---
title: "Frequently asked questions"
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Frequently asked questions}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---



## 1 | How to be sure that I can establish a connection to the GWAS Catalog server?

You can check that gwasrapidd is able to connect to [https://www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk) by making a connection attempt with the function `is_ebi_reachable()`:


```r
is_ebi_reachable()
```

Returns `TRUE` if the connection is possible, or `FALSE` otherwise. If the connection is not possible, use the parameter `chatty = TRUE` to learn at what point the connection is failing.


```r
is_ebi_reachable(chatty = TRUE)
```


## 2 | What resources is the GWAS Catalog database currently mapped against?

The GWAS Catalog is mapped against [Ensembl](https://www.ensembl.org), [dbSNP](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/) and a specific [assembly version](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/grc/human) of the human genome. You can get this info with `get_metadata()`:


```r
get_metadata()
#> $ensembl_release_number
#> [1] 107
#> 
#> $genome_build_version
#> [1] "GRCh38.p13"
#> 
#> $dbsnp_version
#> [1] 154
#> 
#> $usage_start_date
#> [1] "2022-07-12 13:00:04 UTC"
```

## 3 | How to perform batch search with gwasrapidd?

The four main retrieval functions `get_studies()`, `get_associations()`, `get_variants()`, and `get_traits()` allow to search by multiple values for the same search criterion. You only need to pass a vector of queries to each search criterion parameter. Here are some simple examples.

Get studies by study identifiers (GCST002420 or GCST000392):


```r
get_studies(study_id = c('GCST002420', 'GCST000392'))
#> An object of class "studies"
#> Slot "studies":
#> # A tibble: 2 × 13
#>   study_id   reported_trait          initi…¹ repli…² gxe   gxg   snp_c…³ quali…⁴ imputed pooled study…⁵ full_…⁶ user_…⁷
#>   <chr>      <chr>                   <chr>   <chr>   <lgl> <lgl>   <int> <chr>   <lgl>   <lgl>  <chr>   <lgl>   <lgl>  
#> 1 GCST002420 Binge eating behaviour… 206 Eu… 70 Eur… FALSE FALSE 8466825 <NA>    TRUE    FALSE  <NA>    FALSE   FALSE  
#> 2 GCST000392 Type 1 diabetes         7,514 … 4,267 … FALSE FALSE  841622 <NA>    TRUE    FALSE  <NA>    TRUE    FALSE  
#> # … with abbreviated variable names ¹​initial_sample_size, ²​replication_sample_size, ³​snp_count, ⁴​qualifier,
#> #   ⁵​study_design_comment, ⁶​full_pvalue_set, ⁷​user_requested
#> 
#> Slot "genotyping_techs":
#> # A tibble: 2 × 2
#>   study_id   genotyping_technology       
#>   <chr>      <chr>                       
#> 1 GCST002420 Genome-wide genotyping array
#> 2 GCST000392 Genome-wide genotyping array
#> 
#> Slot "platforms":
#> # A tibble: 3 × 2
#>   study_id   manufacturer
#>   <chr>      <chr>       
#> 1 GCST002420 Affymetrix  
#> 2 GCST000392 Illumina    
#> 3 GCST000392 Affymetrix  
#> 
#> Slot "ancestries":
#> # A tibble: 4 × 4
#>   study_id   ancestry_id type        number_of_individuals
#>   <chr>            <int> <chr>                       <int>
#> 1 GCST002420           1 initial                       929
#> 2 GCST002420           2 replication                   828
#> 3 GCST000392           1 initial                     16559
#> 4 GCST000392           2 replication                 13279
#> 
#> Slot "ancestral_groups":
#> # A tibble: 4 × 3
#>   study_id   ancestry_id ancestral_group
#>   <chr>            <int> <chr>          
#> 1 GCST002420           1 European       
#> 2 GCST002420           2 European       
#> 3 GCST000392           1 European       
#> 4 GCST000392           2 European       
#> 
#> Slot "countries_of_origin":
#> # A tibble: 2 × 5
#>   study_id   ancestry_id country_name major_area region
#>   <chr>            <int> <chr>        <chr>      <chr> 
#> 1 GCST002420           1 <NA>         <NA>       <NA>  
#> 2 GCST002420           2 <NA>         <NA>       <NA>  
#> 
#> Slot "countries_of_recruitment":
#> # A tibble: 5 × 5
#>   study_id   ancestry_id country_name major_area       region         
#>   <chr>            <int> <chr>        <chr>            <chr>          
#> 1 GCST002420           1 U.S.         Northern America <NA>           
#> 2 GCST002420           2 U.S.         Northern America <NA>           
#> 3 GCST000392           1 U.K.         Europe           Northern Europe
#> 4 GCST000392           2 U.K.         Europe           Northern Europe
#> 5 GCST000392           2 Denmark      Europe           Northern Europe
#> 
#> Slot "publications":
#> # A tibble: 2 × 7
#>   study_id   pubmed_id publication_date publication     title                                           autho…¹ autho…²
#>   <chr>          <int> <date>           <chr>           <chr>                                           <chr>   <chr>  
#> 1 GCST002420  24882193 2014-04-19       J Affect Disord Bipolar disorder with comorbid binge eating hi… Winham… 0000-0…
#> 2 GCST000392  19430480 2009-05-10       Nat Genet       Genome-wide association study and meta-analysi… Barret… <NA>   
#> # … with abbreviated variable names ¹​author_fullname, ²​author_orcid
```

