri, Campanula michauxioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3812","name":"Central Taurus Cedrus libani forests","description":"Forests of Cedrus libani of the Pisidian, Isaurian and Cilician Taurus, of the western Anti-Taurus and of the Amanus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3813","name":"Paphlagonian Cedrus libani forests","description":"Very local sub-Pontic forests of Cedrus libani of northeastern Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T382","name":"Cedrus brevifolia forests","description":"Forests of Cedrus brevifolia, endemic to Cyprus where they are limited to the western summits of the Troodos range, in the 900-1400 metre range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T39","name":"Mediterranean and Balkan subalpine Pinus heldreichii-Pinus peuce forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forest of timberlines in the mountains of the Balkans and southern Italy, dominated by Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii) on base-rich soils in more sunny and drought-prone situations or by Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce) mostly on siliceous soils.\r\nRemark: This habitat should be divided into two, one dominated by Pinus heldreichii and the other by Pinus peuce, because the ecology and floristic composition of these two pine forests are very different."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T391","name":"Pinus leucodermis forests","description":"Local treeline formations of Pinus heldreichii or Pinus leucodermis restricted to the southern Balkans, northern Greece and southern Italy, usually open and with an undergrowth formed by stripped grasslands on dry, often stony or rocky soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3911","name":"Italian white-barked pine forests","description":"Rare white-barked pine formations of high southern Italian mountains, limited to the Abruzzian Appenines (Montagna della Maiella), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini) and the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, monti Alpi di Latronico, monte la Spina, monti di Orsomarso, monte Montea, serra delle Ciavole)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3912","name":"Pindus white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pindus, mostly on ophiolites, at altitudes above 1600 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3913","name":"Olympus white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of Mount Olympus, mostly on jurassic and triassic limestones at altitudes above 1350 metres, with an undergrowth including Juniperus nana, Daphne laureola, Daphne mezereum, Daphne oleoides, Genista radiata, Buxus sempervirens, Cotoneaster integerrimus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3914","name":"Pelagonide white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pelagonides of Albania, the North Macedonia and northern Greece, south to the Vourinos and the Vermion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3915","name":"South Dinaric white-barked pine forests","description":"White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania, extending from the Prenj range to the Prokletije and other ranges immediately north of the Metohija depression."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3916","name":"Rhodopide white-barked pine forests","description":"Pinus leucodermis forests of the Pirin and the Slavianka Mountains, on calcareous substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T392","name":"Pinus peuce forests","description":"Pinus peuce formations, restricted to the subalpine zone of the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula south to extreme northern Greece (Voras, Varnous, Rhodope)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3921","name":"Pelagonide Macedonian pine forests","description":"Pinus peuce forests of the subalpine zone of the high Pelagonides of the North Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece, recorded, in particular, from the Rudoka, Voras-Nidze and Varnous ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3922","name":"Southern Dinaric Macedonian pine forests","description":"Pinus peuce forests of the subalpine zone of the southern Dinarides of Montenegro and northern Albania, in the Prokleti and Metochi mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3923","name":"Rila and Pirin Macedonian pine forests","description":"Forests dominated by Pinus peuce of high altitudes of the Rila and Pirin ranges of Bulgaria, forming a belt of mixed or pure stands within the 1650 to 2100 metre zone and harbouring the largest populations of the species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3924","name":"Rhodope Macedonian pine forests","description":"Pinus peuce-dominated forests of the western Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria and of the Elatia region of Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3925","name":"Balkan Macedonian pine forests","description":"Pinus peuce forests of the central Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3A","name":"Mediterranean lowland to submontane Pinus forest","description":"Evergreen coniferous forest dominated by various thermophilous pines: maritime pine (Pinus pinaster in the western Mediterranean and winter-mild Atlantic regions), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), stone pine (Pinus pinea all around the Southern European coasts, and in some places also inland), and Aegean pine (Pinus brutia in Greece, Cyprus and Anatolia), the first three often favouring unstable substrates or pre-climax situations. All of these forests are fire-prone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3A1","name":"Maritime Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica forests","description":"Forests and plantations of Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica of southwestern France and the western Iberian peninsula not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A11","name":"Charente Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica - Quercus ilex forests","description":"Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica forests with a subcanopy of Quercusilex, Arbutusunedo and sometimes Quercus pubescens or Quercus robur and an undergrowth of Rubia peregrina, Cistus salvifolius, Daphne gnidium and, in the more acid stands, Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, Erica scoparia or, in more calcareous ones, Hedera helix, Ruscus aculeatus, developed on mostly calcareous inner dunes of the low-rainfall coasts of Vendé, Charente-maritime and northern Gironde, including the islands of Noirmoutier, Yeu, Ré‚ and Oléron."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A12","name":"Aquitanian Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica - Quercus suber forests","description":"Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica forests with a subcanopy of Quercus suber, Arbutus unedo and sometimes Quercus robur and an undergrowth of Erica cinerea, Pteridium aquilinum, Frangula alnus, Rubia peregrina and, in the more open stands, Cistus salvifolius, Cytisus scoparius, Erica scoparia, Calluna vulgaris or, in more closed ones, Hedera helix, Ruscus aculeatus, Ilex aquifolium, developed on acidocline inner dunes of the warmer, more humid coasts of the Marensin, between the Eyre and the Adour river mouths."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A13","name":"Landes maritime pine plantations","description":"Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica woodland of southwestern France other than the dunal formations listed in units T3A11 and T3A12."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A14","name":"Iberian Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica forests","description":"Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica forests of Galicia, Portugal and neighbouring areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3A2","name":"Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (Pinus mesogeensis) forests","description":"Forests of Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (Pinusmesogeensis) of the western Mediterranean, mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, upper meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterranean situations of Spain, Portugal, Corsica, southeastern France, northwestern Italy, Sardinia and Pantelleria not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A21","name":"Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster forests of the Iberian peninsula, appearing mostly as substitution communities of Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus pyrenaica or, locally, Quercus suber, Quercus faginea woodlands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A211","name":"Northern-Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"Very extensive Pinus pinaster forests of the Northern Iberian Range and neighbouring areas, occupying siliceous, often sandy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A212","name":"Cordilleran mesogean pine forests","description":"Extensive Pinus pinaster forests of the Cordillera Central and neighbouring areas, particularly developed on the southern slope of the range, occupying siliceous substrates, mostly gneiss and granite."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A213","name":"Southern-Iberian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster forests of the Southern Iberian Range and plateaux of eastern New Castile."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A214","name":"Cazorlan mesogean pine forests","description":"Extensive Pinus pinaster forests of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz and Sagra, mostly on Mesozoic limestones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A215","name":"Southern Andalusian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster forests of southern mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A216","name":"Leonese mesogean pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus pinaster woods of Nogarejas and Castrocontrigo in southern Leon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A217","name":"Catalonian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster forests of Catalonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A22","name":"Corbières mesogean pine forests","description":"Isolated Pinus pinaster-dominated woods of the Corbières."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A23","name":"Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster forests of siliceous lower meso-Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marls and limestones of the upper meso-Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and the Ligurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A24","name":"Corsican mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster-dominated forests of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica, mostly on granitic substrates; they are very developed, accompanied by a maquis-like understorey, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, mostly at its upper tier; they occur locally within the supra-Mediterranean zone, on sunny slopes (adrets) and at lower altitudes, as facies of laricio pine forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A25","name":"Sardinian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster formations on granitic substrates of northern Sardinia, with Arbutus unedo, Quercus ilex, Rosmarinus officinalis, Erica arborea, Genista corsica, Lavandula stoechas, Rubia peregrina, Calicotome spinosa, Pistacia lentiscus, Teucrium marum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A26","name":"Pantellerian mesogean pine forests","description":"Pinus pinaster woods of Pantelleria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3A3","name":"Pinus pinea forests","description":"Mediterranean forests and old naturalised plantations of Pinus pinea not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71 of EUNIS 2012). Ancient introductions in many areas often makes the distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin difficult. These are thus included, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A31","name":"Iberian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the Iberian peninsula, where they reach their greatest development."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A311","name":"Western Andalusian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the lowlands of western Andalusia and adjacent areas, with Halimium halimifolium, Halimium rosmarinifolium, Calicotome villosa, Cistus salvifolius, Cistus crispus, Erica scoparia, Corema album, Rhamnus oleoides, Chamaerops humilis, Juniperus phoenicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A312","name":"Lusitanian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the coasts of Portugal, notably the Setubal peninsula, pure or with Pinus pinaster."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A313","name":"Castilian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the plateaux of Old Castile in the provinces of Valladolid, Zamora, Avila and Segovia, pure or with Pinus pinaster; the undergrowth includes Cistus laurifolius, Cytisus scoparius, Crataegus monogyna, Salvia officinalis, Lavandula latifolia, Juniperus communis, Juniperus thurifera and tufts of Corynephorus canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A314","name":"Cordilleran stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the foothills of the Cordillera Central, particularly in areas between Guadarrama and Gredos, pure or with Pinus pinaster; the undergrowth, similar to that of evergreen oak forests, includes Juniperus oxycedrus, Retama sphaerocarpa, Cytisus scoparius, Pistacia terebinthus, Lavandula pedunculata, Helichrysum serotinum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A315","name":"Catalonian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of coastal and lowland Catalonia, often natural, and with an abundant shrub layer comprising Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Ulex australis, Calicotome spinosa, Cistus albidus, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus salvifolius, Cistus laurifolius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A316","name":"Morena stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the Sierra Morena, largely represented by plantations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A317","name":"Manchegan stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the foothills of the Southern Iberian Range and the plateaux of La Mancha, also mostly of artificial origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A32","name":"Balearic stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A33","name":"Provence stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in the Maures area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A34","name":"Corsican stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin, in particular on old dunes of the east coast."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A35","name":"Sardinian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea formations of Sardinia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A36","name":"Sicilian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea formations of the Monti Peloritani, northwestern Sicily, of probable native origin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A37","name":"Italic stone pine forests","description":"Large Pinus pinea forests and ancient plantations of the Tyrhenian and Adriatic coasts of the Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romagna (Ravenna) and Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado). At least the forests of the Adriatic coast, between Ravenna and the P“, are of natural origine, with a continuous record since post-glacial times."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A38","name":"Hellenic stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Crete and Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendid example exists, in particular, on Skiathos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A39","name":"Albanian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the southern Adriatic and Otranto Canal coastlands of Albania, where they form, in particular, considerable forests of varied composition on coastal sands between the Shkumbin and Seman rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A3A","name":"Dalmatian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the eastern Adriatic coastlands, distributed, in particular, in Istria and the Gulf of Rijeka and in southern Croatia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A3B","name":"Pontic stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of Mediterranean enclaves on the southern Black Sea coast of Anatolia in extreme eastern Paphlegonia and in western and eastern Lazistan, some, at least, apparently indigenous. In Lazistan, they occur, in particular, on hill slopes, from sea level to the top of the coastal range, on eruptive rocks, with a rich undergrowth including Cistus creticus, Pistacia palaestina, Juniperus oxycedrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A3C","name":"Mediterranean Anatolian stone pine forests","description":"Pinus pinea forests of the Aegean and east Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and of their Mediterranean hinterland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3A4","name":"Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Woods of Pinus halepensis, a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-mediterranean scrubs not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71 of EUNIS 2012). The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A41","name":"Iberian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of their considerable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterranean slope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland in the Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems. They appear to extend north along the coast of the French Golfe du Lion to the region of Agde."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A42","name":"Balearic Aleppo pine forests","description":"Pinus halepensis formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the major islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A43","name":"Provenço-Ligurian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean Pinus halepensis forests of Provence and of the lower slopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedly native."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A44","name":"Corsican Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Rare and local Pinus halepensis woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possibly natural."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A45","name":"Sardinian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola di San Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A46","name":"Sicilian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis formations of Sicily and peripheral islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A47","name":"Italic Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partially native ones, are individualised in the subdivisions below."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A471","name":"Gargano Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis forests of monte Gargano and the Tremiti islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A472","name":"Metapontine Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis forests of the Gulf of Taranto area, in particular of the Metapontine littoral."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3A473","name":"Umbrian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis forests of southern Umbria, in the Narni and Spoleto-Terni areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A48","name":"Hellenic Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread, particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continental Greece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A49","name":"Illyrian Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Pinus halepensis forests and woods of the southern and central part of the meso-Mediterranean Orno-Quercetum illicis zone of the Balkan peninsula, extending in a narrow coastal and archipelagic band from the Gulf of Sarandë to northern Dalmatia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A4A","name":"East Mediterranean Pinus halepensis forests","description":"Forests of Pinus halepensis of the Mediterranean coastal regions of the Middle East. Extensive and varied in the southern part of the region, they are represented further north by isolated outposts in the coastal region of Syria and in south central Anatolia, where Pinus halepensis occurs in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the Cilician plain, apparently mixed with Pinus brutia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3A5","name":"Pinus brutia forests","description":"Pinus brutia forests of Crete, the eastern Aegean islands, extreme southeastern continental Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71 of EUNIS 2012). Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pine forests (unit T3A4), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations. Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasian region (Pinus pityusa, Pinus stankewiczii, Pinus eldarica) have been included."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A51","name":"Aegean pine forests of Crete","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A52","name":"Aegean pine forests of Lesbos","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A53","name":"Aegean pine forests of Samos","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A54","name":"Aegean pine forests of Chios","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A55","name":"Aegean pine forests of Thasos","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A56","name":"Aegean pine forests of Samothrace","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A57","name":"Aegean pine forests of Rhodes","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A58","name":"Aegean pine forests of Karpathos","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A59","name":"Aegean pine forests of the Dodecanese","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5A","name":"Thracio-Macedonian Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5B","name":"Anatolian Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5C","name":"Cyprian Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5D","name":"East Mediterranean Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5E","name":"Mesopotamian Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5F","name":"Crimean Pinus pityusa forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3A5G","name":"Caucasian Aegean pine forests","description":" No description available"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3B","name":"Pinus canariensis forest","description":"Forest of endemic Canarian pine (Pinus canariensis) occurring mostly at high altitudes in dry, sunny situations above the fog belt, locally on foothill rock outcrops and old lava flows, in the western Canary Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3B1","name":"Pinus canariensis - Cistus symphytifolius forests","description":"Climax Pinus canariensis forests of the main zone of altitudinal occurrence of the species, with an undergrowth characterized and often dominated by Cistus symphytifolius and comprising Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus campylocladus, Lotus hillebrandii, Lotus spartioides, Juniperus cedrus, Bystropogon origanifolius, Argyranthemum adauctum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B11","name":"Tenerife pine-rockrose forests","description":"Pinus canariensis forests of Tenerife, with Lotus campylocladus, Chamaecytisus proliferus; they are the main habitat of the endangered Dendrocopos major canariensis and of Fringilla teydea teydea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B12","name":"La Palma pine-rockrose forests","description":"Pinus canariensis forests of La Palma, with Lotus hillebrandii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B13","name":"Gran Canaria pine-rockrose forests","description":"Pinus canariensis forests of Gran Canaria, with Cistus symphytifolius var. leucophyllus and Lotus spartioides; they are the main habitat of the threatened Dendrocopos major thanneri and Fringilla teydea polatzeki."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B14","name":"Hierro pine-rockrose forests","description":"Pinus canariensis forests of Hierro, with Lotus hillebrandii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3B2","name":"Pinus canariensis - dry scrub forests","description":"Forests of dry, south-facing slopes of the Canary islands developed in the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt, transitional towards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth often formed by Cistus monspeliensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae, Salvia canariensis, Micromeria hyssopifolia, Echium aculeatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B21","name":"Tenerife pine-dry scrub forests","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B22","name":"La Palma pine-dry scrub forests","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B23","name":"Gran Canaria pine-dry scrub forests","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt of Gran Canaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B24","name":"Hierro pine-dry scrub forests","description":"Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt of Hierro."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3B3","name":"Pinus canariensis - heath forests","description":"Forests of humid, fogbound north- and northwest-facing slopes in the lower reaches of the Pinus canariensis belt, with an abundance of Erica arborea and Myrica faya, and occasionally with Ilex canariensis and Arbutus canariensis; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are dense carpets of mosses, in particular, Hypnum cupressiforme. These woods are the main habitat of Regulus teneriffae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B31","name":"Tenerife pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the Pinus canariensis belt of Tenerife."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B32","name":"La Palma pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the Pinus canariensis belt of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B33","name":"Gran Canaria pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the Pinus canariensis belt of Gran Canaria, harbouring the endemic Micromeria pineolens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B34","name":"Hierro pine-heath forests","description":"Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the Pinus canariensis belt of Hierro, harbouring the almost extinct Adenocarpus ombriosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3B4","name":"Pinus canariensis - Adenocarpus viscosus forests","description":"Forests of the highest altitudes of the Pinus canariensis belt, invaded by species of the supra-Canarian level, in particular Adenocarpus viscosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B41","name":"Tenerife pine-broom forests","description":"High-altitude pine forests of Tenerife, with Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B42","name":"La Palma pine-broom forests","description":"High-altitude pine forests of La Palma, with Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3B5","name":"Pinus canariensis - Juniperus cedrus forests","description":"Pinus canariensis and Juniperus cedrus forests of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes of Tenerife and La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B51","name":"Tenerife pine-juniper forests","description":"Pinus canariensis and Juniperus cedrus forests of the edges of Las Canadas del Teide."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3B52","name":"La Palma pine-juniper forests","description":"Pinus canariensis and Juniperus cedrus forests of the summits of La Palma."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3C","name":"Taxus baccata forest","description":"Evergreen woodlands overwhelmingly dominated by yew (Taxus baccata), sometimes with holly (Ilex aquifolium), whitebeam (Sorbus aria) and box (Buxus sempervirens), maybe in halted successions or as senescent survivals, occurring very locally on base-rich soils in the Mediterranean and in the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3C1","name":"Western Palaearctic Taxus baccata forests","description":"Woods dominated by Taxus baccata, often with Ilex aquifolium, of very local occurrence in plains, hills and mountains of the Western Palaearctic nemoral zone and in the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, with isolated outliers in the southern and eastern Carpathian system and the northern Rhodope Mountains (Mount Vitosha)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C11","name":"Atlantic Taxus baccata forests","description":"Taxus baccata woods with Sorbus aria or Mercurialis perennis of dry valleys and scarps of the Chalk of southeastern England, and, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone; relict formations of Jutland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C12","name":"Corsican yew forests","description":"Formations of Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Buxus sempervirens, restricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corse mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C13","name":"Sardinian yew forests","description":"Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium woods of the Catena del Marghine and the Mount Limbara system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C14","name":"Italic yew forests","description":"Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium of the Macerata region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C15","name":"Iberian yew forests","description":"Occasional pure Taxus baccata formations of Spanish mountains, most often on steep shady slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C16","name":"Provence yew forests","description":"Taxus baccata formations of southern France, similar to those of unit T3C15."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C17","name":"Alpino-Carpathian yew forests","description":"Taxus baccata woods of the Alpine system and of the Carpathians, in part rare facies of the yew-beech formations, in part amphibolite-colonizing woods with Picea abies and Fraxinus excelsior and Juniperus sabina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C18","name":"Dinaric yew forests","description":"Yew-dominated forests of the Dinarides, mostly yew-lime steep slope forests of northwestern Croatia, developed between 400 and 800 m on 30°-80° calcareous rock slopes with very shallow rendzina soils, also, locally, block forests within calcicolous fir forests of the Dinaric karst."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C19","name":"Baltic yew forests","description":"Pre-Sarmatic Taxus baccata formations of central Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3C1A","name":"Vitosha yew forests","description":"Isolated Taxus baccata grove of Mount Vitosha, in Bulgaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3D","name":"Mediterranean Cupressaceae forest","description":"Evergreen forests and tall scrub of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), junipers (Juniperus drupacea,Juniperus excelsa,Juniperus foetidissima and Juniperus thurifera) or alerce (Tetraclinis articulata) with a usually open canopy with scrubby understorey and herb-rich field layer, on shallow, usually base-rich soils, in dry, rocky situations scattered through the Mediterranean."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D1","name":"Western Palaearctic Cupressus forests","description":"Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, of the Elburz and of the Sahara dominated by Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressus atlantica or Cupressus dupreziana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D2","name":"Tetraclinis articulata forests","description":"Forests of Tetraclinis articulata, a species restricted to North Africa, southeastern Spain and the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D3","name":"Hyrcanian Platycladus orientalis (Thuja orientalis) forests","description":"Platycladus orientalis (Thuja orientalis, Biota orientalis) forests scattered in restricted areas of the Hyrcanian zone of the Elburz range of northern Iran, constituting a very isolated occurrence of the species; they develop in the same 2000 to 2500 metre altitudinal level as the Cupressus sempervirens formations, or mixed with them; Crataegus monogyna, Paliurus spina-christi, Pyrus cordata, Quercus castaneifolia accompany the thuja."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D4","name":"Juniperus oxycedrus forests","description":"Woods dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus (s.l.). Most Juniperus oxycedrus formations are thickets, scrubs or, at most, arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.131, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.631 (of EUNIS 2012). A few, however, qualify as woodland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D5","name":"Juniperus phoenicea forests","description":"Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea and Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia forests of the Mediterranean and Saharo-Mediterranean regions. Exceptional, tall and dense formations, however, may be more appropriately characterised as woodland and listed in this unit. Mediterranean formations dominated by Juniperus phoenicea are scrubs, thickets or arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.132, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.632 (of EUNIS 2012) Saharo-Mediterranean formations may more often take the appearance of an open or steppe forest."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D6","name":"Spanish Juniperus thurifera forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Juniperus thurifera of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals, see unit S5136."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D61","name":"Iberian Spanish juniper forests","description":"Juniperus thurifera forests on calcareous substrates in the supra- Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range and neighbouring plateaux, dispersed throughout the entire system, in an arc extending from the province of Burgos to the Serrania de Cuenca and the mountains of Teruel; these constitute the main range of the species. Pinus sylvestris and Pinus salzmannii may accompany the juniper; Juniperus hemisphaerica and Berberis hispanica may be common in the undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D62","name":"Guadarraman Spanish juniper forests","description":"Relict Juniperus thurifera woods of enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama, occurring both on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3D621","name":"Guadarraman calciphilous Spanish juniper forests","description":"Formations of Juniperus thurifera linked to local limestone deposits of the Sierra de Guadarrama area."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3D622","name":"Guadarraman silicicolous Spanish juniper forests","description":"Anomalous silicicolous Juniperus thurifera formations of the Sierra de Guadarrama area, with Juniperus oxycedrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D63","name":"Cantabrian Spanish juniper forests","description":"Relict, open Juniperus thurifera woodlands of dry, warm, rocky, calcareous southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with Juniperus nana, Juniperus sabina, Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica, Rhamnus alpinus, Viburnum lantana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D64","name":"Monegros Spanish juniper forests","description":"Juniperus thurifera woodlands on gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with Rhamnus lycioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D65","name":"Manchegan Spanish juniper forests","description":"Juniperus thurifera woods on La Mancha clay soils of the Campo de Montiel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D66","name":"Baetic Spanish juniper forests","description":"Relict, open Juniperus thurifera formations of the pre-Baetic system in the Sierra Taibilla (Albacete, Murcia)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D67","name":"Pyrenean Spanish juniper forests","description":"Relict Juniperus thurifera wood of the supra-Mediterranean level of the Montagne de Rie, on the northern flank of the central Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D68","name":"Southern Alpine Spanish juniper forests","description":"Juniperus thurifera formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the southwestern Alps, in Dr“me, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200, occasionally 1400, metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D69","name":"Isère Spanish juniper forests","description":"Juniperus thurifera formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps, between 300 and 500 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D6A","name":"Corsican Spanish juniper forests","description":"Open montane forests of Juniperus thurifera, sometimes mixed with Pinus laricio, restricted to a few valleys in the interior of Corsica with extreme temperature ranges (Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D7","name":"Greek Juniperus excelsa forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Juniperus excelsa or the closely allied Juniperus macropoda (Juniperus polycarpos, Juniperus seravshanica) of the Irano-Turanian plateaux and mountains of Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, extending to Lebanon, the Caucasus, Crimea, Cyprus and the Balkanic peninsula, in the periphery of the Pelagonides and Rhodope Mountains. Arborescent matorrals, somewhat more widespread in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions, are included as unit S51331."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D71","name":"Northern Hellenic Grecian juniper forests","description":"Juniperus excelsa forests of the Ostryo-Carpinion zone of the southern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the mountains surrounding Lake Prespa in northern Greece where they occur up to 900-1000 m."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D72","name":"Peri-Rhodopide Grecian juniper forests","description":"Woods of Juniperus excelsa, of the western and northern periphery of the Rhodope Mountains, localized in the southwestern Bulgarian Struma trough, and in the northern foothills of the central Rhodope mountains near Krichim and Bachkovo, usually open, with deciduous forest elements including Fraxinus ornus, Pistacia terebinthus, Carpinus orientalis, sometimes Quercus pubescens, and many Mediterranean species, such as Phillyrea latifolia, Asparagus acutifolius, Lonicera etrusca, Achnatherum bromoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D73","name":"Paeonian Grecian juniper forests","description":"Juniperus excelsa forests of the Ostryo-Carpinion zone of the northern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the Vardar and Crna Reka valleys of the northern North Macedonia, at an altitude of 100-400 metres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D74","name":"Cyprian Grecian juniper forests","description":"Forests of Juniperus excelsa of the Troodos Range, where the species locally (Madari Peak, Papoutsa Peak) replaces Pinus pallasiana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3D75","name":"Anatolian Grecian juniper forests","description":"Pre-steppic, meso-Mediterranean and subalpine Juniperus excelsa-dominated forests of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D8","name":"Juniperus foetidissima forests","description":"Forest formations dominated by Juniperus foetidissima of the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia, Transcaucasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3D9","name":"Juniperus drupacea forests","description":"Juniperus drupacea woods of Greece and Asia Minor. Similar lower-growing formations take the appearance of arborescent matorral, included as unit F5.135."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3E","name":"Macaronesian Juniperus forest","description":"Evergreen forests of endemic Macaronesian junipers (Juniperus brevifolia and Juniperus cedrus) in diverse habitats as sometimes very small isolated populations, each with a distinct associated floras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3E1","name":"Canary Island juniper forests","description":"Juniperus cedrus formations of the high altitudes of Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3E2","name":"Azorean juniper forests","description":"Endemic Juniperus brevifolia formations of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3E3","name":"Macaronesian Phoenician juniper forests","description":"Juniperus phoenicea formations of Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, Gomera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3F","name":"Dark taiga","description":"Forest naturally dominated by spruce (Picea abies and Picea obovata), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) or Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) on more mesic, usually podzolic soils through the north-eastern continental and boreal regions, often with a subordinate deciduous broadleaf component (e.g. Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) and in places even some Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the canopy and understorey. The field-layer has a significant participation of dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and lichens. Some forests with Picea or Abies sibirica can be rich in tall herbs.\r\nRemark: Spruce forests of the hemiboreal and boreal zone on brown soils, with a species-rich herb layer consisting of nutrient-demanding forest herbs (e.g. Aegopodium podagraria,Anemone nemorosa,Brachypodium sylvaticum,Hepatica nobilis,Hieracium lachenalii,Hieracium murorum,Lamium galeobdolon,Melica nutans,Mercurialis perennis,Mycelis muralis and Oxalis acetosella) is very different from the taiga spruce forest with a predominance of dwarf shrubs and bryophytes in the field layer. These forests need to be considered as potential new habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3F1","name":"Vaccinium myrtillus western Picea taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies, Picea obovata, or Picea spp. and Pinus sylvestris, of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa and mosses, developed on mesic moraine ground, on podsols with heavy raw humus. They constitute the most widespread and characteristic type of western spruce taiga in the boreal zone and extend to the boreonemoral zone. Accompanying small tree and shrub species include Betula pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia, Empetrum spp., Juniperus communis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Ledum palustre (in the north), with a field layer comprising Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum bifolium, Melampyrum pratense, Solidago virgaurea, Trientalis europaea, Luzula pilosa, Lycopodium annotinum, Dicranum spp., Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees may accompany the conifers, in particular, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, Populus tremula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F11","name":"Subcontinental bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by Picea abies, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris, and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F12","name":"Suboceanic bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, Betula pubescens, Cornus suecica, Plagiothecium undulatum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F13","name":"Continental bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris or Abies sibirica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F14","name":"Boreo-nemoral bilberry western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies, Picea obovata, or of Picea spp. and Pinus sylvestris, accompanied by deciduous trees (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, Populus tremula), of boreonemoral Fennoscandia, boreonemoral Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus. Picea abies is the main tree dominant west of the Oka and Vetluga rivers, Picea obovata east of them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3F2","name":"Fern western Picea taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies or Picea obovata, or of Picea spp. with Pinus sylvestris, of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns accompanied by ericaceous shrubs or phanerogamic herbs, by mosses and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F21","name":"Small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies or, in the east, Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris, of boreal Fennoscandia, boreal Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, extending into the boreonemoral region, in particular, in Fennoscandia, with an understorey dominated by Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Oxalis acetosella, ericaceous shrubs and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit T3F1, with a lower humidity level than the tall fern forests of unit T3F22 and with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit T3F3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3F211","name":"Subcontinental small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by Picea abies, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris, and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements. The dominant Gymnocarpium dryopteris and Oxalis acetosella are accompanied by, in particular, Thelypteris phegopteris, Dryopteris expansa, Anemone nemorosa and by the mosses Brachythecium reflexum, Hylocomium umbratum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3F212","name":"Suboceanic small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, Thelypteris limbosperma, Blechnum spicant, Cornus suecica, Luzula sylvatica, Plagiothecium undulatum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3F213","name":"Continental small fern western spruce taiga","description":"Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris or Abies sibirica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F22","name":"Tall fern western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies or, in the east, Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris and/or Populus tremula, of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns, in particular, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris carthusiana, Dryopteris expansa, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Matteuccia struthiopteris, often with two tiers, one of taller ferns, one of medium-sized ferns, with a greater presence of herbs than of Vaccinium myrtillus and much Oxalis acetosella, developing on mesic to moist moraines (podsol-acid brown forest earth). Accompanying species include Betula pubescens, Maianthemum bifolium, Trientalis europaea, Geranium sylvaticum, Rubus saxatilis, Stellaria nemorum, Viola epipsila, Paris quadrifolia, Luzula pilosa, Melica nutans, Milium effusum, Deschampsia flexuosa Equisetum sylvaticum, and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit 42.C1 and of the small fern forests of unit 42.C21, with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit 42.C3 and the tall herb forests of unit 42.C4, and with a higher humidity level than all except the latter. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3F3","name":"Small-herb western Picea taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies or, in the east, Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris and/or Populus tremula, of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, with an understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and a low-growing herb layer, characteristic of calcareous substrates and warm stations, developed on acid brown forest soils with mull, or on weakly podsolised soils, with a preference for low-lying areas with fine sediments and a good water supply, sometimes with a tendency to waterlogging. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit T3F1 and of the fern forests of unit T3F2, and with a lower humidity level than the fern forests and the tall herb forests of unit T3F4. Accompanying tree and shrub species include a predominance of Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus, with Alnus spp., Betula spp., Juniperus communis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, a field layer dominated by Oxalis acetosella, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Maianthemum bifolium, Trientalis europaea, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Thelypteris phegopteris accompanied by Linnaea borealis, Geranium sylvaticum, Melampyrum pratense, Solidago virgaurea, Rubus saxatilis, Viola riviniana, Hieracium silvaticum grp., Pyrola spp., Paris quadrifolia, Melica nutans, Deschampsia flexuosa, Luzula pilosa, Lycopodium annotinum, Equisetum sylvaticum, and mosses. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F31","name":"Subcontinental small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of southern boreal and boreonemoral Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, particularly in calcareous regions, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by Picea abies, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris, with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F32","name":"Suboceanic small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F33","name":"Continental small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by Picea obovata, sometimes accompanied by Pinus sylvestris or Abies sibirica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F34","name":"Boreo-nemoral small-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies, accompanied, in a second tree layer by deciduous trees, in particular, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, sometimes with Pinus sylvestris and/or Populus tremula in the canopy, with a low understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and low-growing herbs, of which many are of nemoral affinities, often with a well-developed taller shrub layer that may include much Sorbus aucuparia, characteristic of boreonemoral regions of Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States and northeastern Poland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3F4","name":"Tall-herb western Picea taiga","description":"Forests of Picea abies or, in the east, Picea obovata, of boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with a species-rich understorey dominated by tall herbs and ferns and with a significant component of deciduous trees, including Betula pubescens, Alnus incana, Sorbus aucuparia; the species cortège includes an abundance of Oxalis acetosella and Sambucus nigra, Actaea spicata, Campanula latifolia, Mercurialis perennis, Aconitum septentrionale (Aconitum lycoctonum), Cicerbita alpina, Geranium sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Crepis paludosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Viola epipsila, Melica nutans, Milium effusum, Paris quadrifolia, Rubus idaeus, Rubus saxatilis, Trientalis europaea, Trollius europaeus, Equisetum pratense, Equisetum sylvaticum, Dryopteris expansa, Athyrium filix-femina, Matteuccia struthiopteris. Tall-herb spruce forests occupy low-lying areas, slopes and ravines with fine sediment and good water supply, on calcareous brown forest soils. Their stations have a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit T3F1, of the fern forests of unit T3F2 or of the small herb forests of unit T3F3. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus laevis, may form a second tree layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F41","name":"Northern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of Picea abies of northern Fennoscandia and of northern Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, installed on calcareous substrates, with a species-rich understorey dominated by Aconitum septentrionale (Aconitum lycoctonum), Cicerbita alpina, Alnus incana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F42","name":"Southern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of Picea abies of southern boreal and sub-boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, west of the western Ural piedmont, of Belarus and the Baltic States, developed on calcareous brown forest soils, with a species-rich understorey dominated by Actaea spicata, Campanula latifolia, Mercurialis perennis, Sambucus nigra, and ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F43","name":"Oceanic tall-herb birch-spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb forests of Picea abies of calcareous brown soils of western Norway, developed under oceanic climate conditions with much Betula pubescens and an understorey harbouring western, oceanic species, sometimes dominated by Matteuccia struthiopteris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3F44","name":"Continental tall-herb western spruce taiga","description":"Tall herb Picea obovata forests of boreal and boreonemoral Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, developed under continental climates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3F5","name":"Pretundra Picea obovata taiga","description":"Sparse or patchy, often stunted, Picea obovata woods forming the timberline in the wooded tundra zone of eastern Europe, east of the White Sea and west of the Ural piedmont."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3G","name":"Pinus sylvestris light taiga","description":"Forest naturally dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) but often with some birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens). They occur on lithomorphic and podzolised, moderately dry soils throughout the European boreal zone. The field layer is rich in dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and lichens. There can be a specialised herbaceous flora on eskers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3G1","name":"Calluna vulgaris - Empetrum western taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by Pinus sylvestris, sometimes accompanied by Picea abies, with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich or lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G11","name":"Ling-crowberry birch-spruce-pine taiga","description":"Sparse, extensive forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, with many birches and an understorey dominated by Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus and, in the north, Vaccinium uliginosum, with Vaccinium vitis-idaea, lichens, notably of genus Cladonia, mosses (Dicranum). They are, in particular, characteristic of cold, low evaporation regions of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish mountains, up to the subalpine belt, occupying heavy raw humus on podsols."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G12","name":"Barbilophozia birch-pine taiga","description":"Sparse woodlands of suboceanic subalpine Scandinavia dominated by Pinus sylvestris, with much Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, accompanied by some low-growing Picea abies, with an undergrowth dominated by Calluna vulgaris and Empetrum hermaphroditum, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Betula nana, Cornus suecica, Deschampsia flexuosa and thick cushions of lichens and mosses formed by Cladonia islandica, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia sylvatica, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi, Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum nemoreum. They are installed on podsols with heavy raw humus in cool, submaritime, moist mostly northern boreal regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G13","name":"Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga","description":"Sparse woods of low-growing Pinus sylvestris, and some elements of birch, of maritime climate regions of western Norway, at subalpine levels, with an undergrowth dominated by Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus, and with a species cortège characterized by the presence of Cornus suecica, Vaccinium uliginosum, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Bazzania trilobata, Leucobryum glaucum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Sphagnum nemoreum, Sphagnum quinquefarium; Picea abies is absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3G2","name":"Vaccinium vitis-idaeaPinus and Picea - Pinus taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, limited to southern and central Finland, central and northern Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Baltic States, southern boreal and boreonemoral Russia, dominated by Pinus sylvestris, often accompanied by Picea abies, which may dominate or codominate, with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich and lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by Vaccinium vitis-idaea with Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum hermaphroditum. The species cortège includes Betula pubescens, Calluna vulgaris, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Pyrola chlorantha, Goodyera repens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Lycopodium complanatum, Cladonia spp., Dicranum scoparium, Dicranum polysetum, Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi. They occur on sandy moraines or calcareous sand sediments in low rainfall areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3G3","name":"Herb-rich and grassy pine taiga","description":"Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by Pinus sylvestris, sometimes accompanied by Picea abies, with a grass-, small herb-, tall herb- or fern-dominated undergrowth."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3G4","name":"Lichen Pinus taiga","description":"Woods of Pinus sylvestris of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, with a very low, sparse, dwarf-shrub layer and a ground layer dominated by lichens mainly of genus Cladonia, notably Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia alpestris, Cladonia mitis. Participating species include Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cetraria islandica, Dicranum polysetum, Dicranum spurium, Pleurozium schreberi, Stereocaulon spp., installed on podsols with a thin raw humus layer, often on sand sediment."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G41","name":"Maritime lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted Pinus sylvestris woods of the maritime climate region of western Norway, rich in Racomitrium lanuginosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G42","name":"Southern boreal continental lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted Pinus sylvestris woods of areas of continental climate regions of Fennoscandia, of the Baltic States and of the southern boreal and boreonemoral zones of northern Russia, particularly characteristic of eastern Sweden and Finland. Dominant lichens are Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia alpestris, Cladonia mitis and, in coastalÅstland, Cladonia uncialis. Eastern Swedish and southeastern Norwegian stands harbour Anemone sylvestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G43","name":"Northern boreal lichen pine taiga","description":"Lichen-carpeted Pinus sylvestris woods of northern boreal Russia, the Kola peninsula and extreme northeastern Fennoscandia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3G44","name":"Boreal rock-outcrop pine forest","description":"Woods of Pinus sylvestris colonizing often small, level, glacier-fashioned granite, gneiss or acidic-sediment rock outcrops of southern and middle Fennoscandia, with dense lichen carpets, mostly of Cladonia rangiferina, or a varied lichen and moss cover, accompanied by small shrubs, grasses and petrophile forbs, sometimes by abundant Juniperus communis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3H","name":"Larix light taiga","description":"Deciduous coniferous woodland of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in the boreal zone of North-Eastern Europe and western Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3H1","name":"Larix russica taiga","description":"Larix russica (Larix sukaczewii, Larix sibirica) forests of the western Eurasian taiga zone of European Russia west of the middle Pechora, middle Kama basins and the western piedmont of the Urals, developed in edaphic pockets of the dark taiga spruce forests and on steep river valley slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3J","name":"Pinus and Larix mire forest","description":"Open woodland dominated by pine (Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata,Pinus sylvestris) or larch (Larix decidua,L. sibirica) on acid peat or around active bogs and poor fens with nutrient-poor ground waters occurring through the boreal zone and locally, where ground conditions permit, in the continental zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J1","name":"Boreal Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris-dominated woods of bogs of the boreal regions of western Eurasia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J11","name":"Boreal Labrador tea Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of Pinus sylvestris with a shrub layer dominated by Ledum palustre, Calluna vulgaris, Chamaedaphne calyculata in eastern Finland, or Betula nana in the north, with Eriophorum vaginatum; the mucinal layer is dominated by Sphagnum angustifolium with Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum russowii, Polytrichum strictum, Pleurozium schreberi, Aulacomnium palustre, characteristic of dry mires with relatively low-lying groundwater surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J12","name":"Boreal heath Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of Pinus sylvestris with a shrub layer dominated by the ericaceous shrubs Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and by Betula nana, with Eriophorum vaginatum, Andromeda polifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Rubus chamaemorus, and a mucinal layer dominated by Sphagnum fuscum and Pleurozium schreberi, accompanied by Sphagnum magellanicum, Cladonia rangiferina. In Finland, this type of bog woods occupies entire mire areas. This type also occurs on hummocks in concentric raised bogs, on strings in the excentric bogs and aapa mires, and as marginal woodland around concentric raised bogs with treeless plateaux."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J121","name":"Boreal ling Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing Pinus sylvestris with a shrub layer dominated by Calluna vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J122","name":"Boreal cowberry Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing Pinus sylvestris with a shrub layer dominated by Empetrum nigrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J123","name":"Boreal bog rosemary Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing Pinus sylvestris with a shrub layer dominated by Andromeda polifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J13","name":"Boreal cottonsedge Pinus sylvestris bog forests","description":"Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a 5-7 m high tree layer formed of Pinus sylvestris, sometimes with an important admixture of birch, a field layer dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum, and a sphagnum carpet of, in particular, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum fuscum, of raised bogs and aapa mire fringes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J2","name":"Boreal sphagnum Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris-dominated woods of fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with an understorey rich in or dominated by sedges, ericoid shrubs and acidophile or neutrocline sphagnum mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J21","name":"Boreal globe sedge Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Scots pine fen woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a tree layer of Pinus sylvestris, field layer dominated by Carex globularis, a dwarf-shrub layer sparser than in Scots pine fen woods of unit T3J22, and a ground layer dominated by the acidophilous sphagna Sphagnum angustifolium or Sphagnum fuscum. The species cortège comprises Betula nana, Andromeda polifolia, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum spp., Ledum palustre, Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex pauciflora, Eriophorum vaginatum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum magellanicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J22","name":"Boreal dwarf scrub Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Oligotrophic, acidophile Pinus sylvestris woods of peat-forming fens, fen edges, bog edges, lake shores of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic with an understorey dominated by ericoid shrubs, in particular, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre, associated with Betula nana, and accompanied by an abundance of Eriophorum vaginatum, of acidophilous sphagnum mosses, in particular, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum nemoreum, Sphagnum russowii, and of lichens of genus Cladonia. The species cortège habitually includes Picea abies, Betula pubescens, Rubus chamaemorus, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Molinia caerulea, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune and, regionally, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Carex globulosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J221","name":"Boreal leatherleaf Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris mire woods of subcontinental regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of Finland and northwestern Russia, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth rich in Chamaedaphne calyculata and Ledum palustre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J222","name":"Boreal bog bilberry Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris mire woods of sub-Atlantic regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of eastern Norway and Sweden, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs of genera Vaccinium and Empetrum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J23","name":"Boreal neutrocline sphagnum Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris fen woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with a sparse tree layer and an undergrowth comprising a combination of ericoid shrub hummocks and wetter lawns and depressions, constituting a highly varied ensemble that may include neutrophile or even basicline species. Sedges, in particular Carex lasiocarpa and Carex rostrata, may be prominent or dominant; the species cortege includes Andromeda polifolia, Betula nana, Empetrum spp., Rubus chamaemorus, Pedicularis palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Tofieldia pusilla, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Carex chordorrhiza, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Eriophorum vaginatum, Molinia caerulea, Equisetum fluviatile, Drepanocladus badius, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum platyphyllum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J3","name":"Boreal brown moss Pinus sylvestris fen forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris mire woods of rich fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic west to Finland with a brown-moss rich undergrowth formed of herbs, graminids and small shrubs. The species cortège includes Betula nana, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Salix nigricans (Salix myrsinifolia), Vaccinium uliginosum, Juniperus communis, Rubus chamaemorus, Angelica sylvestris, Filipendula ulmaria, Geranium sylvaticum, Potentilla erecta, Pedicularis palustris, Solidago virgaurea, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex vaginata, Carex dioica, Carex caespitosa, Equisetum palustris, Aulacomnium palustre, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus intermedius, Drepanocladus revolvens, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fuscum, Tomentypnum nitens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J4","name":"Pinus mugo bog forests","description":"Woods or scrubs formed by erect or prostrate members of the Pinus mugo complex, namely the tall, single-stemmed Pinus uncinata, the multi-stemmed, up to 8m tall, Pinus rotundata, and the multi-stemmed, up to 2m tall, Pinus mugo, developing on drier buttes and ridges of raised bogs, acid fens and transition moors of the Alps, the pre-Alpine plateaux and valleys, the Jura, the Carpathians, the higher Hercynian ranges and associated hills and depressions, with Eriophorum vaginatum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Sphagnum spp. and sometimes Betula nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J5","name":"Nemoral Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of sub-boreal and northern nemoral central and eastern Europe, with isolated stations in the Hercynian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J51","name":"Northern bilberry Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of northern Germany, northern Poland and the northern nemoral Sarmatic region, with Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium uliginosum, Calluna vulgaris, Andromeda polifolia, Myrica gale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J511","name":"Inland northern bilberry Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris formations of bogs and transition mires of nemoral and boreonemoral eastern Europe and of inland sites in the Baltic lowlands of northern central Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3J512","name":"Coastal northern bilberry Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris formations of dunal depressions of the southern and southeastern Baltic coasts, with Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Deschampsia flexuosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J52","name":"Hercynian Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris formations of bogs and transition mires of the Hercynian system, best represented in the Bohemian Quadrangle, with rare outposts farther west to the Vosges, with Betula pubescens, Betula carpatica, Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda polifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J53","name":"Small reed Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Peri-Hercynian Pinus sylvestris formations of mires with species-poor undergrowth, comprising Vaccinium myrtillus, usually dominant, Calamagrostis villosa, Sphagnum girgensohnii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J6","name":"Balkan Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Isolated relict Scots pine mire woods of the Balkan peninsula, often with Picea abies and Betula pubescens and a sometimes species-rich cortège of fen, bog or transition mire species, including sphagna and cottonsedges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J61","name":"Illyrian Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Scots pine mire wood of the Han-Kram range in southern Bosnia, in the Illyrian beech forest zone, with Picea abies, Betula pubescens and Salix pentandra, accompanied by Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Salix caprea, Salix cinerea, Sphagnum spp., Carex spp., Molinia caerulea, Agrostis canina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3J62","name":"Moesian Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Scots pine mire woods of the western Rhodope of Bulgaria and of western and eastern Serbia, with occasional Picea abies and Betula pubescens; the accompanying cortège is related to that of acid fens and transition mires; Eriophorum latifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea characterize constituting communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3J7","name":"Steppe Pinus sylvestris mire forests","description":"Pinus sylvestris-dominated mire woods of the wooded steppe and steppe zones of western Eurasia, in particular of the Ukraine, with Betula pendula, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium uliginosum, Salix spp., Chamaedaphne calyculata, Carex pauciflora, Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3K","name":"Picea mire forest","description":"Open woodland dominated by spruce (Picea abies or P. obovata) on acid peat or around active bogs and poor fens with nutrient-poor ground waters occurring through the boreal zone and locally, where ground conditions permit, in the continental zone.\r\nRemark: Mire forests occurring in ombrotrophic conditions and those occurring in minerotrophic conditions (in fens or at sites influenced by spring water) can be considered as two different habitats characterised by a different floristic composition of the herb layer. This distinction can be seen not only within spruce forests but also within pine forests and larch forests."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3K1","name":"Boreal Picea and Picea - Betula fen and bog forests","description":"Woods of bogs and fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, generally accompanied by Betula pubescens, with an understorey constituted by carpets of sphagnum or brown mosses associated with sedges or small shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K11","name":"Boreal acidophile sphagnum spruce forests","description":"Woods of bogs and acidic fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, generally accompanied by Betula pubescens, with a field layer dominated by Carex spp., Eriophorum vaginatum, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris, and a ground layer dominated by acidophilous sphagna, in particular, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum recurvum (Sphagnum fallax), Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum riparium. The variable species cortège includes Pinus sylvestris, Salix spp., Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex canescens, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex magellanica, Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Calamagrostis purpurea, Juncus filiformis, Equisetum fluviatile, Aulacomnium palustre, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum girgensohnii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K12","name":"Boreal neutrocline sphagnum spruce forests","description":"Woods of neutrocline to basicline fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, generally accompanied by Betula pubescens, with an undergrowth rich in herbs, graminids and sphagna. The species cortège includes Caltha palustris, Galium palustre, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Pedicularis palustris, Peucedanum palustre, Solidago virgaurea, Agrostis canina, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Carex vaginata, Sphagnum centrale, Sphagnum squarrosum,Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergon richardsonii, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Helodium blandowii, Mnium spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K13","name":"Boreal brown moss spruce fen forests","description":"Low, eutrophic fen woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by Picea abies, accompanied by Betula pubescens, with an understorey rich in herbs, dwarf-shrubs, graminids and brown mosses. The species cortège includes Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex diandra, Carex dioica, Carex limosa, Carex rostrata, Carex vaginata, Carex chordorrhiza, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Equisetum palustre, Crepis paludosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla palustris, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga hirculus, Aulacomnium palustre, Drepanocladus spp., Helodium blandowii, Hylocomium splendens, Paludella squarrosa, Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Tomentypnum nitens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3K2","name":"Boreal Picea swamp forests","description":"Woods of wet mineral or parapeaty soils of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, with an understorey formed by tall or short herbs, ferns, horsetails and gramineous species, sometimes associated with ericoid shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K21","name":"Boreal fern spruce swamp forests","description":"Swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, with an understorey comprising wet woodland species, often dominated by ferns and herbs, notably, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris carthusiana, Dryopteris expansa, Oxalis acetosella; the species cortège includes Betula pubescens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Caltha palustris, Maianthemum bifolium, Galium palustre, Geranium sylvaticum, Paris quadrifolia, Ranunculus repens, Calamagrostis purpurea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Melica nutans, Milium effusum, Carex canescens, Luzula pilosa, Equisetum sylvaticum, Equisetum arvense, Phegopteris connectilis, Dryopteris dilatata, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Bryum spp., Calliergon cordifolium, Sphagnum spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K22","name":"Boreal tall-herb spruce swamp forests","description":"Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata with an understorey of tall herbs, developed in wet depressions or along watercourses, mire variant of the tall-herb spruce forests of unit T3F4."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K23","name":"Boreal sedge-sphagnum spruce swamp forests","description":"Spruce swamp woods of boreonemoral and boreal regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata, with a field layer rich in sedges, horsetails, short and tall herbs, developed on nutrient-rich gley substrates with wet fen mull at the surface, and near-surface flowing or stagnant groundwater. Betula pubescens, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana may participate in the tree layer, Carex spp., Filipendula ulmaria, Equisetum spp., Salix spp., Calla palustris may dominate the herb and shrub layer, Sphagnum spp. dominate the ground layer; the species cortège includes Phalaris arundinacea, Calamagrostis purpurea, Chamaegrostis canescans, Geranium sylvaticum, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Rubus chamaemorus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Caltha palustris, Cardamine amara, Cornus suecica, Vaccinium myrtillus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K24","name":"Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp forests","description":"Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata with an understorey dominated by, or rich in, horsetails (Equisetum spp.) or horsetails and ericaceous shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3K241","name":"Boreal northern bilberry spruce swamp forests","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata in the tree layer and an understorey dominated by hygrophile ericoid shrubs, Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium myrtillus, by Equisetum sylvaticum and by sphagnum carpets formed by Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum angustifolium, developed on oligotrophic, hydromorphic soils with carr-peat or raw humus by lake-shores, on mire margins, in hollows and on slopes. The species cortège includes Betula pubescens, Betula nana, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Empetrum spp., Rubus chamaemorus, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum fuscum and, notably in eastern Scandinavia, Ledum palustre, Carex globularis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3K242","name":"Boreal cloudberry spruce swamp forests","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the boreal western Palaearctic dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata in the tree layer, with an understorey dominated by Rubus chamaemorus and a species cortège like that of unit T3K241, developed on oligotrophic soils with a high waterlevel."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":6,"code":"T3K243","name":"Boreal horsetail spruce swamp forests","description":"Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by Picea abies or Picea obovata with an understorey dominated by Equisetum sylvaticum and Sphagnum girgensohnii, accompanied by a species cortège that includes Calamagrostis purpurea, Carex vaginata, Linnaea borealis and many species in common with that of unit T3K241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3K3","name":"Nemoral peatmoss Picea forests","description":"Picea abies woods rich in sphagnum and other wetness indicators, occupying fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs, as well as waterlogged soils in acidophilous spruce woods, frequent particularly in the montane and subalpine levels of hills and mountains of the high-precipitation areas of the Alpine periphery and in the lowlands at the edge of the spruce wood region of the boreal zone."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K31","name":"Peri-Alpine peatmoss spruce forests","description":"Montane and subalpine peaty soils Picea abies forests of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, and, very locally, the Dinarides, often dense, carpeted with sphagnum and mosses, accompanied occasionally by Abies alba, and with an understorey of Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris dilatata, Maianthemum bifolium, Homogyne alpina and Listera cordata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":5,"code":"T3K32","name":"Sub-boreal fen spruce forests","description":"Peaty soils Picea abies or Picea abies-Pinus sylvestris forests of northern central and eastern Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of spruce, with Listera cordata, Moneses uniflora, Sphagnum girgensohnii, and, in drier places, Maianthemum bifolium, Oxalis acetosella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3K4","name":"Nemoral bog Picea forests","description":"Picea abies formations colonizing raised bogs of the nemoral region of Eurasia, with Betula pubescens, Betula carpatica, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum magellanicum and other sphagna."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3L","name":"Coniferous self sown forest of non site-native trees","description":"Spontaneously established forests composed of exotic conifer species or of European conifers out of their natural range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3M","name":"Coniferous plantation of non site-native trees","description":"Cultivated stands of coniferous trees planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic conifer species or of European conifers out of their natural range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3M1","name":"Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genera Abies, Picea, Larix, Pseudotsuga or Cedrus formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3M2","name":"Exotic pine plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genus Pinus formed of non-Palaearctic species, or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3M3","name":"Other exotic conifer plantations","description":"Plantations of conifers of genera other than Pinus, Abies, Picea, Larix, Pseudotsuga or Cedrus, formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T3N","name":"Coniferous plantation of site-native trees","description":"Cultivated stands of coniferous trees planted for the production of wood, composed of site-native conifer species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3N1","name":"Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera Abies, Picea, Larix or Cedrus within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3 (of EUNIS 2012 broader than T3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3N2","name":"Native pine plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genus Pinus within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3 (of EUNIS 2012 broader than T3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T3N3","name":"Native cypress, juniper, yew plantations","description":"Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera Cupressus, Juniperus, Taxus within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under \"reforestation\" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3 (of EUNIS 2012 broader than T3)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":2,"code":"T4","name":"Lines of trees, small anthropogenic forests, recently felled forest, early-stage forest and coppice","description":"Stands of trees greater than 5 m in height or with the potential to achieve this height, either in more or less continuous narrow strips or in small (less than about 0.5 ha) plantations or small (less than about 0.5 ha) intensively-managed forests. Forests and coppice that is temporarily in a successional or non-forest stage but which can be expected to develop into forest in the future. Excludes parkland (R71, R72)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T41","name":"Early-stage natural and semi-natural forest and regrowth","description":"Early stages of forest regrowth or newly-colonising forest composed predominantly of young individuals of high-forest species that are still less than 5 m in height. Includes young native forest replanted with indigenous trees and naturally-colonising stands of non-native trees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T411","name":"Deciduous scrub forest","description":"Early stages of deciduous tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T412","name":"Mixed scrub forest","description":"Early stages of mixed tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T413","name":"Coniferous scrub forest","description":"Early stages of conifer forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T414","name":"Raised bog pre-forests","description":"Parts of raised bogs colonised by shrubs or small trees of Pinus rotundata, Pinus sylvestris var. turfosa, Picea abies, Betula pubescens, Betula carpatica, eventually leading to bog woods of units G3.D or G3.E (of EUNIS 2012 overlapping with T3J and T3K)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T42","name":"Coppice and early stage plantations","description":"Forest treated as coppice without standards. Plantations with a dominant canopy of young trees that are still less than 5 m in height. Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small-tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including short-rotation Salix beds for biomass production, Christmas tree crops and tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T421","name":"Coppice","description":"Regrowth stages of woodland treated in coppice without standards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T422","name":"Early-stage broadleaved deciduous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved deciduous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T423","name":"Early-stage broadleaved evergreen plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved evergreen trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T424","name":"Early-stage coniferous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T425","name":"Early-stage mixed broadleaved and coniferous plantations","description":"Early stages of plantations of dwarf mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T426","name":"Trees planted for early whole-tree harvesting","description":"Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including, among others, osier beds, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":3,"code":"T43","name":"Recently felled areas","description":"Clear-felled or burnt land that has previously supported a deciduous or coniferous forest. Includes forest with successional vegetation dominated by shrubs provided that these will soon be overtopped by a tree canopy. Clearings with herbaceous vegetation are considered part of R57 Herbaceous forest clearing vegetation although that may be a temporary stage before tree cover returns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T431","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly broadleaved trees","description":"Recently felled broadleaved woods, in lowlands, uplands and mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances Atropion and Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T432","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees","description":"Recently felled coniferous woods, mostly in mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances Atropion and Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T433","name":"Recently felled areas, formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees","description":"Recently felled mixed broadleaved and coniferous woods. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances Atropion and Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"forest","level":4,"code":"T434","name":"Shrubby clearings","description":"Formations of Salix caprea, Sambucus nigra, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus aucuparia, Rubus spp. succeeding the herbaceous formations in the regrowth of clearings."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":1,"code":"U","name":"Inland habitats with no or little soil and mostly with sparse vegetation","description":"Non-coastal habitats on substrates with no or little development of soil, mostly with less than 30% vegetation cover which are dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year). Habitats which may have a high vegetation cover include crevices of rocks, screes or cliffs and habitats formed by carpets of moss. Includes subterranean non-marine caves and passages including underground waters and disused underground mines and habitats characterised by the presence of permanent snow and surface ice other than marine ice bodies"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U1","name":"Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies","description":"Natural caves, cave systems, underground waters and subterranean interstitial spaces. Caves and their associated waters harbour varied, but paucispecific, communities of animals, fungi and algae that are restricted to them (troglobiont organisms), or are physiologically and ecologically capable of conducting their entire life cycle within them (troglophile organisms), or are dependent on them for part of the life cycle (subtroglophile organisms). Underground waters not associated with caves (stygon) and interstitial spaces harbour distinctive faunas"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U11","name":"Cave","description":"Caves originate over very long time periods and are very diverse in extent, configuration and character, some dry, others permanently or seasonally wet, others warm, deoxygenated and variously lit at cave entrances. They occur throughout Europe but are most extensive in karstic areas. Flora and fauna are specialized, adapted to often extreme environmental conditions and include some remarkable troglophiles or distinctive roosting or seasonally dormant creatures."