Get associations by variant identifiers (rs3798440 or rs7329174):


```r
get_associations(variant_id = c('rs3798440', 'rs7329174'))
#> An object of class "associations"
#> Slot "associations":
#> # A tibble: 6 × 17
#>   associ…¹ pvalue pvalu…² pvalu…³ pvalu…⁴ multi…⁵ snp_i…⁶ snp_t…⁷ stand…⁸ range or_pe…⁹ beta_…˟ beta_…˟ beta_…˟ beta_…˟
#>   <chr>     <dbl> <chr>     <int>   <int> <lgl>   <lgl>   <chr>     <dbl> <chr>   <dbl>   <dbl> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>  
#> 1 24299710  3e-10 <NA>          3     -10 FALSE   TRUE    novel        NA <NA>    NA         NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 2 16617     1e- 8 <NA>          1      -8 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA [1.1…    1.26      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 3 26451     8e- 9 <NA>          8      -9 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA [1.1…    1.27      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 4 26394     6e- 6 <NA>          6      -6 FALSE   FALSE   known        NA <NA>     1.45      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 5 92481688  3e- 6 <NA>          3      -6 FALSE   FALSE   known        NA <NA>    NA         NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 6 17433639  3e- 6 (Chine…       3      -6 FALSE   FALSE   known        NA <NA>     1.27      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> # … with 2 more variables: last_mapping_date <dttm>, last_update_date <dttm>, and abbreviated variable names
#> #   ¹​association_id, ²​pvalue_description, ³​pvalue_mantissa, ⁴​pvalue_exponent, ⁵​multiple_snp_haplotype,
#> #   ⁶​snp_interaction, ⁷​snp_type, ⁸​standard_error, ⁹​or_per_copy_number, ˟​beta_number, ˟​beta_unit, ˟​beta_direction,
#> #   ˟​beta_description
#> 
#> Slot "loci":
#> # A tibble: 7 × 4
#>   association_id locus_id haplotype_snp_count description          
#>   <chr>             <int>               <int> <chr>                
#> 1 24299710              1                  NA SNP x SNP interaction
#> 2 24299710              2                  NA SNP x SNP interaction
#> 3 16617                 1                  NA Single variant       
#> 4 26451                 1                  NA Single variant       
#> 5 26394                 1                  NA Single variant       
#> 6 92481688              1                  NA Single variant       
#> 7 17433639              1                  NA Single variant       
#> 
#> Slot "risk_alleles":
#> # A tibble: 7 × 7
#>   association_id locus_id variant_id risk_allele risk_frequency genome_wide limited_list
#>   <chr>             <int> <chr>      <chr>                <dbl> <lgl>       <lgl>       
#> 1 24299710              1 rs3798440  A                   NA     TRUE        FALSE       
#> 2 24299710              2 rs9350602  C                   NA     TRUE        FALSE       
#> 3 16617                 1 rs7329174  G                   NA     NA          NA          
#> 4 26451                 1 rs7329174  G                   NA     NA          NA          
#> 5 26394                 1 rs7329174  G                   NA     NA          NA          
#> 6 92481688              1 rs7329174  G                   NA     FALSE       FALSE       
#> 7 17433639              1 rs7329174  <NA>                 0.211 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 
#> Slot "genes":
#> # A tibble: 10 × 3
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name   
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>       
#>  1 24299710              1 MYO6        
#>  2 24299710              2 MYO6        
#>  3 16617                 1 ELF1        
#>  4 26451                 1 WBP4        
#>  5 26451                 1 ELF1        
#>  6 26451                 1 microRNA2276
#>  7 26451                 1 SLC25A15    
#>  8 26394                 1 ELF1        
#>  9 92481688              1 <NA>        
#> 10 17433639              1 ELF1        
#> 
#> Slot "ensembl_ids":
#> # A tibble: 10 × 4
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name    ensembl_id     
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>        <chr>          
#>  1 24299710              1 MYO6         ENSG00000196586
#>  2 24299710              2 MYO6         ENSG00000196586
#>  3 16617                 1 ELF1         ENSG00000120690
#>  4 26451                 1 WBP4         ENSG00000120688
#>  5 26451                 1 ELF1         ENSG00000120690
#>  6 26451                 1 microRNA2276 <NA>           
#>  7 26451                 1 SLC25A15     ENSG00000102743
#>  8 26394                 1 ELF1         ENSG00000120690
#>  9 92481688              1 <NA>         <NA>           
#> 10 17433639              1 ELF1         ENSG00000120690
#> 
#> Slot "entrez_ids":
#> # A tibble: 10 × 4
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name    entrez_id
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>        <chr>    
#>  1 24299710              1 MYO6         4646     
#>  2 24299710              2 MYO6         4646     
#>  3 16617                 1 ELF1         1997     
#>  4 26451                 1 WBP4         11193    
#>  5 26451                 1 ELF1         1997     
#>  6 26451                 1 microRNA2276 <NA>     
#>  7 26451                 1 SLC25A15     10166    
#>  8 26394                 1 ELF1         1997     
#>  9 92481688              1 <NA>         <NA>     
#> 10 17433639              1 ELF1         1997
```

Get associations by traits (braces or binge eating or gambling):


```r
get_associations(efo_trait = c('braces', 'binge eating', 'gambling'))
#> An object of class "associations"
#> Slot "associations":
#> # A tibble: 14 × 17
#>    assoc…¹ pvalue pvalu…² pvalu…³ pvalu…⁴ multi…⁵ snp_i…⁶ snp_t…⁷ stand…⁸ range or_pe…⁹ beta_…˟ beta_…˟ beta_…˟ beta_…˟
#>    <chr>    <dbl> <chr>     <int>   <int> <lgl>   <lgl>   <chr>     <dbl> <chr>   <dbl>   <dbl> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>  
#>  1 15608     4e-7 (brace…       4      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>    NA         NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  2 44592     9e-7 <NA>          9      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.99      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  3 44589     1e-6 <NA>          1      -6 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.92      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  4 44590     4e-6 <NA>          4      -6 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     4.89      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  5 274608…   1e-6 <NA>          1      -6 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     3.23      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  6 274608…   1e-7 <NA>          1      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.56      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  7 274608…   7e-7 <NA>          7      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.6       NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  8 274608…   3e-8 <NA>          3      -8 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.92      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#>  9 274608…   1e-6 <NA>          1      -6 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     2.33      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 10 274608…   1e-8 <NA>          1      -8 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     2.86      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 11 274608…   3e-7 <NA>          3      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     1.75      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 12 274608…   3e-7 <NA>          3      -7 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     2.08      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 13 274608…   1e-6 <NA>          1      -6 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     2         NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> 14 274608…   9e-8 <NA>          9      -8 FALSE   FALSE   novel        NA <NA>     3.85      NA <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   
#> # … with 2 more variables: last_mapping_date <dttm>, last_update_date <dttm>, and abbreviated variable names
#> #   ¹​association_id, ²​pvalue_description, ³​pvalue_mantissa, ⁴​pvalue_exponent, ⁵​multiple_snp_haplotype,
#> #   ⁶​snp_interaction, ⁷​snp_type, ⁸​standard_error, ⁹​or_per_copy_number, ˟​beta_number, ˟​beta_unit, ˟​beta_direction,
#> #   ˟​beta_description
#> 
#> Slot "loci":
#> # A tibble: 14 × 4
#>    association_id locus_id haplotype_snp_count description   
#>    <chr>             <int>               <int> <chr>         
#>  1 15608                 1                  NA Single variant
#>  2 44592                 1                  NA Single variant
#>  3 44589                 1                  NA Single variant
#>  4 44590                 1                  NA Single variant
#>  5 27460823              1                  NA Single variant
#>  6 27460811              1                  NA Single variant
#>  7 27460817              1                  NA Single variant
#>  8 27460805              1                  NA Single variant
#>  9 27460830              1                  NA Single variant
#> 10 27460844              1                  NA Single variant
#> 11 27460858              1                  NA Single variant
#> 12 27460864              1                  NA Single variant
#> 13 27460870              1                  NA Single variant
#> 14 27460851              1                  NA Single variant
#> 
#> Slot "risk_alleles":
#> # A tibble: 14 × 7
#>    association_id locus_id variant_id  risk_allele risk_frequency genome_wide limited_list
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>       <chr>                <dbl> <lgl>       <lgl>       
#>  1 15608                 1 rs1535480   <NA>                 NA    NA          NA          
#>  2 44592                 1 rs6006893   <NA>                 NA    NA          NA          
#>  3 44589                 1 rs10198175  <NA>                 NA    NA          NA          
#>  4 44590                 1 rs13233490  <NA>                 NA    NA          NA          
#>  5 27460823              1 rs182107583 C                     0.04 FALSE       FALSE       
#>  6 27460811              1 rs7904579   G                     0.37 FALSE       FALSE       
#>  7 27460817              1 rs1950038   T                     0.3  FALSE       FALSE       
#>  8 27460805              1 rs726170    T                     0.12 FALSE       FALSE       
#>  9 27460830              1 rs76087671  T                     0.05 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 10 27460844              1 rs111940429 T                     0.04 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 11 27460858              1 rs7337127   T                     0.15 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 12 27460864              1 rs145763646 A                     0.1  FALSE       FALSE       
#> 13 27460870              1 rs73057489  C                     0.07 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 14 27460851              1 rs17810023  T                     0.02 FALSE       FALSE       
#> 
#> Slot "genes":
#> # A tibble: 15 × 3
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name   
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>       
#>  1 15608                 1 <NA>        
#>  2 44592                 1 PRR5        
#>  3 44589                 1 APOB        
#>  4 44590                 1 PER4        
#>  5 27460823              1 LOC101929321
#>  6 27460811              1 CUBN        
#>  7 27460817              1 Intergenic  
#>  8 27460805              1 PRR5        
#>  9 27460805              1 ARHGAP8     
#> 10 27460830              1 intergenic  
#> 11 27460844              1 AC096669.1  
#> 12 27460858              1 intergenic  
#> 13 27460864              1 SLC25A26    
#> 14 27460870              1 intergenic  
#> 15 27460851              1 RP11-250B2.3
#> 
#> Slot "ensembl_ids":
#> # A tibble: 15 × 4
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name    ensembl_id     
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>        <chr>          
#>  1 15608                 1 <NA>         <NA>           
#>  2 44592                 1 PRR5         ENSG00000186654
#>  3 44589                 1 APOB         ENSG00000084674
#>  4 44590                 1 PER4         <NA>           
#>  5 27460823              1 LOC101929321 <NA>           
#>  6 27460811              1 CUBN         ENSG00000107611
#>  7 27460817              1 Intergenic   <NA>           
#>  8 27460805              1 PRR5         ENSG00000186654
#>  9 27460805              1 ARHGAP8      ENSG00000241484
#> 10 27460830              1 intergenic   <NA>           
#> 11 27460844              1 AC096669.1   ENSG00000225588
#> 12 27460858              1 intergenic   <NA>           
#> 13 27460864              1 SLC25A26     ENSG00000144741
#> 14 27460870              1 intergenic   <NA>           
#> 15 27460851              1 RP11-250B2.3 <NA>           
#> 
#> Slot "entrez_ids":
#> # A tibble: 15 × 4
#>    association_id locus_id gene_name    entrez_id
#>    <chr>             <int> <chr>        <chr>    
#>  1 15608                 1 <NA>         <NA>     
#>  2 44592                 1 PRR5         55615    
#>  3 44589                 1 APOB         338      
#>  4 44590                 1 PER4         <NA>     
#>  5 27460823              1 LOC101929321 101929321
#>  6 27460811              1 CUBN         8029     
#>  7 27460817              1 Intergenic   <NA>     
#>  8 27460805              1 PRR5         55615    
#>  9 27460805              1 ARHGAP8      23779    
#> 10 27460830              1 intergenic   <NA>     
#> 11 27460844              1 AC096669.1   <NA>     
#> 12 27460858              1 intergenic   <NA>     
#> 13 27460864              1 SLC25A26     115286   
#> 14 27460870              1 intergenic   <NA>     
#> 15 27460851              1 RP11-250B2.3 <NA>
```