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U111","name":"Troglobiont vertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic amphibians or fish, limited worldwide to a very small number of highly distinctive organisms, mostly relict forms of extremely limited distribution, including 15 species of amphibians, limited to North America and Europe, and about 38 species of fishes belonging to 13 families, notably, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Bythitidae, Pimelodidae, Characidae, Cobitidae, Amblyopsidae, Clariidae, Ictaluridae, Trichomycteridae, Ophidiidae, Synbranchidae. Palaearctic representatives include a unique amphibian, as well as cyprinids and gobiid fishes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1111","name":"Proteus anguinus caves","description":"Caves of the Adriatic karst system of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro, harbouring the relict amphibian Proteus anguinus, the most remarkable of all troglobiont vertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1112","name":"Troglobiont fish caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic fish, limited in the Palaearctic region to representatives of the Cyprinidae and Gobiidae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U112","name":"Subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1121","name":"Continental subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"Caves of the main Eurasian and African landmasses essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1122","name":"Insular subtroglophile vertebrate caves","description":"Caves of the islands of Eurasia and North Africa essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U113","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont amphibians or fish, but include troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. In the Palaearctic region, the majority are situated in the northern Mediterranean basin and the peri-Pontic region. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembol, Coleoptera (Bathysciinae and Trechinae subfamilies) among the terrestrial faunas, Turbellaria, Gastropoda and Urodela, among the aquatic faunas, are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1131","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate temperate caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, dry, humidified by seeps or crossed by permanent or temporary watercourses, but not retaining glaciers, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, often including remarkable relict species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1132","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate ice caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, and in which past and present conditions permit the retention of glaciers; they are rare, known in particular from the Carpathians of Romania and Slovakia, the Alps and the Jura."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1133","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate hydrothermal caves","description":"Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, warmed and humidified by geothermal waters, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1134","name":"Troglobiont invertebrate sulphur caves","description":"Deoxygenated, relatively warm caves, with atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide and sulphur vapour or methane and hydrogen sulfide, harbouring relict thermophile faunas of highly distinctive troglobiont and stygobiont invertebrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U114","name":"Troglophile invertebrate caves","description":"Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont organisms, but include troglophile invertebrates. Generally, they are caves crossed by watercourses or with rich trophic substratum, excavated in limestone afforested zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U115","name":"Subtroglophile invertebrate caves","description":"Caves essential to parts of the life-cycle (quiescence period) of invertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes), such as Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera; in general they are stably cool (or warm) and humid caves."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U116","name":"Caves without vertebrates or invertebrates","description":"Caves, often small and dry, devoid of significant troglobiont or troglophile zoocoenoses, and not harbouring significant subtroglophiles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U117","name":"Lava tubes","description":"Caves formed in lava flows by open-ended tubes or passages resulting from the cooling of the surface whose molten interior continued to flow. Near the coast, they may contain salt water not connected to the sea and be colonized by specialized (anchihaline) communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1171","name":"Icelandic lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1172","name":"Macaronesian lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. The very large tube created by the volcano La Corona of Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapod crustacean Munidopsis polymorpha, endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of the genus [Speleonectes]."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U1173","name":"Tethyan lava tubes","description":"Lava tubes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, including Etna, Vesuvius, the Phlegrean Fields, Ischia, the Lipari Islands, Pantelleria, the Aegean archipelago, Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, the volcanoes of Syria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U12","name":"Disused underground mines and tunnels","description":"Artificial underground spaces. They may constitute important substitution habitats for cave-dwelling bats and significant subterranean invertebrates such as crustaceans or planarians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U2","name":"Screes","description":"Accumulations of boulders, stones, rock fragments, pebbles, gravels or finer material, of non-aeolian and non-fluvial depositional origin, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by sparse herbs or shrubs. Included are screes and scree slopes produced by slope processes, moraines and drumlins originating from glacial deposition, sandar, eskers and kames resulting from fluvio-glacial deposition, block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Deposits originating from aeolian depositional processes (dunes) or from eruptive volcanic activity are not included; they are included in U5 and U6 respectively. High mountain, boreal and mediterranean unstable screes are colonized by highly specialised plant communities. They or their constituting species may also inhabit moraines and other depositional debris accumulations in the same areas. A very few communities form in lowland areas elsewhere"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U21","name":"Boreal and arctic siliceous scree and block field","description":"Boreal and Arctic sparsely vegetated siliceous boulders, stones or gravel screes occurring over base-poor substrates that harbour acidophilous plant communities. They are of diverse origin, uneven distribution through the region and often subject to continuing natural disturbance through rock falls, freeze-thaw or coastal erosion and deposition. The vegetation typically consists of bryophytes and lichens with different growth forms dominating different microhabitats, e.g. small cushion-forming bryophytes and crustose and foliose lichens on the sides of boulders, and mat-forming bryophytes and fruticose lichens in the hollows between blocks. Where vascular plants find enough soil between blocks, they contribute a sparse cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U22","name":"Temperate high-mountain siliceous scree","description":"Siliceous, mostly acidic screes, moraines or stone rivers found at high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges through the nemoral zone of Europe. The screes are colonized by a range of mostly perennial, mostly acidophilous plants. Their composition is strongly influenced by altitude and regional climate. There are many relict and local endemic species, though less than on calcareous screes. Often the vegetation cover is sparse, but these screes can be more humid because of the impervious and water-retentive character of the substrates and long snow-lie encourage luxuriant growth and accumulation of humus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U221","name":"Alpine siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees and Corsica with Androsace alpina, Achillea nana, Oxyria digyna, Geum reptans, Saxifraga bryoides, Ranunculus glacialis, Linaria alpina, Oreochloa disticha, Silene acaulis. Vegetation of alliance Androsacion alpinae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2211","name":"Mountain sorrel screes","description":"Stabilised siliceous screes, poor in humus, of the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and Corsica, characterized by Oxyria digyna and with Cerastium uniflorum, Doronicum clusii, Doronicum grandiflorum, Poa laxa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22111","name":"Alpine mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp Oxyria digyna screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22112","name":"Southwestern Alpine mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous, cool, damp screes restricted to the southwestern Alps, comprising the endemic species Viola valderia and Thlaspi limosellifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22113","name":"Pyrenean mountain sorrel screes","description":"Stabilised siliceous screes of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22114","name":"Corsican mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous Oxyria digyna screes of high mountains of Corsica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22115","name":"Carpathian mountain sorrel screes","description":"SiliceousOxyria digyna screes of the Tatras and the high southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22116","name":"Rhodopide mountain sorrel screes","description":"Siliceous Oxyria digyna screes of the high Rila and Pirin mountains, with Poa cenisia ssp. contracta, Geum reptans, Satureja alpina, Pedicularis verticillata, Armeria alpina, Luzula spicata, Bellardiochloa violacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2212","name":"Rock jasmine screes","description":"Communities of siliceous screes of the high alpine and nival levels of the central Alps dominated by Androsace alpina or Androsace wulfeniana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2213","name":"Brown woodrush screes","description":"Humid, humus-rich siliceous screes of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Rhodope Mountains, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, Luzula alpinopilosa, accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit R411, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the Androsasetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22131","name":"Alpine woodrush screes","description":"Humid, humus-rich siliceous screes of the Alps, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, Luzula alpinopilosa, accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit R411, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the Androsasetalia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22132","name":"Carpathian woodrush screes","description":"Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura (Luzula alpinopilosa = Luzula spadicea) of the siliceous high Tatras and of the alpine level of the high southeastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22133","name":"Rhodopide woodrush screes","description":"Screes colonized by communities dominated by Luzula alpinopilosa (Luzula spadicea) and Festuca picta (Festuca picturata, Festuca violacea ssp. picta), characteristic of slopes with prolonged snow-cover of Vitosha, Rila and Pirin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2214","name":"Cold silicate block screes","description":"Communities of ferns and brambles, including Gymnocarpium dryopteris (Dryopteris disjuncta), Cryptogramma crispa, Athyrium distentifolium, Dryopteris dilatata, Cystopteris fragilis, colonizing nonstablized, shady subalpine siliceous screes of the Alpine system with a high proportion of large blocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2215","name":"Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with Saxifraga carpathica, Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa, Saxifraga adscendens, Veronica baumgartenii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22151","name":"Rhodopide ragwort screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the Pirin with Senecio doronicum (Senecio glaberrimus, Senecio transylvanicus, Senecio rochelianus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U22152","name":"Carpathian saxifrage-speedwell acidophilous screes","description":"Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2216","name":"Painted fescue screes","description":"Festuca picta screes of the siliceous high Tatras, the high mountains of the eastern Carpathian system and the Rhodope Mountains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U222","name":"Medio-European upland siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with Epilobium collinum, Galeopsis segetum, Acetosella vulgaris, Dalanum ladanum, Petasites albus, Tussilago farfara, Senecio viscosus, Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Cryptogramma crispa. Upland siliceous screes, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of the Alpine communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably Cryptogramma crispa, or pioneer psammophilous grasses, are included. Vegetation of alliance Galeopsion segetum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U223","name":"Southeast European mountain siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of mountains of southeast Europe, with vegetation dominated by Saxifraga bryoides, Saxifraga adscendens, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Oxyria digyna, Androsace hedraeantha and Poa cenisia. Cryptogramma crispa and mosses occur. Other important species are Vaccinium spp., Polygonum alpinum, Pleuropteropyrum undulatum, Lerchenfeldia flexuosa, Senecio rupestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U23","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane siliceous scree","description":"Siliceous screes and moraines of warm exposures, derived from a diversity of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks on the lower slopes of mountain ranges in the nemoral zone. Often the screes are mixed with fine soil. Vegetation can be completely lacking, but bryophyte or lichen-dominated, species-poor communities can occur on rock surfaces. The fine soil accumulated in crevices can support a variety of forb or fern-dominated vegetation. Siliceous screes, in general, have a lower species richness than calcareous screes but ferns can be diverse and luxuriant. Natural succession on more stable screes results in the development of scrub and woodland, not included here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U231","name":"Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the subalpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with Senecio leucophyllus, Taraxacum pyrenaicum, Galeopsis pyrenaica, Xatardia scabra, Armeria alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U232","name":"Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the \"dark\" screes of the Cordillera are related to those under unit U283, though somewhat intermediate towards U234; other more species-poor ones, characterised by Trisetum hispidum and Rumexsuffruticosus, belong to the latter."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U233","name":"Ibero-Pyrenean acidophile fern screes","description":"Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of siliceous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U234","name":"Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes","description":"Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with Linaria saxatilis, Linaria alpina, Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana, Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus, Rumex suffruticosus, Santolina oblongifolia, Conopodium bunioides, Reseda gredensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U235","name":"Nevadan siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2351","name":"Nevadan foxglove screes","description":"Screes at the subsummital levels of the Sierra Nevada, between 1900 and 2900 metres, with Senecio tournefortii var. granatensis, Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis, Cirsium gregarium, Solidago virgaurea ssp. alpestris, Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides, Eryngium glaciale, Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2352","name":"Nevadan violet screes","description":"Screes of the summital region of the Sierra Nevada, at around 2800-3000 metres, with a very sparse community formed by Viola crassiuscula, Linaria glacialis, Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis, Ranunculus glacialis, Ranunculus parnassifolius, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Papaver suaveolens, Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides and, in more stabilised areas, Erigeron frigidus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U24","name":"Mediterranean siliceous scree","description":"Siliceous screes derived from various sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks occurring on lower slopes in the Mediterranean. Rock debris is often mixed with fine soil. Vegetation cover can be completely lacking or consisting only of bryophyte and lichen communities. In most cases, however, these screes support open vegetation of vascular plants, which tends to be poorer in species than Mediterranean calcareous screes. Natural succession is slower than in temperate screes. Screes overgrown with shrublands or forest do not belong to this habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U241","name":"Central Mediterranean siliceous screes","description":"Siliceous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U242","name":"Anatolian siliceous screes","description":"Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U243","name":"Southeast European thermo-siliceous screes","description":"Warm dry screes of the Balkan Peninsula, with vegetation dominated by Achnatherum calamagrostis and Melica ciliata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U25","name":"Boreal and arctic base-rich scree and block field","description":"Boreal and arctic base-rich screes and block fields comprise talus or freeze-thaw block fields of calcareous rocks in the southern boreal to arctic regions, mainly in the Scandinavian Mountains, Iceland and Svalbard. Because of the considerable variation in climate, the habitat harbours a large diversity of species and plant communities, but it includes only sparse assemblages of vascular plants growing in sparse patches. These are dependent on the natural or semi-natural disturbance regime, periodic rockfall and continuing instability of the substrate in the case of screes, and in some regions also a long tradition of grazing."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U26","name":"Temperate high-mountain base-rich scree and moraine","description":"Calcareous and calcschist screes occurring at high altitudes and cool sites in high mountain ranges through the nemoral zone of Europe. The screes are colonized by mostly perennial basiphilous species, comprising often rich assemblages with many endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U261","name":"Alpine calcschist screes","description":"Calcareous slate slope communities of the Alps, with Draba hoppeana, Campanula cenisia, Saxifraga biflora, Herniaria alpina, Trisetum spicatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U262","name":"Thlaspi rotundifolium screes","description":"Unstable, hard limestone and dolomite coarse screes of the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, with Thlaspi rotundifolium, Papaver rhaeticum, Papaver sendtneri, Viola cenisia, Linaria alpina, Arabis alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U263","name":"Fine calcareous screes","description":"Fine-element calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and high montane levels of the Alps and neighbouring ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2631","name":"Butterbur screes","description":"High montane and subalpine, relatively humid, fine limestone and marl screes, with Petasites paradoxus, Valeriana montana, Gypsophila repens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2632","name":"Mountain hawkbit screes","description":"Damp, marlo-calcareous screes of the alpine level of the Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U264","name":"Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Carpathians, represented by diverse communities of mostly very local occurrence, often with significant endemic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2641","name":"West Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of high altitudes of the Tatras, with Cerastium latifolium, Cerastium tatrae, Arabis alpina, Hutchinsia alpina, Sedum atratum, Cystopteris montana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2642","name":"East Carpathian calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U265","name":"Rhodopide calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the Rhodope Mountains, with Morina persica, Sideritis scardica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U27","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane base-rich scree","description":"Screes of mostly coarse, unstabilized material derived from calcareous and dolomitic bedrocks in the lowlands, foothills and sub-montane zone of temperate Europe. Vegetation can be completely lacking, but rock surfaces can have bryophyte and lichen communities and, where crevices accumulate soil, the vascular plant component can be diverse and lush. Natural succession following stabilization of screes allows encroachment of shrubs and trees, vegetation not included in this habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U271","name":"Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes","description":"Mostly coarse, unstablized, dry, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the uplands and lowlands of Central Europe. Vegetation of alliances Stipion calamagrostis and Arabidion alpinae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2711","name":"Rough-grass screes","description":"Achnatherum calamagrostis screes of warmer, lower parts of Alpine valleys and of the southwestern outer Alps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2712","name":"Submontane calcareous screes","description":"Forb- or fern-dominated sunny calcareous screes of the montane or collinar levels of peri-Alpine ranges, particularly characteristic of the Jura, locally also of the middle European Hercynian ranges and of the southern Alpine periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U27121","name":"Hemp-nettle screes","description":"Species-poor pioneer communities of warm sunny calcareous screes of the Jura, the Alpine system, the Carpathians and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by Galeopsis angustifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U27122","name":"French sorrel screes","description":"Species-poor open pioneering communities of dry calcareous screes of the low to moderate altitudes of the Alpine system, the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by Rumex scutatus, often with Silene vulgaris ssp. glareosa, Silene hayekiana, Hieracium bifidum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U27123","name":"Limestone fern screes","description":"Open to closed fern swards of Gymnocarpium robertianum colonizing often slightly damp, more or less calcareous screes of the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U27124","name":"Vincetoxicum screes","description":"Species-rich thermophile pioneer scree communities of natural and anthropogenic station of the Alpine system, the Jura, the middle European Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Hautes Fagnes, and their vicinity, dominated by Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, often with Brachypodium pinnatum, Anthericum ramosum, Knautia dipsacifolia (Knautia sylvatica), Calamagrostis varia, Campanula rapunculoides, Galium album, Origanum vulgare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2713","name":"Paris Basin screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Paris basin and its periphery, with Leontodon hyoseroides, Sisymbrium supinum, Linaria supina, Galeopsis angustifolia and many rare or endemic plants,including Viola hispida (endangered endemic), Galium timeroyi ssp. fleurotii, Iberis violetii, Iberis durandii, Biscutella neustriaca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U272","name":"Eastern Carpathian calcareous thermophilous screes","description":"Screes of the Eastern Carpathians, typified by the presence of numerous Mediterranean thermophilous species and those belonging to the Dacio-Balkanic floristic element. Characteristic species: Achnatherum calamagrostis, Parietaria officinalis, Lamium garganicum ssp. laevigatum, Galium album ssp. album, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U28","name":"Western Mediterranean base-rich scree","description":"Calcareous and ultrabasic scree, with boulders, rock debris and riverine gravel derived from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, ultramafics and basic volcanics occurring through the western Mediterranean, from lowlands to the high mountains. Epilithic bryophytes and lichens may be very diverse, particularly in the mountains, where they are mostly found in crevices and other shady and humid microsites of immobile boulders. The vascular plant vegetation comprises hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes adapted to the mechanical disturbance caused by scree movements, shortages in water supply and lack of fine-grained soil. The habitat becomes scarcer and more scattered in the foothills and lowlands and more prone to be affected by human disturbances, such as quarrying and infrastructure development. Nevertheless, high mountain screes are usually well preserved in a very natural state."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U281","name":"Cevenno-Provençal screes","description":"Supra-Mediterranean screes of Mediterranean southern France, common in the coastal ranges of the Marseille region (Allauch, Carpiagne, Puget, Marseilleveyre), rare on the Sainte-Baume, also represented in the Cévennes, with Arenaria provincialis (Gouffeia arenarioides), Ptychotis heterophylla, Linaria supina, Centranthus ruber, Centranthus lecoqii, Crucianella latifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U282","name":"Pyrenean calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U283","name":"Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes","description":"Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U284","name":"Iberian calciphile fern screes","description":"Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of calcareous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U285","name":"Southern Iberian calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and southeastern Iberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U286","name":"Central Mediterranean calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U29","name":"Eastern Mediterranean base-rich scree","description":"Calcareous and ultrabasic screes, with talus, boulder fields, glacier forefields, rock debris and riverine gravel banks, from the lowlands upwards to subnival levels in the eastern Mediterranean. Apart from epilithic bryophytes and lichens on rock outcrops and stable boulders, the vegetation consists mainly of specialist vascular plants adapted to the mobility of scree materials, the scarcity of fine-grained soil, mechanical disturbance, shortage of water and other physiological stresses. Towards the foothills and lowlands, the habitat becomes rarer and more scattered but more prone to be affected by human disturbances, especially in terms of species composition. However, high mountain screes are usually well preserved, most within protected areas, and therefore in a very natural state."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U291","name":"Eastern Mediterranean limestone screes","description":"Limestone screes of high mountains of southern Albania, mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Aegean, with Drypis spinosa, Ranunculus brevifolius, Senecio thapsoides, Aethionema saxatile. They can contain synanthropic species like Geranium robertianum ssp. purpureum, Centranthus calcitrapa, Mercurialis annua, Theligonum cynocrambe and Thlaspi perfoliatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U292","name":"Eastern Mediterranean serpentine screes","description":"Serpentine screes of high mountains of southern Albania and mainland Greece, less widespread than the limestone screes of unit U291, restricted to serpentines of the northern Pindus and of Mount Olympus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U293","name":"Cyprian screes","description":"Limestone and ophiolite screes of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite screes of the Troodos range, limestone screes of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate screes of the Kythrean formation. Endemic plants include Alyssum troodi, of Troodos serpentine substrates, Hedysarum cyprium and Salvia veneris of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U294","name":"Illyrian montane calcareous screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and, locally, montane levels of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2941","name":"Illyrian fern screes","description":"Dryopteris villarii-dominated formations of calcareous screes of the east Adriatic mountains, widespread in the Dinarides and Pelagonides, with Doronicum columnae, Ligusticum dinaricum, Scrophularia bosniaca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2942","name":"Illyrian butterbur screes","description":"Petasites paradoxus-dominated formations of the foot and grooves of calcareous scree slopes of the Dinarides and Pelagonides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2943","name":"Illyrian drypis screes","description":"Screes of the Dinarides and northern Hellenides dominated by Drypis spinosa ssp. linnaena, of more sub-Mediterranean affinities than the communities of units U2941 and U2942, with Cardamine carnosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2944","name":"Illyrian candytuft screes","description":"Wind-exposed, snow-free calcareous screes of the Dinarides, with Bunium alpinum, Iberis pruitii, Thymus acicularis, Degenia velebitica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2945","name":"Illyrian toadflax screes","description":"High-altitude calcareous screes of the Dinarides, in particular of the Prenj in Herzegovina and the Durmitor in Montenegro, with Moehringia ciliata, Papaver kerneri, Poa minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2946","name":"Illyrian mouse-ear screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Dinara and Velebit, with Cerastium dinaricum, Euphorbia capitulata, Thlaspi dinaricum, Rumex scutatus, Valeria montana, Achillea clavennae, Arabis scopoliana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2947","name":"Illyrian geranium screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Piva basin of Montenegro, with Corydalis ochroleuca, Moehringia muscosa, Geranium macrorrhizum, Saxifraga rotundifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U2948","name":"Pelagonide toadflax-valerian screes","description":"Calcareous screes of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, in particular, of the Korab range, with Valeriana bertisceae, Sedum magellense, Lamium bifidum, Hieracium bifidum, Ranunculus seguieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U295","name":"Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes","description":"Thermophile calcareous screes of the upper mesomediterranean and supra-Mediterranean Orno-Quercetum ilicis and Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum levels of the Triestine Karst, Istria, Balkan Peninsula, including the Dalmatian coast, Montenegro and Albania. Typical species: Dianthus petraeus, Corydalis ochroleuca, Peltaria alliacea, Drypis spinosa ssp. jacquiniana, Malcolmia serbica, Galium corrudifolium, Teucrium chamaedrys, Geranium robertianum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U296","name":"Illyrian montane serpentine screes","description":"Serpentine screes of the montane level of the Dinarides of Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia) with abundant Achnatherum calamagrostis, harbouring the endemics Halacsya sendtneri, Scrophularia tristis, Alyssum markgrafii, Linaria rubioides, Stachys chrysophaea. The shrub Cotinus coggygria often grows in such sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U297","name":"Illyrian Achnatherum calamagrostis screes","description":"Achnatherum calamagrostis screes of the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Montenegro, Serbia) and in particular, of the Piva basin, southeastern representatives of the peri-Alpine Stipion calamagrostidis screes of unit U2711."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U298","name":"Anatolian calcareous screes","description":"Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U2A","name":"Crimean base-rich screes","description":"Base rich screes formed from a variety of rock types including limestone, flysch and schists of the Crimean Peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U3","name":"Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops","description":"Unvegetated, sparsely vegetated, and bryophyte  or lichen vegetated cliffs, rock faces and rock pavements, not presently adjacent to the sea, and not resulting from recent volcanic activity. Parts of seacliffs free from the influence of wave or wind transported marine salt are included. Rock accumulations resulting from depositional processes are excluded and listed under U2 or U5"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U31","name":"Boreal and arctic siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rock faces and cliffs, mostly of hard crystalline rocks, soft mica schist and some volcanics, in the boreal and arctic biogeographical regions, though not including sea cliffs with salt spray influence or very wet, dripping vertical rock faces. The vegetation consists of a limited vascular flora growing in crevices and on ledges, with epilithic bryophytes, lichens as well as micro-algae on rock faces, overhangs and in all kinds of sheltered microsites. Although the rock types are all base-poor, they show marked variation in their chemical composition and stratigraphy and can harbour a great diversity of vascular plants and cryptogams in many different assemblages, differentiated into many microhabitats."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U311","name":"Boreal siliceous cliffs","description":"Rock and cliff crevice communities of granites, gneisses and acidic rocks of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U312","name":"Bare boreal and arctic siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the boreal and arctic. Their lichen communities are composed of external crustose lichens (Rhizocarpon), navel lichens (Umbilicaria) and fruticose lichens (Ramalina, Cornicularia, Rhizoplaca)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3121","name":"Arctic siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3122","name":"Boreal and Arctic mountain siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the boreal and arctic zones, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3123","name":"Boreo-nemoral and boreal siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U313","name":"Boreal and arctic disused siliceous quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities in the boreal and arctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U32","name":"Temperate high-mountain siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous cliffs and rock faces of acidic, mostly Palaeozoic, rocks in the high mountains of the nemoral zone. Slow weathering of these resistant rocks creates few niches for colonisation, and the vascular flora of the crevices and on ledges is rather species-poor but rich in epilithic lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U321","name":"Middle European siliceous cliffs of the sub-alpine, alpine and nival zones of temperate high-mountains","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the sub-alpine, alpine and nival zones of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, the Pyrenees, the western Carpathians, the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura. Vegetation of alliances Androsacion vandelii, Asplenion septentrionalis and Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris, with the most typical species Acetosella vulgaris, Aurinia saxatilis, Polypodium vulgare, Woodsia ilvensis, Primula minima, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga bryoides, Silene acaulis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3211","name":"Middle European high-altitude siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, with outliers in the Dinarides, of the Massif Central and of the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3212","name":"Hercynio-Alpine serpentine cliffs","description":"Serpentine cliff and rock communities of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, of northern Styria, Low-Austria and the Burgenland, with Asplenium adulterinum, Asplenium cuneifolium, Asplenium x alternifolium, Cheilanthes marantae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U322","name":"Bare temperate high-mountain siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of temperate high mountains. Their lichen communities are composed of external crustose lichens (Rhizocarpon), navel lichens (Umbilicaria) and fruticose lichens (Ramalina, Cornicularia, Rhizoplaca)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3221","name":"Temperate high altitude siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of  of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3222","name":"Temperate high mountain siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the  nemora zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U323","name":"Temperate high-mountain disused siliceous quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities in high temperate mountains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U33","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rock walls and cliffs in the nemoral region except those in the high mountains and coastal cliffs subject to sea spray. They comprise diverse metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous rocks but also some non-calcareous but more or less base-rich igneous volcanics. The vegetation in the rock fissures and crevices consists of vascular plants such as small ferns, succulents and rosulate herbs, on the rock surface also mosses and hepatics, crustose and foliose lichens, micro-algae and other micro-organisms. Natural succession can lead to scrub and woodland development."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U331","name":"Middle European lowland to montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the montane zones of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, the Pyrenees, the western Carpathians, the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura. Vegetation of alliances Androsacion vandelii, Asplenion septentrionalis and Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris, with the most typical species Acetosella vulgaris, Aurinia saxatilis, Polypodium vulgare, Woodsia ilvensis, Primula minima, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga bryoides, Silene acaulis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3311","name":"Hercynio-Alpine montane and collinar siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the montane level of the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and their periphery, of Atlantic regions of the European continent and the British Isles, with Saxifraga sponhemica, Biscutella laevigata, Asplenium septentrionale, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium billotii, Asplenium foreziense."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3312","name":"Carpathian montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of Alpine affinities of the Carpathians, formed principally by bryophytes and ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U332","name":"Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic Silene siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities rich in Dacio-Balkanic endemics of the subalpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, including the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, of relict character."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3321","name":"Southern Carpathian campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Endemic siliceous cliff communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3322","name":"Carpatho-Balkano-Rhodopide campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of the Paring mountains in the Southern Carpathians, of the Balkan Range and of the Rhodope Mountains, in particular, of the Rila and the Pirin, with Silene lerchenfeldiana, Potentilla haynaldiana, Saxifraga juniperifolia ssp. juniperifolia (Saxifraga pseudosancta), Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa, Rhodiola rosea (Sedum rosea), Dianthus henteri, Minuartia bulgarica, Haberlea rhodopensis, Symphyandra wanneri, Carex kitaibeliana (Carex laevis), Juncus trifidus, Sesleria coerulans, Festuca airoides, Poa nemoralis, Asplenium trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3323","name":"Pelagonide campion siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff communities of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U333","name":"Lowland northern- and middle-European siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of low hills of northern and middle nemoral Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U334","name":"Bare temperate lowland to montane siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U335","name":"Temperate lowland to montane disused siliceous quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities in the temperate lowlands and montane zones"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U34","name":"Mediterranean siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rock walls and cliffs from the lowlands to high mountains in the Mediterranean, formed chiefly of igneous or metamorphic rocks which offer a diversity of niches for colonisation depending on the rock texture, schistosity, moisture content and chemistry. Typically they have cushion or rosulate vascular plants, some of them succulent, ferns and dwarf shrubs, with bryophytes, lichens, epilithic and endolithic micro-organisms."