Get traits by PubMed identifiers (24882193 or 22780124):


```r
get_traits(pubmed_id = c('24882193', '22780124'))
#> An object of class "traits"
#> Slot "traits":
#> # A tibble: 3 × 3
#>   efo_id      trait              uri                                 
#>   <chr>       <chr>              <chr>                               
#> 1 EFO_0005924 binge eating       http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0005924
#> 2 EFO_0000289 bipolar disorder   http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000289
#> 3 EFO_0004699 gambling behaviour http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0004699
```

The only search parameters that are not vectorised are `user_requested` and `full_pvalue_set` from `get_studies()`. These parameters are not vectorised because they take boolean values (`TRUE` or `FALSE`) and thus only one of the values is sensical to be used as a query at a given time.

## 4 | What is the difference between a trait and a reported trait?

There are two levels of trait description in the GWAS Catalog: (EFO) trait and reported trait.

Studies are assigned one or more terms from the [Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/), i.e., an EFO trait, or simply trait, that best represents the phenotype under investigation.

In addition, each study is also assigned a free text reported trait. This is written by the GWAS Catalog curators and reflects the author language, and where necessary, it includes more specific and detailed description of the experimental design, e.g., interaction studies or studies with a background trait.

As an example take the study with accession identifier `GCST000206` by EM Behrens et al. (2008). We can get the EFO trait with `get_traits()` and the reported trait with `get_studies()`:

The (EFO) trait for the Behrens study is `chronic childhood arthritis`:


```r
efo_trait <- get_traits(study_id = 'GCST000206')
efo_trait@traits$trait
#> [1] "juvenile idiopathic arthritis"
```

whereas the reported trait is `Arthritis (juvenile idiopathic)`:


```r
study <- get_studies(study_id = 'GCST000206')
study@studies$reported_trait
#> [1] "Arthritis (juvenile idiopathic)"
```

## 5 | Genomic coordinates of genomic contexts seem to be wrong?

The REST API response for variants contains an element named *genomic contexts*. This element is mapped onto the table `genomic_contexts` of a [variants](https://rmagno.eu/gwasrapidd/reference/variants-class.html) S4 object.

Now, there is indeed a server-side bug with the column `chromosome_position` of the `genomic_contexts` table: the chromosome position returned is that of the variant and not of the gene (*genomic context*) as it should be.

The GWAS Catalog team is aware of this bug, and they plan to fix it, eventually. For the time being, just do not rely on `chromosome_position` of the `genomic_contexts` table.

## 6 | How to search for variants within a certain genomic region?

### Single genomic range

For this you may use the function `get_variants()` with parameter `genomic_range`.

For example, to search for variants in chromosome Y in the interval 14692000--14695000, you start by defining a list of 3 elements: `chromosome`, `start` and `end` that specify your genomic range:


```r

# 'chromosome' names are case sensitive, and should be uppercase.
# 'start' and 'end' positions should be integer vectors.
my_genomic_range <- list(
  chromosome = 'Y',
  start = 14692000L,
  end = 14695000L)
```

Now you can use `my_genomic_range` to retrieve the variants:


```r
chr_Y_variants <- get_variants(genomic_range = my_genomic_range)
chr_Y_variants@variants[c('variant_id', 'functional_class')]
#> # A tibble: 1 × 2
#>   variant_id functional_class
#>   <chr>      <chr>           
#> 1 rs2115848  intron_variant
```

### Multiple genomic ranges

To search in multiple regions, construct your genomic range list with those locations just like in the previous example. For example, let's search now for variants in chromosome X and Y, both in range 13000000--15000000:


```r
my_genomic_range <- list(
  chromosome = c('X', 'Y'),
  start = c(13000000L, 13000000L),
  end = c(15000000L, 15000000L))

chr_XY_variants <- get_variants(genomic_range = my_genomic_range)
chr_XY_variants@variants[c('variant_id',
                           'chromosome_name',
                           'chromosome_position')]
#> # A tibble: 24 × 3
#>    variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position
#>    <chr>       <chr>                         <int>
#>  1 rs111689944 X                          13494655
#>  2 rs7063195   X                          13492087
#>  3 rs5978649   X                          13596999
#>  4 rs5934106   X                          13488259
#>  5 rs749624882 X                          14929148
#>  6 rs61273829  X                          14150876
#>  7 rs6528024   X                          13912803
#>  8 rs66819623  X                          13936278
#>  9 rs138331350 X                          14841981
#> 10 rs5980075   X                          14932409
#> # … with 14 more rows
```

### Searching variants by cytogenetic regions

To search for variants within a cytogenetic band you can use the parameter `cytogenetic_band` of `get_variants()`. Here is an example, again for chromosome Y, using the cytogenetic band `'Yq11.221'` as query:


```r
my_variants <- get_variants(cytogenetic_band = 'Yq11.221')
my_variants@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position')]
#> # A tibble: 3 × 3
#>   variant_id chromosome_name chromosome_position
#>   <chr>      <chr>                         <int>
#> 1 rs2032624  Y                          12914512
#> 2 rs2115848  Y                          14692972
#> 3 rs2032658  Y                          13470103
```

How to know what are the cytogenetic bands for querying? We provide a dataset (dataframe) named `cytogenetic_bands` that you can use:


```r
# ?cytogenetic_bands for more details.
cytogenetic_bands
#> # A tibble: 862 × 8
#>    cytogenetic_band chromosome    start      end  length assembly stain  last_download_date      
#>    <chr>            <chr>         <int>    <int>   <dbl> <chr>    <chr>  <chr>                   
#>  1 1p36.33          1                 1  2300000 2300000 GRCh38   gneg   Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  2 1p36.32          1           2300001  5300000 3000000 GRCh38   gpos25 Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  3 1p36.31          1           5300001  7100000 1800000 GRCh38   gneg   Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  4 1p36.23          1           7100001  9100000 2000000 GRCh38   gpos25 Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  5 1p36.22          1           9100001 12500000 3400000 GRCh38   gneg   Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  6 1p36.21          1          12500001 15900000 3400000 GRCh38   gpos50 Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  7 1p36.13          1          15900001 20100000 4200000 GRCh38   gneg   Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  8 1p36.12          1          20100001 23600000 3500000 GRCh38   gpos25 Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#>  9 1p36.11          1          23600001 27600000 4000000 GRCh38   gneg   Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#> 10 1p35.3           1          27600001 29900000 2300000 GRCh38   gpos25 Thu Jun 27 15:09:22 2019
#> # … with 852 more rows
```