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U341","name":"Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Iberian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3411","name":"Ibero-Carpetanian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the Leonese mountains, with Hieracium pallidum ssp. graniticum, Murbeckiella boryi ssp. boryi, Murbeckiella boryi ssp. herminii, Saxifraga willkommiana, Spergula viscosa ssp. pourretii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3412","name":"Nevadan siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Sierra Nevada, with Saxifraga nevadensis, Sedum brevifolium, Centranthus nevadensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U342","name":"Southwestern Alpine siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime, Ligurian and Cottian Alps, with Saxifraga pedemontana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U343","name":"Cyrno-Sardinian montane and alpine cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, distributed from the supra-Mediterranean to the alpine level, with Potentilla crassinervia, Armeria leucocephala, Silene requienii, Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis. Supra-Mediterranean and montane communities have Amelanchier ovalis ssp. rhamnoides, cryomediterranean, subalpine and alpine communities have Festuca sardoa, Phyteuma serratum, Helechryssum frigidum, Aquilegia bernardii, Leucanthemum corsicum, Scabiosa corsica, upper alpine communities are characterized by the presence of Draba dubia, Asplenium viride, Draba loiseleurii, Erigeron paolii and the absence of thermophile species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U344","name":"Peri-Pyrenean montane siliceous cliffs","description":"Montane siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cévennes, the eastern and central Pyrenees and the Catalonian hills, with Asarina procumbens (Antirrhinum asarina), Sedum hirsutum, Centaurea pectinata, Sempervivum arvernense, Dianthus graniticus, Saxifraga clusii, Saxifraga hypnoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U345","name":"Western Iberian siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the meso-Mediterranean level of western Iberia, with Cheilanthes tinaei, Cheilanthes hispanica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U346","name":"West Mediterranean thermophile siliceous cliffs","description":"Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the thermo-Mediterranean, mesomediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean levels of Provence, Corsica and eastern Spain, mostly constituted by ferns, in particular, of genus Cheilanthes (including Cosentinia) in xeric sunny situations, of genera Asplenium and Polypodium in more shady locations, accompanied by species of genus Dianthus, in particular, Dianthus sylvestris ssp. siculus, Dianthus sylvestris ssp. godronianus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U347","name":"Bare Mediterranean siliceous inland cliff","description":"Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised Mediterranean chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U348","name":"Mediterranean disused siliceous quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities in the Mediterranean region"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U35","name":"Boreal and arctic base-rich inland cliff","description":"Vegetated cliffs on base-rich (not ultramafic or salt-sprayed) bedrocks across the boreal region, including Scotland, and maybe Iceland. They are often rich in ferns, crustose lichens and, in sunless, damp situations, particularly in more oceanic areas, bryophytes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U351","name":"Boreal calcareous cliff communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U352","name":"Boreal and arctic bare limestone inland cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised fissure communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U353","name":"Boreal and arctic disused chalk and limestone quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities on boreal and arctic base-rich inland cliff ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U36","name":"Temperate high-mountain base-rich inland cliff","description":"Calcareous or base-rich rock faces and crevices at high altitudes of European mountain ranges in the temperate region. The chasmophytes, dwarf and cushion-like chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes, and numerous fern species and bryophytes, are very well adapted to the extreme habitat conditions, like strong solar radiation, a low water content, high day/night and seasonal temperature fluctuations, strong winds, and the absence of snow cover protection. The soil is in general very poorly developed but can accumulate in crevices. Variation in the vascular flora is high across the continent, and due to geographical isolation and variety in site conditions, numerous relict, endemic, rare and protected species can be found on these cliffs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U361","name":"Central Pyrenean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and eastern Pyrenees, with Saxifraga media, Saxifraga longifolia, Saxifraga aretioides, Potentilla alchimilloides, Potentilla nivalis, Ramonda myconi, Asperula hirta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U362","name":"Liguro-Apennine calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime Alps and northern Apennines, with Saxifraga lingulata, Primula marginata, Primula allionii, Phyteuma charmelii, Phyteuma villarsii, Silene campanula, Potentilla saxifraga, Ballota frutescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U363","name":"Alpine and sub-mediterranean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and the Carpathians, of lesser satellite ranges and of sub-Mediterranean areas of the northern Tyrrhenian periphery. Dominant species include ferns Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium robertianum, vascular plants (e.g.Saxifragapaniculata) and mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3631","name":"Alpine calcareous cliff heliophile communities","description":"Well-lit calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and neighbouring regions, including upper Provence, upper Languedoc, the pre-Pyrenees and Corbières, the Catalonian mountains, with Potentilla caulescens, Potentilla clusiana, Potentilla nitida, Primula auricula, Hieracium humile, Cardaminopsis petraea, Androsace helvetica, Minuartia rupestris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3632","name":"Middle-European calcareous fern cliffs","description":"Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Alps and neighbouring regions, of the Carpathians, of the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the British Isles, with many ferns, including Cystopteris fragilis, Cystopteris regia, Asplenium viride, Asplenium scolopendrium, Asplenium trichomanes, andwith Carex brachystachys."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3633","name":"Carpathian calcareous cliff heliophile communities","description":"Rock-crack communities of sunny rock faces of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U364","name":"Temperate high-mountain bare limestone inland cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of the Temperate high-mountains of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised fissure communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U365","name":"Temperate high-mountain disused chalk and limestone quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities on  base-rich inland cliffs of temperate high-mountains ."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U37","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane base-rich inland cliff","description":"Calcareous or base-rich rock faces and crevices of the lowland to montane belts of European mountains in the temperate region. Though conditions are not so severe as at higher altitudes, plant species growing on these rocks are adapted to extreme habitat conditions, such as strong solar radiation, a low water content, strong fluctuations in day/night and seasonal temperature, strong winds, absence of snow cover, and poorly developed soil. Many endemic and rare species occur here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U371","name":"Illyrio-Helleno-Balkanic Potentilla cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides, the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains, formed by often narrowly endemic species of Illyro-Balkanic affinities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3711","name":"Helleno-Balkanic calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U37111","name":"Pelagonide calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliffs of the Pelagonides of northern Greece, the North Macedonia and of Albania, in particular of the Kapina, the Galicica, the Bistra, the Korab, the Jakupica, the Voras-Nidze, the Vermion, with Ramondia nathaliae, Campanula formanekiana, Alyssoides utriculata, Jurinea consanguinea, Micromeria cristata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U37112","name":"Rhodopide calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodope Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U371121","name":"Pirin calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Pirin and the Slavianka with Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale, Potentilla apennina ssp. stoianovii, Kernera saxatilis, Campanula cochlearifolia var. pirinica, Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi, Saxifraga luteoviridis, Papaver degenii, Aster alpinus var. dolomiticus, Brassica jordanoffii, Danthoniastrum compactum, Festuca pirinica, Sesleria rigida, Sesleria korabensis, Pinus heldreichii and, in the Slavianka, Viola delphinantha, Convolvulus boissieri."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U371122","name":"Rila calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rila, of very limited extent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U371123","name":"Rhodope calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodopes with Campanula orphanidea (Petkovia orphanidea), Saxifraga stribrnyi, Scabiosa rhodopensis, Sideritis scardica, Seseli rhodopeum, Haberlea rhodopensis, Morina persica, Trachelium jacquinii ssp. rumelianum (Trachelium rumelianum), Campanula lanata, Sesleria rigida, Ceterach officinarum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U37113","name":"Balkan Range calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U371131","name":"Balkan range ramonda cliffs","description":"Very rare and restricted Ramonda serbica communities of cliffs of the foothills of the western Balkan range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U371132","name":"Vrachansky karst chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Vrachaanska mountains in the western Balkan Range, developed around 1400 metres of altitude, with Festuca balcanica ssp. balcanica, Festuca xanthina, Achnatherum calamagrostis, Juniperus sabina, Daphne oleoides, Syringa vulgaris, Saxifraga rocheliana, Polygala murbeckii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3712","name":"Dinaro-Carpathian calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides and the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3713","name":"Moist Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Communities of humid cliffs of the northern Dinarides, subjected to tufa formation, with Carex brachystachys, Valeriana elongata, Aster bellidiastrum, Campanula cochlearifolia ssp. croatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3714","name":"Balkano-Illyrian shaded calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Dinarides and neighbouring regions, Balkano-Illyrian vicariant of the Cystopteridion communities of unit H2.6C, widespread at the montane beech level, with many ferns, including Cystopteris montana, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium trichomanes, and with Corydalis ochroleuca, Moehringia muscosa, Cardaminopsis croatica, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Campanula justiniana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U372","name":"Lowland middle European calcareous cliff communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the plains and hills of nemoral northern and middle Europe, very species-poor, usually occupying small surfaces within the environment of more extensive communities of units E1.1 or E1.29 of EUNIS 2012 (E1.29 now R1B5)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U373","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane bare limestone inland cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of the temperate lowland and montane zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised fissure communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3731","name":"Nemoral low altitude limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U374","name":"Temperate, lowland to montane disused chalk and limestone quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities on  base-rich inland cliffs of  temperate lowland and montane zones."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U38","name":"Mediterranean base-rich inland cliff","description":"Cliffs of limestone, calcareous conglomerates and other base-rich rocks in the lowlands to high mountains throughout the Mediterranean basin (excluding salt-sprayed coastal situations). They are characterized by a diverse flora of calcicole perennial vascular plants, often of rosulate, prostrate, succulent and cushion form, tussock grasses, small ferns, dwarf shrubs, shrubs and sometimes woody climbers and small trees, rooted in fissures and crevices. There are also bryophytes, lichens and epi- and endolithic micro-organisms. Towards the foothills and lowlands, the habitat is more prone to be affected by human disturbances, especially its species composition. High-mountain cliffs are usually well preserved, with a high degree of naturalness."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U381","name":"Tyrrheno-Adriatic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the mediterranean level of mainland Spain, of the Balaearics, of the thermo- and meso-mediterranean levels of mainland France, of Corsica and Sardinia, of peninsular Italy, of Sicily and associated islands, of the Adriatic coastal regions of the Balkan peninsula."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3811","name":"Petrarch-spleenwort cliffs","description":"Calcareous and dolomitic cliff and rock communities of the Mediterranean hills and mountains of Spain, from Catalonia to the Serrania de Ronda, and of the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean levels of the Balearics, the coastal chains of Provence and Bas-Languedoc, of the southern Cévennes, of Corsica and Sardinia, with Asplenium petrarchae, Phagnalon sordidum, Sarcocapnos enneaphylla, Biscutella frutescens, Hieracium stelligerum, Lavatera maritima, Campanula macrorhiza, Melica minuta, Melica bauhinii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3812","name":"Southeastern Iberian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the arid southeastern regions of Spain, with large shrubs; Scabiosa saxatilis, Teucrium buxifolium, Rhamnus lycioides ssp. borgiae are characteristic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3813","name":"Balearic calcareous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Balearics, with many endemics, including Brassica balearica and Helichrysum rupestre var. cambessedesii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3814","name":"Insular cabbage cliffs","description":"Calcareous rock communities of the mesomediterranean level of Corsica, Sardinia and Pantellaria, with Brassica insularis, Ruta graveolens, Stachys glutinosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38141","name":"West-Mediterranean polypode cliffs","description":"Cool, shaded calcareous cliff and rock communities of the west Mediterranean regions, formed mostly of bryophytes and ferns, including Polypodium cambricum ssp. australe (Polypodium australe), and with Selaginella denticulata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3815","name":"Sicilo-Italic Dianthus cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and mesomediterranean levels of Sicily, the Egadi Islands, the Maltese Islands, southern Calabria, southern Tyrrhenian Italy, rich in large subshrubby plants, with Dianthus rupicola, Iberis semperflorens, Lithodora rosmarinifolia, Antirrhinum siculum, Brassica rupestris, Brassica incana, Scabiosa limonifolia, Pimpinella anisoides, Seseli bocconi ssp. bocconi, Silene fruticosa, Asperula rupestris, Cymbalaria pubescens, Odontites bocconei, all of them endemic to these communities or having in them their area of greatest diffusion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3816","name":"Illyrian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean zone of northeastern Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Some of them grade into maritime cliff communities of unit N3241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38161","name":"Istrio-Triestine karst chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and northern Istria with Campanula pyramidalis, Cheiranthus cheiri, Teucrium flavum, Euphorbia wulfenii, Micromeria thymifolia, harbouring the very rare, threatened endemics Centaurea kartschiana and Moehringia tommasinii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381611","name":"Karst knapweed cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, with the very rare Triestine endemic Centaurea kartschiana, and with Erysimum cheiri (Cheiranthus cheiri), Campanula pyramidalis, Teucrium flavum, Sesleria juncifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381612","name":"Istrio-Triestine spurge cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and Slovenia, with Campanula pyramidalis, Micromeria thymifolia, Sesleria juncifolia, Teucrium flavum and Euphorbia wulfenii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381613","name":"Istrio-Triestine moehringia cliffs","description":"Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, southwestern Slovenia and extreme northwestern Croatia, in the Vena Mountains between Val Rosandra and Buzet, harbouring the rare, threatened Moehringia tommasinii, known from a very restricted number of stations within an exiguous region, one of them in Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38162","name":"Liburnian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the northern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit N3241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381621","name":"Dalmatian knapweed cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian islands of Rab and Pag with the endemic Centaurea dalmatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381622","name":"Austrian viper's grass cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian archipelago with Scorzonera austriaca, Sesleria juncifolia, Seseli pallasii, Alyssum robertianum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381623","name":"Liburnian meadow rue-bellflower cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern Velebit coast lands, with Campanula fenestrellata, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit N3241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38163","name":"Dalmatian chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the central Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit N3241."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381631","name":"Raguse knapweed cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with the endemic Centaurea ragusina and Convolvulus cneorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381632","name":"Moltkia cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern parts of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with Moltkia petraea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":7,"code":"U381633","name":"Centaurea cuspidata cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliffs of the southern Biokovo coastlands of central Dalmatia, with Inula spp., Centaurea cuspidata, Seseli tomentosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38164","name":"Vardean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the southern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit N3241, in particular, communities dominated by Putoria calabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38165","name":"Dalmatian fern-navelwort cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, widespread on rocks and man-made structures, with Umbilicus horizontalis and asplenioid ferns."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3817","name":"Ibero-montane cinquefoil cliffs","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38171","name":"Oro-Cantabrian calcareous cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Cantabrian Cordillera and a few other northwestern Iberian ranges, with Asperula hirta, Asplenium viride, Erinus alpinus, Globularia repens, Hypericum nummularium, Rhamnus pumilus, Saxifraga aretioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38172","name":"Baetic calcareous cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges of eastern Andalusia, with Linaria verticillata, Potentilla caulescens, Saxifraga camposii, Saxifraga erioblasta, Teucrium rotundifolium, Silene boryi."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38173","name":"Valencian calcareous cliffs","description":"Shady calcareous cliff and rock communities of Valencian mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U382","name":"Western mediterraneo-montane chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains, of the central Apennines and of the calcareous mountains of the large Tyrrhenian islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U383","name":"Hellenic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of mainland Greece and Albania, up to the Abies cephalonica belt, with Campanula versicolor, Campanula rupestris, Sideritis roeseri, Stachys candida, Hypericum vesiculosum, Asperula arcadiensis, Galium boryanum, Centaurea pelia, Alkanna graeca, Alyssum orientale, Linaria microcalyx, Onosma frutescens, Inula candida, Centranthus ruber, Silene congesta, Teucrium flavum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U384","name":"Aegeo-east-Mediterranean base-rich inland chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous rock communities of Crete, the Aegean archipelagoes, Cyprus, the Mediterranean coastlands of Anatolia and the Levant. They constitute one of the most diverse and endemic-rich groups of cliff communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3841","name":"Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of Crete, with Petromarula pinnata, Galium fruticosum, Centaurea argentea, Ebenus cretica, Verbascum arcturus (Celsia arcturus), Inula candida, Eryngium ternatum, Asperula incana, Dianthus juniperinus, Aster canus, Campanula pelviformis, Campanula saxatilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38411","name":"Western Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Relatively widespread cliff and chasm communities of the lowlands and hills of western and central Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38412","name":"Eastern Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of the arid lowlands and hills of eastern Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38413","name":"High-altitude Cretan chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and chasm communities of the high altitudes of Crete."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3842","name":"Karpathos chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of Karpathos, with Teucrium heliotropifolium, Silene fruticosa, Galium incurvum, Inula heterolepis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3843","name":"Eastern Aegean chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of Rhodes, Samos, Ikaria, Lesbos with Campanula hagielia, Lactuca leburnea, Dianthus rhodensis, Inula heterolepis, Rosularia serrata, Sedum creticum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3844","name":"Cyclades chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the Cyclades, with Fibigia lunarioides, Eryngium amorginum, Amaracus tournefortii, Campanula amorgina, Campanula heterophylla, Helichrysum amorginum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3845","name":"Northern Sporades chasmophyte communities","description":"Cliff and rock communities of the Sporades, with Inula sophiae, Capparis spinosa, Dianthus arboreus, Amaracus tournefortii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3846","name":"Cyprian chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone  cliff and rock communities of Cyprus, in particular,  cliffs and gorges of the Troodos range, limestone cliffs and pinnacles of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate rock-slopes of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38461","name":"Kyrenia chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Kyrenia range. Endemic plants include Delphinium caseyi, Brassica hilarionis and Arabis cypria of the Kythrean formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38462","name":"Troodos limestone chasmophyte communities","description":"Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":6,"code":"U38463","name":"Kythrean chasmophyte communities","description":"Calciphile cliff and rock crevice communities of the Kythrean formation, with several local endemics, including Hedysarum cyprium and Salvia veneris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U385","name":"Southern Hellenic Potentilla cliffs","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of the Peloponnese, Giona and Parnassus, with Silene auriculata, Achillea umbellata, Campanula rupicola, Saxifraga sibthorpii, Saxifraga marginata, Saxifraga spruneri, Minuartia stellata, Valeriana olenaea, Satureja parnassica, Rosa glutinosa, Viola poetica, Edraianthus parnassicus, Campanula aizoon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U386","name":"Central Hellenic Potentilla cliffs","description":"Calcareous and ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of the high altitudes of the central and northern Pindus and of the Thessalian Olympus system. Vegetation of the alliance Saxifragion scardici with species Saxifraga scardica, Saxifraga glabella, Campanula oreadum, Arabis bryoides, Potentilla deorum, and of alliance Galion dagenii with species Galium dagenii, Edraianthus graminifolius, Asplenium fissum, Aubrietea gracilis, Achillea clavennae, Satureja parnassica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U387","name":"Mediterranean bare limestone inland cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of theMediterranean region, harbouring specialised fissure communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3871","name":"Mediterranean mountain limestone cliffs","description":"Limestone rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean region, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U388","name":"Mediterraneo-Anatolian calcicolous chasmophyte communities","description":"Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the eastern Mediterranean hinterland and of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U389","name":"Mediterranean disused chalk and limestone quarries","description":"Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities on  base-rich inland Mediterranean cliffs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U39","name":"Boreal ultramafic inland cliff","description":"Ultramafic inland cliffs of the boreal zone. They are characterized by a boreal flora of seed plants and ferns adapted to the serpentine substrate with its distinctive mineral content and by bryophyte and lichen assemblages that are partly typical of calcareous habitats, though not forming any luxuriant cover here."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U391","name":"Boreal and arctic serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"Serpentine and basalt cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U392","name":"Boreal bare inland basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the boreal region, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3921","name":"Boreal high altitude basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of Boreal mountains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3922","name":"Boreal mountain basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the boreal region, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U3A","name":"Temperate ultramafic inland cliff","description":"Warmer south-facing cliffs of ultramafic rocks from the lowlands to the alpine belt of the temperate zone. They have an open cover of a distinctive crevice-rooting flora, mostly annuals, grasses and certain ferns, specialized for the mineral content of the shallow soils. The habitat supports some endemic plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3A1","name":"Tempearate bare inland basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the temperate zone, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3A11","name":"Temperate high altitude basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of temperate mountains"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3A12","name":"Temperate mountain basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the temperate zone, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3A13","name":"Nemoral low altitude basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3A2","name":"Temperate serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"Ultra-basic serpentinic rocks of the Balkan peninsula and Central Europe. They belong to the most dry and warm habitats. Typical species are Halacsya sendtneri, Potentilla mollis and ferns Asplenium cuneifolium, Notholaena marantae, Asplenium trichomanes. In high-mountain cliffs of southeast Europe Silene serbica, Jovibarba heuffelii var. kopaonikensis, Edraianthus jugoslavicus var. subalpinus, Festuca panciciana, Sedum serpentini occur. The frequency of endemic species is quite high."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U3B","name":"Mediterranean ultramafic inland cliff","description":"Ultramafic rocks and cliffs away from the coast in the Mediterranean have a very scattered distribution and sustain a sparse but highly distinctive flora of a few ferns, seed plants and cryptogams especially adapted for growing in the fissures and crevices of this specific substrate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3B1","name":"Aegeo-east-Mediterranean ultramafic chasmophyte communities","description":"Ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of Crete, the Aegean archipelagoes, Cyprus, the Mediterranean coastlands of Anatolia and the Levant. They constitute one of the most diverse and endemic-rich groups of cliff communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3B11","name":"Troodos serpentine chasmophyte communities","description":"Ophiolite cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range and the Akamas peninsula. Endemic plants include Alyssum troodi, Alyssum akamasicum, Alyssum chondrogynum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3B2","name":"Mediterranean bare inland basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U3B21","name":"Mediterranean basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs","description":"Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3B3","name":"Mediterranean serpentine and basaltic cliff communities","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U3C","name":"Macaronesian inland cliff","description":"Cliffs in Macaronesia away from coastal salt-spray with perennial vegetation of crevices and ledges. In some places, they are dominated by succulents, in others rich in ferns and bryophytes characteristic of shaded situations. They host several hundreds of taxa endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagoes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U3D","name":"Wet inland cliff","description":"Permanently wet cliffs in temperate and Mediterranean regions, in often highly localized situations, where rock and earth surfaces are kept wet by water trickles, spray splashing and a sunless orientation. The characteristic flora is dominated by shade and moisture-tolerant vascular plants, luxuriant ferns and bryophytes, and green and blue-green algae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3D1","name":"Mediterranean wet inland cliffs","description":"Wet inland cliffs of Mediterranean regions, with a specialised vegetation formed by Adiantum capillus-veneris, mosses, Borago pygmaea, Pinguicula grandiflora ssp. coenocantabrica, Pinguicula hirtiflora, Samolus valerandi, Hypericum hircinum, Dittrichia viscosa, Ficus carica, Blackstonia perfoliata, Carex distans and others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3D2","name":"Northern wet inland cliffs","description":"Wet inland cliffs of middle European hills and mountains. They are often colonised by unique plant assemblages, the components of which are, however, equally characteristic of other habitats; notable among such species are Saxifraga paniculata, Alchemilla glabra, Viola palustris, Phegopteris connectilis, Aurinia saxatilis, Dianthus nitidus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U3D3","name":"Illyrio-Helleno-Balkanic wet carbonate cliffs","description":"Wet cliffs, often with luxuriant vegetation. Typical plants are fern Adiantum capillus-veneris and mosses Eucladium verticillatum, Cratoneuron commutatum. On open wet rock algae are also frequent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U3E","name":"Limestone pavement","description":"Limestone pavements are landforms resulting from dissolution processes exerted on hard limestone tables probably formed by ancient glacial erosion and subsequent weathering. They occur in or around the Alps and the Apennines and in northern Atlantic and Baltic regions and comprise flat or sloping surfaces of limestone separated by a network of vertical fissures. The size, shape and regularity of the blocks vary according to the local character of the bedrock and the climate, and much of the surface is bare but slowly accumulating soil. The shelter of crevices provides a variety of situations for colonisation. Drought-resistant communities of cushions of bryophytes and lichens and fragments of dry tufted grasslands can occur in exposed situations, whereas there is a more luxuriant vegetation of ferns, herbs, shrubs and trees at sheltered sites. Wind and herbivores often curtail any surface spread. The composition of the flora contrasts markedly between the major areas of occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U4","name":"Snow or ice-dominated habitats","description":"High mountain zones and high latitude land masses occupied by glaciers or by perennial snow. They may be inhabited by algae and invertebrates"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U41","name":"Snow pack","description":"Accumulations of snow that do not flow, found mainly at high latitudes or altitudes, often in sunless situations like shady gorges or avalanche corridors, persistent within the limits of permanent snow but elsewhere susceptible to melting in hot summers, especially if the preceding snowfalls have been light. Some bryophytes can survive in such a habitat, an abundance of unicellular algae can colour the snow, and certain insects feed on material released by melting."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U42","name":"Ice cap and glacier","description":"Glaciers are permanent or near-permanent ice masses created by the compaction of the snow accumulated in cold climates. These deposits, when they are under pressure, behave like a viscous liquid. So, a glacier is a mobile element, because of its ability to slowly flow along a slope under the effect of gravity. Different types of glacier exist. Characteristic for the arctic regions, ice sheets and ice caps are dome-like ice masses unconstrained by topography. In the large mountain ranges, but also in the arctic regions, most glaciers are constrained by topography including cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, mountain glaciers and piedmont glaciers. The smallest form of glaciers is derived from snow-drifting, avalanches, or ice deposition in cold-bottom karst dolines, called glacierets. These small ice masses may have an existence limited to a few years."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U421","name":"Ice sheets and ice caps","description":"Dome-like ice masses unconstrained by topography, together with their outlet glaciers. They are characteristic of arctic regions. The largest ice sheet in the northern hemisphere is that of Greenland. Smaller ice sheets and ice caps occur in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, southern Norway, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and the islands of the De-Longa group."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U422","name":"Cirque and valley glaciers","description":"Glaciers constrained by topography, including cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, mountain glaciers, piedmont glaciers. They are characteristic, in particular, of the large mountain ranges of the Alpine system, occurring also in arctic regions, notably on Novaya Zemlya, in the subpolar and polar Urals, in the east Siberian mountains and, locally, in Iceland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U423","name":"Glacierets","description":"Small ice masses, permanent, or with an existence of a few years, derived in particular from snow-drifting, avalanches, or ice deposition in cold-bottom karst dolines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U43","name":"Rock glacier and unvegetated ice-dominated moraine","description":"Rock glaciers are a mixture of frozen rock detritus and ice of glacial or periglacial origin, forming a tongue-like mass which can flow very slowly under gravity found in extremely cold areas at high latitudes and altitudes in Europe. Ice-dominated moraines are masses of unconsolidated mineral debris found in the vicinity of retreating glaciers. Few organisms have the ability to colonize these particular habitats, because of the low temperatures and the mobility of the substrate, so the flora is limited to pioneer plants and lichens, occurring principally on the lateral and terminal borders of the detritus. Invertebrates increase with the developing vegetation cover."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U431","name":"Rock glaciers","description":"Glacier-like tongues of angular talus extending out from a cirque and slowly moving downslope under the effect of gravity and of underlying, fully covered, interstitial ice."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U432","name":"Ice-core moraines","description":"Fairly large ridges or mounds of morainic material containing buried ice, originating from till deposited on former glacier ice or from morainic material deposited on a snow bank, adjacent to the ice front."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U433","name":"Unvegetated glacial moraines in the process of formation","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U5","name":"Miscellaneous inland habitats usually with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Miscellaneous bare habitats, including glacial moraines, freeze-thaw features, inland sand dunes, burnt ground and trampled areas. Vegetation, if present, is dominated by algae, lichens or bryophytes, with vascular plants absent or very sparse"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U51","name":"Wind exposed Arctic and Boreal summits","description":"Wind exposed Arctic and Boreal summits occur on very exposed summits, ridges and slopes of mountains in the boreal and arctic zones. They are blown clear of snow in winter and have shallow stony soils, nutrient-poor and usually acidic, susceptible to freeze-thaw and sorting. The vegetation is determined by the strong winds and cold and dominated by bryophytes and fruticose lichens. The habitat is generally beyond the limit of pastoral farming but can be grazed by wild herbivores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U52","name":"Polar desert","description":"Polar desert is characterized by extreme low summer temperatures, low precipitation and shallow, usually base-rich soils over permafrost and flat or low undulating relief. The habitat is often totally bare or has at most a very sparse low cover of rosette plants growing among bryophytes and lichens. A light snow cover can encourage somewhat more extensive growth and areas with higher precipitation where reindeer graze and defaecate benefit from more moisture and nutrients."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U53","name":"Glacial moraines with very sparse or no vegetation","description":"Glacial moraines that have lost their ice and which have not yet revegetated. Excludes moraines where ice is still dominant (U43)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U531","name":"Unvegetated young glacial moraines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U532","name":"Sparsely vegetated glacial moraines","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U6","name":"Recent volcanic features","description":"Hard rock surfaces, rock jumbles, loose material deposits, soils, water bodies resulting from recent or present volcanic activity, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by specialised, relatively sparse herb or shrub-dominated communities"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U61","name":"Subarctic volcanic field","description":"This habitat comprises sparsely vegetated volcanic features such as active volcanos, recently formed lava streams, and older lava fields and rocks, as well as volcanic slopes and plains in the subarctic and arctic regions of Europe, mostly on Iceland and parts of Jan Mayen. The rock surfaces and volcanic soils are only slowly colonised, are nutrient-poor and subject to continuing effects of wind erosion and desiccation. Vascular plants and few and cryptogams are generally sparse but accumulating soil and deptressions benefiting from snow-lie may sustain more extensive vegetation"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U611","name":"Icelandic solfataras","description":"Fumaroles and solfataras of Iceland, surrounded by very sparse communities on warm, acid and clayey soils under a humid, warm microclimate, comprising Cyanophycea carpets in the immediate vicinity of the vent, hepatica belts farther out, first of the small Riccia bifurca and Fossombronia dumortieri, then of the more robust Preissiaquadrata, finally, vascular plant assemblies in which Ophioglossum azoricum, Sagina procumbens, Plantago major var. pygmaea are prominent. Vast expanses of sulphur-poisoned ground in the general vicinity of the solfataras are almost devoid of vegetation, with a few vascular plants in less poisoned areas, in particular, Achillea millefolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U612","name":"Subarctic barren lava fields and flows","description":"Hard or porous rocky surfaces and chaotic rock jumbles formed by solidified lava flows originating from volcanoes and fissures of subarctic regions, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by specialised, relatively sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities. Within Europe they are restricted to Iceland. A range of surface characteristics is presented by lava of differing composition, viscosity and gas content, including pahoehoe or ropy lava, aa, scoria, pumice and pillow lava. A gradient of increasing acidity and viscosity extends from basalts through andesites and dacites to rhyolites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U6121","name":"Barren Icelandic lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of Iceland devoid of vegetation or sparsely vegetated by algae, lichens and mosses, which constitute the first stage of colonisation, with covers of up to 20-40%. The main constituents of the vegetation are the lichens Stereocaulon vesubianum, Stereocaulon alpinum, Stereocaulon arcticum, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cladonia pyxidata, Lecidea spp., Lecanora spp. and the mosses Grimmia spp., Andreaea rupestris, Andreaea obovata, Racomitrium canescens, Polytrichum spp. accompanied by a very few vascular plants, including Festuca richardsonii, Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus, Poa subcaerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U613","name":"Subarctic volcanic ash and lapilli fields","description":"Exposed deposits of pyroclastic rocks, fragmental volcanic material blown into the atmosphere by explosive activity, including ash, lapilli, bombs, peles hair, or of detritic pumice and scoriae, together with the pioneer assemblies of specialised species that may colonize them of the subarctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U62","name":"Mediterranean, Macaronesian and temperate volcanic field","description":"Sparsely vegetated volcanic areas of Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions, comprising mostly recently deposited volcanic scoriae (tephra), lava flows or orifices in volcanic areas emitting hot gases and vapours in Italy and the Canary Islands. Intense solar radiation, remarkable daily temperature variations, long-lasting snow-cover and mechanical disturbances caused by strong winds are usual conditions for this habitat type. Large areas are completely unvegetated or only covered by some bryophytes and lichens or a scattered and, on fragmentary soils, a discontinuous cover of a few, vascular plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U621","name":"Italian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of the major area of active volcanism of the western Mediterranean basins, located on the Italian peninsula and its small islands, in particular those of Isola d'Ischia, with communities that include Cyperus polystachyos; other gas vent manifestations of the same region of volcanism are listed in the next two sections."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U622","name":"Sicilian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of Sicily and its nearshore islands, in particular of Mount Etna and the Lipari islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U623","name":"Pantelleria fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of Pantelleria. Their walls, mouth and immediate vicinity are colonized by a succession of microvegetation composed of bryophytes, ferns and a few angiosperms. Constituting plants include the endemic moss Calymperes sommieri, sole Mediterranean representative of a tropical genus, as well as Radiola linoides, Kickxiacirrhosa, Trifolium angustifolium, Centauriummaritimum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U624","name":"Macaronesian fumaroles","description":"Fumaroles of the Canary Islands and the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U625","name":"East Mediterranean fumaroles and solfataras","description":"Fumaroles and solfataras of the areas of active volcanism of the eastern Mediterranean basins, in particular, of the Aegean and the Levantine Sea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U626","name":"Peri-Alpine fumaroles, solfataras and mofettes","description":"Gas vents, fumaroles, solfataras, mofettes, related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, and, notably, the Eastern Carpathians, the Jura, the Dinarides, the Hellenides, the Hercynian ranges, the Iberian mountains, the Atlas, the Taurus. Included in particular are the extensive mofette systems of Bohemia and of the mountains constituting the Bohemian Quadrangle, in particular, those of the bogs of Soos, in the Cheb district of western Bohemia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U627","name":"Western Asian fumaroles and solfataras","description":"Gas vents, fumaroles, solfataras, mofettes of the Caucasus and of western Asian mountains and plateaux, in particular, of the slopes of the Nemrut Dag in Turkey and of the Damavand and Taftan in Iran."