Let's say you want to search for all variants in the shorter arm (p) of chromosome 21, you can take advantage of the `cytogenetic_bands` to get all the corresponding cytogenetic band names:


```r
# Install package dplyr if you do not have it.
chr21_p_bands <- dplyr::filter(cytogenetic_bands, grepl('^21p', cytogenetic_band)) %>%
  dplyr::pull(cytogenetic_band)
chr21_p_bands
#> [1] "21p13"   "21p12"   "21p11.2" "21p11.1"
```

Now search by `cytogenetic_band`:

```r
my_variants <- get_variants(cytogenetic_band = chr21_p_bands)
my_variants@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 4 × 4
#>   variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>   <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#> 1 rs552964654 21                          9053097 21p11.2          
#> 2 rs10439884  21                         10540506 21p11.2          
#> 3 rs75275574  21                          9040338 21p11.2          
#> 4 rs240444    21                         10510446 21p11.2
```

## 7 | Genomic range for an entire chromosome?

You can get the total length of a chromosome by using the provided data set: `cytogenetic_bands`. Here is an example for chromosome 15:


```r

# Install dplyr first.
dplyr::filter(cytogenetic_bands, chromosome == '15') %>%
  dplyr::summarise(chromosome = dplyr::first(chromosome),
                   start = min(start),
                   end = max(end)
                   )
#> # A tibble: 1 × 3
#>   chromosome start       end
#>   <chr>      <int>     <int>
#> 1 15             1 101991189
```

## 8 | How to keep track of which queries generated which results?

Currently, there is not an implemented solution in `{gwasrapidd}`. For example, if you search for variants by EFO identifier (`efo_id`):


```r
my_efo_ids <- c('EFO_0005543', 'EFO_0004762')
my_variants <- get_variants(efo_id = my_efo_ids)
my_variants@variants$variant_id
#>   [1] "rs75061358"  "rs4252707"   "rs72714270"  "rs1106639"   "rs2736100"   "rs648044"    "rs78378222"  "rs7572263"  
#>   [9] "rs498872"    "rs10852606"  "rs4975538"   "rs12803321"  "rs10131032"  "rs6010620"   "rs4774756"   "rs1938964"  
#>  [17] "rs10927065"  "rs5839764"   "rs7107785"   "rs634537"    "rs72714236"  "rs12076373"  "rs1275600"   "rs11706832" 
#>  [25] "rs111976262" "rs9841110"   "rs80351950"  "rs11598018"  "rs2297440"   "rs77633900"  "rs3751667"   "rs11599775" 
#>  [33] "rs10842893"  "rs320337"    "rs12752552"  "rs7125115"   "rs688755"    "rs2297433"   "rs10069690"  "rs11979158" 
#>  [41] "rs2235573"   "rs3772190"   "rs4977756"   "rs55705857"  "rs11233250"  "rs78355601"  "rs7043199"   "rs187918360"
#>  [49] "rs75455100"  "rs10886366"  "rs6598475"   "rs150821445" "rs6479877"   "rs73418461"  "rs9787438"   "rs6993770"  
#>  [57] "rs4782371"   "rs2375981"   "rs9472155"   "rs34528081"  "rs144160960" "rs12445232"  "rs10934631"  "rs71779653" 
#>  [65] "rs117580153" "rs12456390"  "rs10822155"  "rs7767396"   "rs59706856"  "rs73872715"  "rs181216459" "rs10761731" 
#>  [73] "rs10738760"  "rs186066666" "rs8045833"   "rs11392719"  "rs180936035" "rs4513773"   "rs118086804" "rs114694170"
#>  [81] "rs181558074" "rs7763358"   "rs6722871"   "rs2304058"   "rs6921438"   "rs61829244"  "rs191332118" "rs12214617" 
#>  [89] "rs1740073"   "rs139893147" "rs77961527"  "rs7030781"   "rs61818787"  "rs550057"    "rs11639051"  "rs10411345" 
#>  [97] "rs10761750"  "rs4714729"   "rs4082730"   "rs9332599"   "rs10761741"  "rs12199215"  "rs186725382" "rs144820908"
#> [105] "rs10153304"  "rs112215592" "rs13206436"  "rs2639990"   "rs6475938"   "rs144085478" "rs34524635"  "rs55864163" 
#> [113] "rs143479231" "rs34881325"
```

So it is not immediately obvious which variants resulted from the query `'EFO_0005543'` or `'EFO_0004762'`.

A possible workaround is to make multiple independent queries and save your results in a list whose names are the respective queries:


```r
# Install purrr first.
# Add names to my_efo_ids
names(my_efo_ids) <- my_efo_ids
my_variants <- purrr::map(my_efo_ids, ~ get_variants(efo_id = .x))
```

Now you can see which variants are associated with each EFO identifier.

For `'EFO_0005543'` we got the following variants:


```r
my_variants[['EFO_0005543']]@variants$variant_id
#>  [1] "rs75061358"  "rs4252707"   "rs72714270"  "rs1106639"   "rs2736100"   "rs648044"    "rs78378222"  "rs7572263"  
#>  [9] "rs498872"    "rs10852606"  "rs4975538"   "rs12803321"  "rs10131032"  "rs6010620"   "rs4774756"   "rs1938964"  
#> [17] "rs10927065"  "rs5839764"   "rs7107785"   "rs634537"    "rs72714236"  "rs12076373"  "rs1275600"   "rs11706832" 
#> [25] "rs111976262" "rs9841110"   "rs80351950"  "rs11598018"  "rs2297440"   "rs77633900"  "rs3751667"   "rs11599775" 
#> [33] "rs10842893"  "rs320337"    "rs12752552"  "rs7125115"   "rs688755"    "rs2297433"   "rs10069690"  "rs11979158" 
#> [41] "rs2235573"   "rs3772190"   "rs4977756"   "rs55705857"  "rs11233250"
```

And for `'EFO_0004762'`:


```r
my_variants[['EFO_0004762']]@variants$variant_id
#>  [1] "rs78355601"  "rs7043199"   "rs187918360" "rs75455100"  "rs10886366"  "rs6598475"   "rs150821445" "rs6479877"  
#>  [9] "rs73418461"  "rs9787438"   "rs6993770"   "rs4782371"   "rs2375981"   "rs9472155"   "rs34528081"  "rs144160960"
#> [17] "rs12445232"  "rs10934631"  "rs71779653"  "rs117580153" "rs12456390"  "rs10822155"  "rs7767396"   "rs59706856" 
#> [25] "rs73872715"  "rs181216459" "rs10761731"  "rs10738760"  "rs186066666" "rs8045833"   "rs11392719"  "rs180936035"
#> [33] "rs4513773"   "rs118086804" "rs114694170" "rs181558074" "rs7763358"   "rs6722871"   "rs2304058"   "rs6921438"  
#> [41] "rs61829244"  "rs191332118" "rs12214617"  "rs1740073"   "rs139893147" "rs77961527"  "rs7030781"   "rs61818787" 
#> [49] "rs550057"    "rs11639051"  "rs10411345"  "rs10761750"  "rs4714729"   "rs4082730"   "rs9332599"   "rs10761741" 
#> [57] "rs12199215"  "rs186725382" "rs144820908" "rs10153304"  "rs112215592" "rs13206436"  "rs2639990"   "rs6475938"  
#> [65] "rs144085478" "rs34524635"  "rs55864163"  "rs143479231" "rs34881325"
```

## 9 | How to combine results from multiple queries?

The four main retrieval functions `get_studies()`, `get_associations()`, `get_variants()` and `get_traits()` all allow you to search multiple criteria at once. You can then combine results in an OR or AND fashion using the parameter `set_operation`.

Use `set_operation = 'union'` to combine results in an OR fashion:


```r
my_variants_OR <- get_variants(
  efo_trait = 'triple-negative breast cancer',
  gene_name = 'MDM4',
  set_operation = 'union')

my_variants_OR@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 56 × 4
#>    variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>    <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#>  1 rs3747636   1                         204434531 1q32.1           
#>  2 rs10793765  1                         204580247 1q32.1           
#>  3 rs116661163 1                         204641544 1q32.1           
#>  4 rs12083887  1                         118339066 1p12             
#>  5 rs12143943  1                         204602943 1q32.1           
#>  6 rs1008833   1                         204457167 1q32.1           
#>  7 rs2137255   1                         204457245 1q32.1           
#>  8 rs2290854   1                         204546897 1q32.1           
#>  9 rs12036042  1                         204500186 1q32.1           
#> 10 rs3789045   1                         204617684 1q32.1           
#> # … with 46 more rows
```

The code above retrieves variants whose associated `efo_trait` is equal to `'triple-negative breast cancer'` or variants that are associated with gene `'MDM4'`.

Alternatively, we may use `set_operation = 'intersection'` to combine results in an AND fashion:


```r
my_variants_AND <- get_variants(
  efo_trait = 'triple-negative breast cancer',
  gene_name = 'MDM4',
  set_operation = 'intersection')

my_variants_AND@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 0 × 4
#> # … with 4 variables: variant_id <chr>, chromosome_name <chr>, chromosome_position <int>, chromosome_region <chr>
```

With `set_operation = 'intersection'`, as in the code above, we get variants whose associated `efo_trait` is equal to `'triple-negative breast cancer'` and that are associated with gene `'MDM4'`, i.e., only variants meeting both conditions simultaneously are retrieved.

Please note that almost all search criteria to be used with the retrieval functions are vectorised, meaning that you can use multiple values with the same search criterion. In these cases results are always combined in an OR fashion.