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U628","name":"Teide violet community","description":"Summital zone of the Teide volcano of Tenerife, above (2700) 3000 metres, colonized by very open communities of Viola cheiranthifolia, Silene nocteolens and Argyranthemumteneriffae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U629","name":"Etna summital communities","description":"Summital zone of Mount Etna, above the level of hedgehog heaths, between 2500 metres and the summit, where a very dispersed pioneer community is formed by endemics, notably Rumex aetnensis, Senecio aetnensis, Anthemis aetnensis, Hypochoeris robertia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U62A","name":"Western Asian orovolcanic communities","description":"Summital zone of very high volcanoes of western Asia, in particular, of Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, with Polygonum radicosum, Crepis demavendi, Artemisia melanolipis, Carex pseudofoetida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U62B","name":"Mediterranean, Macaronesian and temperate barren lava fields and flows","description":"Hard or porous rocky surfaces and chaotic rock jumbles formed by solidified lava flows originating from volcanoes and fissures of Macaronesia and the Mediterranean bassin, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by specialised, relatively sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities. A range of surface characteristics is presented by lava of differing composition, viscosity and gas content, including pahoehoe or ropy lava, aa, scoria, pumice and pillow lava. A gradient of increasing acidity and viscosity extends from basalts through andesites and dacites to rhyolites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U62B1","name":"Barren Macaronesian lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants. Barren lava fields of Fuerteventura, Lobos and Lanzarote are the main habitat of the endemic and vulnerable Canary Shrew, Crocidura canariensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":5,"code":"U62B2","name":"Barren Tethyan lava flows","description":"Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the volcanoes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens, notably Stereocaulon vesubianum, or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":4,"code":"U62C","name":"Mediterranean, Macaronesian and temperate volcanic ash and lapilli fields","description":"Exposed deposits of pyroclastic rocks, fragmental volcanic material blown into the atmosphere by explosive activity, including ash, lapilli, bombs, peles hair, or of detritic pumice and scoriae, together with the pioneer assemblies of specialised species that may colonize them in the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":2,"code":"U7","name":"Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated gravel bars","description":"These habitats with the accumulation of gravel, sand or silt are typical of wandering or braided river systems. They develop on rivers with significant variation in discharge and are maintained by torrents that regularly disturb or rearrange river banks and bring new sediments. They occur in mountainous areas from glacial river floodplains in the alpine belt to broad floodplains in the piedmonts and from boreal to Mediterranean Europe. The erosion–accumulation processes and fluctuating water level, including periods of submersion, cause spatio-temporal heterogeneity resulting in a mosaic of different successional stages ranging from very sparse pioneer vegetation to more closed stands of forbs and graminoids with scattered shrubs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U71","name":"Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated gravel bars in montane and alpine regions","description":"Bare or sparsely vegetated streambeds and banks are distributed in all high mountain ranges and their foothills in temperate and boreal Europe. The habitat is highly dynamic due to periodical floods and a considerable variation in speed and intensity of the water current. The sediment includes mainly gravel deposits poor in organic material and nutrients. These gravel deposits are covered by sparse pioneer vegetation with several specialised plant species. Succession leads to willow scrub, but in the river systems with natural dynamics, the next flood causes disturbance of the shrubby stages and returns succession to an early stage. The habitat also includes periodically exposed gravelly shores of mountain lakes. Species composition of this habitat varies with elevation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"sparsely vegetated","level":3,"code":"U72","name":"Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated gravel bars in the Mediterranean region","description":"This habitat includes silt, sandy and gravel banks and shores in the Mediterranean region in which sediments are exposed in summer and redeposited by winter floods. It occurs both in the channels of intermittently flowing rivers and on the bottoms or at the edges of lakes. Where vegetation develops, it includes plants tolerant of either extremely dry or very wet conditions, often pioneer and nitrophilous species, both annual and perennial. The occurrence of particular species also depends on the physical and chemical character of the debris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":1}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":2}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":4}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"man-made","level":3}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":1,"code":"Q","name":"Wetlands","description":"Wetlands, with the water table at or above ground level for at least half of the year, dominated by herbaceous or ericoid vegetation. Includes inland saltmarshes and waterlogged habitats where the groundwater is frozen. Excludes the water body and rock structure of springs (C2.1 of EUNIS 2012) and waterlogged habitats dominated by trees or large shrubs (S93, T15, T16, T3K, T3L). Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q1","name":"Raised and blanket bogs","description":"Peatlands formed by ombrotrophic acid peat, which is (or was while actively growing) capable of growth fed by rainfall rather than by the inflow of water from higher ground in the vicinity"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q11","name":"Raised bog","description":"The mire surface and underlying peat of highly oligotrophic, strongly acidic peatlands with a raised centre from which water drains towards the edges. The peat is composed mainly of sphagnum remains. Raised bogs form on nearly flat ground and are ombrotrophic, i.e. derive moisture and nutrients only from rainfall. Raised bog complexes include larger and smaller bog pools, lawns, elevated hummocks and their associated vegetation. Raised bogs form only in cool climates with high rainfall, and they are most widespread in the boreal zone and in the mountains and hills of the temperate zone; they also occur locally in the lowlands of the temperate zone. They are characteristic of lowlands and hills of northwestern and northern Europe, the adjacent Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and the Carpathians. Bogs harbour, in addition to sphagna (Sphagnum fuscum, S. magellanicum aggr., S. majus), which are often abundant, a small number of dwarf shrubs such as Andromeda polifolia, Rhododendron tomentosum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, and sedges such as Carex magellanica, Carex pauciflora, Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum, non-sphagnaceous bryophytes and lichens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q111","name":"Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs","description":"Undisturbed, or little disturbed, peat-forming bogs, often taking the shape of a convex lens. Such intact or nearly intact systems have become very rare or even exceptional. They are composed of a number of communities, which form and occupy the topological features of the bog. These communities are interrelated and function as a unit (part of complex X04), so that they cannot be regarded as separate subhabitats; their presence and combination, however, characterizes the various types of bogs. The subunits thus contribute to a description of individual bog systems. Vegetation of alliances Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi, Sphagnion medii and Sphagnion cuspidati. Typical species in the herb layer Eriophorum vaginatum, Oxycoccus palustris, Vaccinium spp.; in the moss layer dominance of genus Sphagnum spp., e.g. Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum palustre and Sphagnum magellanicum among others."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1111","name":"Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns","description":"Vegetation of the higher parts of the plateau of Palaearctic bogs and of its drier, marginal slope. Intact, typical, raised bogs of northern, lowland and low montane central and eastern Europe display an alternance of well-marked sphagnum hummocks, colonized or not, especially in their drier upper part, by small shrubs, lower, wetter, flat lawns and wet hollows or schlenken. Sphagnum hummocks with no, or few, shrubs are listed in unit Q11111, sphagnum hummocks, or parts of them, colonized by shrubs in unit Q11113, lawns in unit Q11112. In bogs under strong oceanic influence, in high-altitude bogs, in bogs subjected to minerotrophic influences or anthropogenic degradation, a sparse cover of shrubs or tussock-forming graminoids may become ubiquitous and the distinction between hummock and lawn, or even between hummock, lawn and hollow, blurred, in bogs that are often somewhat intermediate towards blanket bogs. Such communities are listed in units Q11114 to Q11116, as well as in Q1114 and in Q1121; in some of them sphagna may be scarce or replaced by bryopsid mosses. Well-defined sphagnum hummocks of unit Q11111 may nevertheless develop in conjunction with them. The dominance role is played by deergrass, Scirpus cespitosus, in montane central European bogs, or parts of bogs listed in unit Q11114. In Atlantic bogs listed in unit Q11115 it is played by Erica tetralix. Somewhat degraded bogs, in particular, bogs affected by anthropozoogenic influences in Atlantic climates, may be overwhelmingly dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum, usually with complete blurring of the structure. They are listed in unit Q11116. More severely degraded bogs, invaded by Molinia caerulea, are listed in unit Q1121. The highly distinctive shrub and sphagnum or shrub and moss hummocks bog expanses of the montane, rapidly dessicating, bogs of the boreal and subarctic zones are listed in unit Q1114 Sphagnum hummocks forming in acidic fens (units D2.2 in EUNIS 2012 now split in Q22, Q23, Q24), transition mires (unit Q25) or, sometimes, rich fens (unit D4.1 of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q41, Q42, Q43, Q44), are also indicated by codes of units Q11111 or Q11113."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11111","name":"Colourful Sphagnum hummocks (bulten)","description":"Cushiony domes or buttes of Palaearctic bogs, mainly made of red, yellow or brown sphagna, with other mosses, in particular, Campylopus pyriformis (Campylopus fragilis var. pyriformis), liverworts, including Odontoschisma sphagni, Mylia anomala, lichens (Cladonia spp., Cladina spp.), Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Droserarotundifolia, and a small admixture of vascular plants characteristic of the lawn, such as Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex pauciflora, Scirpuscespitosus, or of dwarf shrub hummocks, in particular, Callunavulgaris, Ledum palustre, Erica tetralix, communities which are, in any case, usually closely associated with these."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111111","name":"Sphagnum magellanicum hummocks","description":"Bog hummocks formed by the swollen-leaved, brownish or greenish-red Sphagnum magellanicum, characteristic of suboceanic bogs, notably of bogs of the Danish archipelago, of sub-Atlantic Scandinavia in southeastern Norway and western Sweden, of northern Central Europe, of the southeastern Baltic lowlands, of the middle European Hercynian ranges, from the Ardennes, the Central Massif, the Vosges, the Black Forest east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the northern pre-Alpine plateaux and the Alps south to the southern Alps, of Amurland, also reported from the subalpine level of the Altai."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111112","name":"Sphagnum fuscum hummocks","description":"Shiny brown Sphagnum fuscum hummocks, dense, usually low and wide, characteristic of bogs of subcontinental boreal Europe from southeastern Norway, central and eastern Sweden eastwards, of continental boreal Europe and western Siberia, of Kamchatka, of Sakhalin, of nemoral Central Europe and of boreonemoral Eastern Europe, of the Alps and the Carpathians, occasionally prominent in more western, more Atlantic, bogs, in particular, in the British Isles, also occurring as ombrotrophic bog hummocks within acidic or neutrocline mires of the same regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111113","name":"Sphagnum rubellum hummock wreaths","description":"Dark red Sphagnum rubellum (Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum) communities often encircling the bases of Sphagnum magellanicum or Sphagnum fuscum hummocks of nemoral European bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111114","name":"Sphagnum rubellum hummocks","description":"Hummocks of western Palaearctic bogs, mostly characteristic of Atlantic to sub-Atlantic nemoral bogs, recorded, in particular, from Jutland and southwestern Norway, the British Isles, the eastern Netherlands, eastern and southeastern Belgium, France, Germany and the Alps, dominated by Sphagnum rubellum (Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111115","name":"Sphagnum imbricatum hummocks","description":"Often tall, large, dense hummocks of European bogs formed by the large, orange-gold Sphagnum imbricatum, limited to undisturbed bogs in areas of strong maritime influence, in particular, in the British Isles, southwestern Sweden, Hercynian Belgium, northwestern Germany, formerly common, today rare and increasingly so."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111116","name":"Sphagnum papillosum hummocks","description":"Low hummocks of olive-brown or ocre Sphagnum papillosum, formed mostly in bogs of western and northern Europe, in particular, of the British Isles, Denmark, northwestern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium. Outside of bogs, Sphagnum papillosum hummocks may form in a variety of mires, particularly in Atlantic regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111117","name":"Sphagnum capillifolium hummocks","description":"Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by the reddish Sphagnum capillifolium (Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium), known, in particular, from the southeastern Baltic coastal regions, from higher levels of the western and central European Hercynian ranges, from the Alps and from the Pyrenees."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111118","name":"Sphagnum angustifolium hummocks","description":"Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by Sphagnum angustifolium, recorded, in particular, from northeastern Europe and France."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11112","name":"Bog cottonsedge-Sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases","description":"Communities dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum and sphagna, in particular, green or yellow Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum recurvum (Sphagnum apiculatum, Sphagnum fallax), Sphagnum pulchrum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum balticum, Sphagnum tenellum, also Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum fuscum and others, constituting extensive carpets or lawns, or, sometimes with a lesser prominence of Eriophorum vaginatum, forming in the transition zone between hollows and hummocks of Palaearctic bogs; Drosera rotundifolia, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos are often common."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111121","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum tenellum lawns","description":"Communities of bog lawns and of areas intermediate between hollows and hummocks in which often small loose cushions of Sphagnum tenellum dominate the ground layer, usually in association with Sphagnum balticum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, and with an emergent layer of Eriophorum vaginatum, characteristic, in particular, of Finland, the southeastern Baltic coastlands, also recorded from Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111122","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum pulchrum lawns","description":"Hollow-side and lawn communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by the bright orange Sphagnum pulchrum associated with Eriophorum vaginatum, recorded, in particular, from northwestern Central Europe, Ireland and western Britain."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111123","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum papillosum lawns","description":"Lawns and hummock-to-hollow transition communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Sphagnum papillosum associated with Eriophorum vaginatum, most characteristic of maritime and submaritime regions of the western and eastern Palaearctic, often constituting the dominant lawn community in Atlantic and sub-Atlantic bogs of nemoral Europe. Erica tetralix is a usual member of the community in western regions; when its cover exceeds that of Eriophorum vaginatum the stands should be listed under unit D1.1115. In boreal Europe Sphagnum papillosum carpets are more characteristic of minerotrophic acidic fens than of bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111124","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum capillifolium lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum capillifolium (Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111125","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum recurvum lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum recurvum, often highly prevalent in moderately wet bogs of nemoral Central Europe and Hercynian Western Europe. In boreal Europe, Sphagnum recurvum communities are mostly limited to fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111126","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum fuscum lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum fuscum characteristic of subcontinental Fennoscandia, from eastern Sweden eastwards, of the eastern Baltic bog province of western Russia, of the Eastern Carpathians, of western Siberia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111127","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum rubellum lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum rubellum (Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum) characteristic of relatively maritime climates, recorded, in particular, from southeastern Norway, western Sweden and the Danish archipelago, where Sphagnum balticum is a frequent accompanier, and from the Central Massif of France, where Sphagnum magellanicum is an associate."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111128","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum balticum lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum balticum characteristic of bogs of the nemoral region, in particular, of large areas of Sweden, of Finland, the Baltic States, Russia, western Siberia. Accompaniers include Scirpus cespitosus, Eriophorum russeolum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum tenellum, Sphagnum lindbergii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111129","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum angustifolium lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum angustifolium characteristic of northeastern Europe and eastern Fennoscandia, mostly distributed in northern Karelia, the Lake and Bothnian gulf regions of Finland, rare in Sweden."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q11112A","name":"Eriophorum-Sphagnum magellanicum lawns","description":"Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum associated with Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum rubellum, sometimes accompanied by Sphagnum tenellum, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum fuscum or Sphagnum warnstorfii, characteristic, in particular, of the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, Norway and southern Sweden, of the northern and southern Alpine piedmont, of the Eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11113","name":"Dwarf shrub hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub communities, mostly ericaceous, forming on the top of drying hummocks of bogs of the nemoral, boreonemoral, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic, often with the moss Polytrichum strictum, sometimes colonizing sphagnum hummocks forming in fens of the same regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111131","name":"Ling dwarf shrub hummocks","description":"Calluna vulgaris-dominated shrub hummocks, widespread in the nemoral and boreal zones of the western Palaearctic region, east to the Carpathians and western Siberia, south to the Alpine piedmont and the Pyrenees, most characteristic of Central European and sub-Atlantic Scandinavian bogs, in which Calluna vulgaris is often the only dominant hummock shrub."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111132","name":"Cross-leaved heather shrub hummocks","description":"Erica tetralix-dominated communities characteristic of the shrub hummocks of Atlantic bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111133","name":"Crowberry shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of lowland or low montane Northern Europe, of Western Europe, of lowland Central Europe, the Baltic region, the Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Northern Carpathians dominated by Empetrum nigrum or, in boreal regions, in mountains and in eastern Central Europe, Empetrum hermaphroditum, characteristic of suboceanic climates, of drier, taller hummocks or of slightly more mineral-influenced bogs of Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111134","name":"Vaccinium shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic lowland or low montane boreal Europe, of the European Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and their periphery, dominated by ericoid shrubs of genus Vaccinium, mostly Vaccinium uliginosum, also Vaccinium vitis-idaea or Vaccinium myrtillus, locally, in particular, in Scandinavia and the Alps, associated with Betula nana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111135","name":"Labrador tea shrub hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks of boreonemoral, sub-boreal, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic dominated by Ledum palustre, most characteristic of subcontinental regions of the southeastern Baltic hinterland, from eastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to boreonemoral Russia, and of the southern boreal Far East of Kamchatcka and northern Sakhalin, often marking tall hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111136","name":"Bog myrtle hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks dominated by Myrica gale, of local occurrence in nemoral Atlantic bogs, or by Myrica tomentosa in the southern boreal Pacific Far East."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111137","name":"Dwarf birch hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub hummock communities of nemoral Europe and of the lowland and hill bogs of boreal Europe, west to Fennoscandia and the Baltic States, dominated by, or rich in, Betula nana. In nemoral Europe they are limited to isolated enclaves on hills of the Germano-Baltic plains and to rare stations within the greater Hercynian ranges and the Alps, where they represent relict outposts of the communities of unit D1.114, with which they share, in particular, besides Betula nana, Vaccinium microcarpum, Rubus chamaemorus, Chamaedaphne calyculata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111138","name":"Cloudberry hummocks","description":"Dwarf shrub hummock communities of subcontinental and continental, lowland or low montane boreal and boreonemoral Europe dominated by, or rich in, Rubus chamaemorus, associated with Calluna vulgaris or with Empetrum hermaphroditum, Ledum palustre, Chamaedaphne calyculata, characteristic, in particular, of eastern Fennoscandia, the southeastern and eastern Baltic regions, Russia, with outposts in the eastern Hercynian ranges, in the Giant Mountains."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":7,"code":"Q111139","name":"Leatherleaf hummocks","description":"Shrub hummocks dominated by Chamaedaphne calyculata, main shrub hummock type of the continental parts of the boreal and boreonemoral Palaearctic, in European Russia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, with outposts in Baltic regions and the eastern Hercynian ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11114","name":"Bog deergrass communities","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-dominated bogs or parts of bogs, mostly characteristic of the subalpine level of Hercynian, pre-Alpine and Alpine ranges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11115","name":"Bog Erica-Sphagnum communities","description":"Bogs or parts of bogs dominated by Erica tetralix and Sphagnum papillosum, characteristic of raised bog systems of Atlantic regions, particularly the British Isles, the low countries, northwestern Germany."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11116","name":"Raised bog species-poor cottonsedge communities","description":"Bogs or parts of bogs overwhelmingly dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum, with a strongly impoverished species cortège, in particular, with very few sphagna, characteristic of degraded and, in particular, grazed, bog systems of Atlantic regions, notably of the Pennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1112","name":"Raised bog hollows (schlenken)","description":"Temporarily or permanently rainwater-filled depressions of bogs, occupied by communities similar to those of larger intermediate mires of units Q223 or Q25H."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11121","name":"Sphagnum schlenken","description":"Constantly submerged hollows carpeted by floating or bottom-hugging mats of often bright green sphagna, in particular, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum majus (Sphagnum dusenii), Sphagnum balticum, sometimes accompanied by bryopsid mosses, in particular, Drepanocladus fluitans, Lophozia inflata, and with a vascular cortège that may typically be dominated by Rhynchospora alba, Scheuchzeria palustris, Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata or Carex limosa, and include Carex paupercula, Carex pauciflora, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Andromeda polifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11122","name":"Mud-bottom schlenken","description":"Temporarily inundated shallow hollows, usually dominated by an often sparse cover of Rhynchospora alba, with Rhynchospora fusca, Scheuchzeria palustris, Drosera intermedia, Lycopodiella inundata, sometimes dominated by Eriophorum angustifolium or Eriophorum vaginatum, with a ground cover almost devoid of sphagna and often reduced to algae, in particular, the conjugate Zygogonium ericetorum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1113","name":"Raised bog seeps and soaks","description":"Paths of water runoff carving the marginal slope of the bog, carrying water from the centre to the lagg. They are in part colonized by intermediate mire or acid fen vegetation of units Q22 - Q25."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11131","name":"Bog asphodel seeps","description":"Narthecium ossifragum colonies in seep rivulets, mostly characteristic of western bogs."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q11132","name":"Bog myrtle soaks","description":"Myrica gale thickets of Atlantic raised bog soaks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1114","name":"Boreoalpine dwarf-shrub hummocks on raised bogs","description":"Communities of the boreoalpine, subalpine, arctoalpine and northern lowland regions of Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Kola peninsula and the Urals formed by hummocks, banks or plateaux of sphagna or of bryopsid mosses associated with small shrubs, particularly Betula nana, also Empetrum hermaphroditum, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, accompanied by Vaccinium oxycoccos, Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex nigra. They may associate with depressions occupied by lawn, hollow or mud bottom communities; they are prone to a rapid desiccation. They show affinities with blanket bogs of unit Q12, in particular, with upland blanket bogs of unit Q122 and northern boreal blanket bogs of unit Q123."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q112","name":"Damaged, inactive bogs","description":"Raised bogs subject to drying up or affected by mining (peat extraction), locally with very high anthropogenic pressure. Phragments of alliance Sphagnion, with species composition similar to unit D1.11, but impoverished by lack of many characteristic species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1121","name":"Damaged, inactive bogs, dominated by dense Molinia","description":"Drying, mowed or burned bogs invaded by Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1122","name":"Drained raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1123","name":"Ditched raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q113","name":"Condensation mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q114","name":"Myrica gale scrub on raised bogs","description":"Myrica gale thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q115","name":"Wet bare peat and peat haggs on raised bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q12","name":"Blanket bog","description":"The mire surface and underlying peat of ombrotrophic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. The mire surface may on flatter ground be very similar to that of a raised bog, with a complex of small pools and terrestrial hummocks. Blanket bogs are a habitat of northwestern Europe, characteristic of the western and northern British Isles, the Faeroe Islands and the western seaboard of Scandinavia with small outliers in France, Portugal and Spain. They often cover extensive areas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities. Sphagna (Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum tenellum) play an important role in all of them, accompanied by Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Molinia caerulea, Narthecium ossifragum, Schoenus nigricans and Trichophorum cespitosum. Blanket bog complexes include dystrophic pools and acidic flushes as well as the mire surface."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q121","name":"Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant Trichophorum","description":"Hyper-Atlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, Cumberland, northern Wales and Devon, developed under very high rainfall climates. The main vascular plants are [Molinia caerulea], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Rhynchospora alba], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Carex panicea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Potentilla erecta], [Polygala serpyllifolia], [Pinguicula lusitanica], [Drosera rotundifolia]. The colourful mucinal layer comprises the black and crimson liverwort [Pleurozia purpurea], the black and gold moss [Campylopus atrovirens], the wooly fringe moss [Racomitrium lanuginosum]; it is often dominated by sphagna ([Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens]), or, particularly in parts of western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits ([Zygogonium])."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1211","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog plateaux","description":"Deep-peat lawn and hummock communities of blanket bog expanses of western Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, the Lake District, northern Wales and Devon, composed of graminoids, ericoid shrubs and sphagna, forming extensive, relatively featureless, fairly flat or gently undulating, tracts with a fine-grained alternation of dominance among species or, on bogs with stronger surface undulations, better defined hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1212","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog Sphagnum carpets","description":"Waterlogged pool edges and bog surfaces of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs marked by a scarcity of graminoids and shrubs, and a resulting physiognomic prominence of the sphagna, Sphagnum magellanicum or Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum palustre, at times, particularly in Ireland, with Zygogonium algae deposits, often with Drosera anglica, Drosera rotundifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1213","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog Trichophorum cespitosum heaths","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-Erica tetralix wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit D1.111. Sphagna are less prominent in the ground layer with, in particular, a lesser prominence of Sphagnum papillosum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1214","name":"Western Irish Drosera intermedia flush communities","description":"Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying slope areas submitted to surface water movement and shallow hollows, rich in Drosera intermedia, with Riccardia pinguis, Rhynchospora fusca or Carex limosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1215","name":"Western Irish Juncus bulbosus flush communities","description":"Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying shallow drainage channels and shallow pools, rich in Juncus bulbosus, Eleocharis multicaulis and Carex panicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1216","name":"Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog hollows and pools","description":"Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit Q11121 or by other communities of the Scheuchzerietalia palustris (unit Q25H), communities of the Caricetalia fuscae (unit D2.2 of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q22, Q23, Q24), of the Utricularietaliaintermedio-minoris (units C1.26, C1.45 of EUNIS 2012), of the Littorelletalia (unit C3.41 of EUNIS 2012) or of the Potamogetonetalia (units C1.24, C1.34, C1.43 of EUNIS 2012)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q122","name":"Montane blanket bogs, Calluna and Eriophorum vaginatum often dominant","description":"Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and mountains in Scotland, Ireland, western England and Wales. Characteristic species are Eriophorum vaginatum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Rubus chamaemorus, Narthecium ossifragum, Scirpus cespitosus, Drosera rotundifolia, Racomitrium lanuginosum and abundant sphagnum mosses. Some of their communities show affinities with the boreoalpine hummocks of unit Q1114."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1221","name":"Hiberno-Britannic Eriophorum-Calluna blanket bogs","description":"Lawn and hummock communities of upland blanket bog expanses of Britain and Ireland, mostly distributed in the Scottish Highlands, the Southern Uplands, the Pennines, the Lake District, Wales, in Orkney, in northern, western, southwestern and upland eastern Ireland, dominated by an admixture of Eriophorum vaginatum and ericoid shrubs, with a varying amount of sphagna and hypnoid mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1222","name":"Britannic Eriophorum vaginatum blanket bogs","description":"Species-poor upland blanket bog lawn communities of the Pennines overwhelmingly dominated by an open or closed canopy of low Eriophorumvaginatum tussocks, with few ericoid shrubs and a sparse and patchy ground cover in which sphagna are scarce; the most common vascular associates are usually Eriophorum angustifolium and Deschampsia flexuosa. They are characteristic of heavily grazed and burned expanses of blanket bog."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1223","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog Sphagnum mats","description":"Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum imbricatum, Sphagnum fuscum carpets and hummocks of the cottonsedge-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the moorlands of the Scottish Borders."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1224","name":"Hiberno-Britannic dwarf shrub- Eriophorum upland bogs","description":"Dwarf shrub-rich facies of Hiberno-Britannic upland cottongrass-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the eastern Scottish Highlands, with an abundance of Empetrum hermaphroditum, Empetrum nigrum, Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus and Sphagnum fuscum, with particularly close affinities to the boreoalpine hummocks of unit Q1114."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1225","name":"Hiberno-Britannic Racomitriumlanuginosum upland bog hummocks","description":"Lawn and hummock communities of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs dominated by Racomitrium lanuginosum, mostly characteristic of eroded or dried surfaces."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1226","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog wet heaths","description":"Erica tetralix or, at lower altitudes, Scirpus cespitosus-Erica tetralix wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit Q1221. Eriophorum vaginatum is less prominent in the sward, and sphagna sparser in the ground cover, while shrubs, Juncus squarrosus and Nardus stricta are more vigorous or commoner."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1227","name":"Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog hollows and pools","description":"Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit Q11121 or by other communities of the Scheuchzerietalia palustris (unit D3.H), communities of the Caricetalia fuscae (unit D2.2 of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q22, Q23, Q24), of the Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris (units C1.15, C1.26, C1.45 of EUNIS 2012), of the Littorelletalia (unit C3.41 of EUNIS 2012) or of the Potamogetonetalia (units C1.13, C1.24, C1.34, C1.43 of EUNIS 2012). Pools and hollows are less prominent in these blanket bogs than in the western blanket bogs of unit Q121."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q123","name":"Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs","description":"Blanket bogs of oceanic southern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway from Rogaland, in the south, north to the Arctic Circle, and in the Faeroe Islands, characterised by the dominance of Calluna-Racomitrium and Calluna-Sphagnum rubellum communities. Additionally, blanket bogs of oceanic northern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway, from southern Nordland to central Troms, characterised by the dominance of Calluna-Empetrum-Sphagnum fuscum communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1231","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic Eriophorum - Calluna bogs","description":"Main bog-surface and hummock communities of southern boreal blanket bogs dominated by Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum and Sphagnum rubellum, with Erica tetralix, Rubus chamaemorus, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum magellanicum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1232","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic Calluna - Racomitrium lanuginosum moss bogs","description":"Bog-surface and hummock communities characteristic of the southernmost southern boreal blanket bogs, in nemoral extreme southern Norway, oceanic southern boreal extreme western Norway, north to southern Tr”ndelag, and in the Faeroe Islands, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, with Cornus suecica, Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Dicranum elongatum, Grimmia hypnoides, Cladonia sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1233","name":"Southern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities","description":"Vegetation of bog hollows on southern boreal blanket bogs formed by Sphagnum cuspidatum and Sphagnum tenellum, with Rhynchospora alba, Scheuchzeria palustris, Drosera anglica, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda polifolia, Carex limosa, Eriophorum vaginatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1234","name":"Northern boreo-Atlantic Calluna - Empetrum - Sphagnum fuscum blanket bogs","description":"Bog-surface and hummock communities of the northern boreal blanket bogs dominated by Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum spp., Vaccinium uliginosum and Sphagnum fuscum with Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium microcarpum, Drosera rotundifolia, Betula nana, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia sylvatica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q1235","name":"Northern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities","description":"Hollow vegetation of northern boreal blanket bogs formed by Sphagnum majus, with Rhynchospora alba, Scheuchzeria palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda polifolia, Carex limosa, Scirpus cespitosus, Drepanocladus fluitans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q124","name":"Wet bare peat and peat haggs on blanket bogs","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q13","name":"Ombrotrophic percolation mire","description":"Dome-shaped Sphagnum mire only fed by precipitation, which in contrast to bogs in other parts of the world have slightly humified and highly permeable peat over its total depth. So far only described from the Kolchis area of Georgia. Dominated by Sphagnum papillosum, S. imbricatum and S. palustre, vascular plants include Molinia caerulea, Rhynchospora alba, R. caucasica, Rhododendron ponticum, R. luteum, Vaccinium arctostaphyllos and Drosera rotundifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q2","name":"Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires","description":"Weakly to strongly acid peatlands, flushes and vegetated rafts formed in situations where they receive water from the surrounding landscape or are intermediate between land and water. Included are quaking bogs and vegetated non-calcareous springs. Excluded are calcareous fens (Q4), and reedbeds (C3, D5 of EUNIS 2012)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q21","name":"Oceanic valley mire","description":"Topogenous wetlands in which the peat-forming vegetation depends on water draining from the surrounding landscape. Most valley mires are habitat complexes including poor fens, transition mires and pools. Acid valley mires often have vegetation resembling that of bogs, especially in those parts relatively distant from flowing water. Basic and neutral valley mires support mainly poor-fen vegetation, but in large mire systems, this is accompanied by acid wet grassland, large sedges and reeds. Sphagnum hummocks form locally, and transition mires or littoral and spring communities colonize small depressions. Excluded are rich-fen valley mires."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q211","name":"Acid valley mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q212","name":"Basic and neutral valley mires","description":"No description available."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q22","name":"Poor fen","description":"This type of mire, fed by a throughput of acid, nutrient-poor groundwater occurs in a variety of topographic situations (around upland springs, in the laggs of raised bogs, in forest hollows and among infertile fen-grassland complexes) throughout the siliceous landscapes of temperate Europe, particularly in the north. There is a continuous surface carpet of oligotrophic sphagna and small sedges and an associated flora of mire generalists characteristic of less minerotrophic situations. Surface patterning is usually very limited but, towards the boreal regions, there can be a gentle hummock-hollow pattern with scattered trees in drier areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q221","name":"Eriophorum scheuchzeri fens","description":"Swards of Eriophorum scheuchzeri of Palaearctic boreal fens and of acidic lake shores in the Alps and the eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2211","name":"Alpide cottonsedge lake girdles","description":"Almost pure swards of Eriophorum scheuchzeri fringing small, cold, acidic lakes above the tree limit in the Alps and the Eastern Carpathians. They are related to both the boreal communities of unit Q2212 and to the arctoboreal marsh-fens of unit Q45B1."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2212","name":"Boreal Eriophorum scheuchzeri fens","description":"Eriophorum scheuchzeri-dominated fen swards of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of subalpine to middle alpine levels of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by Eriophorum scheuchzeri associated with a continuous brown moss carpet mostly of Drepanocladus exannulatus, with Philonotis fontana, occupying often snow-patch covered, waterlogged substrates. Carex lachenalii is characteristic in Fennoscandia; the vascular plant cortège may also include Calamagrostis stricta, Cardamine pratensis, Carex bigelowii, Deschampsia cespitosa, Equisetum arvense, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus biglumis, Koenigia islandica, Omalotheca supina (Gnaphalium supinum), Poa pratensis, Ranunculus reptans, Salix herbacea, Saxifraga stellaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q222","name":"Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of middle Europe, the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and northern Iberia, rich in Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata, often accompanied by Eriophorum angustifolium and Juncus spp., with a muscinal layer of brown mosses, sphagna or both."