In the following example, we will be using the gene name as the only search criterion. If we pass a vector of gene names then we get all variants that are associated with EITHER (OR) genes.


```r
my_variants <- get_variants(gene_name = c('RNU6-367P', 'ABHD5'))
#> downloading [=======================================================================================] 100% eta: 0s
#> downloading [=======================================================================================] 100% eta: 0s

my_variants@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 33 × 4
#>    variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>    <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#>  1 rs142242702 3                          44122660 3p21.32          
#>  2 rs1554654   3                          44002852 3p21.33          
#>  3 rs7619427   3                          44035549 3p21.33          
#>  4 rs11718455  3                          44015406 3p21.33          
#>  5 rs73076675  3                          43924731 3p21.33          
#>  6 rs113706999 3                          44117664 3p21.32          
#>  7 rs6441814   3                          44007622 3p21.33          
#>  8 rs4017425   3                          43987272 3p21.33          
#>  9 rs79644353  3                          44135707 3p21.32          
#> 10 rs7619544   3                          43852053 3p21.33          
#> # … with 23 more rows
```

In this case we retrieved 33 variants. Please note that the `set_operation` parameter does not affect this result. The `set_operation` only controls the function behaviour when combining results from different criteria, e.g., when using `efo_trait` and `gene_name`.

To retrieve variants that are concomitantly associated with genes RNU6-367P and ABHD5, the user needs to place these queries separately and then intersect them --- using the `intersect()` function, i.e., combining in an AND fashion. Here we start by retrieving variants associated with gene RNU6-367P:


```r
my_variants1 <- get_variants(gene_name = 'RNU6-367P')
#> downloading [=======================================================================================] 100% eta: 0s

my_variants1@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 19 × 4
#>    variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>    <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#>  1 rs142242702 3                          44122660 3p21.32          
#>  2 rs1554654   3                          44002852 3p21.33          
#>  3 rs7619427   3                          44035549 3p21.33          
#>  4 rs11718455  3                          44015406 3p21.33          
#>  5 rs73076675  3                          43924731 3p21.33          
#>  6 rs113706999 3                          44117664 3p21.32          
#>  7 rs6441814   3                          44007622 3p21.33          
#>  8 rs4017425   3                          43987272 3p21.33          
#>  9 rs79644353  3                          44135707 3p21.32          
#> 10 rs7619544   3                          43852053 3p21.33          
#> 11 rs58492658  3                          44098920 3p21.33          
#> 12 rs7635417   3                          44032957 3p21.33          
#> 13 rs6441813   3                          43999831 3p21.33          
#> 14 rs189710954 3                          43800315 3p21.33          
#> 15 rs11130017  3                          43932687 3p21.33          
#> 16 rs75619216  3                          43912969 3p21.33          
#> 17 rs1491708   3                          43870086 3p21.33          
#> 18 rs55807460  3                          43903734 3p21.33          
#> 19 rs6806257   3                          43878471 3p21.33
```

There are 19 variants associated with gene RNU6-367P. Now, for gene ABHD5:


```r
my_variants2 <- get_variants(gene_name = 'ABHD5')
#> downloading [=========================================================>-----------------------------] 67% eta: 4s
#> downloading [=======================================================================================] 100% eta: 0s

my_variants2@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 23 × 4
#>    variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>    <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#>  1 rs191867523 3                          43774449 3p21.33          
#>  2 rs115421670 3                          43737217 3p21.33          
#>  3 rs6772840   3                          43812828 3p21.33          
#>  4 rs11720728  3                          43832420 3p21.33          
#>  5 rs142404191 3                          43641812 3p21.33          
#>  6 rs192944990 3                          43826178 3p21.33          
#>  7 rs182923613 3                          43791731 3p21.33          
#>  8 rs73087085  3                          43687796 3p21.33          
#>  9 rs75594032  3                          43744082 3p21.33          
#> 10 rs1468602   3                          43701242 3p21.33          
#> # … with 13 more rows
```

There are 23 variants associated with gene ABHD5. To find those variants simultaneously associated with both genes, you can intersect the two [variants](https://rmagno.eu/gwasrapidd/reference/variants-class.html) objects using `gwasrapidd::intersect()`:



```r
variants_intersect <- gwasrapidd::intersect(my_variants1, my_variants2)
variants_intersect@variants[c('variant_id',
                       'chromosome_name',
                       'chromosome_position',
                       'chromosome_region')]
#> # A tibble: 9 × 4
#>   variant_id  chromosome_name chromosome_position chromosome_region
#>   <chr>       <chr>                         <int> <chr>            
#> 1 rs4017425   3                          43987272 3p21.33          
#> 2 rs7635417   3                          44032957 3p21.33          
#> 3 rs6441813   3                          43999831 3p21.33          
#> 4 rs189710954 3                          43800315 3p21.33          
#> 5 rs11130017  3                          43932687 3p21.33          
#> 6 rs75619216  3                          43912969 3p21.33          
#> 7 rs1491708   3                          43870086 3p21.33          
#> 8 rs55807460  3                          43903734 3p21.33          
#> 9 rs6806257   3                          43878471 3p21.33
```

Apparently only 9 variant(s) are related to both genes RNU6-367P and ABHD5.