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2221","name":"Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the Alps, the Alpine periphery and the greater Hercynian ranges, including the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Central Massif."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22211","name":"Subalpine black sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and Alpine periphery, including the greater Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, occupying wet gentle slopes and plateaux where melt water lingers or encircling small lakes on the landward, usually emerged, side of the Eriophorum scheuchzeri girdle. The sward is formed by Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata, Juncus filiformis variously accompanied by Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex magellanica, Carex lachenalii, Carex norvegica, Carex panicea, Carex demissa, Phleum alpinum, Agrostis canina, Viola palustris, Parnassia palustris, Pedicularis palustris; the moss layer is formed by Scapania paludosa, Paludella squarrosa, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Drepanocladus revolvens, Drepanocladus intermedius, Calliergon stramineum, Calliergon sarmentosum, Willemetia stipitata, Sphagnum recurvum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22212","name":"Central Alpine tall bog sedge fens","description":"Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the central Alps dominated by Carex magellanica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2222","name":"Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of lowland, collinar and montane areas of western and northern Central Europe, excluding the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula, extending eastward in the Baltic plain to Lithuania. Carex nigra, Carex canescens and Carex echinata are always represented, often accompanied by dispersed Carex rostrata. Rushes, Juncus filiformis, Juncus articulatus, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus effusus, may be numerous, often marking the transition towards humid grasslands of the Molinietalia, the moss layer is formed by Sphagnum apiculatum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum recurvum and Polytrichum commune in the more oligotrophic, acidic sites, by brown mosses Drepanocladus fluitans, Calliergon stramineum, Calliergon cuspidatum, in more mesotrophic situations. Other characteristic species include Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea, Pedicularis palustris, Viola palustris, Parnassia palustris, Comarum palustre, Drosera rotundifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata, Ranunculus flammula and Willemetia stipitata. Included in this unit are the extensive peatlands of Hercynian valley fens, often invaded by rushes, and with characters both of the transition mires and of the humid grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22221","name":"Sub-Atlantic Carex acidic fens","description":"Sedge-dominated acidic fen formations in which Carex canescens, accompanied by Agrostis canina, is often the most abundant, with a brown moss layer that can sometimes be very partial; Carex nigra, Carex echinata and Carex magellanica facies also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22222","name":"Sub-Atlantic Carex-Juncus acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen formations in which Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata and sometimes Carex rostrata are accompanied by, and sometimes dominated by, abundant rushes, in particular Juncus filiformis and Juncus acutiflorus, and with a pleurocarpic moss layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22223","name":"Sub-Atlantic Carex-Sphagnum fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata and Carex rostrata, generallywith Eriophorum angustifolium and Eriophorum vaginatum. These very wet formations are closely related to transition mires."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22224","name":"Sub-Atlantic Carex - Juncus - Sphagnum fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex echinata, Carex rostrata and abundant rushes, in particular Juncus filiformis and Juncus acutiflorus, generally with Eriophorum angustifolium and Eriophorum vaginatum. These formations are often related to wet grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22225","name":"Sub-Atlantic Agrostis - Sphagnum fens","description":"Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by Agrostis canina ssp. stolonifera, often with Carex rostrata or Eriophorum angustifolium; the muscinal layer being usually formed by Sphagnum recurvum with Polytrichum commune."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2223","name":"British black-white-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Acidic sphagnum fens of the British Isles in which the herbaceous sward is formed by Carex echinata, Carex canescens, Carex nigra or Carex rostrata and sometimes Juncus effusus, Juncus acutiflorus or Nardus stricta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2224","name":"Pyrenean black sedge acidic fens","description":"Carex acidic fens of the Pyrenees, mostly dominated by Carex nigra, with Carex echinata or Carex panicea, very similar to those of the Alps, in particular to the floristically rather impoverished southwestern Alpine communities, sometimes dominated by Carex rostrata, with Carex canescens (Carex curta) or Carex echinata and Agrostis canina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2225","name":"Iberian black sedge acidic fens","description":"Carex nigra ssp. carpetana-dominated communities of acid infra-aquatic peat mires of the montane and subalpine levels of the Cordillera Cantabrica and of the cryo-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2226","name":"Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fens of the mountains and hills forming the basin of the middle and lower Danube system, and of adjacent regions, in particular of the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the mountains of the southeastern Balkan peninsula, the Moravian hills, with an herbaceous sward formed by Carex echinata, Carex canescens, Carex dacica (Carex nigra ssp. dacica) or Carex rostrata and sometimes Juncus effusus, Juncus acutiflorus or Nardus stricta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22261","name":"Carpathian black-white-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Carex dacica (Carex nigra ssp. dacica) formations developed in the eumesotrophic and acidic fens of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22262","name":"Dinaric black-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the high mountains of the Dinarides with Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Drosera rotundifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22263","name":"Rhodopide black-star sedge acidic fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Rhodopide system, including the western Rhodopes and Vitosha."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22264","name":"Peri-Pannonic black-white-star sedge fens","description":"Acidic fens of Central European affinities of the mountains and hills of the Pannonic basin and its rim."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q223","name":"Trichophorum cespitosum and Narthecium ossifragum acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities dominated by Scirpus cespitosus and/or Narthecium ossifragum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2231","name":"Perialpine deergrass acidic fens","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-dominated communities of subalpine and alpine fens of the Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Bohemian Quadrangle, generally installed on somewhat drier ground than the Caricetum fuscae and providing the transition between it and the wetter fringe of the Nardus grasslands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2232","name":"Pyrenean deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-dominated formations of acidic fens of the Pyrenees, often, particularly in the west, rich in Narthecium ossifragum, and with Carex frigida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2233","name":"Cantabrian deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Subalpine formations of the Cordillera Cantabrica, and, very locally, of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Cordillera Central, dominated by Scirpus cespitosus and Narthecium ossifragum, usually forming an outer fringe to the Caricetum carpetani, on somewhat less wet ground. Among companion species are Carex echinata, Carex fusca, Carex binervis, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica tetralix."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2234","name":"Middle European deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens","description":"Communities of lowland and collinar middle European eu-Atlantic or sub-Atlantic acidic fens dominated by Scirpus cespitosus or Nartheciumossifragum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q224","name":"Eriophorum angustifolium fens","description":"Eriophorum angustifolium-dominated swards of usually very wet sites within acidic fens of nemoral Europe, generally with a sphagnum carpet, formed, in particular, by Sphagnum cuspidatum; they are closely similar to, and may merge into, Eriophorum-Sphagnum floating carpets of unit D2.38. Several Carex species may be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q225","name":"Dunal sedge acidic fens","description":"Formations of Carex nigra, Carex trinervis, Carex x timmiana, Juncus anceps, Juncus subnodulosus and introduced Vaccinium macrocarpum, restricted to wet, peaty, acidified dune slacks of the North Sea coast of France and the Netherlands and of the Dutch and German North Sea islands. This unit is related to N1H3 and N1J3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q226","name":"Boreal acidic Sphagnum fens","description":"Oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic acidic and acidocline fen communities of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreoalpine regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Scirpus cespitosus, Molinia caerulea, or various sedges, in particular, Carex bigelowii (Carex rigida), Carex rotundata, Carex magellanica, Carex rariflora, Carex rostrata, Carex limosa, Carex pauciflora, Carex lasiocarpa, associated with sphagnum carpets formed by, in particular, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum balticum, Sphagnum lindbergii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2261","name":"Boreal Eriophorum vaginatum - sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum, with a ground layer formed by sphagna, notably Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum papillosum. The very reduced species cortège may include Andromeda polifolia, Carex pauciflora, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22611","name":"Eriophorum vaginatum-Carex pauciflora sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of most of Fennoscandia, dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex pauciflora, with a ground layer dominated by Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum angustifolium, accompanied by Sphagnum papillosum, and sometimes hummocks of Sphagnum fuscum; Andromeda polifolia, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos or Carex pauciflora may be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22612","name":"Eriophorum vaginatum -Trichophorum cespitosum-Sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by Scirpus cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum) and Eriophorum vaginatum, with a ground layer dominated by Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum compactum or Sphagnum balticum, with Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum rubellum, Sphagnum tenellum; the species cortège includes Andromeda polifolia, Drosera rotundifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata, Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Carex pauciflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22613","name":"Boreal stiff sedge-Sphagnum fens","description":"Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of boreal mountains of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of the lower alpine zone of western and northern boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by Carex bigelowii, with a lawn formed of an often continuous sphagnum-dominated carpet of Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum balticum and Calliergon sarmentosum; the scanty species cortège includes Salix herbacea, sometimes also Betula nana, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Rubus chamaemorus, Eriophorum angustifolium. These communities usually cover small surfaces, notably of hollows, of nutrient deficient substrates, often encroaching on snow-patch communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2262","name":"Boreal Molinia caerulea-Trichophorum cespitosum fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by Molinia caerulea, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), with a continuous sphagnum-dominated ground layer."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22621","name":"Boreal Molinia caerulea-Trichophorum cespitosum-Sphagnum fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic, in particular, of the mountains of Fennoscandia, of central Finland, southern Sweden and Denmark, and of the Faeroe Islands, dominated by Molinia caerulea, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Narthecium ossifragum with Myrica gale, with a sphagnum carpet mainly of Sphagnum papillosum and Sphagnum compactum; These communities occur on strings and, in mountainous areas, in mire margins and along soaks. The species cortège includes, among others, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Selaginella selaginoides, Viola palustris, Calliergon stramineum, Drepanocladus badius. Communities of the Faeroe Islands lack Sphagnum compactum and Myrica gale; they may be dominated by Eriophorum angustifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22622","name":"Boreal Molinia caerulea-Trichophorum cespitosum-brown moss-Sphagnum fens","description":"Fen lawn communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Molinia caerulea, with Myrica gale and Carex lasiocarpa, and a sphagnum and brown moss carpet mainly of Sphagnum papillosum, accompanied by Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum imbricatum, Sphagnum plumulosum, Sphagnum subfulvum, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Calliergon sarmentosum, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus badius. The species cortège, which typically comprises some rich fen species, may include Andromeda polifolia, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex dioica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Selaginella selaginoides, Tofieldia pusilla, Eriophorum vaginatum, Phragmites australis, Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2263","name":"Boreoalpine Sphagnum lindbergii mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by Sphagnum lindbergii and a field layer dominated by sedges of Carex spp., Scirpus cespitosus or Eriophorum spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22631","name":"Sedge and cottongrass boreoalpine Sphagnum lindbergii mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by Sphagnum lindbergii and/or Sphagnum majus with a field layer dominated by any of several Cyperaceae, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex limosa, Carex pauciflora, Carex rariflora, Carex rostrata, Carex rotundata, Carex magellanica or Eriophorum angustifolium, occupying sites in slightly inclined or flat fens with nutrient deficient, low pH stagnant waters. Vascular accompanying species may include Andromeda polifolia, Rubus chamaemorus, Carex aquatilis; the bryophyte cortège includes Caliergon stramineum, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Gymnocolea inflata, Sphagnum annulatum, Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum riparium, Sphagnum tenellum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q22632","name":"Trichophorum cespitosum boreoalpine  Sphagnum lindbergii  mires","description":"Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by Sphagnum lindbergii and a field layer dominated by Scirpus cespitosus, occupying sites within a wide nutrient range, the deergrass being especially abundant in rich fen situations. Accompanying species that may occur with varying frequency include sedges, Carex limosa, Carex pauciflora, Carex rariflora, Carex rotundata, Eriophorum vaginatum, which may dominate or codominate, and dicots, Andromeda polifolia, Betula nana, Drosera rotundifolia, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium microcarpum; the bryophyte cortège includes Caliergon stramineum, Drepanocladus badius, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum tenellum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q227","name":"Myrica gale scrub on poor fens","description":"Myrica gale thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q228","name":"Caucasian acidic fens","description":"Carex dacica (Carex nigra ssp. dacica) acidic fens of the northwestern Caucasus, with Primula auriculata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q23","name":"Relict mire of Mediterranean mountains","description":"Oligo- to mesotrophic mire occurring on the waterlogged margins of glacial lakes and around streams in the montane and subalpine belts of the Spanish Sierra Nevada, Corsica, and the western Balkan Peninsula (and also the High Atlas of Morocco). It develops on blankets of thin peat over siliceous bedrocks, kept constantly wet and cool (covered by snow in the high Balkan mountains for much of the year) and providing a splash of green in prevailingly dry landscapes. The vegetation is dominated by small sedges or graminoids often with distinctive endemic and relict species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q231","name":"Balkanic black-star sedge fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the western and central Balkan Range, with Carex nigra, Carex stellulata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Pinguicula vulgaris, Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum rubellum, Soldanella alpina, Dactylorhiza cordigera, Leucorchis albida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q232","name":"Moeso-Macedonian black-star sedge fens","description":"Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the Waldbergen of west Serbia (Tara, Zeljin, Kopaonic) and of the Ostrozum and Vlasina of east Serbia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q233","name":"Apennine acidic fens","description":"Rare infra-aquatic acidic peat mire communities of the Apennines south to the Sila, with Carex nigra, Carex echinata and Carex panicea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q234","name":"Carex intricata pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)","description":"Oro-Mediterranean Carex intricata (Carex nigra ssp. intricata)-dominated formations of the Sierra Nevada, Corsica, the Nebrodi and North Africa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2341","name":"Nevadan Borreguile fens","description":"Formations occupying permanently waterlogged peaty soils of glacial depressions and edges of their small lakes, and also waterholes in Nardus grasslands, at the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, dominated by Carex intricata, with Carex echinata, Eleocharis uniglumis, Viola palustris, Cerastium cerastoides, Veronica repens and Sierra Nevadan endemics Ranunculus alismoides, Festuca frigida, Pinguicula nevadensis, Leontodon microcephalus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2342","name":"Corsican intricated sedge pozzines","description":"Peaty swards surrounding waterholes, in particular, glacial lakes, in the subalpine level of Corsica, dominated by Carex intricata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2343","name":"Nebrodi pozzines","description":"Isolated Carex intricata stations of Mount San Fratello in the Nebrodi mountains of Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q235","name":"Corsican deergrass fens","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-dominated formations of subalpine pozzines of Corsica, mostly confined to the edge of rivulets."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q236","name":"Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region, the Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian and north eastern Greek mountains. Floristically relatively rich communities dominated by sedge Carex nigra var. macedonica (= C. macedonica). The Balkan tertiary-relict endemic species Narthecium scardicum, Calicocorsus stipitatus (= Willemetia stipitata), Pinguicula balcanica and Pseudorchis frivaldii may also be present."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2361","name":"Pelagonide fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the mountains of the North Macedonia and northern Greece dominated by sedges or bog asphodels (Narthecium)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q23611","name":"Pelagonide bog-asphodel fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Sar-Planina and the Korab in the North Macedonia with Carex serotina, Carex sempervirens, Nardus stricta, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula leptoceras."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q23612","name":"Pelagonide Macedonian sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Jakupica and Bistra ranges of the North Macedonia, and of the Varnous and Voras ranges of northern Greece, dominated by Carex macedonica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2362","name":"Montenegrine willemetia fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Bjelasica in Montenegro with Carex nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium, Willemetia stipitata f. balcanica, Barbarea balcana."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2363","name":"Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens","description":"Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region with Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Carex flava, Eriophorum angustifolium, Agrostis canina, Rhynchospora alba, similar to Central European black-white-star sedge fen communities with an enrichment in Rhynchospora alba."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q237","name":"Mediterranean and Central Eurasian small sedge fens","description":"Usually rare and isolated small sedge (e.g. Carex flava, Carex echinata) rich fens of the high mountains of the eastern Mediterranean, the Euxinian periphery, Anatolia, central Eurasia, developed around springs, rivulets and seeps on limestones and ultra-basic rocks, in particular, ophiolites. Characteristic plants often include butterworts, sometimes of very restricted distribution, in particular, Pinguicula hirtiflora, Pinguicula balcanica, Pinguicula crystallina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q24","name":"Intermediate fen and soft-water spring mire","description":"These weakly acidic minerotrophic mires occur on peat fed from upper catchments by diffuse seepage of non-calcareous groundwater discharged via springs. They occur widely throughout temperate Europe, though at higher altitudes in the warmer south. The vegetation is typically dominated by a carpet of brown mosses and minerotrophic sphagna, small sedges and associated herbs, though generally without rich-fen indicators, and sometimes with drier hummocks on which sub-shrubs and occasional trees can be found."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q241","name":"Soft water spring mires","description":"Spring mires of acid or neutral, oligotrophic to eutrophic non-calcareous springs. The specialised spring communities belong to the various associations of the Montio-Cardaminetea. The associated swamp communities belong to the Caricetalia fuscae and may be found in unit D2.22 of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q22, Q23, Q24. The hydrophilous mosses Bryum schleicheri, Philonotis fontana, Pellia epiphylla, Brachythecium rivulare and vascular plants Cardamine amara, Cardamine acris, Rumex balcanicus, Saxifraga stellaris, Montia rivularis among others are the dominant species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2411","name":"Soft water bryophyte springs","description":"Spring communities of lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by bryophytes, mostly characteristic of northern upland and high montane, alpine or subalpine levels, also locally of well-lit lowland sites."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24111","name":"Montane soft water moss springs","description":"Spring communities of montane, sometimes collinar, lowland or subalpine, well-lit, lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by mosses, in particular, Philonotis fontana, with Epilobium nutans, Epilobium obscurum, Epilobium palustre, Epilobium parviflorum, Montia fontana, Stellaria alsine, Galium uliginosum, Ranunculus repens, Veronica beccabunga, Equisetum fluviatile."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24112","name":"Philonotis - Saxifraga stellaris springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine, arctoalpine, and sometimes upland, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the northern Palaearctic mountains and hills, of the Alpine system and of the great Hercynian ranges, mostly dominated by Philonotis seriata, Bryum schleicheri or, in the north and west, Philonotis fontana, with a vascular species cortège marked by arcto-alpine species, among which Saxifraga stellaris is usually prominent. Somewhat intermediate between the communities of unit Q24111 and those of units Q24113 and Q24114, they extend to relatively low upland regions in northern Europe, in the British isles, and, as glacial relicts, in the Hercynian ranges and their periphery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24113","name":"Pohlia springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by light green mosses of genus Pohlia, in particular, Pohlia wahlenbergii (Mniobryum albicans), Pohlia ludwigii, with a sparse, arctoalpine vascular species cortège."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24114","name":"Boreoalpine soft water hepatic springs","description":"Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, sometimes montane, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by leafy hepatics of genera Scapania, Marsupella, Jungermannia, Nardia, with a vascular species cortège rich in arctoalpine species, characteristic of the higher altitudes of the Alpine system, of neighbouring high ranges and of northern mountains, descending locally to lower altitudes, in particular, in Hercynian regions and in northern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24115","name":"Britannic Anthelia springs","description":"Spring communities of Atlantic montane or collinar well-lit, lime-poor, cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Anthelia julacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24116","name":"Boreal meadow springs","description":"Bryophyte-rich communities of lime-poor cold springs of the subalpine and alpine zones of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia and of Iceland, characterized by a greater abundance of tall herbs than in the communities of units Q24112 to Q24115, in particular, of units Q24112 and Q24113, to which they are closely related, with a resulting lesser prominence of the moss carpet, dominated by Pohlia wahlenbergii ssp. glacialis (Pohlia albicans f. glacialis) or Philonotis fontana. The communities of this unit may grade into Potentilla crantzii-Bistorta vivipara communities of unit R4126 and moist Dryas heaths of unit S2283."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24117","name":"Soft water lichen springs","description":"Bryophyte and encrusting lichen communities of lime-poor, often intermittent, springs of the high-alpine level of Palaearctic mountains of the Alpine system, formed by the lichen Dermatocarpon rivulorum and the mosses Brachythecium glaciale, Schistidium rivulare."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q24118","name":"Permafrost seeps","description":"Bryophyte and small herb communities of shallow depressions filled by thaw water in permafrost areas, in particular, of Spitzbergen, constituted by the mosses Calliergon sarmentosum, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Drepanocladus uncinatus, Aulacomnium palustre, Philonotis tomentella, Bryum pallens, Oncophorus wahlenbergii, and by Ranunculus hyperboreus, Ranunculus sulphureus, Saxifraga foliolosa, Saxifraga rivularis, Saxifraga cernua, Cardamine nymanii, Phippsia algida, Alopecurus alpinus, Luzula confusa, Equisetum boreale."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2412","name":"Bittercress springs","description":"Spring communities of mostly collinar and montane, shaded waters poor in lime of the Palaearctic domaine, with Ranunculus hederaceus, Cardamine amara, Cardamine flexuosa, Cardamine raphanifolia, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Saxifraga clusii ssp. lepismigena, ranging southwest to the Cordillera Cantabrica."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2413","name":"Oro-Mediterranean soft water spring mires","description":"Soft water spring and rivulet communities of the high altitudes of the mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q25","name":"Non-calcareous quaking mire","description":"This habitat develops by terrestrialisation of open water through the outgrowth of sodden floating rafts of vegetation and accumulating peat from the margins of acidic lakes and ponds, the whole forming a flat quaking surface. It is widely distributed through Europe, though usually highly localised, with the largest areas reported from the Nordic countries. On the matted carpets of sedges and other vascular plants typical of minerotrophic situations, sphagna, other mosses and often abundant liverworts develop, thicker stretches sometimes forming irregular ombrotrophic hummocks. The main threat for such mires is drainage, leading quickly and often irreversibly to the development of other habitats, like poor fens. Quaking areas in percolation mires (which have a much higher species richness) need a very long time to regenerate after rewetting if the regulatory mechanism of the peat body has been destroyed by drainage."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q251","name":"Carex lasiocarpa swards","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by the medium sized Carex lasiocarpa, associated with either sphagna or pleurocarps and often accompanied by Eriophorum gracile, Menyanthes trifoliata, usually forming floating meadows. Vegetation of alliance Caricetum lasiocarpae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2511","name":"Brown moss slender-sedge swards","description":"Basicline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex lasiocarpa associated with Scorpidium scorpioides and other pleurocarps, and with charophytes. Among characteristic accompanying species are Pedicularis palustris and Liparis loeselii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2512","name":"Sphagnum slender-sedge swards","description":"Acidocline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex lasiocarpa associated with sphagna (Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum lindbergii, Sphagnum pulchrum, Sphagnum balticum, Sphagnum dusenii, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum riparium, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum flexuosum, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum auriculatum) and Polytrichum commune. Characteristic accompanying species include Carex rostrata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Equisetum fluviatile, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza sphagnicola, Comarum palustre, Vaccinium oxycoccos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2513","name":"Brown moss-sphagnum slender-sedge swards","description":"Mesotrophic quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly characteristic of the boreal region, dominated by Carex lasiocarpa associated with sphagna and brown mosses, in particular with the mesotrophic species Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum contortum, Drepanocladus revolvens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q252","name":"Carex diandra quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex diandra in association with Carex lasiocarpa, Carex appropinquata, Carex limosa, Carex lepidocarpa, Eriophorum gracile, Eriophorum angustifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Comarum palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Pedicularis palustris and an abundance of bryophytes, including the pleurocarps Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus intermedius and the liverwort Riccardia pinguis, usually forming open swards. These mires are an important habitat for the threatened Liparis loeselii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q253","name":"Carex rostrata quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by Carex rostrata or, in western Siberia, Carex rotundata, on sphagnum or, sometimes, pleurocarp carpets, usually constituting sparse low formations. They extend south to the mountains of the Caucasus. Vegetation of alliance Caricetum rostratae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2531","name":"Acidocline bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by mats of acidophilous sphagna with a usually low, open growth of Carex rostrata, accompanied by Carex nigra, Carex canescens, Carex limosa, Vaccinium oxycoccos; the main sphagna are Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum flexuosum, Sphagnum riparium, Sphagnum obtusum, Sphagnum dusenii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2532","name":"Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by Carex rostrata with basiphilous sphagna or pleurocarps."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q25321","name":"Basicline sphagnum-bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex rostrata accompanied by basiphilous sphagna, Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum squarrosum. They are most characteristic of boreal regions, restricted at lower latitudes to the montane to subalpine belts."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q25322","name":"Brown moss-bottle sedge quaking mires","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by Carex rostrata with brown mosses, in particular, Calliergon cuspidatum, Calliergon giganteum, Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Drepanocladus revolvens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q254","name":"Carex limosa swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex limosa, with brown mosses and sphagna, forming low floating or quaking swards."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2541","name":"Brown moss-mud sedge swards","description":"Basicline Carex limosa swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with Carex lasiocarpa, Carex lepidocarpa, Eriophorum gracile and a rich bryophyte cortège formed by the mosses Scorpidium scorpioides, Drepanocladus revolvens, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergon trifarium, Calliergon stramineum, Campylium stellatum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, the liverwort Riccardia pinguis, and occasionally sphagna. Scheuchzeria palustris or Liparis loeselii may be present. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities occur in the depressions of rich fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2542","name":"Sphagnum-mud sedge swards","description":"Acidocline Carex limosa swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with Scheuchzeria palustris, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera anglica, Menyanthes trifoliata and the sphagna Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum imbricatum, Sphagnum papillosum and Menyanthes trifoliata. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities, and notably Scheuchzeria palustris, occur in deep hollows of bogs (unit D1.1121), with Rhynchospora alba and Carex pauciflora and often without Carex limosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2543","name":"Boreal mud sedge swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of northern Finland, forming in flarks and rimpis of aapa mires, composed of a sparse field layer dominated by Carex limosa and Scheuchzeria palustris and a continuous ground layer of Sphagnum annulatum, Sphagnum balticum, Sphagnum lindbergii, Sphagnum majus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q255","name":"Carex chordorrhiza swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex chordorrhiza, forming short to medium-tall, usually inundated, swards, predominantly boreal, distributed in Fennoscandia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Siberia and, very locally, in Scotland, with a disjunct area of occurrence in Central Europe, in pre-Alpine, eastern Hercynian and eastern Carpathian regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q256","name":"Carex heleonastes swards","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex heleonastes, often associated with Meesia triquetra, forming short to medium-tall swards, of local distribution in transition mires and in bog hollows of peri-Alpine and northern European areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q257","name":"Rhynchospora alba quaking bogs","description":"Rhynchospora alba-rich formations of transition mires of the Palaearctic domaine, with Drosera anglica, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Carex limosa, Carex rostrata, Sphagnum recurvum and sometimes with Eleocharis quinqueflora, Eriophorum latifolium, Andromeda polifolia or Scheuchzeria palustris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q258","name":"Sphagnum and Eriophorum rafts","description":"Transition mire communities formed by floating, sometimes drifting, carpets of sphagna, in particular, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum auriculatum (Sphagnum obesum) or of sphagna and Eriophorum angustifolium. They may constitute fairly large transition mire communities in permanent heath pools, periglacial palsas, large raised bog and blanket bog pools and in former peat extraction holes. They often succeed the communities of unit D2.39 in the colonization process. They have an appearance that ranges from low, barely emerging sphagnum mats to fairly dense cottonsedge beds. Drosera rotundifolia is often abundant. The sphagnum and common cottongrass communities are an important habitat for the threatened bog orchid Hammarbya paludosa."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q259","name":"Menyanthes trifoliata and Potentilla palustris rafts","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by the association of forbs, in particular Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris (Comarum palustre), Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Cicuta virosa, and sphagna or brown mosses, often in floating carpets, occupying wet areas in mire systems or the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies. The community is clearly structured into three layers. Potentilla palustris (Comarum palustre) dominates in the highest one, the second layer is dominated by Carex rostrata and Menyanthes trifoliata, and the third layer is composed of Sphagnum spp."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2591","name":"Boreo-nemoral bog bean and marsh cinquefoil rafts","description":"Pioneering floating carpets of the boreal Palaearctic and of the nemoral Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and sub-Continental Palaearctic, constituted by Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris (Comarum palustre), Hydrocotyle vulgaris, often with Equisetum fluviatile, Carex rostrata, Cicuta virosa, sphagna such as Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum majus, Sphagnum riparium, Sphagnum squarrosum, or brown mosses, in particular, Drepanocladus exannulatus, forming, in mire systems and the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies, a transition between aquatic or amphibious communities and mire communites. Initial stages have Potamogeton polygonifolius or Potamogeton coloratus, late stages, Carex nigra, Juncus acutiflorus, Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2592","name":"Oroboreal bog bean-sphagnum rafts","description":"Oligotrophic transition mire communities of the subalpine level of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia formed by Menyanthes trifoliata, Sphagnum lindbergii, Sphagnum majus, with Carex spp., Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum russeolum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2593","name":"Boreoalpine dwarf willow quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, characterized by a 0.5-1.5 m high shrub layer, a ground layer dominated by Paludella squarrosa and the presence of several snow patch species, occupying medium rich fens influenced by mineral waters. The species cortège includes Carex aquatilis, Carex bigelowii, Carex lachenalii, Carex rariflora, Eriophorum angustifolium, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Salix herbacea, Salix polaris, Saxifraga foliolosa, Saxifraga stellaris, Solidago virgaurea, and the bryophytes Calliergon sarmentosum, Calliergon stramineum, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus badius, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Drepanocladus revolvens, Drepanocladus uncinatus, Sphagnumteres."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2594","name":"Boreal bogbean-brown moss carpets","description":"Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of northern Finland, dominated by Menyanthes trifoliata or sedges, with a brown moss ground layer dominated by Drepanocladus fluitans, Drepanocladus exannulatus or Drepanocladus procerus. Sphagnum riparium may be abundant and Calliergon sarmentosum present. The vascular species cortège includes Carex chordorrhiza, Carex limosa, Carex rostrata, Carex rotundata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum gracile, Eriophorum russeolum, Andromeda polifolia, Potentilla palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2595","name":"Boreal cowbane-willowherb- Calliergon quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by grasses and forbs, in particular Cicuta virosa, Epilobium palustre, Pedicularis palustris, with brown mosses, primarily Calliergon richardsonii and an absence of Scorpidium scorpioides and Drepanocladus revolvens, in conditions of flowing surface water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q2596","name":"Fennoscandian Paludella spring bogs","description":"Transition mire brown moss-forb-sedge communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of Fennoscandia, characteric of rich fens with moving surface water resulting from flooding or the proximity of springs. Filipendula ulmaria and Paludella squarrosa are typical of these communities. The highly variable vascular species cortège may include Cirsium helenioides, Crepis paludosa, Epilobium spp., Geum rivale, Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla palustris, Salix spp., Saussurea alpina, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Equisetum fluviatile, Carex spp., Eriophorum latifolium; the moss layer may include Bryum spp., Calliergon spp., Cinclidium stygium, Cratoneuron spp., Drepanocladus spp., Helodium blandowii, Mnium spp., Philonotis spp., Scorpidium scorpioides, Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Tomentypnum nitens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25A","name":"Calla palustris mires","description":"Floating meadows, quaking bogs or sphagnum mats dominated by or rich in Calla palustris, often with Potentilla palustris and Menyanthes trifoliata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25B","name":"Brown moss carpets","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Drepanocladus exannulatus, Drepanocladus revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergon cuspidatum, Calliergon richardsonii, Campylium stellatum, Paludella squarrosa, associated with sparse Carex limosa, Carex rostrata, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex aquatilis, sometimes with Potentilla palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum dusenii, Sphagnum riparium, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sphagnum subsecundum or Sphagnum teres, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum platyphyllum, characteristic of mesocline or basicline quaking bogs, often occurring in mosaic with Carex lasiocarpa or Carex diandra formations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25C","name":"Eriophorum vaginatum quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities in which the grass layer is dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum on a thick mat of Sphagnum recurvum, with Polytrichum commune often forming a second moss layer. Associated plants include Carex nigra and Agrostis canina. Typical raised bog plants are few, often limited to Carex pauciflora and Vaccinium oxycoccos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25D","name":"Molinia caerulea quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Molinia caerulea with Sphagnum cuspidatum, Eleocharis palustris, Rhynchospora alba, characteristic of low-lying areas in wet heaths and the periphery of fluctuating oligotrophic moor and heath pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25E","name":"Calamagrostis stricta quaking bogs","description":"Basicline transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by, or rich in, Calamagrostis stricta (Calamagrostis neglecta), often associated with Carex diandra, recorded, in particular, from northern Fennoscandia, northern, eastern and pre-Alpine Germany, Poland, Hungary. In middle Europe, Calamagrostis stricta is a very rare, decreasing, threatened glacial relict."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25F","name":"Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum) quaking bogs","description":"Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Scirpus hudsonianus. It is in these that the species finds its principal habitat."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25G","name":"Iberian quaking bogs","description":"Sphagnum communities of the collinar, and locally, montane, areas of northwestern Iberia, intermediate between transition mire and bog, with Drosera rotundifolia, Carex durieui, Narthecium ossifragum, Sphagnum tenellum, Sphagnum subnitens, Odontoschisma sphagni, Aulacomnium palustre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25H","name":"Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with Rhynchospora alba and Drosera","description":"Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods, together with pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, as well as on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. Vegetation of alliance Rhynchosporion albae, the most typical species are Rhynchospora alba, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus bulbosus, Lycopodiella inundata, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum denticulatum and Sphagnum inundatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q25H1","name":"Nemoral bare peat communities","description":"Highly constant pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, of nemoral Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the Palaearctic domaine, with Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora fusca, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Lycopodiella inundata, forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. These communities are similar, and closely related, to those of shallow bog hollows (unit Q11122) and of transition mires (unit Q257). They are often associated with wet heaths of unit S41 or Myrica gale scrubs of unit Q436."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q25H2","name":"Boreal mud-bottom communities","description":"Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal Palaearctic mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods. The elastic substrate expands and raises when saturated, shrinks in dry periods, forming polygonal networks of surface cracks; there is no peat formation. Mud-bottom communities comprise the same vascular plants as transition mires of unit Q25, such as Carex limosa, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex rariflora, Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum gracile, Eriophorum russeolum, but they are more dispersed. Juncus stygius and Utricularia intermedia are, however, characteristic. Bryophytes are absent or scattered, although the small hepatics Cladopodiella fluitans and Gymnocolea inflata are sometimes abundant; a well-developed surface film is formed by microalgae, including filamentous algae such as Zygogonium erieetorum, and numerous desmids and diatoms in fen mud-bottoms. In situations of ochre formation, iron bacteria are abundant. Mud-bottom communities occur in acidic fens of unit D2.2 of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q22, Q23, Q24, in rich fens of unit Q41, in bog hollows of unit Q11, and, mostly, in flarks or rimpis of aapa mires of unit D3.2 of EUNIS 2012 and palsa mires of unit Q31."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q25J","name":"Balkanic quaking bogs","description":"Dense, low formations, typified by an abundant turf layer of Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum flexuosum, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum acutifolium, Sphagnum squarrosum and the presence of Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula balcanica or Equisetum fluviatile. Other important elements of this habitat are mosses Aulacomnium palustre, Scorpidium vernicosum, Philonotis fontana and vascular plants Carex echinata, Carex curta, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla erecta, Eriophorum angustifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q3","name":"Palsa mires","description":"Patterned mires of the arctic, subarctic and northern boreal zones"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q31","name":"Palsa mire","description":"Palsa mire develops where thick peat is subject to sporadic permafrost in Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia where there is low precipitation and an annual mean temperature below -1°C. The permafrost dynamics produce a typical patterning with palsa mounds 2–4 m (sometimes 7 m) high, elevated in central thicker areas by permafrost lenses. The carpet of Sphagnum peat limits the penetration of thaw, maintaining a perennially frozen core of peat, silt and ice lenses beneath. Pounikko hummock ridges can be found in marginal areas subject to seasonal freezing, and there are plateau-wide palsas and string mires in the Arctic. Intact palsa mounds show a patterning of weakly minerotrophic vegetation with different assemblages of mosses, herbs and sub-shrubs on their tops and sides. Old palsa mounds can become dry, and erosion may lead to melting and collapse. A complete melting leaves behind thermokarst ponds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q311","name":"Palsa mounds","description":"Raised features of the palsa mires of the Palaearctic domaine constructed of peat around a permafrost core of ice and peat, colonized by ombrotrophic communities of dwarf shrubs, mosses, sphagna and lichens. They may take the shape of relatively low and flat ridges, 0.50 to 1.5 or 2.0 metres high, or higher domes, up to 8 metres in height. The first may be more characteristic of the continuous permafrost zone, the second of discontinuous permafrost zone where permafrost disappears under the mostly minerotrophic intervening hollows."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q3111","name":"Northern Fennoscandian palsa mounds","description":"Palsa domes, ridges and plateaux of Fennoscandia, restricted to the low alpine, subalpine and sometimes upper conifer forest levels of the northern, arctoalpine, Fennoscandian mountains of Troms, Finnmark, Swedish and Finnish Lapland, with outposts on the Dovre plateau in the boreoalpine mountains of Norway, occupied by dwarf shrub communities composed mainly of Betula nana, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Ledum palustre, Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, with Vaccinium microcarpum, the mosses Dicranum elongatum, Polytrichum alpestre, Pleurozium schreberi and lichens, in particular of genus Cladonia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q3112","name":"Icelandic palsa mounds","description":"Palsa mounds of the periglacial arctoalpine highlands of central Iceland, 0.5-2.5 metres high, 2-10 metres long, 1-7 metres broad, surrounded by a narrow lake-like lagg or a minerotrophic mud-bottom mire, generally of the Icelandic Carex rostrata-Carex rariflora type (unit D2.3H2), occupied, on the tops, by shrub communities dominated by Empetrum hermaphroditum, with Dryas octopetala, Salix herbacea, Armeria maritima, Silene acaulis, Kobresia myosuroides, the mosses Drepanocladus uncinatus, Racomitrium canescens, the sphagnum Sphagnum teres and the lichen Cetraria islandica, and on the lower slopes by communities dominated by Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea (Salix arctica), Salix herbacea and Calamagrostis neglecta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q312","name":"Sphagnum fuscum pounikko hummocks","description":"High hummocks of Sphagnum fuscum of palsa mires of the western palsa mire region of the Palaearctic domaine, often congregating in broad fields, resulting, like the palsa mounds, from frost action, but with a core in which the frost is only seasonal though long-lasting."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q313","name":"Palsa mire flarks","description":"Pools, hollows and laggs of palsa mires of the subarctic and northern boreal zone, mostly inundated, minerotrophic or partly minerotrophic, acidocline to basicline. They are predominantly colonised by transition mire communities or mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q4","name":"Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires","description":"Peatlands, flushes and vegetated springs with calcareous or eutrophic ground water, within river valleys, alluvial plains, or on hillsides. As in poor fens, the water level is at or near the surface of the substratum and peat formation depends on a permanently high water table. Excluded are reedbeds (C3, D5 of EUNIS 2012)"}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q41","name":"Alkaline, calcareous, carbonate-rich small-sedge spring fen","description":"Short-sedge fens, spring fens and fen grasslands kept continually wet by base-rich, nutrient-poor waters, occurring through the lowlands and mountains of temperate Europe and more locally in the boreal zone. They are most common, rich and diverse in the limestone massifs of central European mountains, especially the Alps and Carpathians. The soil is rich in organic matter and has high pH, often with precipitation of carbonate or tufa. Small basiphilous sedges dominate the vegetation with rich associated flora and a patchy carpet of fen bryophytes while sphagna are absent."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q411","name":"Schoenus ferrugineus fens","description":"Schoenus ferrugineus-dominated communities of rich fens of nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, mostly restricted to Alpine and peri-Alpine regions and to the Baltic periphery, with isolated outposts, in particular in eastern Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4111","name":"Peri-Alpine brown bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus ferrugineus-dominated formations of Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, with a predominance of Schoenus ferrugineus among the gramineous growth which is often overwhelming, imparting to the fens a distinctive brown tone in summer. Schoenus ferrugineus may be accompanied by Schoenus nigricans, Eriophorum latifolium, Carex hostiana, Carex davalliana, Carex panicea, Carex flacca, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex demissa, Carex dioica, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Molinia caerulea; non-gramineous herbs include Pinguicula vulgaris, Gentiana utriculosa, Drosera anglica, Primula farinosa, Parnassia palustris, Dactylorhiza traunsteineri, Dactylorhiza lapponica, Tofieldia calyculata; the rich moss layer isformed by Drepanocladus intermedius, Drepanocladus revolvens, Campylium stellatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4112","name":"Scottish brown bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus ferrugineus stands of base-rich Perthshire flushes, with Eleocharis quinqueflora, Carex hostiana, Carex panicea, Carex lepidocarpa, Saxifraga aizoides, Scirpus cespitosus, Eriophorum latifolium, Eriophorum angustifolium, Tofieldia pusilla, Pinguicula vulgaris, Scorpidium scorpioides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4113","name":"Northern brown bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus ferrugineus-dominated fens of northeastern Jutland, the Danish archipelago, southern and central Fennoscandia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and northwestern Russia, with Carex panicea, Tofieldia pusilla, Andromeda polifolia and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q412","name":"Subcontinental Carex davalliana fens","description":"Diverse, often extensive, calcareous fen communities of Central Europe, with Carex davalliana, Carex hostiana, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex capillaris, Carex panicea, Carex nigra, Carex demissa, Carex flava, Carex pulicaris, Eriophorum latifolium, Blysmus compressus, Schoenus ferrugineus, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus articulatus, Juncus subnodulosus, Scirpus cespitosus, Molinia caerulea, Tofieldia calyculata, Allium schoenoprasum, Potentilla erecta, Swertia perennis, Primula farinosa, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris and a moss layer often dominated by brown mosses. They have their greatest species diversity in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, and are represented by impoverished outlyers north to the middle European Hercynian system. Small sedges are usually abundant and dominance may be mixed or achieved by species of genus Carex, in particular, Carex davalliana, by Eriophorum latifolium or by Scirpus cespitosus. Vegetation of alliances Caricion davallianae and Sphagno warnstorfiani-Tomenthypnion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4121","name":"Peri-Alpine Davall sedge fens","description":"Species-rich calcareous fens of the Alps, the Alpine piedmonts and peripheral plateaux, the Swiss plateau, the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian Jura and their periphery, often with a mixed dominance, usually with a particular prominence of Carex davalliana, Carex panicea, Carex hostiana, Carex nigra, Carex flacca or Eriophorum latifolium, sometimes of Carex microglochin, and with Carex lepidocarpa, Carex capillaris, Carex nigra, Carex demissa, Carex flava, Carex pulicaris, Blysmus compressus, Schoenus ferrugineus, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus articulatus, Scirpus cespitosus, Molinia caerulea, Tofieldia calyculata, Allium schoenoprasum, Potentilla erecta, Swertia perennis, Primula farinosa, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris and a moss layer formed by Drepanocladus intermedius, Cratoneuron glaucum, Campylium stellatum. These extremely species-rich communities are still represented by a few large, very well preserved examples on the Bavarian plateau. These are a refuge for many rare species, including the relict, threatened Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum and the orchids Dactylorhiza traunsteineri, Dactylorhiza ochroleuca, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Herminium monorchis, Epipactis palustris. Elsewhere in their range, the Davall sedge fens have undergone a drastic reduction, leading to extinction in many areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4122","name":"Deergrass Davall sedge fens","description":"Generally impoverished Scirpus cespitosus-dominated facies of Davall sedge fens. Common companions are Carex davalliana, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla erecta and the mosses Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus intermedius."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4123","name":"Bohemio-Pannonic Davall sedge fens","description":"Carex davalliana calcareous fens of the northern Bohemian basin, the southeastern Sudeten, the inner piedmont of the western and southwestern Bohemian quadrangle, the Morava basin and the Pannonic basin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4124","name":"Carpathian Davall sedge fens","description":"Basiphilous fen communities of the Western Carpathians, in particular, of the Pieniny and the Tatras, and of intramountain depressions at the 400-500 m level of the Eastern Carpathians, dominated by the small sedges Carex davalliana, Carex flava, Carex distans, Carex hostiana, Carex panicea and other fen species such as Eriophorum latifolium, Eriophorum angustifolium, Primula farinosa, Pinguicula vulgaris, Pedicularis palustris, Valeriana simplicifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4125","name":"Northern Davall sedge fens","description":"Carex davalliana calcareous fens of northern Central Europe, north of the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle and the Carpathians, recorded, in particular, from the central German Hercynian ranges and hills, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4126","name":"Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens","description":"Calcareous fens of the Dinarides, with Carex panicea, Carex hostiana, Eriophorum latifolium, Molinia caerulea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q413","name":"Pyrenean Carex davalliana fens","description":"Uncommon calcareous fens of the Pyrenees, with Eriophorum latifolium, Carex davalliana, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex echinata, Carex rostrata, Carex flacca, Carex panicea, Carex paniculata, Carex ovalis, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus articulatus, Juncus inflexus, Tofieldia calyculata, Epipactis palustris, Crepis paludosa, Parnassia palustris, Succisa pratensis, Pinguicula grandiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q414","name":"Eleocharis quinqueflora fens","description":"Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Eleocharis quinqueflora (Eleocharis pauciflora), for the most part species-poor pioneering formations, relatively widespread, though decreasing and threatened, in the boreal region, in the Baltic plain, in western Hercynian hills and in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q415","name":"Middle European Blysmus compressus fens","description":"Blysmus compressus-dominated stands of rich fens of northern and central Europe, south, in the Alpine system, to the montane Illyrian beech level of the central Dinarides, to the subalpine level of the Paeonian mountains, and to the montane and subalpine levels of the Apuseni Mountains and of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q416","name":"Hard water spring mires","description":"Spring mires of calcareous, often petrifying, springs. Their specialised communities, usually dominated by bryophytes, belong to the Cratoneurion commutati. Characteristic species are the mosses Cratoneuron filicinum, Cratoneuron commutatum, Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum, Catoscopium nigritum, Eucladium verticillatum, Gymnostomum recurvirostrae, with Equisetum telmateia, Equisetum variegatum and flowering plants including Cochlearia pyrenaica, Arabis soyeri, Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga aizoides. The associated swamp communities belong to the Caricetalia davallianae, see units Q412, Q413, Q421. Large petrifying springs form tufa cones that constitute singular habitats with several interacting plant and animal communities, which are described as subunits."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4161","name":"Middle European calcareous spring mires","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, seeps and flushes of the nemoral and lowland boreal western Palaearctic domaine in which tufa formation is absent or limited to encrustation of the constituting mosses without building of large deposits. They are characteristic of high altitudes, maritime climates and semishaded stations, all situations unfavourable to tufa formation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41611","name":"Hard water bryophyte springs","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe overwhelmingly dominated by bryophytes forming carpets, curtains or mounds with no or a modest amount of tufa deposition. Typical dominants are the mosses Cratoneuron filicinum, Cratoneuron commutatum, Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum, Cratoneuron decipiens, also the mosses Philonotis calcarea, Paludella squarrosa, Hygrohypnum luridum, orthe hepatic Leiocolea bantriensis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41612","name":"Great horsetail springs","description":"Mires of spring or seep systems of nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over clay soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside Cratoneurion commutati communities, of colonies of the large horsetail Equisetum telmateia, pure or accompanied by other species characteristic of lowland tall herb communities (unit E5.4); these colonies may be dense, extensive and up to three metres tall."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41613","name":"Variegated horsetail springs","description":"Mires of spring or seep systems of boreal and nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over sand or gravel soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside Cratoneurion commutati formations, of communities belonging to or related to arcto-alpine riverine swards (unit D4.2) or subalpine willowherb stream communities (unit C3.55) comprising in particular stands of the perennial horsetail Equisetum variegatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41614","name":"Small herb calcareous springs","description":"Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe in which, alongside an abundant representation of bryophytes, assemblages of small dicots or sedges contribute significantly to the formation's appearance. Mosses of genus Cratoneuron usually remain the main bryophyte component, and there may be a modest amount of tufa encrustation and deposition. Characteristic vascular species include, in particular, Cochlearia pyrenaica, Arabis soyeri, Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga aizoides, and fen species belonging to the cortège of the Caricetaliadavallianae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41615","name":"Polish scurvy-grass springs","description":"Endemic Cochlearia polonica formations of cold springs and very clear fast-running brooks of fluvioglacial sand deposits over limestones of the Polish Jurassic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q41616","name":"Carpathian oriental leopardsbane communities","description":"Calcareous spring communities, usually dominated by Saxifraga aizoides, Silene pusilla, Caltha laeta, Cratoneuron commutatum, with regional species, such as Doronicum carpaticum, Chrysosplenium alpinum, Achillea schurii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4162","name":"Boreo-alpine calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous tufa-forming spring communities of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the boreonemoral and boreoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by brown mosses, in particular by Cratoneuron species, with a relatively thin assembly of vascular species formed by elements of both fens and wet meadows, usually with a prominence of Cystopteris montana or Saxifraga aizoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4163","name":"Illyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of southeastern Europe, in particular of the Illyrian karst region, of the Devetashko Plateau in northern Bulgaria, with Phyllitis scolopendrium, of the Hellenides of the North Macedonia and Greece."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4164","name":"Caucasian calcareous spring mires","description":"Communities of alpine and subalpine calcareous springs of the Caucasus, with Cardamine uliginosa, Cardamine raphanifolia, Primula auriculata, Epilobium algidum, Veronica beccabunga, Carex orbicularis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4165","name":"Anatolian calcareous spring mires","description":"Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of the Anatolian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q42","name":"Extremely rich moss-sedge fen","description":"Base-rich fens without calcium carbonate precipitation, neutral, often with calcium-tolerant sphagna (e.g. Sphagnum contortum, S. subfulvum, S. teres and S. warnstorfii) dominated by sedges."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q421","name":"Carex dioica , Carex pulicaris and Carex flava fens","description":"Diverse rich fen communities dominated by small sedges, among which Carex dioica, Carex pulicaris or species of the Carex flava group, are usually prominent, but with little or no Carex davalliana. They have a distinctly western and northern distribution, occurring, in particular, in Fennoscandia, Baltic, the British Isles, the Causses, Iberia, with a disjunct area of prominence in the middle European Hercynian ranges and the Carpathians."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4211","name":"British dioecious-yellow sedge fens","description":"Small Carex swards of calcareous, soligenous mires on peat or mineral gleys, with Carex dioica, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex demissa, Carex nigra, Carex hostiana, Carex flacca, Carex panicea, Eriophorum latifolium, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Blysmus compressus, Scirpus setaceus, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula farinosa, Bartsia alpina, Tofieldia pusilla and sometimes, Juncus articulatus, Juncus alpinoarticulatus, Molinia caerulea, Equisetum variegatum, Anagallis tenella, Epipactis palustris and the bryophytes Campylium stellatum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Riccardia pinguis, Cratoneuron commutatum, Fissidens adianthoides, characteristic mostly of northern England and Scotland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4212","name":"Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens","description":"Short Carex-dominated fen communities of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, with Carex flava s.l., Carex panicea, Carex dioica, Carex hostiana (Carex hornchuchiana), Eriophorum latifolium, Tofieldia pusilla and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q42121","name":"Fennoscandian brown moss yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic districts, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses that may include Carex dioica, Carex flava, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex panicea, Carex rostrata, Eriophorum latifolium, Schoenus ferrugineus, Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum), Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Molinia caerulea, Equisetum palustre, Selaginella selaginoides, Bartsia alpina, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla erecta, Primula farinosa, Saussurea alpina, Tofieldia pusilla, sometimes with Erica tetralix, Andromeda polifolia, Betula nana, Vaccinium oxycoccos, and a brown-moss carpet dominated by Campylium stellatum, Paludella squarrosa, Tomentypnum nitens, with Drepanocladusintermedius, Fissidens adianthoides, sometimes dominated by Sphagnum warnstorfii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q42122","name":"Fennoscandian Sphagnum warnstorfii yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of subalpine and lower alpine zones of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic areas, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses and sparse willows, notably Salix glauca, Salix lapponum; Anthriscus sylvestris, Carex juncella, Potentilla palustris are characteristic as are the dominating bryophytes, Tomentypnum nitens and Sphagnum warnstorfii; the species cortège may include Carex dioica, Carex flava, Carex lasiocarpa, Eriophorum latifolium, Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum), Molinia caerulea, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum fluviatile, Bartsia alpina, Crepis paludosa, Geranium sylvaticum, Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia palustris, Saussurea alpina, Andromeda polifolia, Betula nana, Salix myrsinites, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Paludella squarrosa, Alacomnium palustre, Sphagnum angustifolium. Sphagnum warnstorfii sedge communities are drier than the brown moss fen communities of unit D4.1521 of EUNIS 2012 and often occupy fen hummocks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q42123","name":"Eastern Baltic tawny sedge fens","description":"Calcareous lake fens of Lithuania and northwestern Russia dominated by Carex hostiana, with Primula farinosa, Peucedanum palustre."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4213","name":"Middle European yellow sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of middle latitudes of continental Western Europe and of Central Europe, recorded from the Netherlands, Belgium, western Germany, France, northern Italy including the Apuan Alps, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, with Carex dioica, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex flava, Carex demissa, Carex serotina, Carex panicea, Eriophorum latifolium, Juncus articulatus and Campylium stellatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4214","name":"Cantabrian yellow sedge fens","description":"Rare exiguous alkaline spring and gully communities of the montane level of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with Carex lepidocarpa, Carex demissa, Carex davalliana, Carex echinata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Eriophorum latifolium, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus articulatus, Juncus alpestris, Equisetum variegatum, Pinguicula grandiflora, Parnassia palustris and, in more eastern communities, Tofieldia calyculata, Primula farinosa, Bartsia alpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4215","name":"Eastern Iberian rich fens","description":"Calcareous fens of the southern Iberian Range (Sierra de Gudar, Sierra de Javalambre)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4216","name":"Flea sedge fens","description":"Fen formations of nemoral Europe intermediate between the Caricion davallianae and the Caricion fuscae, often developed in ecotonal situations, with Carex pulicaris and Carex dioica, dispersed over a fairly wide range in continental middle Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q422","name":"Carex nigra alkaline fens","description":"Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by Carex nigra, accompanied by basiphile species and brown mosses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4221","name":"Middle European black sedge rich fens","description":"Weakly alkaline, neutral or slightly acid fen communities of the montane to subalpine belt of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of neighbouring hills, dominated by Carex nigra, accompanied by calciphile species, brown mosses and basiphile sphagna. They are transitional between the rich fen communities of unit D4.1 (of EUNIS 2012 now split in Q41, Q42, Q43, Q44) and the acidic fen communities of unit D2.2 (of EUNIS 2012, now split in Q22, Q23, Q24), in particular, of unit Q2221, closely related to the dioecious-yellow-flea sedge communities of units Q4213 and Q4216, of which some of them constitute facies. Similar Carex nigra-dominated or -rich stands occur in more Atlantic regions, in particular, of the British Isles; they are probably best treated as part of the regionally more prevalent unit Q421."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4222","name":"Boreal black sedge-brown moss fens","description":"Carex nigra-dominated fen communities of the subalpine to lower alpine zones of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia occupying low-lying areas affected by running water (pH 5.5-6.0), among low (0.20 m) willow brush of, notably, Salix hastata, Salix lanata, Salix lapponum, Salix phylicifolia, comprising poor fen margin vegetation with, in some parts, an admixture of medium rich fen elements, and with a ground layer mainly of brown mosses. The sedge-rich species cortège includes Carex bigelowii, Carex canescens, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex dioica, Carex flava, Carex limosa, Carex magellanica, Carex panicea, Carex rostrata, Carex rotundata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Phleum alpinum, Poa pratensis s.l., Caltha palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Pedicularis palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Polygonum viviparum, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla palustris, Viola palustris, Salaginella salaginoides, Thalictrum alpinum, and bryophytes Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergon sarmentosum, Calliergon stramineum, Cinclidium stygium, Drepanocladus exannulatus, Paludella squarrosa, Philonotis fontana, Sphagnum warnstorfii."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4223","name":"Icelandic black sedge-brown moss fens","description":"Carex nigra-dominated fen communities of the lowlands of Iceland with a variable species cortège that may include Carex rariflora, Carex lyngbyei, Carex canescens, Eriophorum angustifolium, Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus (Trichophorum cespitosum), Juncus filiformis, Calamagrostis stricta, Potentilla palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Polygonum viviparum, Pinguicula vulgaris, Salix callicarpaea (Salix arctica), Equisetum palustre, Selaginella selaginoides and bryophytes Drepanocladus revolvens, Calliergonella cuspidata, Polytrichum commune, Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergon sarmentosum, Calliergon stramineum, Calliergon giganteum, Cinclidium stygium, Cinclidium subrotundum, Climacium dendroides, Hypnum spp., Oncophorus wahlenbergii, Sphagnum girgensohnii. Hummocks with heath mosses and sphagna are common; these communities are modified by grazing, resulting, notably, in a reduced willow component."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q423","name":"Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum) alkaline fens","description":"Meso-eutrophic fen communities dominated by Scirpus hudsonianus (Trichophorum alpinum), with Drepanocladus revolvens, Scorpidium spp., Chrysohypnum stellatum, recorded from Scandinavia, from Germano-Baltic moraine land, from the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges. They may constitute a Scirpus hudsonianus facies of the yellow-dioecious sedge fens of unit Q4213."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q424","name":"Trichophorum cespitosum alkaline fens","description":"Scirpus cespitosus-dominated communities of alkaline fens, mainly characteristic of oceanic to subcontinental parts of the boreal region and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, at altitudes superior to those of the Caricetum davallianae communities of unit Q412, including their deergrass-rich facies (unit Q4122)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q425","name":"Small herb alkaline fens","description":"Simplified and pioneer fen communities of the western Palaearctic formed mostly by a few non-gramineous species, in particular, Anagallis tenella-Parnassia palustris communities and Saxifraga mutata communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q43","name":"Tall-sedge base-rich fen","description":"Tall-sedge fens are dominated by medium to tall graminoids and tall herbs, along with a patchier tier of low plants, and a ground carpet of rich-fen bryophytes. They are limited to flat landforms where base-rich, nutrient-poor groundwater from springs and seepage lines keep the surface very wet, even in summer. They occur throughout Europe, particularly in the Atlantic and central European lowlands, becoming transitional in species composition northwards to quaking calcareous fens, though sometimes covering large areas in Fennoscandia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q431","name":"Schoenus nigricans fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of nemoral, Pannonic and Pontic Europe, of wide distribution, though less common in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions than the next unit, and confined to lower altitudes. Rushes, Juncus subnodulosus in British and western continental inland fens, Juncus balticus in dune-slack fens, are often abundant. Other accompanying species include Carex lepidocarpa, Carex hostiana, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Eriophorum latifolium, Molinia caerulea, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Dactylorhiza purpurella, Dactylorhiza traunsteineri, Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides, Epipactis palustris, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, brown mosses and, locally, Pinguicula lusitanica and Drosera anglica. These communities have enormously regressed, particularly in northern and northwestern continental Europe, and are extinct in many regions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4311","name":"Hiberno-Britannic black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the British Isles."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4312","name":"Germano-Gallic black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of Atlantic continental Europe, from western France to Schleswig-Holstein."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4313","name":"Central European black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated communities of calcareous fens with strong water-level fluctuations of summer-warm Alpine and peri-Alpine regions of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, France, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of subcontinental Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Poland and Lithuania."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4314","name":"Illyrian black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Illyrian region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4315","name":"Pannonic black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Pannonic region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q4316","name":"Intra-Carpathian black bogrush fens","description":"Schoenus nigricans fens of the southeastern Carpathian system, in the periphery of the Gilau Mountains, with Peucedanum palustre and Lysimachia thyrsiflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q432","name":"Carex rostrata alkaline fens","description":"Alkaline fen communities dominated by Carex rostrata, accompanied by a carpet of brown mosses, sometimes with basicline sphagna, and few vascular plants other than sedges, occupying very wet sites in rich fen complexes; these communities, which grade into transition mire communities of unit Q25, or into tall sedge communities of units Q53141 or Q53125, are best characterised in the Fennoscandian mountains, although they can be individualised in other fen systems, in particular, in upland Britain. Accompanying species include Carex aquatilis, Carex juncella, Carex rotundata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Viola epipsila, and small willows, notably Salix lapponum, Salix glauca."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q433","name":"Calcareous dunal Juncus - sedge fens","description":"Fen communities of calcareous wet dune slacks of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the North Sea coast of Germany dominated by sedges, in particular, Carex trinervis, Carex scandinavica, or by Juncus anceps, with no or little Schoenus nigricans and with, among a number of characteristic accompaniers, Juncus subnodulosus, Parnassia palustris, Gentianella amarella, Herminium monorchis, Epipactis palustris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q434","name":"Tall herb fens","description":"Fens invaded by Peucedanum palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Cicuta virosa, Symphytum officinale, Lysimachia vulgaris, Cladium mariscus, Phragmites australis, Glyceria maxima, Calamagrostis canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q435","name":"Sesleria caerulea fens","description":"Western fen communities dominated by Sesleria caerulea, recorded, in particular, from peri-Pannonic regions, from the Bohemian Quadrangle, from the eastern Germano-Baltic plain and from the Eastern Carpathians with an abundance of Carex hostiana, Carex panicea, Phragmites australis, Cirsium rivulare, Equisetum palustre, Sanguisorba officinalis, Galium boreale, Campylium stellatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q436","name":"Myrica gale scrub on rich fens","description":"Myrica gale thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q44","name":"Calcareous quaking mire","description":"Calcareous quaking mire develops in as a topogenic mire in basins fed by very calcareous, nutrient-poor groundwater, with generally thin peat, less than 2 m thick. It occurs widely throughout Europe but is most widespread in Finland and Sweden. The surface is kept permanently very wet and covered by an extensive moss carpet with only sparse vascular plants, sometimes disposed over irregular patterns of flarks and hollows. Calcium precipitation can occur on the surface, and the carpet is often interrupted by stretches of open water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q45","name":"Arctic-alpine rich fen","description":"Fens developed on open substrates constantly flushed by icy, base-rich water alongside small rivers, springs or glaciers in the alpine belt of European mountains and in the Arctic. Constant disturbance by moving water and freeze-thaw, aeration with turbulent flow and low productivity prevent peat accumulation. Consequently, this fen typically occurs as small unstable patches colonising bare ground. The vegetation consists of small basiphilous sedges, rushes and herbs, brown mosses and liverworts, and can include endemic species that are perhaps glacial relics such as Carex atrofusca, Carex microglochin and Juncus triglumis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q451","name":"Carex saxatilis fens","description":"Carex saxatilis-dominated communities of calcareous mires of mountains of the northern regions. They are intermediate between other rich fen communities of unit Q41 and arctoalpine communities of unit Q45."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q452","name":"Carex frigida fens","description":"Mostly subalpine formations dominated by Carex frigida, colonizing seepages and flushes on stony slopes of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Black Forest, with Carex davalliana, Carex demissa, Carex panicea, Carex nigra, Juncus triglumis, Juncus castaneus, Blysmus compressus, Tofieldia calyculata, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Pinguicula grandiflora, Primula farinosa, Saxifraga aizoides, Campylium stellatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q453","name":"British Carex demissa - Saxifraga aizoides flushes","description":"Carex demissa-Saxifraga aizoides communities of submontane base-rich seeps in northern Wales, northern England, southern Scotland and, mostly, the Scottish Highlands, with Juncus articulatus, Carex panicea, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Selaginella selaginoides and brown mosses. Montane saxifrage-sedge flushes with glacial relicts have been listed under unit Q459."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q454","name":"Icelandic Carex bigelowii fens","description":"Rich fen Carex bigelowii-dominated communities of the lower alpine level of Iceland, descending, in the north, into the lowlands, occupying level substrates subjected to water movement and fluctuating moisture, with a consequently variable vegetation; mosses play a major role. The species cortège may include Carex capillaris, Carex dioica, Carex nigra, Carex rariflora, Eriophorum angustifolium, Calamagrostis stricta, Festuca rubra s.l., Phleum alpinum, Polygonum vivipara, Saxifraga hirculus, Salix callicarpaea (Salix arctica), Salix herbacea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Thalictrum alpinum, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum variegatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q455","name":"Icelandic Equisetum palustre fens","description":"Rich fen communities of Iceland dominated by Equisetum palustre, accompanied by a variety of grasses, sedges, in particular Carexrariflora, and mosses, characteristic notably of badly drained solifluxion ledges on slopes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q456","name":"Arctoalpine Kobresia simpliciuscula and Carex microglochin swards","description":"Arctoalpine seep and wet gravel communities of the Alpine system and the Fennoscandian mountains dominated by Kobresia simpliciuscula or Carex microglochin."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q457","name":"Alpine riverine Carex maritima (Carex incurva ) swards","description":"Rare pioneer communities of the edges of glacier-fed streams and moraines of the subalpine and alpine levels of the central Alps, dominated by Carex maritima (Carex juncifolia, Carex incurva), with Carex bicolor, Carex atrofusca, Juncus arcticus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q458","name":"Arctoalpine riverine Equisetum, Typha and Juncus swards","description":"Communities of cold slow-flowing waters of the Alps and pre-Alpine regions, and of the mountains of Fennoscandia formed by Typha minima, Typha shuttleworthii, Juncus alpinus (Juncus alpinoarticulatus), Juncus arcticus, Juncus castaneus, Equisetum variegatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q459","name":"British mica flushes","description":"Rare communities of micaceous stony flushes of the Highlands of Scotland and of upper Teesdale, with Carex atrofusca, Carex microglochin, Carex demissa, Carex dioica, Carex panicea, Juncus triglumis, Juncus biglumis, Juncus castaneus, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Tofieldia pusilla, Saxifraga aizoides, Thalictrum alpinum, Equisetum variegatum, Equisetum hyemale and the moss Blindia acuta."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q45A","name":"Boreal Carex atrofusca swards","description":"Rich Carex atrofusca-dominated fen communities of the lower alpine level of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, on calcareous substrates with near-surface ground water and relatively high pH; peat production is usually low and mineral earth can be bare. The species cortège typically includes Carex vaginata, Carex capillaris, Carex parallela, Carex dioica, Carex bigelowii, Juncus triglumis, Juncus biglumis, Polygonum viviparum (Bistorta vivipara), Saxifraga aizoides, Thalictrum alpinum, Tofieldia pusilla, Salix reticulata, Drepanocladus revolvens, Campylium stellatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q45B","name":"Boreal marsh-fens","description":"Sedge or grass formations of arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic, often almost monospecific, often with an insignificant bryophyte component, sometimes with substantial Calliergon, Bryum or Philonotis moss cover, occupying fine-grained, often sandy, long-submerged but well aerated, alluvial deposits in the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas, relatively nutrient-rich, in part through the contribution of regular flooding, and with a variable lime content."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q45B1","name":"Eriophorum marsh-fens","description":"Eriophorum scheuchzeri- or Eriophorum angustifolium-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q45B2","name":"Grass and forb marsh-fens","description":"Grass- or forb-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q45B3","name":"Carex marsh-fens","description":"Carex spp.-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q46","name":"Carpathian travertine fen with halophytes","description":"Short-sedge fens developed on active travertine springs fed by extremely mineral-rich groundwater coming from deep aquifers upwards along Tertiary faults. They have conserved ancient species composition that combines plant and animal (e.g. snails and ostracods) specialists dwelling in short-sedge calcareous fens of temperate Europe (Eleocharis quinqueflora, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula farinosa, Schoenus ferrugineus and Pupilla alpicola) with halophytic species (Centaurium littorale subsp. uliginosum, Glaux maritima, Plantago maritima subsp. salsa, Scorzonera parviflora and Triglochin maritima) and Trichophorum pumilum, a rare glacial relict of low-productive tundra, fen and salt marsh habitats. Many of these species have isolated relict populations in this habitat. Their species composition is similar to halophytic fens of the southern Siberian high-mountain regions which are climatically analogous to the European full glacial period. The habitat is endemic to the Inner Western Carpathian basins. Most of the localities were destroyed in the past."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q5","name":"Helophyte beds","description":"Tall sedges, reed and other helophytes dominated communities of freshwater or brackish marshes and shores of freshwater or brackish water bodies, usually on muddy, mesotrophic to eutrophic soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q51","name":"Tall-helophyte bed","description":"This habitat of tall helophytes characteristically occupies a zone from shallow to moderately deep mesotrophic to eutrophic fresh or slightly brackish water along the banks of rivers and lakes, in artificial water bodies and at nutrient-rich terrestrial sites on waterlogged ground. It is a very widespread, but naturally fragmented habitat, throughout the European lowlands. The occurrence of different dominant species depends on water depth, duration of flooding, substratum, trophic level, disturbance by waves or current, herbivory and human influence, some of the plants being cut for fodder or thatching. Because of the competitive ability and clonal growth of tall helophytes, the stands are usually species-poor and often dominated by one or a few co-dominants. The habitat is vulnerable to drainage and pollution, land reclamation for agricultural and urban development, and the decline of marshland exploitation for renewable crops."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q511","name":"Phragmites australis beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes and swamps dominated by Phragmites australis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5111","name":"Flooded Phragmites beds","description":"Phragmites australis beds of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks inundated permanently or for prolonged annual periods."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q51111","name":"Freshwater Phragmites beds","description":"Phragmites australis beds of the Palaearctic region permanently or usually inundated by fresh water lakes, ponds and watercourses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q51112","name":"Inland saline water Phragmites beds","description":"Phragmites australis beds of the Palaearctic region beds permanently, usually or frequently inundated by the sea or by saline coastal lagoons, by athalassal saline lakes, by saline estuaries or saline rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q512","name":"Scirpus lacustris beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Scirpus lacustris, intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q513","name":"Typha beds","description":"Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Typha domingensis, Typha laxmannii, Typha elephantina formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution. Although Typha species are dominant, other common species such as Acorus calamus, Equisetum fluviatile, Phragmites australis, Glyceria maxima and Schoenoplectus lacustris and alliance Phragmitioncommunis may also occur."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5131","name":"Typha latifolia beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha latifolia, of widespread occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5132","name":"Typha angustifolia beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha angustifolia, like unit C3.231, of wide distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q514","name":"Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities","description":"Communities of the margins of shallow lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by shorter, mostly non-graminoid helophytes emerging from mesotrophic or eutrophic, stagnant or slow-moving, shallow water, and constituting fringes or patches within or alongside reedbeds. Habitat structure is determined by one or two dominant species, e.g. Alisma spp., Oenanthe aquatica, Rorippa amphibia, Sparganium spp., Sagittaria sagittifolia, Equisetum fluviatile, Acorus calamus and Hippuris vulgaris (see subdivisions)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5141","name":"Arrowhead communities","description":"Formations of Sagittaria sagittifolia and Sparganium emersum of slowly flowing, and sometimes standing, meso-eutrophic waters of western Eurasia; formations of Sagittaria sagittifolia, Sagittaria natans and Caltha membranacea of similar eastern Asian waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5142","name":"Neglected bur-reed communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Sparganium neglectum, characteristic of standing or slowly flowing waters on mineral-rich, lime-poor muddy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5143","name":"Erect bur-reed communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in Sparganium erectum, characteristic of riparian reedbeds along standing waters on lime-rich, mineral-rich muddy substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5144","name":"Sweet flag communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by the long-introduced thermophile Acorus calamus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5145","name":"Flowering rush communities","description":"Usually open communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by, or rich in, Butomus umbellatus, characteristic of strongly fluctuating still or slow-flowing base- and mineral-rich waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5146","name":"Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, often situated at the edges of reedbeds, rich in Oenanthe aquatica or Rorippa amphibia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5147","name":"Water horsetail beds","description":"Low, often extensive, homogeneous, usually inundated communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Equisetum fluviatile."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5148","name":"Water parsnip communities","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in the tall umbellifer Sium latifolium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5149","name":"Marestail beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, usually of clear, cold to temperate nutrient-rich water, dominated by Hippuris vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q514A","name":"Common spikerush beds","description":"Low, often extensive and very homogeneous formations of Palaearctic lakeshores, pools and ditches with strongly fluctuating water regime, dominated by Eleocharis palustris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q514B","name":"Iris beds","description":"Homogeneous Iris pseudacorus formations of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q515","name":"Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes, swamps and ditches dominated by medium or medium-tall helophyte Poaceae of genera Glyceria, Leersia, Socolochloa or Calamagrostis. The further division of this unit is based on dominance by species of these genera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5151","name":"Sweetgrass beds","description":"Communities of eutrophic Palaearctic waters, often with variable level, dominated by fairly tall, robust grasses of genus Glyceria (section Hydropoa)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5152","name":"Eurasian Leersia beds","description":"Communities of the terrestrialisation zone of Palaearctic lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks and canals, mostly with turbid water, dominated by Leersia oryzoides."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5153","name":"Eurasian Scolochloa beds","description":"Communities of the margins of muddy shores of lakes and slow-flowing rivers of the Palaearctic domaine, from eastern Fennoscandia, eastern Germany, Lithuania and the Ukraine eastwards, including central Yakutia, dominated by Scolochloa festucacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5154","name":"Water-fringe Calamagrostis beds","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic mesotrophic acidocline lakes, rivers and swamps dominated by Calamagrostis canescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q516","name":"[Phalaris arundinacea] beds","description":"Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers, brooks and swamps dominated by Phalaris arundinacea, pure or mixed with Phragmites australis, Carex acutiformis, Carex elata, Carex paniculata, Calamagrostis canescens, Mentha aquatica, very tolerant of drying, pollution and perturbance, susceptible of forming the landward belt of reedbeds and often characteristic of degraded systems. Vegetation of alliance Magnocaricion elatae, suballiances Caricenion rostratae and Caricenion gracilis."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q517","name":"Halophile Scirpus,Bolboschoenus and Schoenoplectus beds","description":"Formations of clubrushes (Scirpus spp.), often accompanied by rushes (Juncus spp.), fringing, to a depth of 1.5 metres, brackish, saline, or sometimes fresh, waters of coastal saltmarshes, coastal lagoons, athalassic saline waterbodies, springs, salt meadows, fens and tidal rivers. Scirpus tabernaemontani (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), Scirpus maritimus (Bolboschoenus maritimus), Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus litoralis, Scirpus pungens, with, in particular, Juncus gerardi and Juncus maritimus, are typical components."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q518","name":"Riparian Cladium mariscus beds","description":"Species-poor Cladium mariscus formations of Palaearctic riversides or lakesides, with a Phragmition cortège, mostly characteristic of Mediterranean regions, including North Africa, where they are, however, uncommon."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q519","name":"Water-fringing large sedge communities","description":"Beds of large sedges Carex rostrata, Carex acuta, Carex riparia, Carex elata in the littoral zone of freshwaters. Note that large sedge formations developed on moist soils, not inundated during most of the year, are included in D5.21."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q51A","name":"Brackish and alkaline Cirsium brachycephalum beds","description":"Beds of Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. compactus and Cirsium brachycephalum on saline soils which are species-poor and structurally simple. Puccinellia limosa, Tripolium pannonicum and Potentillaanserina are also typical."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q51B","name":"Phragmites australis beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Phragmites australis beds of the Palaearctic region dry for at least a large part of the year, often invaded by other species."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q51B1","name":"Dry freshwater Phragmites beds","description":"Non-inundated Phragmites australis beds of the Palaearctic region occupying mires, the landfilling zone of waterbodies, the edges of watercourses and other soils permeated by fresh water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q51C","name":"Scirpus lacustris beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Scirpus lacustris, intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q51D","name":"Typha beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Typha domingensis, Typha laxmannii, Typha elephantina formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q51D1","name":"Typha latifolia beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha latifolia, of widespread occurrence."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q51D2","name":"Typha angustifolia beds normally without free-standing water","description":"Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by Typha angustifolia, like unit C3.231, of wide distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q52","name":"Small-helophyte bed","description":"Small and amphibious helophyte-dominated freshwater vegetation is a widespread, very common but fragmented habitat throughout the European lowlands, occurring in the shallow littoral zones of lakes, ponds and rivers subject to periodic and repeated variation in water levels. It is characterised by amphibious plants and provides an important habitat for benthic invertebrates, fish, amphibians and several species of birds, by offering shelter and food. Like other wetland types, this habitat has suffered much from the intensification of agricultural land use, including drainage, modification of flooding and reclamation, and expansion of urban areas."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q521","name":"Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters","description":"Formations of small helophytes, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria plicata, Glyceria nemoralis, Glyceria declinata, Leersia oryzoides, Catabrosa aquatica, Sparganium neglectum, Sparganium microcarpum, Nasturtium officinale, Nasturtium microphyllum, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Sium erectum and Apium repens, occupying the banks of small rivers, brooks, brooklets or springs on alluvial or peaty soils from the Euro-Siberian region, through the Mediterranean basin, to desert oases. Vegetation is typically from alliance Glycerio-Sparganion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q522","name":"Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities","description":"Carpets of perennial vegetation submerged for a considerable part of the year in oligotrophic or mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5221","name":"Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards","description":"Littorella uniflora, Lobelia dortmanna and Isoetes spp. formations of oligotrophic waters of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52211","name":"Shoreweed lawns","description":"Dense, almost monospecific Littorella uniflora lawns of lake shores subject to great annual variations of the water level and long emergence, and other Littorella-dominated associations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52212","name":"Lobelia ponds","description":"Lobelia dortmanna colonies of shallow oligotrophic, moderately acid ponds."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52213","name":"Euro-Siberian quillwort swards","description":"Clear-water quillwort swards formed by the northern European and montane Isoetes lacustris and Isoetes echinospora or by the very local endemics Isoetes tenuissima of central western France and Isoetes brochonii of the eastern Pyrenees. Associated species may include Lobelia dortmanna, Sparganium angustifolium, Littorella uniflora, Hippuris vulgaris."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52214","name":"Floating bur-reed communities","description":"Sparganium angustifolium-dominated formations of small oligotrophic ponds, characteristic, in particular, of the upper montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the greater Hercynian ranges, locally recorded from sub-Atlantic heath regions of the Germano-Baltic plain, also capable of occurring, within the extensive Fennoscandian range of the species, and in coastal areas of Iceland, as a facies of the Isoetes communities of unit C3.4111."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52215","name":"Boreo-Arctic lake mud communities","description":"Amphibious communities dominated by Ranunculus reptans and Subularia aquatica colonizing, sometimes on large surfaces, the bottom of water bodies of Fennoscandia, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, mostly in situations characterized by relatively large fluctuations of the water level."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52216","name":"Myriophyllumalterniflorum communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool and pool fringe communities of the northern Palaearctic dominated by Myriophyllum alterniflorum, characteristic of weakly acid clear waters on limestone-free substrates, sometimes with Ranunculus reptans, Littorella uniflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5222","name":"Spike-rush shallow-water swards","description":"Eleocharis acicularis beds of the Palaearctic, characteristic of more organic soils and mesotrophic waters than the communities of unit C3.411."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5223","name":"Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards","description":"Eleocharis multicaulis, Scirpus fluitans, Juncus bulbosus, Hypericum elodes, Pilularia globulifera, Deschampsia setacea, Ranunculus flammula, Littorella uniflora communities of shallow acid pools of the Palaearctic and their margins susceptible to short periods of emersion."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52231","name":"Eleocharis multicaulis communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by Eleocharis multicaulis, Deschampsia setacea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52232","name":"Dune slack shoreweed swards","description":"Communities of humid sands and pool fringes in oligotrophic dunes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, with Samolus valerandi and Littorella uniflora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52233","name":"Pilularia swards","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of western and central Europe, north to Denmark and southern Fennoscandia, east to Poland, the Czech Republic and the Balkan peninsula, dominated by the fern Pilularia globulifera."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52234","name":"Juncus bulbosus communities","description":"Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by Juncus bulbosus, often accompanied by Ranunculus flammula, Agrostis canina, Glyceria fluitans."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52235","name":"Scirpus fluitans communities","description":"Pool fringe communities dominated by Scirpus fluitans (Eleogiton fluitans, Isolepis fluitans), characteristic of mesotrophic to dystrophic heath pools on sands or muds, particularly within the Quercion domaine, with periods of drying usually short, sometimes permanently inundated."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52236","name":"Apium inundatum communities","description":"Pool fringe communities of western and central Europe dominated by Apium inundatum, characteristic of oligotrophic to mesotrophic fluctuating pools, in particular, dune slack pools and forest pools."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5224","name":"Baldellia shore swards","description":"Communities of the shores of shallow oligotrophic pools of the Atlantic domaine of Europe susceptible to prolonged summer desiccation, usually developed on peaty or parapeaty soils, dominated by, or rich in Baldellia ranunculoides, with Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Hypericum helodes. They are recorded, in particular, from the Paris Basin, Normandy, the New Forest, Cornwall, southern Scandinavia, and, on the shores of of limestone pools, in the Burren of western Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5225","name":"Shore hairgrass swards","description":"Deschampsia littoralis agg. formations of peri-Alpine lakes."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q523","name":"Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities","description":"Perennial and annual communities of mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian temporary ponds, river banks and spring sides. Vegetation mainly from the class Isoeto-Nanojuncetea."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5231","name":"Short Mediterranean amphibious communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools and ditches with Isoetes spp., Marsilea quadrifolia, Marsilea strigosa, Pilularia globulifera, Pilularia minuta, Mentha pulegium, Lythrum hyssopifolia s.l., Trifolium filiforme, Peplis erecta, Teucrium cravense, Serapias lingua, Juncus bufonius, Juncus capitatus, Juncus pygmaeus, Juncus fasciculatus, Scirpus savii, sometimes (rocky edges of fast rivulets), Spiranthes aestivalis and Anagallis tenella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52311","name":"Terrestrial quillwort communities","description":"Isoetes histrix, Isoetes durieui formations of Mediterranean ephemeral waters."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52312","name":"Mediterranean aquatic quillwort swards","description":"Communities formed by Isoetes boryana, Isoetes delilei, Isoetes heldreichii, Isoetes velata, Isoetes azorica or Isoetesmalinverniana in fluctuating waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52313","name":"Azorean quillwort swards","description":"Endemic Isoetes azorica communities of pools and small lakes of the Azores."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52314","name":"Mediterranean small galingale swards","description":"Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic formations dominated by Cyperus fuscus, Cyperus flavescens or Cyperus michelianus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52315","name":"Mediterranean Fimbristylis swards","description":"Formations dominated by Fimbristylis bisumbellata, often with Cyperus spp., in particular, Cyperus flavescens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52316","name":"Mediterranean Chaetopogon swards","description":"Formations dominated by Chaetopogon fasciculatus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52317","name":"Bog pimpernell-summer lady's tresses communities","description":"Formations of the sandy, rocky edges of rivulets of the Mediterranean region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52318","name":"Mediterranean amphibious small herb communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean temporarily inundated or wet terrain, including karstic pools, often highly ephemeral, dominated by annual small herbs, among which Elatine spp. (Elatine macropoda, Elatine gussonei, Elatine pedunculata), Damasonium bourgaei, Nananthea perpusilla, Morisia monanthos, Blackstonia perfoliata, Samolus valerandi, Radiola linoides, Myosurus minimus, Laurentia gasparrinii, Laurentia tenella."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q52319","name":"Mediterranean dwarf Scirpus swards","description":"Formations of the Mediterranean basin occupying temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by small club-rushes of section Isolepis (Scirpus setaceus, Scirpus pseudosetaceus, Scirpus cernuus)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q5231A","name":"Mediterranean Eleocharis swards","description":"Formations of temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by spike-rushes (Eleocharis palustris), accompanied by small annual herbs and grasses."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5232","name":"Tall Mediterranean amphibious communities","description":"Formations of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools, ditches and springs, developed on terrain covered by deep waters during long periods, composed of an admixture of small annuals and of tall perennials or annuals, in particular, of genera Mentha (Mentha cervina, Mentha longifolia) and Eryngium (Eryngium corniculatum)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5233","name":"Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards","description":"Slighly halophile and nitrophile post-estival vegetation of temporarily inundated terrains, with Crypsisschoenoides, Crypsis aculeata, Crypsis alopecuroides and Centaurium spicatum."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q524","name":"Central Eurasian amphibious communities","description":"Annual dwarf sedges, rushes and Elatine spp. communities of recently emerged muds and sands, characteristic of the Pannonic plain, the Black Sea lowlands and adjacent areas of the Balkan peninsula, outside of the Mediterranean influence. Communities of units C3.511 and C3.513 occur locally in the same region."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5241","name":"Ponto-Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities","description":"Communities of nitrogen-rich muds and inundation zones of watercourses and lakes of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, in particular of Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills, with Cyperus fuscus, Cyperus flavescens, Cyperus michelianus (Dichostylis michelianus), Juncus bufonius, Echinochloa crus-galli, Filaginella uliginosa (Gnaphalium uliginosum), Elatine hungarica, Ammannia verticillata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5242","name":"Ponto-Pannonic rice-field dwarf sedge communities","description":"Communities of rice field muds and of river and lake inundation zones of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, distributed in particular in the Pannonic region, Russia, the Balkans and central Asia, with Elatine hungarica, Elatine triandra, Eleocharis acicularis, Scirpus supinus, Lindernia procumbens, Peplis portula, Marsilea quadrifolia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5243","name":"Ponto-Pannonic halo-nitrophile amphibious swards","description":"Communities of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, extending from Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills to the Caucasus, developed on clayey, nitrogen-rich saline or somewhat saline soils. Characteristic species include Lythrum hyssopifolia, Lythrum tribracteatum, Lythrum linifolium, terrestrial forms of Elatine alsinastrum, Elatine triandra, Elatine hydropiper, Elatine hungarica, Mentha aquatica, Hippuris vulgaris and crowfoots of subgenus Batrachium."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q525","name":"Eleocharis parvula and Eleocharis acicularis beds of inland saline and brackish waters","description":"Emergent Eleocharis parvula or Eleocharis acicularis formations of brackish lakes and inland seas, their inlets, estuaries, lagoons, mud or sand flats, and other inland brackish waterbodies."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q526","name":"Nasturtium officinale (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) beds","description":"Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of forbs, in particular, watercress, Nasturtium officinale (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum). Low-growing communities, at maximum 20 cm tall, which may be open or closed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q53","name":"Tall-sedge bed","description":"This habitat develops throughout the European lowlands, though less commonly to the warmer south, on the margins of standing and slow-moving fresh waters just above the mean water level, but subject to periodic flooding, and on year-round water-saturated soils. Tall-sedge communities are usually species-poor, often dominated by one productive plant, often of densely tussock habit, and accompanied by few characteristic species, often disposed in mosaics on and between the tussocks. The particular dominant depends on climate, substrate, hydrology and trophic level of the habitat and, now usually in the past, on management by grazing or cutting. The main threats are the expansion of agricultural, industrial and urban areas and changes in the level of groundwater and its pollution. Often the habitat is totally transformed without the possibility of natural recovery, and strong intervention is usually needed for recovery."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q531","name":"Beds of large Carex species","description":"Communities of social sedges of genus Carex, usually dominated by one species that can be either tussock-forming or bed-forming. They are arranged according to dominant species. Species Carex acutiformis, Carex appropinquata, Carex elata, Carex paniculata, Carex lasiocarpa are present. Vegetation of alliance Magnocaricion elatae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5311","name":"Brown sedge beds","description":"Formations of Carex disticha of Palaearctic humid alluvial meadows on clay and of temporarily drying peatbogs; often in contact with grasslands of the Calthion and sometimes placed in that alliance; they tolerate fairly long desiccation and have a relatively rich accompanying flora."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5312","name":"Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities","description":"Palaearctic formations of the terrestrialisation zone of marshes, ponds and lakes on mostly mineral, neutral, basic or weakly acid substrates, dominated by large bed-forming, rhizomatous, sedges, in particular, Carex acuta, Carex acutiformis or their relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53121","name":"Slender tufted sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic formations of Carex acuta of wet, alkaline or slightly acid depressions with mineral soil; Carex acuta does not tolerate prolonged desiccation. The community is distributed, in particular, in northern France, the Low Countries, Central Europe south to the Sava and Drava valleys of Croatia, the northern Morava valley of Serbia and Romania, north to Poland, the Kaliningrad District, Lithuania and Latvia, in southern Scandinavia, in the Dnieper basin of northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, in the lower Volga Valley."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53122","name":"Lesser pond sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic communities dominated by Carex acutiformis, more tolerant of desiccation than Carex acuta, forming beds on mesotrophic, base-rich, neutral to slightly acid, peaty or mineral soils. Large beds may form in fens, often with Carex paniculata; otherwise, they are widespread along watercourses on the landward side of Carex acuta or Carex vesicaria beds, in alluvial plains, ditches and depressions of humid meadow systems; they may occupy stations that almost totally escape periodical inundation."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53123","name":"Inn sedge beds","description":"Formations of Carex oenensis, restricted to oligotrophic, base-rich streamsides of the pre-Alpine Bavarian plateau."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53124","name":"Banat sedge beds","description":"Carex buekii formations of mesotrophic sandy or clayey soils in Franconia, eastern Bavaria, Saxony, northern Italy, eastern central Europe, eastern Europe and western Asia."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53125","name":"Water sedge beds","description":"Mesotrophic Carex aquatilis formations of northern Siberia and northern Europe, south to Lower Saxony, Friesland, Wales, Lakeland, Scotland, Ireland."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53126","name":"Brotero sedge beds","description":"Carex acuta ssp. broteriana formations of Iberia, lining river courses on the inner side of alder galleries, or replacing them."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53127","name":"Carex melanostachya beds","description":"Palaearctic swamp communities dominated by Carex melanostachya (Carex nutans), characteristic of slightly saline soils of the Pannonic region, habitat of the uncommon Carex curvata."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53128","name":"Carex hispida beds","description":"Formations of the terrestrialisation zone of Mediterranean marshes, ponds, lakes, ditches dominated by Carex hispida."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5313","name":"Greater pond sedge beds","description":"Formations of Carex riparia, mostly characteristic of larger valleys and southern regions of the Palaearctic domaine, intolerant of desiccation. They form on mineral or thinly peaty substrates, often in areas almost permanently inundated by somewhat lime-rich water."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5314","name":"Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by Carex vesicaria, Carex rostrata or Carex lasiocarpa, characteristic of moderately to strongly acid, fairly constantly inundated soils and poor fens."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53141","name":"Bottle sedge beds","description":"Terrestrialisation sedge beds of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of continental regions, dominated by Carex rostrata, forming dense, vigorous, fertile beds on usually very wet, meso-oligotrophic substrates."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53142","name":"Bladder sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic formations of Carex vesicaria, usually characteristic of less oligotrophic situations than the previous ones. Carexvesicaria, however, often accompanies Carex rostrata, forming then the outer, drier edge of the sedge bed."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53143","name":"Slender sedge beds","description":"Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by Carex lasiocarpa, characteristic of dystrophic to mesotrophic waters with low to moderate level fluctuations, on weakly to moderately acid peaty substrates or gyttyas, most widespread in northern and continental Eurasia, with representatives in Atlantic Europe, in particular in Ireland, and, as rare glacial relicts, in Alpine lands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5315","name":"Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by the large, tussock-forming Carex elata or its relatives."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53151","name":"Tufted sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of large, often crowded tussocks of Carex elata, of alkaline or eutrophic, peaty or organic soils of the Palaearctic domaine. Carex elata is, in particular, one of the constituents of species-rich sedge communities in alkaline fens. It is also typical of the flood plain of large, slow-flowing rivers."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53152","name":"Sward sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of Carex cespitosa, characteristic of nutrient- and base-rich, neutral to acid peaty soils of Siberia, Central Asia, northern and central Europe, west to the Netherlands, Bohemia, Württemberg and northern Italy."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5316","name":"Greater tussock sedge tussocks","description":"Formations of large, usually well-spaced tussocks of Carex paniculata, of alkaline to acid, usually mesotrophic, often somewhat shady, habitually peaty stations of the Palaearctic domaine, including marshy woods. Carex paniculata is also a constituent of species-rich alkaline fen sedge communities."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5317","name":"Smaller tussock sedge tussocks","description":"Terrestrialisation formations of Palaearctic lakes, ponds and swamps dominated by Carex appropinquata (Carex paradoxa) or Carex diandra."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5318","name":"Cyperus sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic sedge beds dominated by Carex pseudocyperus, mostly characteristic of slightly acid peaty soils, in very wet situations."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5319","name":"Fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by Carex vulpina or Carex otrubae, of eutrophic humus-poor clay soils, inundated for part of the year."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53191","name":"True fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations of the very large Carex vulpina."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":6,"code":"Q53192","name":"False fox sedge tussocks","description":"Palaearctic formations of the often less robust Carex otrubae."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q531A","name":"Club sedge beds","description":"Beds of Carex buxbaumii of wet grasslands, lake shore swamps and fens, on temporarily inundated relatively nutrient-rich, somewhat acid peaty sandy or clayey soils of eastern France, southern and eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the southern Alps and the central Apennines."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q531B","name":"Icelandic sedge beds","description":"Sedge beds of Iceland dominated by Carex lyngbyei, forming, thanks to strong runners, large stands on lakesides, poolsides, open mires and in ditches."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q532","name":"Tall Cyperus beds, other than Cyperus papyrus","description":"Palaearctic formations dominated by large perennial Cyperaceae of genus Cyperus, other than Cyperus papyrus."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5321","name":"Common galingale beds","description":"Cyperus longus formations of Italy, southeastern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q533","name":"Cyperus papyrus swamps","description":"Formations of Cyperus papyrus of the Near East, Egypt and Sicily."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":5,"code":"Q5331","name":"Cyane papyrus swamp","description":"Cyperuspapyrus ssp. siculus gallery of the Cyane river in southeastern Sicily. Taxonomic and historical evidence strongly suggest that this unique station is of natural origin, an extraordinary relict of an extensive Tertiary distribution."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q534","name":"Fen Cladium mariscus beds","description":"Species-rich, fairly open Cladium mariscus beds of alkaline and sometimes acid fens, accompanied by cortèges of the Caricion davallianae or of the Caricion lasiocarpae. These formations are in grave decline throughout their range. Typical species: Molinia caerulea, Schoenus nigricans, Schoenus ferrugineus, Eriophorum latifolium etc. Closed stands are species-poor."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q535","name":"Valencia Cladium islands","description":"Endangered endemic association of peaty islets of the Albufera de Valencia, with Kosteletzkya pentacarpos."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q54","name":"Inland saline or brackish helophyte bed","description":"This habitat includes helophyte beds developing in and around inland saline or brackish lakes, ponds and other standing or slowly flowing waters such as saline Mediterranean rivers that are subject to summer drying. The habitat may include, depending on the particular hydrological regime, emergent communities dominated by a variety of tall or tussocky species tolerant of brackish or saline conditions. It is distributed in both the continental part of Europe and the arid Mediterranean region, where it can dry out completely in the summer and become hyper-saline. Threats include land reclamation for agricultural and urban expansion, anthropogenic changes in hydrology, and the input of freshwater to serve waterfowl hunting or ecotourism in dry areas. Safeguarding the distinctive hydrology and controlling the spread of helophytes by grazing are the main conservation actions."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q541","name":"Dry halophile Phragmites beds","description":"Non-inundated Phragmites australis beds of the Palaearctic region forming on the shores of saltwater bodies or on other saline soils."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q542","name":"Cyperus laevigatus beds","description":"Formations dominated by, or rich in, Cyperus laevigatus, characteristic, in particular, of saline depressions in the Canary Islands, of thermal waterbodies on Pantelleria, and of damp, often saline, sites, such as lake, marsh and swamp margins, of North Africa. These formations are apparently extinct in the Maltese Islands."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":4,"code":"Q543","name":"Interior Iberian salt pan meadows","description":"Salt meadows peculiar to the lowest, wettest parts of interior Iberian depressions, dominated by Puccinellia fasciculata or Aeluropus littoralis in the very lowest areas, or, slightly higher, by Juncus gerardi. The higher, drier ground that surrounds them is occupied either by other salt meadow communities that are less differentiated from the coastal communities (units MA2511 and MA2521) or by salt scrubs (unit S653)."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":2,"code":"Q6","name":"Periodically exposed shores","description":"These habitats include wetlands with periodically changing states of flooding and bottom exposure. They occur on shores of rivers, lakes and ponds, in river channels, ditches, oxbows and on wet arable land. After water draw-down, the exposed wet substrate is quickly colonised by annual herbaceous plants. Depending on the substrate and water quality, the habitats can be eutrophic, mesotrophic or saline."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q61","name":"Periodically exposed shore with stable, eutrophic sediments with pioneer or ephemeral vegetation","description":"This habitat includes periodically exposed shores of rivers or islets of accumulated sediment in river channels, drying out oxbows, lakes and fishponds. Similar environmental conditions occur in ditches, wet places in villages or shallowly inundated and drying out arable land. Soils are muddy or sandy-muddy, usually with a high concentration of nutrients from natural sedimentation or human input. Vegetation is dominated by annual herbs, mainly of the genera Bidens, Chenopodium and Persicaria. In the Mediterranean areas where the drying out is faster, the vegetation can also be dominated by perennial stoloniferous species tolerant to prolonged flooding. In contrast to habitat Q62, this habitat occurs at sites with quick draw-down and drying out or on more nutrient-rich sediments."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q62","name":"Periodically exposed shore with stable, mesotrophic sediments with pioneer or ephemeral vegetation","description":"This habitat type is found along the periodically emergent shorelines of rivers, on exposed bottoms of permanent lakes and ponds, in wetlands at the edges of arable fields and ephemeral flush habitats (vernal pools). In rivers and lakes, the timing of exposure of their shoreline depends on the precipitation seasonality and snowmelt time. This habitat type also includes artificial ponds drained in summer in intervals of several years as a part of their management. Vegetation is dominated by annual, low-growing and competitively weak plant species. After water draw-down on exposed pond bottoms and river shores, this vegetation can be overgrown by competitively stronger tall annuals, which indicate a successional development towards habitat Q61."}
{"classification":"EUNIS_T_2021","section":"terrestrial","version":"2021_1","group":"wetlands","level":3,"code":"Q63","name":"Periodically exposed saline shore with pioneer or ephemeral vegetation","description":"This habitat includes periodically flooded, saline and muddy, nutrient-rich shores and dried-up bottoms of saline standing water bodies and saline river banks. It occurs in the lowlands of continental Europe and arid Mediterranean regions. The bottom of these water bodies dries in summer, and salt efflorescence appear on the surface. The vegetation often starts to grow only in summer. There is a low to moderate cover of short salt-adapted plants, primarily grasses, but also sedges and dicot herbs. Most of these plant species are annuals, developing during the exposure phase, though some perennials tolerant of temporary inundation with brackish water also occur."}